(PS) Ramirez v. Haaland

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: June 15, 2022
• Docket: 2:19-cv-00845
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DON EPIGMENIO RAMIREZ, No. 2:19-CV-0845-DMC 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER 14 DAVID BERNHARDT, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, brings this civil action. Pursuant to the written 18 consent of all parties, this case is before the undersigned as the presiding judge for all purposes, 19 including entry of final judgment. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(c); see also ECF No. 19 (order 20 reassigning case). 21 Pending before the Court is Defendant David Bernhardt’s (Secretary of the 22 Department of Interior) motion for summary judgment, ECF No. 26. Plaintiff appears to oppose 23 the motion with responses to the declarations Defendant filed. See ECF Nos. 30, 31, and 33. In 24 Plaintiff’s responses he admits undisputed facts and denies disputed facts. See generally id. 25 With each denial Plaintiff explains why the fact is disputed. See generally id. While he does fail 26 to cite to evidence, he does sign his responses under the penalty of perjury. See ECF No. 30, pg. 27 38; see also ECF No. 31, pg. 6; see also ECF No. 31-1, pg. 4; see also ECF No. 31-2, pg. 2; see 28 1 also ECF No. 33, pg. 4. Also pending before the Court is Defendant’s motion to strike Plaintiff’s 2 responses as untimely. See ECF No. 32, pg. 1. 3 4 I. PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATIONS 5 Plaintiff makes three claims against the Defendant: (1) an equal employment 6 opportunity claim under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e; (2) a defamation, slander, and libel claim under 28 7 U.S.C. § 4101; and (3) a conspiracy claim under 18 U.S.C § 241. ECF No. 23, pg. 2. Plaintiff 8 believes that his three claims arise out of the following allegations. 9 Plaintiff alleges that the Defendant “conspired to eliminate any and all 10 employment opportunities for the Plaintiff there at Lassen Volcanic National Park.” Id. Plaintiff 11 states that Gary Mott, the Chief of Maintenance, used “his position to eliminate any chance of 12 permanent employment for the Plaintiff,” doing so with what the Plaintiff alleges constituted a 13 “false narrative.” Id. Plaintiff further states that Mott “fabricated yet another false narrative to 14 advertise and award the Plaintiff’s seasonal job to a less qualified Caucasian male”, regardless of 15 the Plaintiffs rehire status, experience and qualifications. Defendant then allegedly waited until 16 the last minute to notify the Plaintiff of the disposition of the desired job, justifying such with 17 alleged “false statements and accusations.” Id. 18 Additionally, “Superintendent Steve Gibbons allegedly conspired with Gary Mott 19 when he allowed this discriminating action to take place with regard to the permanent water 20 treatment job, the Plaintiff asserts he was full aware of this situation.” Id. 21 Plaintiff continues stating that “[i]n Steve Gibbons EEOC testimony he claims the 22 Plaintiff was in his office complaining almost every week, but yet never mentioned the permanent 23 water treatment position to him once.” Id. Plaintiff asserts this response was “Defamation and 24 Libel as it depicted the Plaintiff as a poor employee, which in turn was a very valuable piece in 25 this conspiracy.” Id. at 3. Plaintiff states that “in reality Steve Gibbons stated to the Plaintiff he 26 was going to support his Chief of Maintenance Gary Mott’s decision with regard to the permanent 27 water treatment position and his justification behind it.” Id. 28 1 Further, “Maintenance Supervisor Mike Hayden (south district) supported this 2 conspiracy with his alleged misleading and false EEOC statements.” Id. And Merita Kimball, 3 Maintenance Supervisor, “supplied alleged defamatory and Libel statements during the EEOC 4 investigation with her comments and pictures depicting poor job performance with regard to the 5 Plaintiffs [sic] bathroom cleaning practices . . . .” Id. Kimball “produced a picture of mice feces 6 on the counter of one of the Plaintiffs [sic] water treatment plants (when the truth is this was 7 taken after this building had set for 6 months vacant through the winter, just another misleading 8 and defaming action on her part).” Id. Kimball “also went on the record asserting [Plaintiff] was 9 some kind of predator and that she was fearful of riding with the Plaintiff vehicle [sic].” Id. 10 Kimball “is also on the record for making Slanderous comments against the 11 Plaintiff with regard to operating her water plants and on one occasion after she blew up over one 12 of these situations and lost the battle after she had called a meeting of our supervisors Mike 13 Hayden and then Chief of Maintenance Kieth Farrah.” Id. “[A]fter said meeting and after Kieth 14 Farrah and [Plaintiff] had left, Merita Kimball stated to Mike Hayden ‘Didn’t You Smell The 15 Marijuana On Him’ (referring to Plaintiff).” Id. (errors in original). Plaintiff concludes stating, 16 “This is just some of the animosity she has shown the Plaintiff in the past and who could be one 17 of the key players in this conspiracy to eliminate the Plaintiff from the employment ranks of 18 Lassen Volcanic National Park.” Id. 19 20 II. STANDARD FOR SUMMARY JUDGEMENT 21 The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for summary judgment or summary 22 adjudication when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, 23 together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that 24 the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The 25 standard for summary judgment and summary adjudication is the same. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 56(a), 56(c); see also Mora v. ChemTronics, 16 F. Supp. 2d. 1192, 1200 (S.D. Cal. 1998). One of 27 the principal purposes of Rule 56 is to dispose of factually unsupported claims or defenses. See 28 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). Under summary judgment practice, the 1 moving party

2 . . . always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of “the pleadings, 3 depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,” which it believes demonstrate the absence of a 4 genuine issue of material fact.

