Opinion by
JUDGE BERGER
T1 Defendant, Myrl Serra, appeals the judgment of conviction entered on jury verdicts finding him guilty of violation of bail bond conditions (a felony), violation of a protection order, and harassment (both misdemeanors).
T2 He contends that his convictions must be vacated or reversed because: (1) the evidence is insufficient to support the convictions; (2) the court erred in defining for the Jury the term "contact," an element of violation of bail bond conditions and violation of a protection order; (8) the trial court erred in allowing the prosecution to introduce evidence of the victim's character for truthfulness; (4) the court erred in allowing the prosecution to introduce evidence of Serra's character; and (5) the prosecutor committed prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument.
T3 We vacate Serra's harassment convietion for insufficient evidence. We conclude that there is sufficient evidence to support his convictions for violation of bail bond conditions and violation of a protection order, but we reverse the convictions and remand for a new trial on those charges because of instructional error.
I. Facts
1 4 Serra was the elected district attorney for the Seventh Judicial District when he was arrested and charged with unlawful sexual contact and extortion. The victim in this case, who had worked for Serra at the district attorney's office for several years before his arrest, was also a named victim in the sexual contact case.
T5 Serra was released on a bail bond pending trial, A condition of the bond was that he have "no contact with: [the victim]. A mandatory protection order issued by operation of section 18-11001, C.R.S. 2015, ordered Serra not to "harass, molest, intimidate[ ], retaliate against, or tamper with" the victim and to "refrain from contacting or directly or indirectly communicating with" her.
6 Several months before the date of the preliminary hearing in the unlawful sexual contact case, Serra encountered the victim at a department store in Montrose. That encounter formed the basis for the charges in this case, which were tried separately from those in the original case. Serra's and the victim's accounts of the encounter differed significantly.
T7 The victim testified at trial that although she did not commonly shop at that particular store, she went there that day because she had a gift certificate. She testified that when she and her three sons were about to exit the store, she saw Serra and his son in the parking lot walking toward the store. According to the victim, in an attempt to avoid Serra, she walked to the men's department because that was the only location in the store she could get to without passing in front of the doors to the store.
18 The victim testified that she "hunched down" next to a freestanding clothes rack, which was about four-and-a-half to five feet tall. When she saw Serra enter the store about five to ten seconds later, he headed "in the exact direction where [she] was standing with [her] boys." She testified that she was not sure Serra saw her when he first walked into the store, but she suggested that he saw her when he was walking in her direction in the store.
9 The victim told her sons to go to another part of the store. She testified that because she was watching her sons walk away, she briefly lost sight of Serra. When she next saw him, he was standing at the same clothes rack about three to four feet away from her and one foot above her (she was still hunched over). She testified that Serra was "kind of moving" the hangers on the rack but not looking at them. Rather, according to the victim, he was staring at her.
{ 10 The victim testified that Serra stared at her for about ten to fifteen seconds and "smirked" at her before walking away. The victim then left the men's department, met her sons near the front doors, and exited the store. She testified that Serra was still in the store when she left.
{11 On cross-examination, the victim admitted that she had initially told the police that she did not know if Serra had seen her. On redirect examination, she clarified that she meant she was not sure whether Serra had seen her when he walked into the store and first started heading in her direction, but he did see her at some point while he was walking toward her.
[ 12 Serra testified that he had received a twenty percent off coupon to the store, valid only for that day, because he was a regular customer. He testified that when he drove into the store's parking lot, he did not see any vehicles he recognized, and he had no reason to believe that the victim was there.
1 13 Serra testified that he did not see the victim when he walked into the store with his son; he walked to the men's department because they always started their shopping in that section. He testified that he walked past a rack and noticed several shirts on it
were shaking. When he stopped walking and turned to look at the rack, he saw a woman bent over, facing away from him. He testified that he did not immediately recognize her, but that from her hair and general body shape, he knew it was either the victim or his ex-girlfriend. According to Serra, he immediately turned around and walked to another section of the store.
