JUSTICE COMPTON
delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this suit brought under Code § 55-80 to set aside fraudulent conveyances of cash, the only question properly preserved for appellate review is whether the trial court erred by entering in personam judgments against transferees who participated in a fraudulent scheme to delay and hinder a creditor by concealing the debtor’s assets. As pertinent, § 55-80 provides: “Every gift, conveyance, . . . transfer of, or charge upon, any estate, real or personal, . . . given with intent to delay, hinder or defraud creditors ... of or from what they are or may be lawfully entitled to shall, as to such creditors,... be void.”
The present controversy stems from an action at law filed in November 1986 in the Circuit Court of the City of Hampton by appellee Joseph L. Hawkins against Floyd M. Gibbs, Sr., for recovery in damages resulting from defamation and other wrongs. In September 1988, a judgment confirming a jury’s verdict in the [34]*34amount of $200,000 was entered in favor of Hawkins. That judgment became final after unsuccessful appeals by Gibbs.
In November 1990, Hawkins, the creditor, filed the present suit naming Gibbs, the debtor, as a defendant along with the debtor’s two sons, David A. Gibbs and appellant Steven A. Gibbs, and the debtor’s girlfriend, appellant Henrietta Price. The suit was brought under § 55-80 to set aside transfers of cash in the total amount of $135,500 from the debtor to Price and the sons.
As the result of a February 1992 ore tenus hearing, the chancellor made the following findings. Beginning in February 1988 and ending in May 1988, the debtor made withdrawals totalling $112,800 from his retirement account. Between March and May 1988, the debtor caused to be transferred to the account of David A. Gibbs the sum of $90,500. In December 1988, the debtor liquidated corporate stock, receiving the sum of approximately $60,220. The debtor transferred additional amounts to David A. Gibbs so that he received a total of $115,500. The debtor then transferred the amount of $10,000 each to Steven A. Gibbs and to Price.
At trial, David A. Gibbs admitted he knew of the original suit and the judgment, but said he accepted the funds from his father as a gift and had no intent to participate in a fraudulent scheme. Steven A. Gibbs said he learned of the original action only after it was concluded. He stated he spent some of the $10,000 for his own purposes, paid some of his father’s bills, and returned the remainder to his father. Price testified that she knew of the original action, that she was aware some of the debtor’s bank accounts had been attached, and that she accepted the $10,000 in order to place the funds in an account in her own name for the sole purpose of writing checks to pay the debtor’s bills. The evidence was uncontradicted that she did not use any of the funds for her own purposes.
After stating at the conclusion of the hearing, “If there was ever a scheme to defraud a creditor, this is it,” the chancellor set aside the conveyances as void and entered in personam judgments against David A. Gibbs for $115,500, against Steven A. Gibbs for $10,000, and against Price for $10,000. We awarded Price and Steven A. Gibbs this appeal from the December 1992 final decree. David A. Gibbs did not file a petition for appeal.
On appeal, Price and Gibbs contend that the trial court erred in awarding personal judgments against them. They rely on Mills v. Miller Harness Co., 229 Va. 155, 158, 326 S.E.2d 665, 667 (1985), in which we said that “nothing” in § 55-80 authorizes “a court to award an in personam judgment when a fraudulent conveyance is set aside.” [35]*35In Mills, we reversed that part of the final decree granting one creditor an in personam judgment against a transferee and remanded the case with direction that the transferee return the funds to court for ratable distribution to all the creditors.
Price and Gibbs argue, in effect, that the creditor under the circumstances of this case has no remedy under § 55-80 against the fraudulent transferees. They contend the personal judgments are invalid and, distinguishing Mills on its facts, argue that ratable distribution is improper.
Price argues that the sum “given” to her “was done to utilize her as a bank account after Floyd Gibbs’ own had been seized, and Price merely acted as his agent to disburse his funds. This cannot have been fraud because Floyd Gibbs could have made the preferential payments directly himself.” In this branch of her argument, Price is drawing on the Virginia rule that at common law and under § 55-80, “an insolvent debtor may generally make a valid transfer of a portion or the whole of his assets to a bona fide creditor on account of an existing indebtedness, if that is the sole purpose of the debtor and the transfer is for full value.” Bank of Commerce v. Rosemary and Thyme, Inc., 218 Va. 781, 784, 239 S.E.2d 909, 912 (1978).
