The following opinion was filed January 8, 1901:
Dodge, J.
After a most careful examination of the evidence, we are unable to find justification for the action of tlie court below in setting aside the three important findings of the referee: first, that defendant Murphy concealed from his partner, Remington, the fact that he had released defendant company from any liability for work done in the fire cases in consideration of the agreement to pay him a [159]*159salary; second, that defendant company’s general counsel, Grover, well knew of the partnership relation, and aided and abetted defendant Murphy in fraudulently withholding from plaintiff knowledge or information of the terms of the agreement made between them; and, thirdly, that the reasonable value of the services of the firm for said defendant company was $25 per day. To such findings must be accorded, both by the circuit court and here,"the same weight and effect, in conclusively settling fair controversies over mere questions of fact, that by the oft-declared practice of this court is given to the findings of a court before which the issues are primarily tried. The facts found must be taken to exist, unless they are contrary to the clear preponderance of the evidence, to such an extent, indeed, as to force “ conviction that the evidence did not receive proper consideration by the trial court [referee] through mistake in overlooking material portions thereof or from prejudice or some other cause.” Zoesch v. Thielman, 105 Wis. 117; Johnson v. Goult, 106 Wis. 217; Wyss v. Grunert, 108 Wis. 38.
. It may be that a fair construction of the court’s order impliedly confirms the finding of the referee that Murphy did conceal from his partner the condition of settlement contained in his salary agreement; for it is stated that Murphy did not correctly state to plaintiff the amount of salary to be received. Now, the only evidence on the subject of any information to the plaintiff, either as to the amount of salary or as to the condition of settlement, is that of Murphy, of a specific conversation in which he claims to have given both pieces of information, and the view, evidently taken by the court, that this testimony was not true, we think indicates concurrence with the referee in the conclusion that Murphy did not have the conversation and did conceal the fact of settlement. Whether, however, this construction of the court’s finding be correct or not, the evidence that Remington was kept in ignorance both that the salary was $200, [160]*160and that there was any agreement to settle the compensation in the fire cases, is abundant to justify the finding.
As to the question of confederation between Grover, general counsel of defendant company, and Murphy, to accomplish this concealment, the evidence is all circumstantial, as. is almost inevitable. It consists, first, in'the character of the agreement itself, which is one obviously likely to be highly objectionable to the plaintiff. Thereby, if valid, his-interest in a claim to the amount of about $1,100 was can-celéd and abandoned in consideration of a promise to pay, not to him but to Murphy, an amount shown to be by no-means unreasonably large, even as compensation for expectant services,— a promise in the benefits of which he might not share more than a single month, as the partnership between him and Murphy might have been terminated at any time. It is an entirely legitimate inference from this circumstance alone that, if both Murphy and Grover were-silent afterwards, such silence was preconcerted between them. Good faith and reasonable courtesy, nay reasonable caution, would have led Mr. Grover either to insist on the submission of the agreement to Mr. Remington, or to inquire-of him as to its satisfactoriness. The making of this agreement was followed by many months of silence, and, when inquiry was specifically made at Mr. Grover’s office, the same falsehood as to the amount of salary which Murphy had told was repeated by Mr, Grover’s chief clerk in a letter-for which he does not assume responsibility, but which he did not take occasion to correct or repudiate when it came-to his knowledge. Like repetition of^this same erroneous, amount is sworn by a disinterested witness to have been-made by Mr. Grover to him a few months later. The fact that Grover made'use of the same fictitious figure in his' statement of the salary as that which Murphy had made before presents, at least, a striking coincidence from which-a tribunal vested with the trial of facts might legitimately [161]*161draw inference of concerted action between them. There is, too, some evidence of the falsification of Mr. Grover’s correspondence files by the interpolation therein of a subsequently prepared letter, bearing upon its face at the time of its examination evidence of having been written long subsequent to its ostensible date. If this were believed, the inference of collusion would be almost irresistible. Other circumstances might be referred to, but these were sufficient to justify the referee, having present before him as witnesses both Murphy and Grover, in drawing the inference of collusion to withhold knowledge from plaintiff of the surrender of his rights. "Whether, as an original proposition, we should have drawn the same inferences and reached the same conclusion is a question not before us for consideration, but merely whether the simple denial by the accused parties so overwhelmingly preponderates in probative force over the circumstances and conduct as to justify a reversal of the findings of the referee on a question of fact. That question must be answered in the negative, and the contrary answer by the circuit court was erroneous.
