1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ROBERT RAYA, Case No.: 3:19-cv-2295-WQH-AHG 12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S REQUEST FOR APPOINTMENT OF 13 v. COUNSEL 14 DAVID BARKA; NOORI BARKA; EVELYN BARKA; CALBIOTECH, [ECF No. 29] 15 INC.; CALBIOTECH, INC. 401(k) 16 PROFIT SHARING PLAN; and CALBIOTECH, INC. PENSION PLAN, 17
Defendants. 18
22 Before the Court is Plaintiff Robert Raya’s (“Plaintiff”) Motion for Appointment of 23 Counsel. ECF No. 29. For the reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s 24 motion. 25 I. BACKGROUND 26 Plaintiff initiated this action by filing a complaint on December 2, 2019. ECF No. 1. 27 Plaintiff, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, filed a civil complaint for statutory 28 1 penalties under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) for 2 failing to provide him with documents describing the Pension Plan; for breach of fiduciary 3 duty under 29 U.S.C. §§ 1104(a)(l)(A), (a)(1)(B), (a)(1)(D), and 1105; for breach of 4 fiduciary duty and fraud under California state law; and for ERISA interference under 29 5 U.S.C. § 1140. ECF Nos. 1, 2. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint (ECF 6 No. 14), which was granted on June 25, 2020. ECF No. 19. The Court dismissed Plaintiff’s 7 complaint in its entirety and, having notifying Plaintiff of the defects of the pleading as to 8 the dismissed claims, permitted him to file a motion for leave to amend. Id. at 14; ECF No. 9 24. Plaintiff has since filed his motion for leave to file his first amended complaint (ECF 10 No. 30), but that motion will not be addressed in this Order. 11 II. LEGAL STANDARD 12 There is no constitutional right to appointment of counsel in a civil case, unless an 13 indigent litigant’s physical liberty is at stake. Lassiter v. Dep’t. of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 14 25 (1981); see, e.g., United States v. Sardone, 94 F.3d 1233, 1236 (9th Cir. 1996) 15 (collecting cases to show that it is “well-established that there is generally no constitutional 16 right to counsel in civil cases”). Nevertheless, courts have discretion to request legal 17 representation for “any person unable to afford counsel.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1); see 18 also Terrell v. Brewer, 935 F.2d 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991). Courts have required that 19 plaintiffs demonstrate they are indigent and that they have made a reasonably diligent effort 20 to secure counsel before they are eligible for an appointed attorney. Bailey v. Lawford, 835 21 F. Supp. 550, 552 (S.D. Cal. 1993) (extending the “reasonably diligent effort” standard 22 used in Bradshaw v. Zoological Soc’y of San Diego, 662 F.2d 1301, 1319 (9th Cir. 1981) 23 to requests made pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915); see, e.g., Verble v. United States, No. 24 07cv0472 BEN-BLM, 2008 WL 2156327, at *2 (S.D. Cal. May 22, 2008). 25 But even after a plaintiff satisfies the two initial requirements of indigence and a 26 diligent attempt to obtain counsel, “he is entitled to appointment of counsel only if he can 27 [also] show exceptional circumstances.” Bailey, 835 F. Supp. at 552 (citing Wilborn v. 28 Escalderon, 789 F.2d 1328, 1331 (9th Cir. 1986)). Finding exceptional circumstances 1 entails “an evaluation of both the ‘likelihood of success on the merits and the ability of the 2 plaintiff to articulate his claims pro se in light of the complexity of the legal issues 3 involved.’ Neither of these issues is dispositive and both must be viewed together before 4 reaching a decision.” Terrell, 935 F.2d at 1017 (quoting Wilborn, 789 F.2d at 1331); see 5 also Palmer v. Valdez, 560 F.3d 965, 970 (9th Cir. 2009). 6 III. DISCUSSION 7 First, the Court examines the threshold requirements that Plaintiff is indigent and 8 has made a reasonably diligent effort to secure counsel. Here, the Court acknowledged 9 Plaintiff’s indigence when it granted Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis. ECF 10 No. 3 at 2. Plaintiff also reiterated his inability to afford an attorney by detailing his income, 11 assets, debts, and bills in the instant motion, which shows that his monthly expenses exceed 12 his monthly income. ECF No. 29 at 3–4. Additionally, Plaintiff has made considerable 13 efforts to secure counsel. He has contacted the Community Law Project, and has also called 14 and emailed at least four attorneys in San Diego, four attorneys in Los Angeles, one 15 attorney in Pasadena, and one attorney in San Francisco. Id. at 2–3. The Court must 16 therefore determine whether Plaintiff can show exceptional circumstances justifying court- 17 appointed counsel by examining the likelihood of Plaintiff succeeding on the merits and 18 his ability to proceed without counsel. Wilborn, 789 F.2d at 1331; Bailey, 835 F. Supp. 19 at 552. 