Gibbs argues that “approximately $5,941.23 was used to pay his own bills. The rest was paid to his father’s credit card debt or returned to his father in cash.”
Thus, they contend that no “judgment should have been rendered against Price because she was utilized merely as a conduit for Floyd Gibbs’ funds to prefer other creditors, which he had a perfect right to do. Price received not one penny of personal benefit.” They contend it “was likewise error to enter judgment against” Gibbs, and, because “key elements” of Mills are not present, ratable distribution “cannot apply.” Gibbs argues that, in any event, he is liable for only the $5,941.23 he used for his own benefit.
We do not agree with either Price or Gibbs. Their argument completely disregards the trial court’s explicit finding, not properly challenged on appeal, that the pair participated in a scheme to defraud the creditor.
Professor Glenn, in his treatise on fraudulent conveyances, discusses the accountability of a transferee or grantee for proceeds of property fraudulently conveyed. Relating the situation “to confusion of goods,” the doctrine he discusses “governs the case where a debtor’s property is indistinguishably mingled with that of a third person.” 1 Garrard Glenn, Fraudulent Conveyances and Preferences § 239, at 415 (rev. ed. 1940). When the property “cannot be identified [36]*36in any form,” such as money placed in a transferee’s checking account, Glenn states, “The grantee should respond personally for the value of the property which he has put it out of his power to apply properly.” Id. According to Glenn, the grantee is placed, as the result of the creditor’s proceeding attacking the fraudulent conveyance, “in the position of one holding for account of the debtor, because, the creditor having taken action under the statute, the grantee’s title is avoided. Not being able to produce the property, he must surrender the substitute to the creditor.” Id.
“The same reasoning makes the grantee personally liable, on his account, for the value of the original property in case he cannot produce it or a substitute. Receiving the property fraudulently, as against a creditor who takes steps, the grantee is liable to the extent of its value.” Id.
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JUSTICE COMPTON
delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this suit brought under Code § 55-80 to set aside fraudulent conveyances of cash, the only question properly preserved for appellate review is whether the trial court erred by entering in personam judgments against transferees who participated in a fraudulent scheme to delay and hinder a creditor by concealing the debtor’s assets. As pertinent, § 55-80 provides: “Every gift, conveyance, . . . transfer of, or charge upon, any estate, real or personal, . . . given with intent to delay, hinder or defraud creditors ... of or from what they are or may be lawfully entitled to shall, as to such creditors,... be void.”
The present controversy stems from an action at law filed in November 1986 in the Circuit Court of the City of Hampton by appellee Joseph L. Hawkins against Floyd M. Gibbs, Sr., for recovery in damages resulting from defamation and other wrongs. In September 1988, a judgment confirming a jury’s verdict in the [34]*34amount of $200,000 was entered in favor of Hawkins. That judgment became final after unsuccessful appeals by Gibbs.
In November 1990, Hawkins, the creditor, filed the present suit naming Gibbs, the debtor, as a defendant along with the debtor’s two sons, David A. Gibbs and appellant Steven A. Gibbs, and the debtor’s girlfriend, appellant Henrietta Price. The suit was brought under § 55-80 to set aside transfers of cash in the total amount of $135,500 from the debtor to Price and the sons.
As the result of a February 1992 ore tenus hearing, the chancellor made the following findings. Beginning in February 1988 and ending in May 1988, the debtor made withdrawals totalling $112,800 from his retirement account. Between March and May 1988, the debtor caused to be transferred to the account of David A. Gibbs the sum of $90,500. In December 1988, the debtor liquidated corporate stock, receiving the sum of approximately $60,220. The debtor transferred additional amounts to David A. Gibbs so that he received a total of $115,500. The debtor then transferred the amount of $10,000 each to Steven A. Gibbs and to Price.
