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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
Nos. 22-CV-0051 & 22-CV-0302
KARL GARCIA, APPELLANT,
V.
MICHELLE TYGIER and ROBERT RUBIN, APPELLEES.
Appeals from the Superior Court of the District of Columbia (2021-CA-001962-R(RP))
(Hon. Heidi M. Pasichow, Trial Judge)
(Submitted January 12, 2023 Decided June 1, 2023)
Bethany R. Benes was on the brief for appellant.
Laurin H. Mills was on the brief for appellees.
Before MCLEESE and DEAHL, Associate Judges, and GLICKMAN, Senior Judge.
GLICKMAN, Senior Judge: On May 28, 2021, appellant Karl Garcia filed a
notice of lis pendens in the public land records of the District of Columbia. The
notice asserted Garcia’s entitlement to a lien against “all the estate, real and
personal,” of appellees Michelle Tygier and Robert Rubin, and specifically against
their personal residence in the District of Columbia. The notice was based on a 2
pending lawsuit Garcia had filed against them and other defendants in Fairfax
County Circuit Court, in which he alleges that the defendants had violated Virginia
laws against fraudulent or otherwise improper conveyances of property to delay,
hinder, or defraud creditors.
Tygier and Rubin responded to the lis pendens filing by suing Garcia in D.C.
Superior Court. In that lawsuit, they asked the court to cancel and release the lis
pendens notice and to sanction Garcia for the filing under Superior Court Civil Rule
11 by awarding them the attorneys’ fees and costs they incurred to seek relief from
it. The Superior Court denied Garcia’s motion to dismiss the suit and granted
appellees the relief they sought. In this appeal, Garcia challenges both the
cancellation and the sanction.
We affirm the Superior Court’s rulings, albeit with one qualification
necessitating a remand to correct the court’s order. As we explain below, the lis
pendens notice did not and could not comply with the requirements of D.C. law, as
set forth in D.C. Code § 42-1207, because appellees’ ownership in their D.C.
residence was not directly at issue in Garcia’s pending Fairfax County lawsuit.
Cancellation of the notice therefore was proper and required by D.C. law. 3
Furthermore, the court did not abuse its discretion by imposing a Rule 11
monetary sanction, because Garcia’s lis pendens filing against appellees’ residence
is not warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for altering existing
law or establishing new law. Garcia ignored the requirements of D.C. Code
§ 42-1207; and while he predicates his right to file the notice on his supposed
entitlement under the law of Virginia to a lien against any and all property of
appellees, the judge in the Fairfax County Circuit Court proceedings had informed
him, correctly, that his potential lien would apply only to assets (if any) that were
transferred improperly to thwart creditors. Appellees’ family home concededly is
not such an asset, and Garcia did not allege or have reason to believe it was.
The record on appeal also confirms that the amount of the award of appellees’
fees and costs incurred on account of the filing was appropriately supported and
justified. However, given the law-related nature of the Rule 11 violation, the
monetary sanction should have been imposed solely on Garcia’s attorney and not on
Garcia. As the order imposing the sanction appears not to comply with that
requirement, we remand for the judge to amend the sanction order to make clear that
it is solely Garcia’s attorney who is responsible for paying the sanction. 4
I. Background
Garcia filed his lawsuit in Fairfax County Circuit Court in October 2020. The
action is still pending. The defendants named in Garcia’s complaint are appellees
Tygier and Rubin, their son, and several entities they allegedly controlled or of which
they allegedly were the agents. 1 One of those entities, 819D LLC, is a District of
Columbia limited liability company that sold Garcia in 2017 a condominium unit
located at 819 D Street NE in the District. Garcia’s complaint alleges that after he
acquired this unit, he discovered it had manifold structural defects and other serious
flaws, which led him to assert a multimillion dollar claim against 819D LLC and
certain affiliated parties in a lawsuit he filed in D.C. Superior Court in May 2020.
Tygier and Rubin are not parties to that Superior Court lawsuit, which also
remains pending. 2 But in his Fairfax County lawsuit, Garcia alleges that they and
the other named defendants transferred funds between and among themselves in
1 Appellees have described these other entities as being mostly “single- purpose LLCs that hold real estate for development and investment purposes.” 2 The Superior Court granted the defendants’ motion to compel arbitration. Garcia appealed that ruling. After 819D LLC filed a petition for relief with the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia, this court stayed the appeal sua sponte. Garcia v. 819D, LLC, No. 21-CV-0104 (July 12, 2022). The stay is still in effect. 5
order “to remove the funds from potential collection and to hinder, delay, and/or
defraud” him and other creditors of 819D LLC, in violation of Virginia’s fraudulent
and voluntary conveyance statutes, Va. Code Ann. §§ 55.1-400 and 55.1-401.
