Opinion
KREMER, P. J.
Petitioner H. K. Sauer seeks a writ of mandate to reverse the superior court’s orders imposing monetary sanctions and excluding all evidence of economic loss in Sauer’s action against real party in interest Oak Industries, Inc. (Oak), for wrongful termination of employment. We issued an alternative writ of mandate directing Oak to show cause why the relief prayed for should not be granted. Upon return and replication, oral arguments were heard. For the reasons set forth below, we deny the writ.
Issues
Sauer challenges the propriety of three orders. The first is the proposed order of Referee Higgs granting part of Oak’s motion to compel discovery and recommending $8,000 in monetary sanctions and costs against Sauer for willful failure to follow the rules of discovery. The second is Judge Jones’s order adopting Referee Higgs’s recommendations. The third, and perhaps most significant, is Judge Woodworth’s order granting Oak’s motion in limine to exclude all evidence of economic loss as a sanction for Sauer’s willful noncompliance with court-ordered discovery.
Sauer contends the monetary sanctions imposed by Referee Higgs were improper as being without statutory basis and without proper findings or [217]*217reasons for their imposition. Sauer contends Judge Jones, who entered an order adopting Referee Higgs’s proposed order compelling discovery and imposing monetary sanctions, acted arbitrarily. Sauer asserts Judge Jones failed to conduct an independent review of Referee Higgs’s proposed order and also failed to afford Sauer an opportunity to argue the matter. Sauer further contends Judge Woodworth acted arbitrarily and capriciously in dismissing his claim for economic damages as a sanction because the evidence shows his failure to produce certain documents requested by Oak was inadvertent and because less onerous sanctions were more appropriate.
Factual and Procedural History
Trial on Sauer’s complaint for wrongful termination was originally set for August 27, 1986. In late May of 1986 counsel for all parties met to discuss the possibility of a continuance. Sauer’s attorney, Brian Monaghan, strongly opposed a continuance, indicating a desire to proceed with the trial date regardless of whether all contemplated discovery was completed. The parties therefore entered into two stipulations setting forth the ground rules for the intensive discovery that was to take place over the next two and a half months. The first stipulation, approved by the court, provided for altered discovery cutoff dates and extended the time in which summary judgment motions could be heard prior to trial. The second stipulation provided, inter alia, that Sauer would respond to Oak’s first set of interrogatories and produce all documents identified in the interrogatories no later than June 27, 1986. The stipulated discovery cutoff date was August 1, 1986.
Sauer had testified at his deposition in April 1985 about the existence and location of his personal financial records. Oak asked that these be preserved. A week later, Oak wrote Sauer requesting he produce copies of his personal financial records as well as his SEC notes (four pages of handwritten notes Sauer took while reviewing his deposition testimony taken during a Securities Exchange Commission investigation of Oak) and his calendar for 1982.
In a letter to Sauer dated June 17, 1986, Oak confirmed the expectation that Sauer would respond to the request for interrogatories and production of documents including his “personal financial statements, bank statements, tax returns, and the like, by the close of business June 27, 1986. . . .” (Italics added.) Despite the agreement between the parties concerning the significant discovery cutoff dates, Monaghan brought an ex parte motion on June 26 requesting a continuance of the trial date. The motion was denied.
[218]*218Sauer produced documents on June 27, but, according to a letter from Oak’s attorneys, the production was totally inadequate. The letter stated the documents provided consisted of 13 pages, most of which Oak claimed it had already produced for Sauer. In addition, the few documents that were produced were illegible in part. The letter further specified the various documents requested for production including “(f) Mr. Sauer’s bank statements and personal and business financial records since his resignation from Oak. ” (Italics added.) Also, the letter advised that Sauer’s bank statements were “not privileged in cases of this type.”
Finally, on July 2, Sauer provided Oak with his answers to interrogatories. Oak contends answers concerning damages were not provided. For example, Sauer referred Oak to Black’s Law Dictionary in answer to interrogatories asking him to define his damages and to specify the damages he alleges he suffered. Also, Oak claims interrogatories addressing Sauer’s postemployment income, Numbers 84, 85, and 86, were not answered based on Sauer’s assertion he had already provided documentation to Oak in this area. Oak, however, asserts it never received such documentation.