[14 Serra denied that he walked over to the rack, pretended to look through it, or grabbed, rattled, or touched any of the hangers. He also denied that he stared or smirked at the victim. Both Serra and the victim testified that neither one of them spoke.
« 15 The only other person who testified to witnessing some of the incident was the vie-tim's oldest son, who was eleven at the time. He testified that after he and his brothers walked away from the victim, he looked back ' and saw Serra at the same clothes rack where the victim was standing. He testified that he saw Serra looking in the victim's direction for about ten to fifteen seconds. On cross-examination, he admitted that he had told the police that he did not remember how long Serra was looking in the victim's direction. During her cross-examination, the victim testified that before her son was interviewed by the police, he had told her that he did not really remember what had happened at the store.
1 16 The jury convicted Serra of violation of bail bond conditions under section 18-8-212, C.R.S. 2015; violation of a protection order under section 18-6-808.5, C.R.S. 2015; and harassment (following in or about a pub-lie place) under section 18-9-111(1)(c), C.R.S. 2015. The trial court sentenced Serra to imprisonment for one year for violation of bond conditions and imposed concurrent sentences of twelve months and six months for violation of a protection order and harassment, respectively. The court ordered the sentence in this case to be served consecutively to the sentence in Serra's other case.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
17 Serra argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions. We address this argument first because if there is
insufficient evidence, he could not be retried and all other issues would be moot. Although it is a very close question, we con-_ clude that the evidence supports his convictions for violation of bond conditions and violation of a protection order. We agree with Serra that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for harassment.
118 "The due process clauses of the United States and Colorado Constitutions prohibit the criminal conviction of any person exeept on proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Kogan v. People, 756 P.2d 945, 950 (Colo.1988), abrogated on other grounds by Erickson v. People, 951 P.2d 919 (Colo.1998). A reviewing court faced with a sufficiency challenge must determine whether the evidence, when viewed as a whole and in a light most favorable to the prosecution, is both substantial and sufficient to support a conclusion by a reasonable person that the defendant is guilty of the charge beyond a reasonable doubt. Dempsey v. People, 117 P.3d 800, 807 (Colo.2005); People v. Noland, 739 P.2d 906, 907 (Colo. App. 1987). We review the record de novo to determine whether the evidence is sufficient both in quantity and quality to sustain the defendant's conviction. Clark v. People, 232 P.3d 1287, 1291 (Colo.2010).
119 In determining whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction, we "must give the prosecution the benefit of every reasonable inference that might fairly be drawn from the evidence." People v. Duncan, 109 P.3d 1044, 1045-46 (Colo. App. 2004). Moreover, "the resolution oistent testimony and determination of the credibility of the witnesses are solely within the province of the jury." Id.
A. Violation of Bond Conditions and Violation of a Protection Order
120 Serra argues that evidence that he happened upon the victim, stared at her for ten to fifteen seconds, made a facial expression, and walked away is insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that he violated bond conditions and the protection order. We disagree. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, as we must, the evidence is sufficient to sustain the convictions.
"A person who is released on bail bond ... and ... is accused ... of any felony arising from the conduct for which he was arrested" commits the erime of violation of bail bond conditions if "he knowingly violates the conditions of the bail bond." § 18-8212(1).
1 22 A person subject to a protection order commits the crime of violation of a protection order if ... the person ... [clontacts, harasses, injures, intimidates, molests, threatens, or touches the protected person . or violates any other provision of the protection order to protect the protected person from imminent danger to life or health, and such conduct is prohibited by the protection order.
§ 18-6-808.5(1)(a).
123 The prosecution's primary theory of guilt was that Serra "contacted" the victim and thus violated the "no contact" provisions of his bond conditions and the protection order.
We conclude that the victim's testimony, which the jury by its verdict determined was credible, provides sufficient evidence that Serra "contacted" the victim. See Kogan, 156 P .2d at 950.
[7] 124 The term "contact" was not defined in the document setting the conditions
of Serra's bond or in the protection order. Because both bond conditions and mandatory protection orders are statutory creations, the meaning of their terms must be derived from the applicable statutes. Cf. People v. Kennaugh, 80 P.3d 315, 317 (Colo. 2003) (interpreting terms of probation).