Garcia’s amended complaint in the Fairfax County lawsuit seeks over $2 million in
compensatory damages plus prejudgment interest, punitive damages, and attorney’s
fees and litigation costs. In addition, although Garcia does not allege that any assets
other than cash were transferred improperly to thwart creditors, his complaint also
asks the Fairfax County Circuit Court to enter a lien “against all the estate, real and
personal, of each Defendant, pursuant to Va. Code § 55.1-402” (emphasis added), 3
whether or not such property was improperly transferred or has any other connection
with the claims in the complaint.
The defendants filed a demurrer to the complaint, which the Circuit Court
sustained in part and overruled in part for reasons the judge put on the record at a
hearing on April 23, 2021, and incorporated verbatim in a written order entered on
April 29, 2021. The judge overruled the demurrer as to the fraudulent and voluntary
conveyance counts of the complaint. But as to the relief that Garcia could obtain if
he succeeded in proving those counts, the judge said the following (emphasis added):
3 As we explain below, § 55.1-402 provides for a creditor’s lien against assets transferred in violation of the fraudulent and voluntary conveyance statutes. 6
Regarding whether Plaintiff can obtain an in personam judgment against Defendants, generally a creditor obtains a lien on the assets that were alleged to have been fraudulently transferred once the fraudulent transfer has been unwound, under [Va. Code Ann. §] 55.1-402. However, the Supreme Court [of Virginia] carved out a narrow exception in Price versus Hawkins,[4] which . . . allowed the Plaintiff to obtain an in personam judgment where the evidence showed the grantees assisted the debtor in hiding cash assets that the creditor otherwise would have reached.
In other words, the judge explained that any lien obtainable by Garcia in the Fairfax
County Circuit Court action would be limited under Virginia law to assets that were
transferred in violation of the fraudulent or voluntary conveyance statutes, if there
were such assets; with the further proviso that if Garcia proved there were improper
conveyances of cash (the only improper conveyances Garcia alleged), the available
relief under Virginia law would be an in personam judgment rather than imposition
of a lien (or other in rem relief).
The following month, however, on May 28, 2021, Garcia filed in the District
of Columbia the “Memorandum and Notice of Lis Pendens and Lien” (the Notice)
against appellees’ personal residence that is the subject of this appeal. The Notice
states that it is filed “pursuant to Va. Code § 8.01-268 [the Virginia lis pendens
4 Price v. Hawkins, 439 S.E.2d 382 (Va. 1994). 7
statute] and Va. Code § 55.1-402.” It cites and attaches Garcia’s Fairfax County
Circuit Court complaint and states the monetary amount of the claim asserted by
Garcia in that action. The Notice then states that “[p]ursuant to Va. Code § 55.1-402,
Plaintiff Karl Garcia is entitled to a lien from the date of the filing of this action on
October 30, 2020, against all the estate, real and personal, of each Defendant,
including Defendants Michelle A. Tygier and Robert N. Rubin.” The Notice
identifies the residence owned by Tygier and Rubin in the District of Columbia and
concludes that “[p]ursuant to Va. Code § 55.1-402, a lien is hereby entered beginning
on October 30, 2020, against the Property [i.e., appellees’ residence], which may be
subject to further judgment and execution by reason of the within cause of action.”
The Notice does not identify or describe any other property sought to be affected by
a lien or to be covered by the lis pendens notice.
In opposing appellees’ motions in Superior Court for cancellation of the lis
pendens notice and a sanction for filing it, Garcia conceded that his Fairfax County
complaint “does not include an allegation that the personal residence of Tygier and
Rubin was fraudulently or improperly conveyed.” Nor does his complaint allege
that any fraudulently or improperly transferred funds were utilized to acquire,
improve, or finance the residence in any way. To the contrary, appellees submitted
documentary proof, which Garcia does not dispute, that Rubin purchased the 8
residence in 1972, and that Tygier was added to the deed in 2014 — all long before
and having no connection with the events giving rise to Garcia’s Fairfax County
complaint. Nothing alleged in that complaint has anything to do with appellees’
family home; indeed, the complaint does not mention the residence at all.