Thereafter, on July 10, 1986, Oak served Sauer with a formal “Second Request for Production of Documents.” Request Number 18 specifically sought “[a]ll documents and writings which constitute, reflect, discuss, mention, comment upon or otherwise refer or relate to plaintiff’s bank statements and personal and business financial records since his resignation from or termination by Oak, including but not limited to: (a) All personal and business checking, savings and other account records from Great American and Glendale Federal or any other bank where plaintiff has or had an account; (b) Plaintiff’s ‘bank file’ where he keeps financial documents as identified in his deposition; and (c) All documents referring or relating to plaintiff’s ‘IRA’ accounts.” Sauer had until July 30 to respond and produce.
In a letter dated July 16, Oak advised Sauer that certain documents had not been produced as requested including Sauer’s bank records and financial statements. The letter further advised that “other documents located in Mr. Sauer’s unsearched eleven boxes of documents in his garage” had not been produced. Sauer responded by claiming bank statements are privileged personal financial information.1
[219]*219On August 1, Oak sent yet another letter to Sauer advising that his response to the second request for production of documents was due on July 30, and had not been received. According to a letter from Oak’s attorneys dated August 4, Monaghan had “stipulated to shorten time for service and filing of defendant’s motion to compel and for other relief.” Thus, on August 5, 1986, Oak filed a motion to compel further answers to interrogatories and for production of documents. Oak’s moving papers were voluminous. Sauer’s opposition, however, filed on August 7, consisted of only four pages. Since Monaghan was to be out of town from August 6-14, the parties stipulated the matter would be heard by Referee Higgs on August 15.2
On August 7, Sauer responded to Oak’s second request for documents, but the documents produced did not include three specific items: Sauer’s SEC notes, his 1982 calendar or his personal financial records. Sauer’s personal financial records were not produced on the ground they were confidential.
At the hearing before Referee Higgs, Oak outlined the instances of Sauer’s failure to meet the stipulated discovery deadlines, his failure to produce requested documents and his failure to adequately answer certain interrogatories, specifically those pertaining to his postemployment income. Oak played a video tape of one of Sauer’s expert witnesses showing she was unprepared at her deposition. Oak also informed the referee that another of Sauer’s expert witnesses had failed to appear at his noticed deposition.
On August 18, Referee Higgs issued a proposed order in which he noted the brevity of Sauer’s opposition papers. The referee also noted Sauer’s opposition papers contained no supporting correspondence, declarations or citations, but only unsupported conclusory statements. Referee Higgs observed that Sauer’s response to Oak’s second request for production of documents was made only after the motion to compel was filed and was not only untimely and nonresponsive, but also unverified. Referee Higgs recommended that Sauer be ordered to “A) Identify those documents which are responsive to defendant’s first set of interrogatories; [fl] B) Produce those documents identified pursuant to the terms of the parties’ stipulation; ffl] C) Produce documents responsive to defendant’s first and second requests for production to the extent those documents have not already been produced and to specifically provide the documents listed and described in OAK’s [220]*220Separate Statement Re Documents. . . .” Oak’s Separate Statement Re Documents specified the documents yet to be produced, including Request Number 13 in the Second Request for Production of Documents for “Sauer’s financial records and bank statements including those regarding his real estate and business endeavors, banking transactions and loan documents, and his ‘bank file.’ ”3 Item C of the proposed order requiring production of documents responsive to Oak’s first and second requests for production of documents not yet produced included Request Number 18 for “All documents and writings which constitute, reflect, discuss, mention, comment upon or otherwise refer or relate to plaintiff’s bank statements and personal and business financial records since his resignation from or termination by Oak. . . .” Referee Higgs also recommended that Sauer be required to pay certain costs and “sanctions in the form of costs and attorneys’ fees in the amount of $5,327.00” as well as $2,740 for the cost of the proceeding. In a letter to the court accompanying his proposed order, Referee Higgs stated “[i]t is clear from the material furnished to me by Oak that the plaintiff’s attorney has not followed or even attempted to follow the rules of discovery. . . .” On August 19, Judge Jones signed the referee’s order without modification.