5 Id. at 323 (quoting former Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). 6 If the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to the 7 opposing party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually does exist. See 8 Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In attempting to 9 establish the existence of this factual dispute, the opposing party may not rely upon the 10 allegations or denials of its pleadings but is required to tender evidence of specific facts in the 11 form of affidavits, and/or admissible discovery material, in support of its contention that the 12 dispute exists. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); see also Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 n.11. The 13 opposing party must demonstrate that the fact in contention is material, i.e., a fact that might 14 affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 15 242, 248 (1986); T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th 16 Cir. 1987), and that the dispute is genuine, i.e., the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could 17 return a verdict for the nonmoving party, Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1436 18 (9th Cir. 1987). To demonstrate that an issue is genuine, the opposing party “must do more than 19 simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts . . . . Where the record 20 taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no 21 ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (citation omitted). It is sufficient that “the 22 claimed factual dispute be shown to require a trier of fact to resolve the parties’ differing versions 23 of the truth at trial.” T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d at 631. 24 In resolving the summary judgment motion, the court examines the pleadings, 25 depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any. 26 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). The evidence of the opposing party is to be believed, see Anderson, 27 477 U.S. at 255, and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the facts placed before the 28 court must be drawn in favor of the opposing party, see Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587. 1 Nevertheless, inferences are not drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party’s obligation to 2 produce a factual predicate from which the inference may be drawn. See Richards v. Nielsen 3 Freight Lines, 602 F. Supp. 1224, 1244-45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), aff’d, 810 F.2d 898, 902 (9th Cir. 4 1987). Ultimately, “[b]efore the evidence is left to the jury, there is a preliminary question for the 5 judge, not whether there is literally no evidence, but whether there is any upon which a jury could 6 properly proceed to find a verdict for the party producing it, upon whom the onus of proof is 7 imposed.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251. 8 9 III. DISUCSSION 10 Defendant moves for summary judgment arguing that (1) Plaintiff’s Title VII 11 discrimination claim has no basis in fact or law; (2) Plaintiff’s defamation, slander, and libel 12 claims are barred; and (3) there is no private right of action for criminal conspiracy under 18 13 U.S.C. § 241. Defendant also moves to strike Plaintiff’s responses as untimely. 14 A. Motion to Strike 15 Defendant’s motion in its entirety states the following:

16 On April 19, 2022, after not receiving an Opposition by Plaintiff, Don Epigmenio Ramirez (“Ramirez”) to Defendant’s Motion for 17 Summary Judgment, the Court took Defendant’s Motion off calendar and ordered this matter submitted on the record and briefs without 18 oral argument.

19 On April 25, 2022, Ramirez filed a response to Defendant’s Motion. Ramirez’s response to Defendant’s motion is untimely and should be 20 stricken. 21 ECF No. 32, pg. 1. 22 Plaintiff argues that there was an issue in communication between Defendant and 23 Plaintiff where Plaintiff was at a different mailing address. See ECF No. 35, pg. 2. In 24 consideration of both the communication issue and Plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court denies 25 Defendant’s motion to strike. 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 B. Title VII Discrimination Claim 2 Title VII states the following: 3 It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer—(1) to 4 fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, 5 terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; or (2) to 6 limit, segregate, or classify his employees or applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any 7 individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual’s race, 8 color, religion, sex, or national origin.