Judge Pasichow granted appellees’ motion for cancellation of the Notice (and
denied Garcia’s motion to dismiss appellees’ complaint, which was essentially
Garcia’s opposition to that motion). The judge ruled that Garcia’s filing of a lis
pendens notice was improper under Virginia and District of Columbia law because
Garcia’s underlying fraudulent and voluntary conveyance claims do not involve or
directly affect an interest in appellees’ residence. 5
Judge Pasichow also granted appellees’ request for a Rule 11 sanction, based
on her determination that the filing of a lis pendens notice in the circumstances of
this case was clearly unwarranted under D.C. law regardless of the outcome in the
5 Garcia raised alternative arguments in the motion to dismiss, in addition to those responsive to the motion to cancel. He asserted that appellees’ decision to check the box describing the suit as one for “quiet title” on the form cover sheet attached to the complaint (where an option for “lis pendens” did not exist) required appellees to plead an adverse possession claim. Similarly, he argued that appellees failed to plead facts sufficient to state a claim for relief under D.C. Code § 42-1207. We agree with the trial court that these arguments lack merit. 9
Fairfax County case. To determine the appropriate sanction, the judge asked
appellees to provide a detailed accounting of the attorneys’ fees and costs they
incurred to obtain cancellation of the Notice. Appellees submitted the requested
documentation, with their counsel’s affidavits. Over Garcia’s objections, the judge
awarded the entire amount that appellees sought, $27,937.21 for 75.5 hours of legal
work, plus $355.96 in costs.
II. Cancellation of the Lis Pendens Notice
Whether the Superior Court erred in granting appellees’ motion to cancel the
Notice turns on the proper interpretation of District of Columbia and Virginia
statutes, as to which our review is de novo. 6
The availability of, and the requirements for, an effective notice of lis pendens
filed in the District of Columbia against real property situated in the District of
Columbia are matters determined by the law of the District of Columbia, as set forth
in D.C. Code § 42-1207. Subsection (a) of that statute provides that the pendency
of a court action (in the District or elsewhere) affecting or asserting an ownership
interest in real property in the District “does not constitute notice to, and shall not
6 Bank of Am., N.A. v. Griffin, 2 A.3d 1070, 1072 (D.C. 2010). 10
affect a party not a party thereto, unless a notice of the pendency of the action or
proceeding is filed for recordation, as required by subsection (b) of this section.”
Subsection (b) provides that the notice referred to in subsection (a) shall be effective
only if, among other conditions, an ownership interest in real property that is
described in the notice is directly at issue in the underlying action. Where the
underlying action is not pending in a court in the District of Columbia, a person with
an ownership interest in the real property against which the notice has been filed
may bring an action in Superior Court, as appellees have done here, to cancel the
notice. 7 The Superior Court may issue an order canceling the notice prior to the
entry of judgment in the underlying action if, among other grounds, “[t]he notice
does not conform to the requirements of subsection (b).” 8
7 D.C. Code § 42-1207(g)(2). 8 Id. § 42-1207(h)(1). We do not see this as a case in which D.C. law governing the requirements for the filing of lis pendens notices is materially in conflict with the law of Virginia, the site of the litigation on which the Notice before us is based. But if we were to perceive a material conflict, we would weigh the District of Columbia’s governmental interests more heavily than those of Virginia and still apply D.C. law. See Pietrangelo v. Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale & Dorr, LLP, 68 A.3d 697, 714 (D.C. 2013) (“To determine which jurisdiction’s substantive law governs a dispute, we employ a modified governmental interests analysis. Under this analysis, the choice of law turns on which jurisdiction has the most significant relationship to the dispute, and which jurisdiction’s policy would be more advanced by applying its law.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). Generally speaking, “[w]hether a lien creates an interest in land and the nature of the interest created are determined by the law that would be applied by the courts of the situs,” and “[t]hese courts would usually apply their own local law in determining 11
At issue here is the requirement of subsection (b) that an ownership interest
in the property must be directly at issue in the action underlying the notice of lis
pendens. This requirement was added to § 42-1207 in 2010. Two years earlier, in
Heck v. Adamson, 9 this court had construed the former version of the statute to
authorize lis pendens notices where the pending litigation did not directly place
property interests at issue. But the Council of the District of Columbia reacted to
Heck by amending the statute to foreclose such a construction and use of lis pendens.
The complaint in the lawsuit underlying the lis pendens notice in Heck alleged
that the defendant sold a property jointly owned with the plaintiff and used the
plaintiff’s share of the proceeds without his consent to purchase and renovate a new
such questions.” Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 230 (Am. L. Inst. 1971). Lis pendens notices serve to “enable interested third parties to discover the existence and scope of pending litigation affecting the title to real property or asserting a mortgage, lien, security interest, or other interest in real property,” Martin v. Santorini Capital, LLC, 236 A.3d 386, 400 (D.C. 2020), and to do so while ensuring that baseless notices do not cloud title, obstruct the transfer or encumbrance of property, or inflict other unjustified harm on property owners. Given those purposes, we readily conclude that the jurisdiction with the most substantial interest in governing the use and effectiveness of a lis pendens notice is the jurisdiction in which the affected property is located. 9 941 A.2d 1028 (D.C. 2008). 12
property. 10 The plaintiff sued for conversion, fraud, and breach of contract, sought
the imposition of a constructive trust on the new property, and filed a notice of lis
pendens against that property. 11 Our decision in Heck upheld the notice, reasoning
that the plaintiff’s assertion of a constructive trust was “an ‘interest in real property,’
which [we said] is all the statute requires.” 12 In addition, the decision cautioned that
courts should only “parsimoniously” cancel a lis pendens notice prior to a judgment
in the underlying action. 13
The Council revised the statute in 2010 to address the “issues” created by
Heck and to “correct[] flaws in the law.” 14 The Council sought to (1) “limit the
applicability of the lis pendens doctrine to properties directly at issue in the
underlying litigation,” and (2) “create an ability for affected property owners to