125 The term "contact" is not defined in any of the relevant statutes. See § 18-8-212(1) (violation of bail bond conditions); § 186-808.5(1)(a) (violation of a protection order); § 16-4-108, C.R.S. 2015 (bond conditions); § 18-1-1001, C.R.S. 2015 (mandatory protection orders). The parties have not cited, and we have not found, any Colorado case that defines the term.
126 "A court's primary task in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent." People v. Schuett, 838 P.2d 44, 47 (Colo. 1992). To discern the legislative intent, we first look to the language of the statute itself, construing the statutory language according to its commonly accepted and understood meaning. Id. A criminal statute "should be given that construction which will permit, if at all feasible, the accomplishment of the statutory objective in proscribing certain conduct as criminal." Id.
$27 Both the statutory scheme criminalizing violation of bail bond conditions and the scheme criminalizing violation of a protection order demonstrate that the General Assembly's intent was to, among other things, proseribe conduct that would endanger witnesses or victims of alleged crimes.
The bond conditions imposed must "be sufficient ... to protect the safety of any person or the community," and "[the court may also consider ... [any facts indicating that the defendant is likely to intimidate or harass possible witnesses." § 16-4-108(8)(a), (5)M), C.R.S. 2015. The mandatory protection order must "restrain the person charged from harassing, molesting, intimidating, retaliating against, or tampering with any witness or victim of the acts charged." § 18-1-1001(1). In cases involving unlawful sexual contact like the underlying case here, "for the protection of the alleged victim or witness," the court may further order the defendant "to refrain from contact or direct or indirect communication with the alleged victim or witness" and enter "[alny other order the court deems appropriate to protect the safety of the alleged victim or witnesses." § 18-1-1001(8)(b), (e).
129 We thus construe the term "contact" to effectuate the General Assembly's intent to protect the safety of victims or witnesses to alleged crimes.
30 The dictionary defines the verb "contact" as, among other things, "to make communication with: get in communication with: reach," and "to talk or confer with: interview, apply to, approach." Webster's Third New Int'l Dictionary 490 (2002). The see-ond group of definitions of the noun "contact" is "association or relationship (as in physical or mental or business or communication): direct experience through the senses," and "condition or an instance of meeting, connecting, or communicating." Id. Cases from other jurisdictions that have interpreted the term in similar statutory schemes have focused on the communication element of this definition.
In Elliott v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 457, 675 S.E.2d 178, 182 (2009), the Virginia Supreme Court addressed a protective order that prohibited "contact of any type" with the victim. The court concluded that "contacts are those acts by the [defendant] that intentionally pierce the protective barrier between the [victim] and the [defendant] fashioned by the protective order." Id.
€32 Applying that definition, the court held that the defendant did not "contact" the victim because evidence that he placed himself a block away from her residence, where he was openly visible to her, and made several gestures toward the residence was "insufficient to establish that [he] intended to visually communicate with [her]," as it was undisputed that, in that location, "he posed no threat of harm to [her] health and safety." Id. at 181-82.
1 33 Other courts have similarly concluded that "contact," in this context, "involves some element of direct or indirect communication and does not merely mean coming within view." Cooper v. Cooper, 144 P.3d 451, 458
(Alaska 2006); see also C.W.W. v. State, 688 N.E.2d 224, 226 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) ("Contact is defined as 'establishing of communication with someone' or 'to get in communication with' Communication occurs when a person makes something known or transmits information to another. Further, communication may be either direct or indirect." (citations omitted)); Commonwealth v. Basile, 47 Mass.App.Ct. 918, 712 N.E.2d 633, 635 (1999) ("Our cases generally interpret 'contact' broadly; there are many ways to achieve a communication.").
$34 Although we decline to formulate a comprehensive definition of "contact" that would cover all situations in which a criminal defendant could violate a "no contact" condition of bond or a protection order, we hold that, to constitute such a violation, the defendant's conduct must involve physical touching or some element of direct or indirect communication, or attempted communication, with the victim. Consequently, incidental contact that occurs unintentionally and is unavoidable is not sufficient, by itself, to establish a violation.