9 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). 10 “Title VII claims are analyzed through the burden-shifting framework articulated 11 in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 [] (1973).” Rivera v. East Bay Municipal 12 Utility District, 799 Fed. Appx. 481, 483 (9th Cir. 2020). 13 1. Prima Facie Case 14 “First, a plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of disparate treatment.” Rivera, 15 799 Fed. Appx. at 483 (citing Noyes v. Kelly Servs., 488 F.3d 1163, 1168 (9th Cir. 2007)). A 16 prima facie case may be established by showing: (1) that the plaintiff is a member of a protected 17 class; (2) that he was qualified for his position and performing his job satisfactorily; (3) that he 18 experienced adverse employment actions; and (4) that “similarly situated individuals outside 19 [plaintiff’s] protected class were treated more favorably, or other circumstances surrounding the 20 adverse employment action give rise to an inference of discrimination.” Hawn v. Executive Jet 21 Mgmt., Inc., 615 F.3d 1151, 1156 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Peterson v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 358 22 F.3d 599, 603 (9th Cir. 2004)). 23 a. Protected Class 24 Plaintiff’s complaint makes no specific declaration of membership in a protected 25 class. However, in his response to Defendant’s motion, Plaintiff does mention that he is 26 Hispanic. See ECF No. 30, pgs. 10, 18. 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 b. Qualification and Job Performance 2 Plaintiff states that he was fully qualified for the position and his construction 3 background is why Plaintiff was hired when he first started as a water operator. See id. at 17-18. 4 Plaintiff states that he had “been rehired for 11 years” as a water treatment operator. See id. at 5 21. Plaintiff also states that over the course of his time as a water treatment operator, he received 6 letters of commendation on his work. See id. at 21; see also ECF No. 33, pgs. 19, 20 (Plaintiff 7 Exhibit 3). 8 c. Adverse Employment Action 9 Plaintiff states in his verified complaint that Gary Mott “award[ed] the Plaintiff’s 10 seasonal job to a less qualified Caucasian male, regardless of the Plaintiffs [sic] rehire status, 11 experience and qualifications.” ECF No. 23, pg. 2. Plaintiff also alleges that “Mott utilized his 12 position to eliminate any chance of permanent employment for the Plaintiff . . . .” Id. 13 d. Favorable Treatment 14 Plaintiff states that the qualifications for his seasonal position were lowered and 15 that Defendant hired a white male maintaining the “Caucasian dominated workforce.” See ECF 16 No. 30, pg. 31. Further, “of the some close to 50 ‘Permanent Employees’ there at Lassen 17 Volcanic National Park at the time of the Plaintiff’s departure, the Plaintiff alleges there were 18 zero that weren’t Caucasian.” Id. 19 In light of the above, the Court finds that Plaintiff has met his burden of showing a 20 prima facie case of discrimination. 21 2. Defendant’s Burden of Production 22 “Second, if the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, ‘[t]he burden of production, 23 but not persuasion, then shifts to the employer to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory 24 reason for the challenged action.’” Rivera, 799 Fed. Appx. at 483 (citing Chuang v. Univ. of 25 California Davis, Bd. of Trs., 225 F.3d 1115, 1123-24 (9th Cir. 2000)). 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Defendant argues that Plaintiff “was not asked to return to LVNP [Lassen 2 Volcanic National Park] as a seasonable employee because he twice refused to comply with a 3 direct order from his supervisor to clean a park restroom.” ECF No. 26-1, pg. 9. “Since 4 [Plaintiff] was only a seasonal employee, as opposed to a permanent one, he was not guaranteed a 5 position form [sic] one season to the next.” Id. at 9-10. Defendant states that Plaintiff’s “refusal 6 to perform his job responsibilities, not his race, was the basis for the decision not to ask [Plaintiff] 7 to return as a seasonal employee.” Id. at 10. 8 Defendant also argues that the decision not to hire Plaintiff “for a permanent 9 position also had nothing to do with his race.” Id. Defendant argues that Plaintiff “had no right 10 to be hired as a permanent employee.” Id. Defendant further states that “no one was hired for the 11 permanent Maintenance Worker/Water Treatment Operator position because, for budgetary 12 reasons, LVNP management decided to lateral an already permanent employee into the 13 vacancy.” Id. (emphasis in original). Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s “race was not a factor.” 