obtain a court order cancelling the lis pendens prior to final resolution of the
10 Id. at 1029. 11 Id. 12 Id. at 1030. 13 Id.
LIS PENDENS AMENDMENT ACT OF 2010, Report on Bill 18-91 before 14
the Committee on Public Safety & Judiciary, Council of the District of Columbia, at 1-3 (Nov. 10, 2009) (hereinafter, “Report on Bill 18-91”). 13
underlying litigation.” 15 The Council wanted to prevent real property from being
“tied up for years” even if the “claimant’s case is weak or the affected property is
not directly at issue.” 16
To accomplish its goals, the Council amended subsection (b) to state that the
notice of lis pendens authorized by D.C. Code § 42-1207 “shall be effective only if
the underlying action or proceeding directly affects the title to or tenancy interest in,
or asserts a mortgage, lien, security interest, right of first offer, right of first refusal,
or other ownership interest in real property situated in the District of Columbia.” 17
Lest there be any doubt about this curtailment of lis pendens notices, the Council
also added new subsection (j) to § 42-1207, which states that “[t]he provisions of
subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall not be construed to apply where the title
to or interest in the real property affected by the notice is not directly at issue in the
15 Id. at 1. 16 Id. at 2; see also id. at 8, Letter from Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (Jan. 21, 2009) (“The District law currently governing the filing of the notice is flawed because it allows parties with little or no direct relation to a property to file a notice and does not authorize the District’s judges to adequately deal with abusive or flawed filings. This legislation will correct the current inadequacies of the law.”). 17 D.C. Code § 42-1207(b) (emphasis added). 14
underlying action or proceeding.” 18 The Report on the Bill categorically states that
the Council revised subsection (b) and added subsection (j) to “specif[y] that the
doctrine of lis pendens cannot be applied to real property tangentially related to the
dispute, such as was the case in Heck v. Adamson[,] 941 A.2d 1028 (D.C. 2008).” 19
In the case now before us, appellees’ residence in the District of Columbia is
the only property that the Notice describes with the specificity required by
subsection (b). 20 Garcia’s maintenance of that Notice therefore depends on whether
an ownership interest in that residence is directly at issue in the Fairfax County
litigation. It does not appear to be, since Garcia does not claim in that action that
the residence was conveyed to appellees in violation of the statutes prohibiting
fraudulent or voluntary transfers. 21
18 Id. § 42-1207(j) (emphasis added). 19 Report on Bill 18-91, supra note 14, at 5. 20 D.C. Code § 42-1207(b)(8) requires a “[d]escription of the real property sought to be affected” by the notice of lis pendens. The Notice does not describe any real property other than the residence. (Although the Notice purports to cover appellees’ personal property as well as their real property, it does not identify such property, and § 42-1207 does not provide for lis pendens notices against any property other than real property.) 21 See, e.g., Fidelity Nat. Title Ins. Co. v. Tillerson, 2 A.3d 198, 202 (D.C. 2010) (“Actions to recover a debt . . . do not give rise to lis pendens because no specific property is designated for relief in the judgment. No lis pendens is involved 15
Garcia does not explicitly address the “directly at issue” requirement of D.C.
law, nor does he claim to have complied with D.C. Code § 42-1207 when he filed
the Notice. Instead, Garcia purported to file the Notice “pursuant to” Va. Code Ann.
§§ 8.01-268 and 55.1-402. He contends that the latter section entitles him to a
creditor’s lien against all of appellees’ property, “real and personal,” including their
residence, even though that property has no connection of any kind with the
improper conveyances alleged in his Fairfax County lawsuit. We may assume,
arguendo, that if Virginia law actually afforded him a creditor’s lien against
appellees’ residence, their ownership interest would be directly at issue in the
lawsuit. We conclude, however, that Garcia misapprehends Virginia law.
Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-268 is the statute that authorizes filings of lis pendens
memoranda (notices) in the courts of Virginia. 22 It states that “[n]o memorandum
of lis pendens shall be filed unless the action on which the lis pendens is based seeks
to establish an interest by the filing party in the real property described in the
merely because a money judgment gives the prevailing party a judgment lien in real property owned by the defeated party.” (quoting 14 Richard R. Powell, Powell on Real Property, § 82A.02[4][4c] (Michael Wolf ed. 2009))); see also McNair Builders, Inc. v. 1629 16th St., L.L.C., 968 A.2d 505, 507 (D.C. 2009).