135 Here, however, the victim's testimony that Serra placed himself three to four feet away from her, stared at her for ten to fifteen seconds, and smirked at her, coupled with her testimony that she had previously seen him use the same facial expression as a form of communication, was sufficient, although barely, for a reasonable jury to conclude that he communicated, or attempted to communicate, with her. |
B. Harassment
136 Serra also argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for harassment because it does not establish that he "followed" the victim. We agree that the evidence is insufficient to prove each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
137 After the prosecution concluded its case-in-chief, defense counsel moved for judgment of acquittal on the harassment charge. The court denied the motion, stating that the jury could conclude from the victim's testimony that when she walked from the front of the store to the men's department after seeing Serra outside, "she would have been visible to Mr. Serra in doing that, and that he ended up where she ended up. And, the jury could conclude that he got there by following her."
1138 As relevant here, "[a] person commits harassment if, with intent to harass, annoy, or alarm another person, he ... [flollows a person in or about a public place." § 18-9-111(1)(c). Other than the victim's testimony that Serra saw her when he was walking toward her, the only evidence from which the jury could infer that Serra followed the victim is that he was in the same store as she was and that he approached her at the rack where she was standing. Neither of those facts is adequate to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Serra followed the victim.
1389 Even if we could conclude that the victim's testimony as a whole sufficiently raised an inference that Serra followed her to the clothes rack, there is no evidence that he did so with the "intent to harass, annoy, or alarm" her. Id. "[Vlerdicts in criminal cases may not be based on guessing, speculation, or conjecture." Kogan, 756 P.2d at 950 (internal quotation marks omitted). Because any conclusion we could draw about Serra's intent would be purely speculative, there is insufficient evidence to support a conviction. We thus vacate Serra's conviction for harassment.
III. Definition of "Contact"
1 40 We now address Serra's other allegations of error regarding his convictions for violation of bond conditions and violation of a protection order because, although we have concluded that the evidence is sufficient to support those convictions, a new trial nevertheless is required if reversible error occurred during trial.
{41 Serra argues that the trial court erred, first, in defining the term "contact" for the jury and, second, in forgoing the dictionary definition of the term and giving a broad definition that failed to adequately instruct the jury on the law. We conclude that the instruction given did not correctly instruct the jury on the applicable law.
1 42 The prosecution submitted a proposed jury instruction defining the term "contact":
"Contact" means to knowingly be in close, physical proximity of a protected person. For contact to have occurred it is not required that the person who is the named subject of the Court Order or the Bail Bond to have communicated with the protected person, physically touch the protected person, or to have made eye contact with the protected person.
The instruction's stated source of authority was this court's opinion in People v. Devorss, 277 P.3d 829 (Colo. App. 2011).
$438 The trial court rejected the instruction, emphasizing that the "no contact" provision at issue in Devorss was part of a sex offender probation order and the fact that the defendant was on probation played a major role in how "contact" was construed in that case. The court also pointed out that the language of the no contact provision in Devorss was different from the language of the protection order and bond condition at issue here.
1 44 The court then explained that it ordinarily would "simply refer the jury to the ordinary understanding of the meaning of the word, but that's problematic" because the first definition for "contact" in the dictionary "was referring to physical contact." The court stated that the dictionary definition was "not a fair definition of the word" because it "suggests that [contact] is" limited to physical contact.
145 The court concluded that the jury should be instructed "that contact includes but is not limited to physical contact and leave it at that." The court proposed an instruction stating that "'contact," as used in these instructions, includes a variety of conduct and is not limited to physical touching."
46 Defense counsel first argued that an instruction defining "contact" was unnecessary because it is a word "plainly within the common sense of the jury," and the legislature chose not to define it. Counsel argued, however, that if "contact" was going to be defined for the jury, the court's instruction constituted reversible error:; "[this is in essence telling the jury that ... something has been found and it's included herein." The court responded that "it may be" reversible error and that it was a "close question" whether to give any instruction at all, but its "best judgment" was to give the jury the instruction as proposed.