20 A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits 21 “A plaintiff that provides no evidence of his likelihood for success at trial fails to 22 satisfy the first factor of the [exceptional circumstances] test.” Torbert v. Gore, No. 23 14cv2911-BEN-NLS, 2016 WL 1399230, at *1 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 8, 2016). Here, Plaintiff 24 has not offered evidence in his motion suggesting that he is likely to succeed on the merits.1 25
26 27 1 Plaintiff notes that “[m]y claim is meritorious” (see ECF No. 29 at 1), however, this statement on its own is not enough to prove that he is likely to succeed on the merits. 28 1 Additionally, there is little before the Court regarding the merits of Plaintiff’s case, other 2 than assertions in the dismissed complaint and a note that the Employee Benefit Security 3 Administration completed an investigation and found that Calbiotech committed violations 4 involving unpaid or under-paid employer contributions. ECF Nos. 1, 19; see ECF No. 29 5 at 2. Thus, at this early stage of the case,2 the Court cannot find that Plaintiff is likely to 6 succeed on the merits. See, e.g., Thomas v. Richard J. Donovan Corr. Facility Warden, 7 No. 19cv2181-JAH-RBB, 2020 WL 364228, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2020) (denying 8 plaintiff’s motion to appoint counsel, noting that, because his complaint was dismissed, 9 “even assuming he is able to amend, it is simply too soon to tell whether he will be likely 10 to succeed on the merits of any potential [] claim”); Ochoa v. Lintig, No. 19cv346-MMA- 11 JLB, 2019 WL 2602535, at *3 (S.D. Cal. June 25, 2019) (same); see cf. Arellano v. Hodge, 12 No. 14cv590-JLS-JLB, 2017 WL 1711086, at *4 (S.D. Cal. May 3, 2017) (denying motion 13 for appointment of counsel when discovery had recently begun after fourth amended 14 complaint, because it was too early to determine whether any of plaintiff’s claims would 15 succeed on the merits); Garcia v. Smith, No. 10cv1187-AJB-RBB, 2012 WL 2499003, at 16 *3 (S.D. Cal.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ROBERT RAYA, Case No.: 3:19-cv-2295-WQH-AHG 12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S REQUEST FOR APPOINTMENT OF 13 v. COUNSEL 14 DAVID BARKA; NOORI BARKA; EVELYN BARKA; CALBIOTECH, [ECF No. 29] 15 INC.; CALBIOTECH, INC. 401(k) 16 PROFIT SHARING PLAN; and CALBIOTECH, INC. PENSION PLAN, 17
Defendants. 18
22 Before the Court is Plaintiff Robert Raya’s (“Plaintiff”) Motion for Appointment of 23 Counsel. ECF No. 29. For the reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s 24 motion. 25 I. BACKGROUND 26 Plaintiff initiated this action by filing a complaint on December 2, 2019. ECF No. 1. 27 Plaintiff, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, filed a civil complaint for statutory 28 1 penalties under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) for 2 failing to provide him with documents describing the Pension Plan; for breach of fiduciary 3 duty under 29 U.S.C. §§ 1104(a)(l)(A), (a)(1)(B), (a)(1)(D), and 1105; for breach of 4 fiduciary duty and fraud under California state law; and for ERISA interference under 29 5 U.S.C. § 1140. ECF Nos. 1, 2. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint (ECF 6 No. 14), which was granted on June 25, 2020. ECF No. 19. The Court dismissed Plaintiff’s 7 complaint in its entirety and, having notifying Plaintiff of the defects of the pleading as to 8 the dismissed claims, permitted him to file a motion for leave to amend. Id. at 14; ECF No. 9 24. Plaintiff has since filed his motion for leave to file his first amended complaint (ECF 10 No. 30), but that motion will not be addressed in this Order. 11 II. LEGAL STANDARD 12 There is no constitutional right to appointment of counsel in a civil case, unless an 13 indigent litigant’s physical liberty is at stake. Lassiter v. Dep’t. of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 14 25 (1981); see, e.g., United States v. Sardone, 94 F.3d 1233, 1236 (9th Cir. 1996) 15 (collecting cases to show that it is “well-established that there is generally no constitutional 16 right to counsel in civil cases”). Nevertheless, courts have discretion to request legal 17 representation for “any person unable to afford counsel.