The statute does not address filings in other jurisdictions, such as the District 22
of Columbia. 16
memorandum.” 23 Case law in Virginia understands this to mean “that the interest
[sought to be established] in the property must be something more than an
attachment or lien on the property due to a monetary judgment in litigation unrelated
to the property.” 24 Thus, “it is clear that a lis pendens may not be filed on a
defendant’s property in conjunction with litigation that seeks only to obtain
monetary damages and that is unconnected to the property.” 25 Section 8.01-268(B)
likewise precludes a plaintiff who has an interest supporting the filing of a lis
pendens memorandum against some of a defendant’s property from filing such a
23 Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-268(B). 24 Palm Harbor Homes, Inc. v. Leader Funding, Inc., 70 Va. Cir. 31, 38 (Va. Cir. Ct. 2005); see also Cadle Co. II, Inc. v. Superior Constr. & Contracting, Inc. (In re Rice), 362 B.R. 687, 689 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2006) (explaining that § 8.01-268 “was amended in 1988 to make clear that it applies only when an interest in land is involved in the litigation, and not when the object is only to obtain a money judgment”); Meliani v. Jade Dunn Loring Metro, LLC, 286 F. Supp. 2d 741, 745 (E.D. Va. 2003) (“[T]he caselaw interpreting § 8.01-268(B) is uniformly to the effect that a lis pendens is improper, and should be quashed, if the plaintiff does not allege an interest in the property in his underlying cause of action.”). 25 Palm Harbor Homes, 70 Va. Cir. at 35; see also, e.g., Green Hill Corp. v. Kim, 842 F.2d 742, 744 (4th Cir. 1988) (“The Virginia Supreme Court has stated that the lis pendens statute is applicable to disputes concerning title to real property, but not to an action to recover a personal judgment.” (citing Preston’s Drive Inn Rest., Inc. v. Convery, 154 S.E.2d 160, 163 (Va. 1967))). 17
memorandum against other property merely because it is owned by that same
defendant. 26
There exists no exemption from § 8.01-268(B) in the other statute on which
Garcia relies, Va. Code Ann. § 55.1-402. That statute provides for creditors’ liens
supporting a lis pendens filing in actions to avoid fraudulent or voluntary
conveyances. 27 Section 55.1-402 states explicitly that it “is subject to the provisions
of” § 801-268. “Therefore, . . . a plaintiff in an action claiming fraudulent
conveyance as to a specific property is not free to file a memorandum of lis pendens
on property in which he does not assert or claim an interest.” 28
Garcia argues, however, that § 55.1-402 recognizes a creditor’s lien extending
to all of a debtor’s or transferee’s property, whether or not the claim of fraudulent
26 See, e.g., Meliani, 286 F. Supp. 2d at 745-46 (“[A] plaintiff in a breach of contract and fraud action regarding the transfer of one piece of property cannot file a memorandum of lis pendens burdening other property owned by the defendant because the plaintiff’s interest does not extend to that other property.”). 27 This “lien is not perfected until the court avoids the debtor’s conveyance. If there is no adjudication, the lien is inchoate and ineffectual.” Doug Rendleman, Enforcement of Judgments and Liens in Virginia, § 11.5[C] (Matthew Bender & Co., 3d ed. with 2022 Supp.) (citing Quinn-Marshall Co. v. Whittaker, 83 S.E. 398, 401 (Va. 1914)). 28 Meliani, 286 F. Supp. 2d at 747. 18
or improper conveyance applies to it, because the statute says that a creditor asserting
such a claim “shall have a lien . . . on all the estate, real and personal” (emphasis
added). The same contention was made to the court in Meliani, which rejected it as
a “misreading” of the statute, contrary to its plain terms and its explicit incorporation
of § 8.01-268(B). 29 We agree that it is such a misreading.
Section 55.1-402 reads in pertinent part as follows:
Before obtaining a judgment for his claim, a creditor may . . . institute any action that he may institute after obtaining such judgment to avoid a . . . conveyance . . . of . . . the estate of his debtor declared void by either § 55.1-400 or [§] 55.1-401. Such creditor may, in such action, have all the relief with respect to such estate to which he would be entitled after obtaining a judgment for the claim for which he may be entitled to recover. A creditor availing himself of this section shall have a lien . . . on all the estate, real and personal . . . .