The next day, Sauer appeared ex parte before Judge Jones to object to the order. However, he objected only to the imposition of the monetary sanctions, not to the substance of the order compelling discovery or the procedure followed by the referee.
On August 22, Sauer served Oak with supplemental responses to interrogatories and produced some documents. In response to Interrogatories Numbers 84, 85 and 86 concerning Sauer’s postemployment income, Sauer responded “Plaintiff can add nothing to what he has previously responded in Answer to Interrogatories 84, 85 and 86.” Sauer neither produced nor offered to produce his personal financial documents, his 1982 calendar or his notes from his SEC deposition testimony.
On August 25, Oak wrote to Sauer requesting immediate production of the enumerated documents including Sauer’s calendars from 1982, 1985 and 1986, Sauer’s notes taken when he reread his SEC deposition transcript, and Sauer’s financial records and bank statements including those regarding his real estate and business endeavors, banking transactions and loan [221]*221documents and his “bank file.” The letter further requested Sauer properly answer Interrogatories Numbers 84, 85 and 86.
In response to this letter, Sauer wrote Oak stating he did not maintain calendars for 1985 or 1986 and that “[d]espite careful investigation, the calendar for 1982 has not been discovered.” Sauer also stated his SEC notes had not been found “despite careful investigation.” With respect to Oak’s request for production of Sauer’s personal financial records and bank statements, Monaghan stated those documents are voluminous, “require a compilation of business records and are available in their entirety for inspection and copying at the office of plaintiff’s counsel in the same manner you made documents available to us; . . .”
Oak’s counsel, after informing Monaghan of his intention to inspect the documents at 9 a.m. on August 29, went to Monaghan’s office but found the documents were not in fact available. That same morning, Oak sent Sauer a letter stating that contrary to Judge Jones’s order and Monaghan’s representations, Sauer’s personal financial documents had not been produced. The letter further stated Oak intended to argue for dismissal of the case due to Sauer’s repeated failure to produce these documents.
Five days before trial was scheduled to begin, Oak brought a motion in limine to enforce Judge Jones’s discovery order and for sanctions for failure to comply with that order. In its moving papers, Oak argued that on August 22, Sauer had produced a box of documents but no formal response listing the documents responsive to the particular requests and verified by Sauer was provided. Approximately one-half of the documents produced were documents Oak had previously produced to Sauer. Numerous documents that had been ordered produced were not turned over. Oak requested dismissal of the action as a sanction for refusal to comply with the discovery order or alternatively for other sanctions.
At the hearing on the motion in limine on September 3, the court stated that outright dismissal of the action was too harsh a sanction. Oak’s attorney argued that in light of that ruling, Sauer should be precluded from proving that his emotional distress was caused by his financial situation due to his failure to produce his personal financial documents, that Sauer be precluded from mentioning the SEC in any way based on his failure to produce his SEC notes, and that the court take as established that Sauer did not mitigate his damages due to his failure to produce his 1982 calendar.
[222]*222In response, Sauer argued the 1982 calendar was not relevant because he resigned effective January 1983. He also said the SEC notes had been found the previous day and he presently had them for the court’s in camera inspection because the notes may be privileged. Sauer claimed he had produced everything he thought was required by the court’s order. He also argued he offered Oak numerous opportunities to sort through the business records and that he basically believed that by making the boxes of documents available for inspection by Oak, he was complying with the request to produce.4 Sauer offered to produce his personal bank accounts and personal checkbooks the following morning, contending he had never been ordered or requested to produce them. Although Sauer offered to produce his financial records the next day, those records were not lodged with the superior court until September 26, that is, after sanctions were imposed and, we are told, in order “to protect the record for purposes of taking this writ.”