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1); see 18 also Terrell v. Brewer, 935 F.2d 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991). Courts have required that 19 plaintiffs demonstrate they are indigent and that they have made a reasonably diligent effort 20 to secure counsel before they are eligible for an appointed attorney. Bailey v. Lawford, 835 21 F. Supp. 550, 552 (S.D. Cal. 1993) (extending the “reasonably diligent effort” standard 22 used in Bradshaw v. Zoological Soc’y of San Diego, 662 F.2d 1301, 1319 (9th Cir. 1981) 23 to requests made pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915); see, e.g., Verble v. United States, No. 24 07cv0472 BEN-BLM, 2008 WL 2156327, at *2 (S.D. Cal. May 22, 2008). 25 But even after a plaintiff satisfies the two initial requirements of indigence and a 26 diligent attempt to obtain counsel, “he is entitled to appointment of counsel only if he can 27 [also] show exceptional circumstances.” Bailey, 835 F. Supp. at 552 (citing Wilborn v. 28 Escalderon, 789 F.2d 1328, 1331 (9th Cir. 1986)). Finding exceptional circumstances 1 entails “an evaluation of both the ‘likelihood of success on the merits and the ability of the 2 plaintiff to articulate his claims pro se in light of the complexity of the legal issues 3 involved.’ Neither of these issues is dispositive and both must be viewed together before 4 reaching a decision.” Terrell, 935 F.2d at 1017 (quoting Wilborn, 789 F.2d at 1331); see 5 also Palmer v. Valdez, 560 F.3d 965, 970 (9th Cir. 2009). 6 III. DISCUSSION 7 First, the Court examines the threshold requirements that Plaintiff is indigent and 8 has made a reasonably diligent effort to secure counsel. Here, the Court acknowledged 9 Plaintiff’s indigence when it granted Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis. ECF 10 No. 3 at 2. Plaintiff also reiterated his inability to afford an attorney by detailing his income, 11 assets, debts, and bills in the instant motion, which shows that his monthly expenses exceed 12 his monthly income. ECF No. 29 at 3–4. Additionally, Plaintiff has made considerable 13 efforts to secure counsel. He has contacted the Community Law Project, and has also called 14 and emailed at least four attorneys in San Diego, four attorneys in Los Angeles, one 15 attorney in Pasadena, and one attorney in San Francisco. Id. at 2–3. The Court must 16 therefore determine whether Plaintiff can show exceptional circumstances justifying court- 17 appointed counsel by examining the likelihood of Plaintiff succeeding on the merits and 18 his ability to proceed without counsel. Wilborn, 789 F.2d at 1331; Bailey, 835 F. Supp. 19 at 552. 20 A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits 21 “A plaintiff that provides no evidence of his likelihood for success at trial fails to 22 satisfy the first factor of the [exceptional circumstances] test.” Torbert v. Gore, No. 23 14cv2911-BEN-NLS, 2016 WL 1399230, at *1 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 8, 2016). Here, Plaintiff 24 has not offered evidence in his motion suggesting that he is likely to succeed on the merits.1 25
26 27 1 Plaintiff notes that “[m]y claim is meritorious” (see ECF No. 29 at 1), however, this statement on its own is not enough to prove that he is likely to succeed on the merits. 28 1 Additionally, there is little before the Court regarding the merits of Plaintiff’s case, other 2 than assertions in the dismissed complaint and a note that the Employee Benefit Security 3 Administration completed an investigation and found that Calbiotech committed violations 4 involving unpaid or under-paid employer contributions. ECF Nos. 1, 19; see ECF No. 29 5 at 2. Thus, at this early stage of the case,2 the Court cannot find that Plaintiff is likely to 6 succeed on the merits. See, e.g., Thomas v. Richard J. Donovan Corr. Facility Warden, 7 No. 19cv2181-JAH-RBB, 2020 WL 364228, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2020) (denying 8 plaintiff’s motion to appoint counsel, noting that, because his complaint was dismissed, 9 “even assuming he is able to amend, it is simply too soon to tell whether he will be likely 10 to succeed on the merits of any potential [] claim”); Ochoa v. Lintig, No. 19cv346-MMA- 11 JLB, 2019 WL 2602535, at *3 (S.D. Cal. June 25, 2019) (same); see cf. Arellano v. Hodge, 12 No. 14cv590-JLS-JLB, 2017 WL 1711086, at *4 (S.D. Cal. May 3, 2017) (denying motion 13 for appointment of counsel when discovery had recently begun after fourth amended 14 complaint, because it was too early to determine whether any of plaintiff’s claims would 15 succeed on the merits); Garcia v. Smith, No. 10cv1187-AJB-RBB, 2012 WL 2499003, at 16 *3 (S.D. Cal. June 27, 2012) (denying motion for appointment of counsel even though 17 plaintiff had survived a motion to dismiss, because it was too early to determine whether 18 any of plaintiff’s claims would survive a motion for summary judgment). Therefore, 19 Plaintiff fails to satisfy the first “exceptional circumstances” factor that would support his 20 motion for appointment of counsel. 