With reference to the finding upon the value of services, ■which the court sets aside without substituting any finding of his own in its place, it must be borne in mind that both the referee and court have found, without exception by defendant, that plaintiff performed 104 secular days of labor, by means of which services the rights of defendant Eastern Railway Company in said cases were in all respects fully protected and well taken care of, and that in that behalf plaintiff and the defendant Murphy, as attorneys of record-in those cases, fully and thoroughly performed their duties in a lawyer-like manner, of which only the retainer and thirteen and one-half secular days’ labor have been paid for. These facts, therefore, are verities in the case. Plaintiff himself testified that the services were, in his opinion, of the reasonable value of $4,665. Four witnesses, experi[162]*162enced lawyers, were called on to testify to a hypothetical question, in response to which they fixed values ranging from $4,500 to $7,000. Upon cross-examination, eliminating certain criticised elements of this hypothetical question, and presenting the circumstances which defendant claims should reduce the amount of recovery, those witnesses place the services, one at $35 per day, and the other three at from $3,000 to $4,000. Against this is the evidence of Mr. Murphy, which is devoted principally to the denial of the rendition in fact of the services, and is rendered largely immaterial by the absence- of exception to the findings above mentioned. He estimates the value of their services, in excess of those paid for specifically, at from $400 to $500. The bills rendered from time to time for services in these cases were at the rate of $15 to $20 per day.
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The following opinion was filed January 8, 1901:
Dodge, J.
After a most careful examination of the evidence, we are unable to find justification for the action of tlie court below in setting aside the three important findings of the referee: first, that defendant Murphy concealed from his partner, Remington, the fact that he had released defendant company from any liability for work done in the fire cases in consideration of the agreement to pay him a [159]*159salary; second, that defendant company’s general counsel, Grover, well knew of the partnership relation, and aided and abetted defendant Murphy in fraudulently withholding from plaintiff knowledge or information of the terms of the agreement made between them; and, thirdly, that the reasonable value of the services of the firm for said defendant company was $25 per day. To such findings must be accorded, both by the circuit court and here,"the same weight and effect, in conclusively settling fair controversies over mere questions of fact, that by the oft-declared practice of this court is given to the findings of a court before which the issues are primarily tried. The facts found must be taken to exist, unless they are contrary to the clear preponderance of the evidence, to such an extent, indeed, as to force “ conviction that the evidence did not receive proper consideration by the trial court [referee] through mistake in overlooking material portions thereof or from prejudice or some other cause.” Zoesch v. Thielman, 105 Wis. 117; Johnson v. Goult, 106 Wis. 217; Wyss v. Grunert, 108 Wis. 38.
. It may be that a fair construction of the court’s order impliedly confirms the finding of the referee that Murphy did conceal from his partner the condition of settlement contained in his salary agreement; for it is stated that Murphy did not correctly state to plaintiff the amount of salary to be received. Now, the only evidence on the subject of any information to the plaintiff, either as to the amount of salary or as to the condition of settlement, is that of Murphy, of a specific conversation in which he claims to have given both pieces of information, and the view, evidently taken by the court, that this testimony was not true, we think indicates concurrence with the referee in the conclusion that Murphy did not have the conversation and did conceal the fact of settlement. Whether, however, this construction of the court’s finding be correct or not, the evidence that Remington was kept in ignorance both that the salary was $200, [160]*160and that there was any agreement to settle the compensation in the fire cases, is abundant to justify the finding.