After hearing arguments, the court made the following ruling regarding the discovery issues: “It appears to the Court that there has been a flagrant, inexcusable, and protracted noncompliance with the pretrial discovery order respecting personal financial records of the plaintiff, which justified drastic sanctions, [fl] I have considered various alternatives, such as financial sanctions, such as putting the case off calendar, such as ordering instantaneous compliance, and with the plaintiff to bear the expense of analyzing the financial records. And none of those sanctions seems to me to fit the nature of the default. fl[] I, therefore order that all evidence of economic loss be excluded from the plaintiff’s case, flj] The nondelivery of the financial records is the primary reason, but an incidental reason was the misplacement of the 1982 calendar which, it seems to me, could very reasonably have a material bearing on such issues as the reason for the plaintiff’s termination, the possibility that he had other employment opportunities available to him, or actual or possible steps to mitigate at or about the time he was terminated. [If] I doubt that I would have imposed such a drastic sanction because of that default only, since it is not clear to me that that was a willful default at all, but it is an incidental justification, and the nonproduction of financial records can only be viewed objectively as a willful noncompliance. [H] As to the S.E.C. testimony, I have already tentatively ruled, and I now rule formally, that the claim of privilege has been waived because of the chronological sequence of procedural events which are [223]*223already in the record, and that will be made available forthwith to the defendant in the case.”
The court then gave Sauer an opportunity to seek an immediate reconsideration of the court’s order by making a showing that the documents withheld were not material to the litigation. Sauer argued the nonproduction of the documents was not prejudicial to Oak on the ground Oak already had other documents relevant to the issues of mitigation of damages and postemployment opportunities and economic loss. However, the court ruled the very information withheld might have shown damages simply were not incurred or should have been mitigated and that the missing calendar entries for 1982 also bear on the same possibilities.
On September 19, Sauer brought a motion for reconsideration before Referee Higgs. Sauer argued the referee’s order subsequently adopted by Judge Jones was vague and ambiguous and should be amended or modified. Once the ambiguity is omitted, he urged, Judge Woodworth would then have the opportunity to reconsider his ruling Sauer failed to comply with the discovery order. He argued there was no language in the referee’s proposed order requiring production of Sauer’s personal checking account. Thus, he claimed, his failure to produce those documents was not willful but was based on an ambiguity in the referee’s order. Sauer further argued the sanctions imposed were unreasonable.
After hearing argument and considering briefing, Referee Higgs issued a supplemental order amending his proposed order of discovery, stating: “Plaintiff shall pay defendant sanctions in the sum of costs and attorneys’ fees in the amount of $5,327.00 pursuant to the provisions of California Code of Civil Procedure section 2034(a) [sic], because, as set forth herein plaintiff’s position was ‘willful’ and ‘without substantial justification.’ ”
Sauer then filed a motion seeking review of Judge Jones’s order compelling discovery and denial of his motion for reconsideration before Referee Higgs. The court ruled there was no apparent ambiguity in the order, specifically noting that the order required response to Request Number 18 for “all documents and writings which constitute ... or relate to plaintiff’s bank statements and personal and business financial records since his resignation.” The court denied the motion.
[224]*224On October 29, Sauer filed a motion for reconsideration and for relief under Code of Civil Procedure5 section 473. At the hearing on his motion before Judge Woodworth, Sauer again argued ambiguity of the discovery order, his unawareness that Oak requested his personal financial records, and the lack of prejudice to Oak created by the nonproduction of these documents. As to Sauer’s argument of no prejudice, the court stated: “[Tjhat there is no prejudice to [Oak] by virtue of the noncompliance with the earlier discovery order begs the question entirely, which is that [Oak. was] entitled to make [its] own decision; and that in effect there is a conclusive presumption of prejudice when the material is not made available to [Oak], in compliance with the four comers of the earlier discovery order.” Finding Sauer’s noncompliance was “egregious,” the court denied the motion. This writ proceeding followed.