21 B. Ability to Articulate Claims Pro Se 22 As to the second factor, Plaintiff cites barriers to successfully articulating his claims, 23 including: closure of public law libraries due to the pandemic, two ongoing ERISA 24 25 26 2 At this juncture, the complaint has been dismissed and leave to amend is not guaranteed, 27 it is to be decided by the Court. FED. R. CIV. P. 15(a)(2); ECF No. 19 at 14. Even if the Court permits Plaintiff to file his amended complaint, the parties have not yet engaged in 28 1 lawsuits, complex legal issues, and increasing legal difficulty as he approaches trial. ECF 2 No. 29 at 1, 3. However, Plaintiff fails to demonstrate an inability to represent himself 3 beyond the ordinary burdens encountered by others representing themselves pro se. 4 First, limited access to the law library and unfamiliarity with the law are 5 circumstances common to most pro se plaintiffs and do not establish exceptional 6 circumstances. See, e.g., Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1335–36 (9th Cir. 1990) 7 (denying appointment of counsel where plaintiff complained that he had limited access to 8 law library and lacked a legal education); Fletcher v. Quin, No. 15cv2156-GPC-NLS, 2018 9 WL 840174, at * 3 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 13, 2018) (same); cf. Galvan v. Fox, No. 2:15-CV- 10 01798-KJM (DB), 2017 WL 1353754, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 12, 2017) (“Circumstances 11 common to most [], such as lack of legal education and limited law library access, do not 12 establish exceptional circumstances that warrant a request for voluntary assistance of 13 counsel”). Plaintiff has not shown he faces barriers conducting legal research beyond those 14 ordinarily experienced by pro se plaintiffs. 15 Specifically, Plaintiff raises the issue that the law libraries are closed as a result of 16 COVID-19. ECF No. 29 at 1. However, courts in this circuit have declined to find that the 17 COVID-19 pandemic establishes exceptional circumstances. See, e.g., Mascrenas v. 18 Wagner, No. 19cv2014-WQH-BLM, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 165846, at *7 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 19 10, 2020) (“limited law library access, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, is not 20 an exceptional circumstance unique to Plaintiff”); Moore v. Lankford, No. 19cv2406- 21 DMS-BLM, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 163641, *4 n.1 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 8, 2020) (“Plaintiff’s 22 argument regarding library access due to COVID-19 also fails to establish an exceptional 23 circumstance”); Pitts v. Washington, No. C18-526-RSL-MLP, 2020 WL 2850564, at *1 24 (W.D. Wash. June 2, 2020) (denying motion for appointment of counsel because, 25 “[a]lthough Plaintiff contends he is unable to access the law library because of social 26 distancing, this bare assertion does not justify the appointment of counsel at this time, nor 27 does the COVID-19 pandemic”); Montgomery v. Crane, No. 18cv2911-RM-NYW, 2020 28 WL 2848149, at *1 (D. Colo. June 2, 2020) (denying motion for appointment of counsel, 1 and finding that plaintiff’s inability to access the law library due to the COVID-19 2 pandemic was not an exceptional circumstance that justified appointment of counsel 3 because plaintiff could have requested an extension to file his responsive briefing). 