As to the question of confederation between Grover, general counsel of defendant company, and Murphy, to accomplish this concealment, the evidence is all circumstantial, as. is almost inevitable. It consists, first, in'the character of the agreement itself, which is one obviously likely to be highly objectionable to the plaintiff. Thereby, if valid, his-interest in a claim to the amount of about $1,100 was can-celéd and abandoned in consideration of a promise to pay, not to him but to Murphy, an amount shown to be by no-means unreasonably large, even as compensation for expectant services,— a promise in the benefits of which he might not share more than a single month, as the partnership between him and Murphy might have been terminated at any time. It is an entirely legitimate inference from this circumstance alone that, if both Murphy and Grover were-silent afterwards, such silence was preconcerted between them. Good faith and reasonable courtesy, nay reasonable caution, would have led Mr. Grover either to insist on the submission of the agreement to Mr. Remington, or to inquire-of him as to its satisfactoriness. The making of this agreement was followed by many months of silence, and, when inquiry was specifically made at Mr. Grover’s office, the same falsehood as to the amount of salary which Murphy had told was repeated by Mr, Grover’s chief clerk in a letter-for which he does not assume responsibility, but which he did not take occasion to correct or repudiate when it came-to his knowledge. Like repetition of^this same erroneous, amount is sworn by a disinterested witness to have been-made by Mr. Grover to him a few months later. The fact that Grover made'use of the same fictitious figure in his' statement of the salary as that which Murphy had made before presents, at least, a striking coincidence from which-a tribunal vested with the trial of facts might legitimately [161]*161draw inference of concerted action between them. There is, too, some evidence of the falsification of Mr. Grover’s correspondence files by the interpolation therein of a subsequently prepared letter, bearing upon its face at the time of its examination evidence of having been written long subsequent to its ostensible date. If this were believed, the inference of collusion would be almost irresistible. Other circumstances might be referred to, but these were sufficient to justify the referee, having present before him as witnesses both Murphy and Grover, in drawing the inference of collusion to withhold knowledge from plaintiff of the surrender of his rights. "Whether, as an original proposition, we should have drawn the same inferences and reached the same conclusion is a question not before us for consideration, but merely whether the simple denial by the accused parties so overwhelmingly preponderates in probative force over the circumstances and conduct as to justify a reversal of the findings of the referee on a question of fact. That question must be answered in the negative, and the contrary answer by the circuit court was erroneous.
With reference to the finding upon the value of services, ■which the court sets aside without substituting any finding of his own in its place, it must be borne in mind that both the referee and court have found, without exception by defendant, that plaintiff performed 104 secular days of labor, by means of which services the rights of defendant Eastern Railway Company in said cases were in all respects fully protected and well taken care of, and that in that behalf plaintiff and the defendant Murphy, as attorneys of record-in those cases, fully and thoroughly performed their duties in a lawyer-like manner, of which only the retainer and thirteen and one-half secular days’ labor have been paid for. These facts, therefore, are verities in the case. Plaintiff himself testified that the services were, in his opinion, of the reasonable value of $4,665. Four witnesses, experi[162]*162enced lawyers, were called on to testify to a hypothetical question, in response to which they fixed values ranging from $4,500 to $7,000. Upon cross-examination, eliminating certain criticised elements of this hypothetical question, and presenting the circumstances which defendant claims should reduce the amount of recovery, those witnesses place the services, one at $35 per day, and the other three at from $3,000 to $4,000. Against this is the evidence of Mr. Murphy, which is devoted principally to the denial of the rendition in fact of the services, and is rendered largely immaterial by the absence- of exception to the findings above mentioned. He estimates the value of their services, in excess of those paid for specifically, at from $400 to $500. The bills rendered from time to time for services in these cases were at the rate of $15 to $20 per day. In the light of this evidence, it cannot be said that there is any overwhelming preponderance of the evidence to show that the value found by the referee was too great, nor can we feel justified in saying, notwithstanding the considerable amount of expert opinion evidence, that there is sufficiently overwhelming preponderance to justify us in disregarding that finding and fixing a higher amount, for which action plaintiff strenuously contends. The question of the value of professional services is one as to which opinion evidence is not conclusive, especially when the tribunals which try such question consist of lawyers, themselves presumably capable of exercising judgment and forming opinions as to value from the various facts and circumstances established, the exact details, bearing, and weight of which were best capable of appreciation by the referee. Crosthwaite v. U. S. 30 Ct. Cl. 300, 310; Jordan v. Swift I. & S. Works, 13 Ky. Law Rep. 970; Hansen v. Martin, 63 Cal. 282; Cullom v. Mock, 21 La. Ann. 687; Halaska v. Gotzhausen, 52 Wis. 624.
We are satisfied that the findings of the referee should not have been disturbed, but should be accepted as correctly [163]*163■expressing the facts on which the rights of the parties must be decided.