14 Id. 15 In light of the above, the Court finds that Defendant has met his burden of 16 production in articulating a nondiscriminatory reason for not rehiring Plaintiff and for not hiring 17 Plaintiff for a permanent position. 18 3. Credibility of Defendant’s Proffered Explanation 19 Third, “[i]f the employer meets this burden, the plaintiff must raise a triable issue 20 of material fact, through direct or circumstantial evidence, demonstrating that the employer’s 21 reasons for the challenged action are mere pretext and ‘that a discriminatory reason more likely 22 motivated the employer.’” Rivera, 799 Fed. Appx. at 483 (citations omitted). “Circumstantial 23 evidence of pretext must be specific and substantial in order to survive summary judgment.” 24 Bergene v. Salt River Project Agr. Imp. and Power Dist., 272 F.3d 1136, 1142 (9th Cir. 2001) 25 (citation omitted). “Alternatively, an employee may offer evidence that the employer’s proffered 26 explanation is unworthy of credence.” Rivera, 799 Fed. Appx. at 483 (citations omitted). 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Plaintiff’s evidence of pretext and that a discriminatory reason more likely 2 motivated the employer is neither very specific or substantial. Plaintiff merely mentions that that 3 the qualifications for his seasonal position were lowered and that Defendant hired a white male 4 maintaining the “Caucasian dominated workforce.” See ECF No. 30, pg. 31. Plaintiff also 5 contends that “of the some close to 50 ‘Permanent Employees’ there at Lassen Volcanic National 6 Park at the time of the Plaintiff’s departure, the Plaintiff alleges there were zero that weren’t 7 Caucasian.” Id. 8 Plaintiff has not provided any documentation indicating a discriminatory 9 motivation on the part of Defendant nor has Plaintiff alleged that Defendant used any derogatory 10 words or used racial slurs in talking about or to Plaintiff. The Court find that this evidence does 11 not constitute “substantial evidence” indicating that Defendant’s actions were a pretext and that a 12 discriminatory reason more likely motivated him. 13 Plaintiff does, however, provide evidence that Defendant’s proffered explanation 14 is unworthy of credence. Defendant’s sole reason in not rehiring Plaintiff was for not cleaning a 15 park restroom on October 15, 2015. See ECF No. 26-1, pg. 9; see also ECF No. 26-4, pg. 2. 16 Defendant also mentions a report in 2013 that indicated he should “Do a more thorough job in 17 keeping restrooms clean.” ECF No. 26-4, pg. 15. 18 Plaintiff alleges that in his eleven years, this one report was the only negative 19 review Plaintiff had concerning his work. See ECF No. 31, pg. 2. However, the 2013 report 20 seems to actually be a positive review despite the comment to clean more thoroughly. The 2013 21 report seems to indicate Plaintiff was doing an excellent job. The report states, “This year has 22 been a very busy year in the Park. [Plaintiff] has done a good job keeping the water systems 23 within compliance and making sure trash cans are emptied and restrooms cleaned. His hard work 24 is much appreciated.” ECF No. 26-4. The report further states, “[Plaintiff] continues to be an 25 asset to the park. His knowledge and experience level provides the Warner Valley/Juniper Lake 26 area with a competent Water operator who really cares about the quality of water provided. 27 Thank you [Plaintiff] for your service this summer.” Id. 28 / / / 1 Concerning the cleaning of the bathroom in October of 2015, while in his job 2 description was “cleaning bathrooms”, Plaintiff had not done so during the entirety of the 2015 3 season as Plaintiff took on extra responsibilities in maintaining additional water treatment plants. 4 See ECF No. 31, pg. 3. Gary Mott direct Plaintiff to clean the bathroom. Despite the fact that 5 Plaintiff had not cleaned bathrooms that season, Plaintiff accepted the assignment to clean the 6 bathroom. See id. After seeing the bathroom, Plaintiff realized that he did not have the proper 7 equipment “to tackle such a mess as the Plaintiff had not done any janitorial duties yet that 8 summer, so he locked it to address later.” Id. Plaintiff only later refused to clean the bathroom 9 after discussing the issue with his direct supervisor that Mott was bullying Plaintiff, and the 10 supervisor agreed with Plaintiff that Plaintiff no longer needed to worry about cleaning the 11 bathroom. Id. at 3-4. 12 Additionally, in November of 2015, after the bathroom incident, Plaintiff received 13 an email commending him for a “job well done.” ECF No. 33, pg. 19. Gary Mott was also a 14 recipient of the email. See id.; see also ECF No. 26-4, pg. 2. The email highlights Plaintiff’s 15 responsibilities that year, the burden in maintaining five water treatment plants, and the 16 excellence with which he maintained the facilities. See id. 17 In light of the above, the Court finds that Plaintiff has carried his burden in 18 bringing into question the veracity of Defendant’s decision to no longer rehire Plaintiff. 