1 47 During closing argument, the prosecutor referred to the definition of contact in the instruction and argued that the term encompassed "a variety of actions and behaviors": "you can contact somebody by sending a message, verbal or nonverbal. [There's a variety of ways a human being can contact another without it being a traditional, easily understood form of traditional communication." The prosecutor argued that that was "what [Serral was doing in terms of contacting [the victim]. . .. He was in close proximity to her, a menacing posture, an intimidating posture, a threatening posture, sending a clear, unequivocal message."
[ 48 Serra now argues that the court erred in defining the term "contact" for the jury, and that it incorrectly defined the term.
{49 A trial court has the duty to correctly instruct the jury on all matters of law applicable to the case. People v. Lucas, 232 P.3d 155, 162 (Colo. App. 2009); People v. Pahl, 169 P.3d 169, 183 (Colo. App. 2006). "We review jury instructions de novo to determine whether the instructions ... accurately informed the jury of the governing law." Lucas, 232 P.3d at 162. However, "[t]rial courts also have substantial discretion in formulating the jury instructions, so long as they are correct statements of the law and fairly and adequately cover the issues presented." People v. Medina, 260 P.3d 42, 47 (Colo. App. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). The trial court also has discretion to determine whether the jury should be given additional instructions which properly state the law and adequately cover issues presented. People v. Chavez, 190 P.3d 760, 769 (Colo. App. 2007). ~
[19,20] $50 "Generally, instructions phrased in the language of the statute are proper." People v. Silva, 987 P.2d 909, 917 (Colo. App. 1999). "However, if a statutory instruction does not fit a particular case, or if supplementary instructions are needed to
state a defendant's position, then such instructions should be submitted to the jury." Id. The trial court must instruct the jury on the technical or particular definition of an element of an offense if the element constitutes a term that has acquired a technical or particular meaning, whether by legislative definition or otherwise. See Griego v. People, 19 P.3d 1, 7 (Colo. 2001).
151 We conclude that the term "contact," as used in sections 18-8212 and 18-6-808.5, has a commonly accepted and understood meaning and thus a further clarifying definition was not required to inform the jury of the governing law. See Schuett, 833 P.2d at 47-48; see also Devorss, 277 P.3d at 837 (concluding that the word "contact" is a common term); People v. Garcia, 197 Colo. 550, 554, 595 P.2d 228, 281 (1979) (common terms should be given the benefit of commonsense understanding).
152 Courts may refer to dictionary definitions to determine the plain and ordinary meaning of undefined statutory terms. People v. Gallegos, 260 P.3d 15, 22 (Colo. App. 2010). As discussed above, the dictionary defines "contact," to 'include, among other things, an act of communication. Webster's Third New Int'l Dictionary 490; see also Cooper, 144 P.3d at 457-58 (" 'Contacting," as a verb, means in common usage physically touching or communicating." (citing Webster's Third New Int'l Dictionary 490); C.W.W., 688 N.E.2d at 226 ("Contact is defined as 'establishing of communication with someone' or 'to get in communication with.' " (citing Webster's Dictionary 249 (10th ed. 1993))). Defining "contact" in accordance with these common and ordinary meanings is consistent with the intent of the General Assembly to protect victims and witnesses of alleged crimes.
158 The trial court therefore was not required to define "contact" for the jury, although it had discretion to provide a definitional instruction that properly stated the law. See Chaves, 190 P.3d at 769. The court's definition of contact as "includes [a] variety of conduct and is not limited to physical touching," however, was not a proper definitional instruction because it did not correspond with the plain and ordinary meaning of the term.
T 54 By not limiting the definition of contact to the plain and ordinary meaning of the term-physical touching, communicative conduct, or certain communication-the instruction allowed the jury to speculate on what conduct could constitute contact without any meaningful limits on the concept. Although common usage of the term encompasses a broad spectrum of conduct, we do not believe that the General Assembly contemplated that conduct that does not constitute contact under the plain and ordinary meaning of the term, although possibly contact in some other sense of the word, would be sufficient to establish a violation of a bond condition or protection order. Rather, the term must be construed to effectuate the legislative purpose in proscribing contact in specific situations. See Schuett, 833 P.2d at 47-48.