At trial, David A. Gibbs admitted he knew of the original suit and the judgment, but said he accepted the funds from his father as a gift and had no intent to participate in a fraudulent scheme. Steven A. Gibbs said he learned of the original action only after it was concluded. He stated he spent some of the $10,000 for his own purposes, paid some of his father’s bills, and returned the remainder to his father. Price testified that she knew of the original action, that she was aware some of the debtor’s bank accounts had been attached, and that she accepted the $10,000 in order to place the funds in an account in her own name for the sole purpose of writing checks to pay the debtor’s bills. The evidence was uncontradicted that she did not use any of the funds for her own purposes.
After stating at the conclusion of the hearing, “If there was ever a scheme to defraud a creditor, this is it,” the chancellor set aside the conveyances as void and entered in personam judgments against David A. Gibbs for $115,500, against Steven A. Gibbs for $10,000, and against Price for $10,000. We awarded Price and Steven A. Gibbs this appeal from the December 1992 final decree. David A. Gibbs did not file a petition for appeal.
On appeal, Price and Gibbs contend that the trial court erred in awarding personal judgments against them. They rely on Mills v. Miller Harness Co., 229 Va. 155, 158, 326 S.E.2d 665, 667 (1985), in which we said that “nothing” in § 55-80 authorizes “a court to award an in personam judgment when a fraudulent conveyance is set aside.” [35]*35In Mills, we reversed that part of the final decree granting one creditor an in personam judgment against a transferee and remanded the case with direction that the transferee return the funds to court for ratable distribution to all the creditors.
Price and Gibbs argue, in effect, that the creditor under the circumstances of this case has no remedy under § 55-80 against the fraudulent transferees. They contend the personal judgments are invalid and, distinguishing Mills on its facts, argue that ratable distribution is improper.
Price argues that the sum “given” to her “was done to utilize her as a bank account after Floyd Gibbs’ own had been seized, and Price merely acted as his agent to disburse his funds. This cannot have been fraud because Floyd Gibbs could have made the preferential payments directly himself.” In this branch of her argument, Price is drawing on the Virginia rule that at common law and under § 55-80, “an insolvent debtor may generally make a valid transfer of a portion or the whole of his assets to a bona fide creditor on account of an existing indebtedness, if that is the sole purpose of the debtor and the transfer is for full value.” Bank of Commerce v. Rosemary and Thyme, Inc., 218 Va. 781, 784, 239 S.E.2d 909, 912 (1978).
Gibbs argues that “approximately $5,941.23 was used to pay his own bills. The rest was paid to his father’s credit card debt or returned to his father in cash.”
Thus, they contend that no “judgment should have been rendered against Price because she was utilized merely as a conduit for Floyd Gibbs’ funds to prefer other creditors, which he had a perfect right to do. Price received not one penny of personal benefit.” They contend it “was likewise error to enter judgment against” Gibbs, and, because “key elements” of Mills are not present, ratable distribution “cannot apply.” Gibbs argues that, in any event, he is liable for only the $5,941.23 he used for his own benefit.
We do not agree with either Price or Gibbs. Their argument completely disregards the trial court’s explicit finding, not properly challenged on appeal, that the pair participated in a scheme to defraud the creditor.
Professor Glenn, in his treatise on fraudulent conveyances, discusses the accountability of a transferee or grantee for proceeds of property fraudulently conveyed. Relating the situation “to confusion of goods,” the doctrine he discusses “governs the case where a debtor’s property is indistinguishably mingled with that of a third person.” 1 Garrard Glenn, Fraudulent Conveyances and Preferences § 239, at 415 (rev. ed. 1940). When the property “cannot be identified [36]*36in any form,” such as money placed in a transferee’s checking account, Glenn states, “The grantee should respond personally for the value of the property which he has put it out of his power to apply properly.” Id. According to Glenn, the grantee is placed, as the result of the creditor’s proceeding attacking the fraudulent conveyance, “in the position of one holding for account of the debtor, because, the creditor having taken action under the statute, the grantee’s title is avoided. Not being able to produce the property, he must surrender the substitute to the creditor.” Id.