As the Meliani court explained, § 55.1-402 provides that the “estate” subject to the
aforesaid creditor’s lien is only “the estate of his debtor declared void by either
§ 55.1-400 or [§] 55.1-401,” i.e., the lien is limited to securing “the relief with
respect to such estate to which [the creditor] would be entitled after obtaining a
judgment” on his claim under those statutes. This coincides with the general rule
29 Id. 19
that “[p]roperty is affected [by a notice of lis pendens] only to the extent of the relief
granted [or that could be granted] in the final decree or judgment.” 30 Thus, Garcia’s
lis pendens notice could not permissibly encumber property against which he could
not obtain a final judgment in his Fairfax County action.
That limitation on Garcia’s potential judgment is dispositive here, for as the
Supreme Court of Virginia has explained, §§ 55.1-400 and 55.1-401 do not provide
for a final judgment against all the property of a violator of those provisions. Rather,
they provide
a specific remedy — a judicial decree declaring the conveyance void as to the transferor’s creditors. This remedy returns the fraudulently conveyed assets to the transferor, but, as a general rule, it does not authorize a court to award an in personam judgment when the transaction is set aside. . . . The in-personam-judgment exception [that] applies to recipients of fraudulent cash transfers . . . unwinds the transfer of the cash in the grantee’s pockets; it does not impose liability upon the grantee by virtue of his participation in the transaction.[31]
30 1st Atl. Guar. Corp. v. Tillerson, 916 A.2d 153, 157-58 (D.C. 2007) (quoting Powell, supra note 21, § 82A.04[2]). 31 Grayson v. Westwood Bldgs. L.P., 859 S.E.2d 651, 665-66 (Va. 2021) (footnotes, citations, internal quotation marks, and brackets omitted). 20
Thus, actions under §§ 55.1-400 and 55.1-401 serve only to avoid or reverse the
debtor’s prohibited conveyances; they are designed to provide for the return of
fraudulently conveyed assets, but not to impose either personal liability on the
participants or a lien or attachment on any of their assets that were not conveyed in
violation of those statutes. 32 Consequently, “[t]he fraudulent conveyance lien,
unlike the lien of a judgment, attaches only to the property the debtor fraudulently
conveyed and not to all of her estate.” 33
Garcia does not claim or seek to establish that appellees’ residence was
conveyed in violation of § 55.1-400 or § 55.1-401, and the allegations in his Fairfax
County complaint appear to support only an in personam judgment against appellees
(for the cash transfers that allegedly violated the fraudulent or voluntary conveyance
statutes). Garcia therefore was not entitled under § 55.1-402 to assert a creditor’s
lien against the residence. Hence no ownership interest in appellees’ residence was
directly at issue in the Fairfax County Circuit Court action. We therefore hold that
32 Id.; see also Bennett v. Garner, 913 F.3d 436, 441-42, 442 n.3 (4th Cir. 2019); La Bella Dona Skin Care, Inc. v. Belle Femme Enters., LLC, 805 S.E.2d 399, 406 (Va. 2017); Price v. Hawkins, 439 S.E.2d 382, 384-85 (Va. 1994); Mills v. Miller Harness Co., 326 S.E.2d 665, 667 (Va. 1985). 33 Rendleman, supra note 27, § 11.5[C]. 21
Garcia lacked a legally sufficient basis to file the Notice, and the Superior Court did
not err in cancelling it.
III. Rule 11 Sanction
Superior Court Civil Rule 11 authorizes the court to impose “an appropriate
sanction” on a party or the party’s attorney for the assertion of a claim or legal
contention that, in violation of Rule 11(b)(2), is not “warranted by existing law or
by a nonfrivolous argument for extending, modifying, or reversing existing law or
for establishing new law.” 34 An appropriate sanction may include, “if imposed on
motion and warranted for effective deterrence, an order directing payment to the
movant of part or all of the reasonable attorney’s fees and other expenses directly
resulting from” such conduct; 35 provided, however, that “[t]he court must not impose
a monetary sanction . . . against a represented party for violating Rule 11(b)(2).” 36
We have held that the Superior Court has discretion to impose a Rule 11 sanction
34 Super. Ct. Civ. R. 11(b)(2), (c)(1). 35 Id. R. 11(c)(4). “If warranted,” the court also may award reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred in moving for Rule 11 sanctions. Id. R. 11(c)(2). 36 Id. R. 11(c)(5)(A). 22
for the legally unwarranted assertion of lis pendens; a finding that the assertion was
in bad faith is not a prerequisite. 37 “We review the trial court’s lis pendens sanctions
award under the Sup. Ct. Civ. R. 11 standard for abuse of discretion.” 38
Subject to one caveat, we are satisfied that the court did not abuse its