As discussed above, the plain and ordinary meaning of the term effectuates the intent of the General Assembly in establishing the offenses of violation of bond conditions and violation of a protection order. Because the jury reasonably could have interpreted the court's definition to encompass conduct outside the seope of the plain and ordinary meaning of the term, the instruetion did not correctly inform the jury of the governing law. Thus, the trial court abused its discretion in giving this instruction to the jury.
156 Serra preserved this error, and we thus review for harmless error. See People v. Garcia, 28 P.3d 340, 344 (Colo. 2001). "Under a harmless error standard, reversal is required if the error affected the substantial rights of the defendant." People v. Gordon, 160 P.3d 284, 288 (Colo. App. 2007). The error thus requires reversal if it created a reasonable probability that the jury could have been misled in reaching a verdict or otherwise contributed to the defendant's conviction. Garcia, 28 P.3d at 344; People v. Zukowski, 260 P.3d 339, 343 (Colo. App. 2010).
T57 Although we have concluded that the evidence minimally supported a finding that Serra "contacted" the victim, there
were no third party witnesses to the entire encounter (the victim's son only witnessed a brief portion of the encounter), and the vie-tim's and Serra's testimony conflicted on significant issues. Defense counsel successfully impeached the victim's credibility on several points, and even if we assume the jury believed her testimony, it only provided very tenuous proof that Serra had contacted her. The prosecutor's statements in closing that contact need not constitute a "traditional, easily understood form of traditional commu-pication" compounded the error by building on the incorrect definition. Thus, in light of the minimal amount of evidence establishing the element of contact, we cannot conclude that the error was harmless.
158 Accordingly, Serra's convictions for violation of bond conditions and violation of a protection order are reversed.
IV. Issues Likely to Receur on Remand
1 59 Because we vacate Serra's harassment conviction for insufficient evidence and reverse his other convictions for instructional error, we need not determine whether the other alleged errors, by themselves or cumulatively, also require reversal. However, we address some of Serra's remaining arguments because similar issues may arise on retrial.
A. Character for Truthfulness
T 60 Serra argues that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of the victim's character for truthfulness when the defense had not attacked her character for truthfulness and the evidence exceeded the seope allowed under CRE 608. We agree.
The prosecution called three of the victim's coworkers to testify during its casein-chief. A. E.-G. testified that she had worked with the victim for three years and with Serra for two years. The prosecutor asked her whether, based on that "three years of professional interaction," she had "an opinion as to [the victim's] truthfulness." Defense counsel objected on the basis of "vouching," and the trial court overruled the objection. A. E.-G. then testified that she thought the victim is "incredibly truthful." The two other witnesses also testified that the victim is a truthful person.
-" 62 The Colorado Rules of Evidence provide specific exceptions to the general rule that evidence of a person's character is not admissible. Davis v. People, 2013 CO 57, ¶ 14, 310 P.3d 58 (citing CRE 404(a)). One such exception is provided by CRE 608(a), which permits the admission of opinion or reputation evidence of a witness's character for truthfulness, but only "after the character of the witness for truthfulness has been attacked by opinion or reputation evidence or otherwise."
I 63 The People argue that evidence of the victim's character for truthfulness was properly admitted because, before the victim's coworkers testified, defense counsel repeatedly attacked the victim's character for truthfulness on cross-examination. They emphasize that defense counsel reminded the victim that she "took an oath to tell the truth" and her testimony was given "under oath," and that the case was "[nlot about a personal agenda," or her "trying to make [herself] look good in front of [her] bosses." They also note that defense counsel asked the victim if she made "a promise to [the prosecutor] that [she] would assist him in getting [Serra) convicted on this case," and referred to the victim's account of the incident as her "story" and with the qualifier, "according to you."