19 Therefore, Defendant’s motion is denied as to Plaintiff’s Title VII claim. 20 C. Defamation, Slander, and Libel 21 Plaintiff’s defamation, slander, and libel claims brought under 28 U.S.C. § 4101 22 (the “SPEECH Act”) are legally deficient because the SPEECH Act bars United States’ 23 enforcement of foreign defamation orders that conflict with United States’ laws including the 24 First Amendment and Communications Decency Act. See 28 U.S.C. § 4101. The Act provides 25 no independent cause of action and Section 4101 merely defines the term “defamation” as used in 26 the SPEECH Act. 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Additionally, to the extent Plaintiff attempts to assert common law defamation, 2 slander, and libel claims, these claims are barred because Plaintiff failed to file an administrative 3 tort claim with the Department of Interior within two years after his claims accrued. See 28 4 U.S.C. § 2401(b) (stating that a tort claim against the United States “shall be forever barred unless 5 it is presented in writing to the appropriate federal agency within two years after such claim 6 accrues”); McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 113 (1993). 7 It is undisputed that Plaintiff’s defamation, slander, and libel claims are based on 8 purported statements Plaintiff claims were made during his employment in 2015 and/or during his 9 EEOC investigation, which concluded in April of 2017. See ECF No. 23; see also ECF No. 26-3, 10 pg. 29. Plaintiff has never filed an administrative tort claim with the Department of Interior 11 alleging defamation, slander, or libel, let alone within two years from accrual. See ECF No. 26-6, 12 pg. 1-2. For this reason, Plaintiff’s defamation, slander, and libel claims are barred. Defendant’s 13 motion is granted as to Plaintiff’s defamation, slander, and libel claims. 14 D. Conspiracy 15 Plaintiff’s criminal conspiracy claim brought under 18 U.S.C § 241 fails as a 16 matter of law. Title 18 U.S.C. § 241 is a criminal civil rights statute. There is no private right of 17 action to enforce this statute. 18 In so far as Plaintiff is alleging conspiracy under § 1983, Plaintiff’s claim also 19 fails. To prove a conspiracy, Plaintiff must show “an agreement or ‘meeting of the minds’ to 20 violate constitutional rights.” Franklin v. Fox, 312 F.3d 423, 441 (9th Cir. 2002). “The 21 defendants must have, by some concerted action, intended to accomplish some unlawful objective 22 for the purpose of harming another which results in damage.” Mendocino Envtl. Ctr. V. 23 Mendocino County, 192 F.3d 1283, 1301 (9th Cir. 1999). Plaintiff is “required to produce 24 ‘concrete evidence’ of an agreement or ‘meeting of the minds’” between Defendant and his 25 conspirators. See Fenters v. Yosemite Chevron, 761 F. Supp. 2d 957, 994 (E.D. Cal. 2010) 26 (citing Radcliffe v. Rainbow Const. Co., 254 F.3d 772, 782 (9th Cir.2001)). 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Here, Plaintiff fails to produce concrete evidence of an agreement or meeting of 2 | the minds. Plaintiff alleges in his first amended complaint that “Superintendent Steve Gibbons 3 | allegedly conspired with Gary Mott when he allegedly allowed this discriminating action to take 4 | place with regard to the permanent water treatment job, the Plaintiff asserts he was full aware of 5 | this situation.” ECF No. 23, pg. 2 (errors in original). Additionally, Plaintiff states, 6 | “Maintenance Supervisor Mike Hayden (south district) supported this conspiracy with his alleged 7 | misleading and false EEOC statements.” Id. at 3. Further, Plaintiff states that Merita Kimball 8 | “could be one of the key players in this conspiracy to eliminate the Plaintiff from the employment 9 | ranks of Lassen Volcanic National Park.” Id. 10 Plaintiff does not cite to any piece of evidence demonstrating an agreement 11 | between the alleged conspirators. Plaintiffs allegations without evidentiary support are too 12 | conclusory and speculative to maintain a conspiracy action at the summary judgment stage. 13 | Therefore, Defendant’s motion is granted as to Plaintiff's conspiracy claim. 14 15 IV. CONCLUSION 16 In light of the above, Defendant’s motion, ECF No. 26, is denied in part and granted 17 | in part. 18 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 19 1. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is denied as to Plaintiff's Title 20 | VIL; 21 2. Defendant’s motion is granted as to Plaintiff's defamation, slander, and libel 22 | claims; and 23 3. Defendant’s motion is granted as to Plaintiff's conspiracy claim. 24 25 | Dated: June 14, 2022 Sx