Discussion
I
Sauer contends the referee erred in awarding Oak $5,327 in sanctions. He asserts the referee failed to refer to any statutory basis for the award, failed to give any reason for making the award, and failed to specify his method of calculating the amount of monetary sanctions.
Under section 2034, subdivision (a), a party serving a request for production of documents may seek a court order for compliance with the request where the party served has refused or failed to produce such documents. If the court finds the refusal or failure was without substantial justification, it may require that party to pay to the requesting party the amount of reasonable expenses incurred in obtaining the order, including reasonable attorney’s fees. Attorney’s fees and expenses may be awarded when a motion to compel is granted; the sanctioned party need not have refused to obey an existing court order. (See Deyo v. Kilbourne (1978) 84 Cal.App.3d 771, 789 [149 Cal.Rptr. 499].)
Here, the referee’s order imposing sanctions specifies several instances of Sauer’s failure to follow the rales of discovery: he failed to timely respond to Oak’s first set of interrogatories and failed to verify his answers; he failed to timely respond to Oak’s second request for production of documents; and he failed to produce those documents. In its amended order, the referee found Sauer’s position in failing to answer and produce was “willful” and [225]*225“without substantial justification,” and accordingly, awarded Oak its costs in obtaining the order as well as its reasonable attorney’s fees under section 2034, subdivision (a).6 Because the record supports the referee’s finding Sauer acted willfully and without substantial justification, we cannot say he abused his discretion in imposing sanctions.
II
Sauer contends he was denied due process when Judge Jones signed the referee’s order without giving Sauer an opportunity for a hearing. Relying on Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (1986) 182 Cal. App. 3d 431 [227 Cal.Rptr. 460], Sauer asserts the court may not adopt a referee’s findings without a full hearing on the merits.
In Aetna, the trial court made an order assigning the parties’ law and motion and summary judgment proceedings to a referee for hearing and determination. The order specified the referee was a “special” referee. (Id. at pp. 433-434.) After the referee made findings of fact and conclusions of law, counsel for Aetna asked the trial court for a hearing on the referee’s report. The court denied the hearing and made an order accepting the referee’s report, stating the findings and conclusions were without substantial controversy and “ ‘shall be deemed established.’ ” (Id. at p. 435.) Aetna then brought a writ of mandate challenging this order.
In reviewing the order, this court concluded the superior court had erroneously treated the referee’s findings and conclusions as binding and determinative of the issue. Only in a consensual general reference can a referee make a binding determination. (Id. at p. 436.) Because the record lacked evidence of a written agreement of the parties to a binding general reference (see § 638), the referee’s order was merely advisory. Thus, we held, failure to allow a hearing on the referee’s findings was “an abdication of judicial responsibility not authorized by law and contravening the constitutional restrictions upon the exercise of judicial power.” (Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Superior Court, supra, 182 Cal.App.3d at p. 436.)
[226]*226Here, as in Aetna, the record contains no evidence the parties agreed in writing to the discovery matters being heard by a referee.7 Thus, the reference was special, not general, and not binding on the superior court. However, unlike the facts in Aetna, here there was both a rehearing and evidence Judge Jones considered the matter independently of the referee’s decision.
The day after Judge Jones signed the referee’s order, Sauer appeared ex parte before Judge Jones to object to the order, specifically the imposition of sanctions. The record does not reflect Judge Jones refused to hear Sauer’s objections. Then, on October 27, 1986, Sauer brought a motion opposing the recommended order of the referee, arguing the order was ambiguous. At that hearing, Judge Jones stated he had reviewed the referee’s order and the parties’ moving papers at the time he signed the order and again for the present hearing. He further stated the referee’s order that he signed was not ambiguous. “I saw no reason to change that order based on the findings that had been made by the referee. The findings were supported by a lot of information that would justify his conclusions, I thought.” Thus, in hearing the matter and independently reviewing the referee’s order, Judge Jones did not abdicate his judicial responsibility. (Cf. Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Superior Court, supra, 182 Cal.App.3d at p. 436.) Sauer was not denied due process.