T 64 The People also point to questions by defense counsel asking whether the victim told her son what to say before his interview with police and whether it "seemed fair" that a witness could inform the police hours before trial that there were other witnesses to a crime (apparently referring to the victim telling the police and the prosecutor for the first time the day trial began that she had told three of her coworkers about the incident). Lastly, the People emphasize defense counsel's line of questioning regarding the victim not reporting the incident until the following day, after she had spoken with her coworkers and superiors at the district attorney's office (at least one of whom was also a named victim in the original case).
11 65 We conclude that none of these questions, independently or as a whole, constituted an attack on the victim's character for truthfulness. Merely questioning a witness's credibility does not necessarily constitute an attack on that witness's overall character for truthfulness. People v. Miller, 890 P.2d 84, 94 (Colo. 1995); People v. Wheatley, 805 P.2d 1148, 1149 (Colo. App. 1991).
166 "A person's character with respect to truthfulness means that person's propensity to tell the truth in all the varying situations of life." State v. Colon, 251 Or. App. 714, 284 P.3d 589, 594 (2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Consequently, questions during cross-examination that imply a witness's testimony is not credible-such as emphasizing the witness's oath to tell the truth, potential motives to lie or sources of bias, or questioning his or her failure to disclose certain information to the police-are not necessarily attacks on that witness's character for truthfulness. Such questions must do more than attack the truthfulness of the witness's testimony, they must attack his or her general propensity to tell the truth. See id.; see also 28 Sheila K. Hyatt, Colorado Practice Series, Evidence Law § 611:5 (4th ed., 2014) ("Not all impeachment during cross examination opens the door to every mode of rehabilitation. Impeaching the credibility of a witness (showing the witness is lying or inaccurate today) does not permit rehabilitation by showing the witness has a good character for truthfulness.").
167 Thus, while evidence of "[olpinion or reputation that the witness is untruthful specifically qualifies as an attack" under CRE 608, "[elvidence of bias or interest does not," and "[wlhether evidence in the form of contradiction is an attack upon the character of the witness ... depend[s] upon the circumstances" of the case. Miller, 890 P.2d at 95 (internal quotation marks omitted). If the rule were otherwise, evidence of truthful character could be introduced any time a witness was cross-examined about inconsistencies in, or contradiction of, his or her testimony, or any time the witness was questioned about facts that indicated that his or her testimony might not be credible. See Wheatley, 805 P.2d at 1149-50. For good reason, this is not the law. See id.; Miller, 890 P.2d at 95.
11 68 Because defense counsel's cross-examination of the victim did not amount to an attack on her character for truthfulness, testimony that she was a truthful person was inadmissible. Accordingly, on remand, the trial court should not admit evidence that the victim is truthful unless her character for truthfulness is attacked first.
B. - Evidence of Serra's Character
169 Serra argues that evidence of his bad character was improperly admitted. Specifically, he argues that testimony interpreting what message he conveyed by smirking, that he was "cocky," and that described previous instances when he had smirked constituted bad character or other acts evidence that should have been excluded. We agree with Serra that testimony about previous incidents when witnesses had seen him smirk was other acts evidence, the admissibility of which the trial court must evaluate under CRE 404(b) if it is offered as evidence on retrial.
170 On direct examination, the prosecutor asked the victim whether she had seen Serra "smirk" before this incident, to which she replied affirmatively. The prosecutor asked her to describe the cireumstances. The victim answered that she had seen a "comparable smirk" from Serra before, more than once, during their professional interaction. The prosecutor asked if it was a look Serra "commonly everyday used, or was it for special cireumstances or events?" The victim replied that "[it was special times. It wasn't all the time."
T71 The prosecutor asked the victim to describe the context of her previous experi
ences seeing Serra smirk. The victim answered:
When I became the legal secretary for the Ouray docket, I worked directly under Mr. Serra. And, some of the other legal secretaries had more responsibilities ... for trials or subpoenas, sometimes motions. And, I wanted the opportunity to do that, so I had asked him if I could be given that opportunity. And he said no, that was his job. And then he would smirk at me.