Independently of the express finding of collusion between the defendants as a fact, there can be no doubt of the correctness of the conclusion of law, drawn by the referee and repudiated by the court, that the release of the firm’s claim for services in the fire cases is invalid as against Remington, under the rules laid down by this court. Settlement by one partner will not conclude the firm, if obviously unreasonable, nor if the consideration therefor, other than money, moves primarily to the personal benefit of the settling partner. In either such case the opposite party is so chargeable with notice of want of authority that he is held to act ■subject to the actual consent or approval of the absent partners. Sauntry v. Dunlap, 12 Wis. 364; Viles v. Bangs, 36 Wis. 131; Cotzhausen v. Judd, 43 Wis. 213; Blewett v. Gaynor, 77 Wis. 378, 391. The settlement here relied on involves both defects. It is unreasonable to release a legitimate claim of $2,200 for an indefinite, momentarily terminable agreement to pay a salary of $200 per month for future services, which sum is not shown to be substantially in excess of a prospective estimate of the reasonable value of such services. True, respondents urge. that the amount earned by services for. the railway company the preceding year had amounted to only about $140 per month, but they seem to overlook the fact that in that figure was not included the ■services in the fire cases which, as now found, would increase the amount to something over $300 per month. Especially unreasonable does this settlement appear when it -is remembered that any benefit to be derived by plaintiff from such salary was subject, not only to the company’s -option to terminate the employment at any time, but also to Murphy's option to terminate the partnership at will. The latter consideration is, however, even more cogent as establishing a surrender by Murphy of the partnership rights for a benefit moving exclusively to himself, to the knowl[164]*164edge of the firm debtor,— a fact which, in the light of the authorities cited, must be held to render the settlement void as against plaintiff, unless he concurred therein.
We are convinced, therefore, that the conclusion reached by the referee that the respondent railway company is still liable for the amount ascertained was correct, and that refusal to enter judgment accordingly was error, except as to the interest date adopted by the referee. . Under the custom and arrangement between the defendant company and Murphy & Nemington, there was no time fixed for payment, except as statements were rendered. The claim here involved was not fully liquidated, though, under the weight of authority, it was capable of liquidation by reference to reasonably certain standards of value for professional services. Yates v. Shepardson, 39 Wis. 113; Farr v. Semple, 81 Wis. 230; Laycock v. Parker, 103 Wis. 161, 187. Interest, therefore, should not run until a demand was made “sufficiently specific to inform the debtor of the claim made, so that he can ascertain therefrom the amount he ought to pay by application of the standard above set forth.” Laycock v. Parker, 103 Wis. 188. There is no evidence of any demand until this suit was commenced, itself constituting one. Interest, therefore, should be computed only from that date instead of January 1, 1896, the date adopted by the referee.
Upon the authority of Blewett v. Gaynor, 77 Wis. 378, judgment should be entered against the defendant railway company for $2,262.50, with interest from the commencement of this action, limited as to collection and enforcement, however, to such sum as plaintiff is entitled to receive, as between himself and Mxorphy, from"the assets of their partnership, inclusive of such judgment.
By the Court.— Judgment reversed, and cause remanded with directions to enter judgment in accordance with this opinion.
BaRdeeN, J., took no part.
[165]*165The following opinion was filed February 26,1901:
Per CuriaM.
The appellant moves this court for an amendment of the mandate so as to direct immediate entry, docket, and execution of judgment for costs, and further direction that the judgment to be entered contain provision for an accounting between plaintiff and defendant Murphy, to ascertain the amount which the former is entitled to receive from the assets of their partnership.
It is not considered that any amendment of the mandate is ne’cessary to accomplish the principal purpose of this motion. Under that mandate, it is the duty of the superior court to enter judgment at once for the full amount of the liability of the defendant Eastern Railway Company of Minnesota to the firm of Murphy & Remington, as declared in the opinion. The execution of that judgment is entirely under the control of the court rendering it, and any steps in the way of accounting, on reference or otherwise, which may be necessary to render its enforcement and execution equitable, are within the inherent power of the superior court, upon motion. Stein v. Benedict, 83 Wis. 603; Zinc Carbonate Co. v. First Nat. Bank, 103 Wis. 125; Johnson v. Huber, 106 Wis. 282, 283. For this reason, the appellant’s motion is denied.