Ill
Sauer contends the court abused its discretion in finding there had been flagrant, inexcusable and protracted noncompliance with the court’s discovery order and on that basis imposed sanctions precluding him from proving his economic damages at trial. He asserts his failure to produce his personal financial records was, at most, the result of an excusable misinterpretation of the court’s order. However, the record supports the court’s finding Sauer knew his personal financial documents were being sought and had been ordered produced.
After Sauer testified at his deposition about the existence and location of his personal financial records, Oak asked that they be preserved. A week later, Oak requested Sauer produce copies of these records as well as his SEC notes and 1982 calendar. In May 1986 the parties stipulated that Sauer would respond to Oak’s first set of interrogatories and produce all documents identified in those interrogatories no later than June 27, 1986. Included in Oak’s requests were Sauer’s personal financial records. On June 17, [227]*227Oak wrote Sauer reminding him of the request for his personal financial records and bank statements in accordance with the parties’ stipulation. However, on the day the answers and documents were due, Sauer objected to producing his personal bank statements, saying they were privileged.
Oak then served a formal request for production of documents. Request Number 18 sought Sauer’s bank statements and personal and business financial records including all personal and business checking, savings and other accounts. On the date set for production, Oak wrote Sauer seeking some response when none was received. When Oak filed a motion to compel discovery of these documents, Sauer responded by objecting to the production of his personal financial records on the ground of confidentiality.
The referee’s order of August 18 requiring Sauer to produce documents responsive to Oak’s formal document request included Request Number 18—Sauer’s personal financial records. The order also required Sauer to produce the documents described at Item Number 13 of Oak’s Separate Statement re Documents which sought Sauer’s financial records and bank statements. When Sauer failed to comply, Oak again requested his financial records and bank statements. Sauer offered Oak the opportunity to inspect and copy them at Monaghan’s office, but Sauer’s personal financial documents were not in fact available. When Sauer persisted in his failure to produce these documents, Oak informed him of its intention to bring a motion for dismissal of Sauer’s case.
Based on this evidence, it is inconceivable Sauer misunderstood the referee’s order. There were no less than six requests for Sauer’s personal financial records before Oak brought the motion to compel. In fact, Sauer acknowledged these requests by objecting on the ground his bank statements were privileged personal financial information. Further, the only reasonable interpretation of the referee’s order requires production of Sauer’s personal financial records. Sauer’s assertion he believed the order compelled production of his business financial records is unpersuasive. Because Sauer had already produced these documents, it is illogical to assume Oak would continue to insist on their production or bring a motion to compel.
Stated another way, substantial evidence supports the trial court’s finding Sauer’s noncompliance was willful. (See Alliance Bank v. Murray (1984) 161 Cal.App.3d 1, 10 [207 Cal.Rptr. 233].) “A willful failure does not necessarily include a wrongful intention to disobey discovery rules. A conscious or intentional failure to act, as distinguished from accidental or [228]*228involuntary noncompliance, is sufficient to invoke a penalty. [Citation].” (Deyo v. Kilbourne, supra, 84 Cal.App.3d at pp. 787-788.) Where the trial court finds the essential fact of willfulness, that finding is entitled to deference on appeal. (Flynn v. Superior Court (1979) 89 Cal.App.3d 491, 496 [152 Cal.Rptr. 796]; Calvert Fire Ins. Co. v. Cropper (1983) 141 Cal.App.3d 901, 904 [190 Cal.Rptr. 593].)
Here the record shows Sauer had many opportunities to comply with the court’s discovery order or seek to clarify its provisions.8 Having failed to do either, his belated claims of “good faith” and “mistake” cannot now vitiate the court’s finding of willfulness. (See Karz v. Karl (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 637, 650 [187 Cal.Rptr. 183].)
Having determined the imposition of sanctions was proper due to Sauer’s willful failure to comply with the court’s order, our next inquiry is whether the particular sanction chosen—exclusion of all evidence of economic loss—was appropriate under the circumstances. More appropriately framed, the issue is not whether this court would have imposed an issue-preclusion sanction, but whether the trial court abused its discretion in doing so. (See National Hockey League v. Met. Hockey Club (1976) 427 U.S. 639, 642 [49 L.Ed.2d 747, 751, 96 S.Ct. 2778].) We conclude there was no abuse of discretion.