discretion in granting appellees’ motion for a sanction based on a violation of Rule
11(b)(2) and awarding them their reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incurred to
obtain the cancellation of the lis pendens notice that Garcia filed against their
residence. As previously explained, the filing was not “warranted by existing law.” 39
We are mindful that the filing “must not be viewed ‘with 20/20 hindsight”’ based on
37 See Bloom v. Beam, 99 A.3d 263, 268-69 (D.C. 2014); 6921 Georgia Ave., N.W., Ltd. P’ship v. Universal Cmty. Dev., LLC, 954 A.2d 967, 973 (D.C. 2008). The lis pendens statute, D.C. Code § 42-1207, also contains a provision authorizing the court to impose sanctions, “[w]hen appropriate,” for the filing of a notice of lis pendens. D.C. Code § 42-1207(d)(1); see also 6921 Georgia Ave., 954 A.2d at 973 (holding that the standard for imposing a sanction under the statute is the same as the standard in Rule 11). This provision is not directly applicable here, however, because it only comes into play after a judgment has been entered in the underlying lawsuit and that judgment is “against the party who filed the notice.” D.C. Code § 42-1207(d)(1). 38 Bloom, 99 A.3d at 269. 39 Super. Ct. Civ. R. 11(b)(2). 23
the understanding that the legal claim ultimately failed. 40 Instead, the filing is
unwarranted by existing law “when it is ‘patently clear that a claim has absolutely
no chance of success,’” 41 which would have been revealed to the party’s counsel
upon a reasonable pre-filing inquiry.42 A reasonable pre-filing inquiry in this case
should have revealed to Garcia’s counsel that the lis pendens statutes and case law
of both the District of Columbia and Virginia clearly precluded the assertion of a
creditor’s lien against appellees’ residence based on the Fairfax County lawsuit. No
excuse appears for Garcia’s counsel’s ignorance on that score. Indeed, counsel
should have been aware of this even without having made proper inquiry into the
40 See Kleiman v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 581 A.2d 1263, 1266 (D.C. 1990) (quoting Montgomery v. Jimmy’s Tire & Auto Ctr., Inc., 566 A.2d 1025, 1029-30 (D.C. 1989)). 41 District of Columbia v. Fraternal Ord. of Police, Metro. Police-Lab. Comm., 691 A.2d 115, 119 (D.C. 1997) (quoting Gray v. Washington, 612 A.2d 839, 842 (D.C. 1992)). Relevant considerations include “the plausibility of the position taken and the complexity of the issue” and “the clarity or ambiguity of the law.” Id. 42 See Williams v. Bd. of Trs. of Mount Jezreel Baptist Church, 589 A.2d 901, 910 (D.C. 1991); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 advisory committee’s note to 1993 amendment (“Arguments for extensions, modifications, or reversals of existing law or for creation of new law do not violate subdivision (b)(2) provided they are ‘nonfrivolous.’ This establishes an objective standard, intended to eliminate any ‘empty-head pure-heart’ justification for patently frivolous arguments.”). Super. Ct. Civ. R. 11 is identical to the corresponding Federal Rule, and “we may consider the Advisory Committee Notes on the federal rules as offering guidance in construing the local rules.” Cohen v. Owens & Co., 464 A.2d 904, 906 n.3 (D.C. 1983). 24
law, because the judge presiding over Garcia’s Fairfax County action told Garcia
and his counsel that the lien created by § 55.1-402 applied only to “the assets that
were alleged to have been fraudulently transferred.” Yet counsel disregarded that
warning and predicated Garcia’s claim to a lien on appellees’ residence on a facially
unreasonable and previously rejected interpretation of that statute. 43
The recordation of an unmerited notice of lis pendens against a person’s home
creates a cloud on title that can have serious adverse consequences for the owner. It
may, for example, discourage potential purchasers and lenders and thus impede the
owner from selling or refinancing the property. It may harm the owner’s credit
rating. And as this case illustrates, it may be expensive and time consuming for the
owner to have the lis pendens notice cancelled. Consequently, the filing of an
unwarranted lis pendens can be an effective, albeit improper, tactic by an opposing
party to gain undue leverage in litigation. All these considerations indicate that an
award of attorneys’ fees and litigation expenses as a Rule 11 sanction for such a
filing is well “warranted for effective deterrence” within the contemplation of Rule
43 Moreover, aside from his patently erroneous interpretation of § 55.1-402, Garcia has made no argument for extending, modifying, or reversing existing law or for establishing new law to support his lis pendens notice. 25
11(c)(4). The concern in making such an award is not merely to deter the particular
offender from repeating the offense, but to deter others from committing it too.