4 Second, though Plaintiff contends he should be appointed counsel because he has 5 two ongoing ERISA lawsuits and his current lawsuit presents complex legal issues, these 6 concerns also do not present exceptional circumstances. The Court has reviewed Plaintiff’s 7 complaint and finds that the issues he raises are not complex; the Court understands 8 Plaintiff’s claims and the relief sought. Cf. Peterson v. Anderson, No. CV09-21-GF-SHE, 9 2009 WL 4506542, at *3 (D. Mont. Dec. 2, 2009) (“Although Plaintiff contends he is not 10 in a position to litigate this matter, pro se litigants are rarely in a position to research and 11 investigate facts easily. This alone does not deem a case complex”). In the instant case, 12 Plaintiff has demonstrated the ability to articulate his position, conduct legal research, and 13 comprehend this Court’s instructions. See cf. Dunsmore v. Paramo, No. 13cv1193-GPC- 14 PCL, 2013 WL 5738774 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2013) (denying appointment of counsel to a 15 pro se litigant who had a “good grasp of the basis of his claims, and [was] able to articulate 16 them in light of the relative complexity of the legal issues involved”). Plaintiff has ably 17 represented himself thus far and has also shown a good grasp of litigation procedure by 18 filing his motion for extension of time, motion for leave to amend the complaint, and 19 opposition to Defendants’ motion to dismiss. See ECF Nos. 15, 21, 30. Moreover, 20 Plaintiff’s present motion shows that he is able to write very well. See ECF No. 29. 21 Additionally, Plaintiff’s other ongoing lawsuit illustrates that he has a good grasp of basic 22 litigation procedure and has been able to adequately articulate his claims, which weighs 23 against appointing counsel; though the instant case is in its initial phase, Plaintiff’s other 24 lawsuit in this district has survived summary judgment. Raya v. Calbiotech, No. 18cv2643- 25 WQH-AHG, ECF No. 39; see cf. Palmer, 560 F.3d at 970 (affirming district court’s denial 26 of plaintiff’s motion for appointment of counsel when plaintiff had done “‘quite a good 27 job’ putting on his case, [] was well-organized, made clear points, and presented evidence 28 effectively”). 1 Third, Plaintiff’s assertions regarding increased difficulty as his case approaches 2 trial do not present exceptional circumstances warranting appointment of counsel at this 3 time, as this case is in its initial phase, has not survived Defendants’ motion to dismiss, and 4 has not yet survived summary judgment. See Miller v. LaMontagne, No. 10cv702-WQH- 5 BGS, 2012 WL 1666735, at *2 (S.D. Cal. May 11, 2012); see, e.g., Fletcher, 2018 WL 6 840174, at * 2 (denying appointment of counsel as premature where the motion was filed 7 one month after defendants answered the amended complaint, and where plaintiff 8 contended an attorney would help him present evidence and cross-examine witnesses at 9 trial); Goolsby v. Ridge, No. 09cv2654-WQH-RBB, 2010 WL 3418428, at * (S.D. Cal. 10 Aug. 26, 2010) (denying appointment of counsel as premature where the motion was filed 11 before defendants were served, and where plaintiff contended an attorney would help him 12 present evidence and cross-examine witnesses at trial). 13 The Court does not doubt that Plaintiff, like most pro se litigants, finds it difficult to 14 articulate his claims and would be better served with the assistance of counsel. It is for this 15 reason that in the absence of counsel, federal courts employ procedures that are highly 16 protective of a pro se litigant’s rights. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) 17 (holding that the pleadings of a pro se litigant must be held to less stringent standards than 18 formal pleadings drafted by lawyers). In fact, where a plaintiff appears pro se in a civil 19 rights case, the court must construe the pleadings liberally and afford the plaintiff any 20 benefit of the doubt. Karim-Panahi v. Los Angeles Police Dep’t, 839 F.2d 621, 623 (9th 21 Cir. 1988). Thus, as long as a pro se litigant is able to articulate his claim, as Plaintiff is 22 here, the second “exceptional circumstances” factor that might support the appointment of 23 counsel is not met. 24 / / 25 / / 26 / / 27 / / 28 / / 1 CONCLUSION 2 Although Plaintiff is indigent and made reasonable efforts to obtain counsel, Plaintiff 3 || failed to show that exceptional circumstances require appointment of counsel. Thus, the 4 ||Court DENIES Plaintiff's Motion for Appointment of Counsel (ECF No. 29) without 5 || prejudice.” 6 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. 8 ||Dated: October 2, 2020 9 pion H. Honorable Allison H. Goddard 10 United States Magistrate Judge 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 5 > Plaintiff notes in his motion that counsel would be essential to assist him prepare for trial. © || See ECF No. 29 at 3. As explained above, that issue is raised prematurely. This case is still 27 ||in its very early stages and trial is not on the horizon. Because Plaintiffs motion is denied 28 without prejudice to refiling, Plaintiff is free to seek appointment of counsel again in the future and may raise such arguments at that time, if applicable.