Section 2034, subdivision (b)(2) allows the trial court to impose one of several specific sanctions for failure to obey a discovery order. The court has broad discretion in imposing discovery sanctions, subject to reversal only for arbitrary, capricious or whimsical action. (Kahn v. Kahn (1977) 68 Cal.App.3d 372, 380-381 [137 Cal.Rptr. 332].) The sanction imposed “should be appropriate to the dereliction, and should not exceed that which is required to protect the interests of the party entitled to but denied discovery. Where a motion to compel has previously been granted, the sanction should not operate in such a fashion as to put the prevailing party in a better position than he would have had if he had obtained the discovery sought and it had been completely favorable to his cause.” (Deyo v. Kilbourne, supra, 84 Cal.App.3d at p. 793.)
Where a party has refused to supply information relevant to a particular claim, an order precluding that claim is an appropriate sanction. (§ 2034, subd. (b)(2)(B); Deyo v. Kilbourne, supra, 84 Cal.App.3d at p. 792; see also [229]*229Caryl Richards, Inc. v. Superior Court (1961) 188 Cal.App.2d 300, 305 [10 Cal.Rptr. 377] [where defendant refused to supply chemical composition of hair spray causing injury to plaintiff, trial court could enter order establishing the hair spray was injurious, but not enter default judgment precluding any defense.]) Here the court imposed an issue-preclusion sanction against Sauer for failure to produce his personal financial records. As in Caryl Richards, supra, this sanction put the demanding party in the position in which it would have been had that discovery been entirely favorable, i.e., the documents would have shown Sauer suffered no economic loss. In choosing this sanction, the court was attempting to tailor the sanction to the harm caused by the withheld discovery. (See Wilson v. Jefferson (1985) 163 Cal.App.3d 952, 958-959 [210 Cal.Rptr. 464].)
Sauer asserts the sanction imposed was inappropriate because he had provided extensive information about his economic loss through his deposition and that of his expert witness and through production of substantial documentation. He further asserts the additional documents requested, including his personal financial records, were merely cumulative of the information already produced and would add nothing new to Oak’s defense on damages. This argument overlooks the fact Oak was entitled to documentary support to independently evaluate the accuracy of the testimony and other information provided.9 Oak was entitled as a matter of right to demand answers to its interrogatories and to the production of documents unless Sauer stated a valid objection to them. (See Stein v. Hassen (1973) 34 Cal.App.3d 294, 302 [109 Cal.Rptr. 321].) “An important aspect of legitimate discovery from a defendant’s point of view is the ascertainment, in advance of trial, of the specific components of plaintiff’s case so that appropriate preparations can be made to meet them.” (Karz v. Karl, supra, 137 Cal.App.3d at p. 650.) Sauer’s cooperation in producing voluminous discovery materials does not excuse his failure to produce those items specifically requested by Oak and required by the court’s order. “A party may disagree with a court order. He may believe it wrong-headed or a waste of time or picayunish—but he disregards it at his peril.” (Morgan v. Southern Cal. Rapid Transit Dist. (1987) 192 Cal.App.3d 976, 983 [237 Cal.Rptr. 756].)