“The same reasoning makes the grantee personally liable, on his account, for the value of the original property in case he cannot produce it or a substitute. Receiving the property fraudulently, as against a creditor who takes steps, the grantee is liable to the extent of its value.” Id.
Price and Gibbs argue, however, that the foregoing rule has no application here. As an alternative argument, they rely upon the following exception, discussed by Glenn, to the foregoing rule. “The grievance asserted under the theory of fraudulent conveyance is that property has been put beyond the reach of process normally available to creditors; hence all persons involved in the wrongdoing are responsible for the property, and its proceeds or value. It follows, then, that if a transferee should surrender the property to the debtor, together with its interim earnings; prior to institution of an attack by creditors, he will be relieved of all liability. Such, indeed, is the rule; the transferee being treated as having done nothing but serve as custodian for the debtor, without detriment to the interest of his creditors.” 1 id. § 57, at 77-78. Price and Gibbs argue that, because funds they received were used for the debtor’s obligations or returned to him, they were mere custodians of the $10,000 and the remaining $4,058.77, respectively, and should be relieved of liability in those amounts.
The facts of this case make the exception inapposite. Here, transferees Price and Gibbs did not surrender the cash to the debtor prior to the institution of the creditor’s efforts to collect on the judgment. The record shows that the judgment confirming the verdict was entered in September 1988. The creditor’s efforts to collect on the judgment began prior to the time when the $10,000 transfers to Price and Gibbs were made on December 23, 1988. Indeed, counsel for Price stated during the trial: “The garnishment and tying up of all Mr. Gibbs’ bank accounts started in December of '88 after judgment in September.” The transferees embarked on their scheme, detrimental to the creditor’s interest, after the creditor’s collection efforts began and thus they did not surrender the funds prior to those efforts.
[37]*37Finally, our statement in Mills that we “find nothing in the statute authorizing a court to award an in personam judgment when a fraudulent conveyance is set aside,” should be read in the context of that case and should not be interpreted so broadly as to preclude personal judgments under all circumstances in every case when a fraudulent conveyance is declared void. Mills, cited with approval in Cheatle v. Rudd’s Swimming Pool Supply Co., 234 Va. 207, 212, 360 S.E.2d 828, 830 (1987), applied a remedy fashioned in Darden v. George G. Lee Co., 204 Va. 108, 113-14, 129 S.E.2d 897, 900-01 (1963). But Mills and Darden are distinguishable on their facts; in Cheatle, the creditor agreed to the applicability of Mills.
In Darden and Mills the respective debtors had improperly preferred legitimate creditors to the detriment of another creditor. In those cases, ratable distribution, likewise a remedy not explicitly authorized by § 55-80, was appropriate under the circumstances.
In the present case, neither Price nor Gibbs was a legitimate creditor of Gibbs, Sr. Instead, they joined in assisting him in hiding assets that the creditor otherwise would have reached in his judgment collection efforts. Here, an in personam judgment against these transferees in the full amount of the fraudulent conveyances is appropriate under the circumstances.
A mere declaration under § 55-80 that the cash transfers are “void” is meaningless in terms of relief to the defrauded creditor in this case. This is not a situation where the property fraudulently conveyed is realty, when a declaration that the conveyance is void allows restoration of title in the name of the grantor to which the lien of the judgment could attach. This is not a situation where the fraudulent grantor conveys personal property that requires title records for proof of ownership, like motor vehicles, and the property is still in existence and can be located for attachment or levy when the fraudulent transfer is declared void. Here, cash money has been transferred and, if merely ordered to return money to court, the transferees may refuse to do so, or claim that the money transferred has been spent and is no longer available. In effect, the defrauded creditor in this case is without any effective remedy under § 55-80 unless personal judgments are entered against the defrauders.
We will not presume that the General Assembly intended to provide a § 55-80 cause of action without a remedy. Moreover, equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy. Drummond v. Rowe, 155 Va. 725, 730-31, 156 S.E. 442, 444 (1931). Indeed, remedies were fashioned under the statute in both Darden and Mills.
[38]*38Consequently, we hold that the trial court did not err by entering in personam judgments. Thus, the order appealed from will be
Affirmed.