We also are satisfied that the court “did not abuse its discretion in calculating
reasonable attorney’s fees that related to the lis pendens litigation for the duration of
the claim.” 44 Before imposing a monetary sanction, we have instructed the trial court
to address several factors. For one, the court must consider “the reasonableness of
the injured party’s attorneys’ fees.” 45 Appellees’ counsel furnished affidavits
confirming their qualifications and the reasonableness of their hourly rates (which
Garcia did not contest) and comprehensive documentation of the legal work they
performed. Their submission included “contemporaneous, complete and
standardized time records” and was “sufficiently detailed” to support the court’s
44 Bloom, 99 A.3d at 269. 45 Williams, 589 A.2d at 911. The court should also consider the minimum amount that is necessary to deter the sanctionable conduct; “the offending party’s ability to pay”; and the severity of the violation, the offending party’s experience, the existence of bad faith, the risk of chilling similar litigation, and “other factors as deemed appropriate” for the circumstance. Id. at 912 (citation omitted). Much of Garcia’s focus is on the reasonableness of appellees’ attorneys’ fees; he does not argue, for example, that he cannot afford the sanction or that other circumstances unique to this violation warrant a different result. 26
determination that “the hours claimed [were] justified.” 46 The burden therefore was
on Garcia to “submit facts and detailed affidavits to show why the applicant’s request
should [have been] reduced or denied.” 47 This was not a burden he carried. His
objections strike us as trivial and picayune, and unconvincing at best.
We are not persuaded, for example, by Garcia’s complaints that the
documentation did not include appellees’ contracts with their attorneys, and that the
invoices that were included were insufficient because they were sent to “TR
Holdings DC” instead of to “Ms. Tygier” and “Mr. Rubin.” In dismissing those
quibbles, the court reasonably took note of the fact that the invoices bore appellees’
initials and were addressed to their personal residence, and it could determine from
the submitted documentation that the legal work performed was for appellees and
related to this case. To the extent that Garcia contends it is inappropriate to award
appellees fees that were paid on their behalf by another legal entity, TR Holdings
DC, we think the objection is not well taken. In the trial court, appellees’ counsel
46 Hampton Cts. Tenants Ass’n v. D.C. Rental Hous. Comm’n, 599 A.2d 1113, 1117 (D.C. 1991) (citation omitted); see also Peddlers Square, Inc. v. Scheuermann, 766 A.2d 551, 559 (D.C. 2001) (affirming a Rule 11 sanction based on the “detailed affidavit documenting expenditures, hours of attorney time, rates charged, and specific work performed”). 47 Hampton Cts. Tenants Ass’n, 599 A.2d at 1116 n.9 (citation omitted). 27
represented that Garcia “knows that TR Holdings DC is Plaintiffs’ company, and
because this case related to the 819D LLC District of Columbia and Fairfax
litigation, it was under the 819D LLC Wty Lit matter in the firm’s database.” Garcia
does not dispute this, and the court thus fairly concluded that appellees paid the legal
bills indirectly if not directly. Furthermore, as with fee awards in other contexts,
case law supports a Rule 11 sanction award of attorneys’ fees to a party even when
the fees were paid by an unrelated entity, such as an insurance company. 48 And
awarding the fees directly to the party injured by the violation of Rule 11 best serves
the deterrence goal of Rule 11, as it assures that the violator will gain no advantage
over the opposing party from violating the Rule. For these reasons, we decline to
direct the trial court to determine, on remand, whether Garcia should pay the sanction
to TR Holdings DC instead of to appellees directly. 49
48 See Peddlers Square, 766 A.2d at 555, 558-59; cf., e.g., Doe v. Burke, 133 A.3d 569, 578 (D.C. 2016) (noting that the attorneys’ representation of the defendant pro bono did not preclude the defendant from recovering an attorneys’ fee award under the Anti-SLAPP Act); Martin v. Tate, 492 A.2d 270, 274 (D.C. 1985) (upholding fee award to prevailing party in domestic relations case even though the party was not required to pay any fees because the party’s attorney was with a public service organization). 49 We are similarly unpersuaded by Garcia’s assertion that the trial court did not determine that the amount of the sanction was necessary or that this sanction could chill legitimate lis pendens filings. The court explicitly considered Garcia’s attorney’s evasive litigation “tactics” in weighing the necessity of the sanction. Such conduct further supports that the amount of the sanction was reasonably necessary here. And Garcia has not suggested a lesser sanction that would sufficiently deter 28
The caveat we mentioned concerns whom the court sanctioned in this case.
Rule 11(c)(5)(A) precludes imposition of a monetary sanction on a represented party
for a violation of Rule 11(b)(2), recognizing that “[m]onetary responsibility for such
violations is more properly placed solely on the party’s attorneys.” 50 However, the
court in this instance ordered “Defendant” to pay the award. We understand this to
mean that the court erroneously imposed the obligation on Garcia, and only on
Garcia, rather than on his counsel. We therefore will direct the court to correct the
order on remand.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we remand for the Superior Court to clarify that
the Rule 11 sanction it imposed is against Garcia’s counsel and not on Garcia
personally. In all other respects, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.
future unwarranted lis pendens filings, particularly in light of the adverse consequences a lis pendens filing may cause a property owner. 50 Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 advisory committee’s note to 1993 amendment.