Sauer further asserts the sanction of issue-preclusion was unfair because the court improperly treated his late production as a willful failure to respond and conclusively presumed Oak was prejudiced. Although Sauer characterizes his dereliction as a “two week delay in responding to a limited [230]*230part of discovery,” his offer to produce the requested documents was too little too late—it came after trial was scheduled to begin and only after the court imposed its issue-preclusion sanction.10
“Belated compliance with discovery orders does not preclude the imposition of sanctions. [Citations]. Last-minute tender of documents does not cure the prejudice to opponents nor does it restore to other litigants on a crowded docket the opportunity to use the courts. [Citation.]” (North Amer. Watch v. Princess Ermine Jewels (9th Cir. 1986) 786 F.2d 1447, 1450; United States v. Sumitomo Marine & Fire Ins. Co. (9th Cir. 1980) 617 F.2d 1365, 1370.) Imposition of a lesser sanction would have allowed Sauer to benefit from his delay by forcing Oak into the unfavorable position of proceeding to trial ill-prepared to meet Sauer’s $1.5 million damage claim and would encourage the very conduct for which the Legislature enacted section 2034, subdivision (b)(2)(B). Sauer’s failure to produce the requested documents was not a mere technical violation of a discovery rule. (Cf. Morgan v. Ransom (1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 664 [237 Cal.Rptr. 756] [sanction of dismissal reversed where plaintiff failed to timely answer written interrogatory in proper form.]) Thus, the court was justified in finding Oak was prejudiced by Sauer’s noncompliance with the discovery order.
Moreover, in addition to Oak’s right to obtain the proper objects of discovery, what is at stake here is the integrity of the discovery process and the interest of the court in compelling “obedience to its judgments, orders and process.” (§ 128, subd. (a)(4); see Fairfield v. Superior Court (1966) 246 Cal.App.2d 113, 120 [54 Cal.Rptr. 721].) The trial court should not exercise its discretion to reward the type of brinkmanship displayed by Sauer here.
Alternatively, Sauer contends this court should direct the trial court to defer imposition of sanctions until after trial. He suggests that if, after trial, the trial court finds Oak was prejudiced by Sauer’s tardy production of his personal financial records or the unavailability of his 1982 calendar, it could then disallow any award of damages for Sauer’s economic loss. We presume the trial court was aware of its various options in imposing an appropriate sanction and we will not select a sanction different from that within the trial court’s discretion. Where, as here, the petitioner presents a state of facts, a consideration of which, for the purpose of judicial action, merely affords an opportunity for a difference of opinion, the appellate court is neither authorized nor warranted in substituting its judgment for that of the trial court. (Brown v. Newby (1940) 39 Cal.App.2d 615, 618 [103 P.2d 1018].) Having [231]*231reviewed the trial court’s exercise of discretion, we cannot say the relationship between the sanction selected and the conduct at issue was such that precluding evidence of Sauer’s economic loss exceeds the bounds of reason. This is particularly true when electing the alternative sanction proposed would encourage the stone wall tactics the court decried here. If the material sought is truly prejudicial, the producing party is no worse off by disclosing it as late in the process as possible; if the materials are wholly innocuous, but, as here voluminous, tardy production at the least achieves the tactical advantage of sending one’s opponent off on an analytical wild goose chase on the eve of trial.
Sauer further contends the court erroneously attempted to punish him for the mistakes of his attorney. However, “ . . the negligence of the attorney ... is imputed to his client and may not be offered by the latter as a basis for relief.’ ” (Carroll v. Abbott Laboratories, Inc. (1982) 32 Cal.3d 892, 898 [187 Cal.Rptr. 592, 654 P.2d 775], quoting Buckert v. Briggs (1971) 15 Cal.App.3d 296, 301 [93 Cal.Rptr. 61].) Only the attorney’s positive misconduct which effectively obliterates the existence of the attorney-client relationship will relieve the client from the consequences of his attorney’s mistakes. (Ibid.) Here, the willfulness shown in failing to comply with the court’s discovery order does not fall within the “positive misconduct” exception such that Sauer was “effectually and unknowingly deprived of representation.” (Daley v. County of Butte (1964) 227 Cal.App.2d 380, 391 [38 Cal.Rptr. 693]; see also Orange Empire Nat. Bank v. Kirk (1968) 259 Cal.App.2d 347, 353 [66 Cal.Rptr. 240].) If anything, withholding Sauer’s financial records was a tactical maneuver to be attributed to both Sauer and his attorney. Because the record fails to show Sauer was abandoned by his attorney, the court’s choice of an issue-preclusion sanction was entirely proper.
Disposition
The petition is denied and the alternative writ is discharged.
Todd, J., concurred.