T72 The prosecutor then asked the victim what impact the smirk had on her during the encounter at the store. She replied that she felt that the smirk was "very intimidating," and that Serra was telling her that "he was going to get away with it" and that she "couldn't control things." On redirect examination, the prosecutor asked the victim what the smirk "mean[t] to" her, and she answered, "that he was getting away with it, that he-... he was cocky." The prosecutor also asked the victim how she interpreted Serra's staring; she replied that she thought "it was intimidating" and that she guessed it meant "that he was going to do whatever he wanted to do."
T73 The prosecutor also asked two other witnesses, two of the victim's coworkers who had also worked with Serra, about whether they had observed Serra's "smirk." They both answered affirmatively.
T 74 During closing argument, the prosecutor expounded on the victim's and her coworkers' testimony about Serra's smirks.
T75 Defense counsel objected to most of this testimony under CRE 404(b). The trial court overruled the objections to the victim's testimony, concluding that it did not implicate CRE 404(b). The court sustained the objections to some of the coworkers' testimony on relevancy grounds.
176 We conclude that the testimony about the witnesses' prior experiences with Serra's smirk constituted "other acts" evidence subject to CRE 404(b).
177 CRE 404(b) prohibits the admission of "[elvidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts . to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity Evidence of other acts may be therewith." admissible for other purposes, such as to show motive, intent, or knowledge. Id.
178 The People argue that the testimony did not involve criminality or prior "bad" acts and thus it did not fall under CRE 404(b). But "[tlo fall within the scope of 404(b), an act need not be criminal, so long as it tends to impugn a defendant's character." United States v. Kendall, 766 F.2d 1426, 1436 n.5 (10th Cir. 1985). "The protections of CRE 404(b) recognize that it is unfair to require a defendant to disprove prior acts or explain his or her personality." Kaufman v. People, 202 P.3d 542, 557 (Colo. 2009). To the extent that the witnesses testified that they had seen Serra smirk before, they were describing prior acts of his that could give rise to an inference of bad character.
179 The testimony was not necessarily inadmissible, however. In light of our discussion above regarding the definition of "contact," to establish that Serra contacted the victim, the prosecution was entitled to prove that his conduct constituted communication or an attempt to communicate. To do so, the prosecution could attempt to show that Serra had used the same expression to communicate in the past. Thus, to the extent that the victim's and her coworkers' testimony that they had seen him smirk before established that he used a smirk to communicate, the testimony was relevant. But because the testimony discussed prior occasions when Serra had smirked, it referenced other acts of Serra's that were independent of the encounter that formed the basis for the charges. See People v. Quintama, 882 P.2d 1366, 1373 n.12 (Colo. 1994). CRE 404(b) therefore governs the admissibility of this testimony.
[ 80 The Colorado Supreme Court has prescribed a four-part analysis to determine whether evidence of other acts is admissible under CRE 404(b). People v. Spoto, 795 P.2d 1314, 1318 (Colo. 1990); see also Kaufman, 202 P.3d at 552. If the same evidence is offered on retrial, the trial court must analyze its admissibility under Spoto's four-prong test. Regarding the fourth prong, the application of CRE 403, the court must ensure that the probative value of any details
the witnesses provide about previous encounters with Serra is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
C. Progecutorial Misconduct
1 81 We agree with Serra that some of the statements the prosecutor made in closing were improper. We briefly address those statements that are likely to recur on retrial.
T82 Considered in the context of a case such as this where the evidence just barely supports the conviction, some of the prosecutor's statements are troubling. For example, the prosecutor argued that Serra's conduct conveyed the message that he was invincible, that nobody was going to tell him what to do, and that the victim needed to alter her behavior. The prosecutor also argued that Serra was trying to intimidate and tamper with the victim to deter her from testifying in the unlawful sexual contact case. Little, if any, evidence supported these arguments.
183 We recognize that a prosecutor properly may ask a jury to draw reasonable inferences from the record. People v. Strock, 252 P.3d 1148, 1153 (Colo. App. 2010). The state of mind, motive, or intent of a person rarely can be proved other than through cireumstantial evidence. E.g., People v. Chastain, 733 P.2d 1206, 1212 (Colo.1987). But here, the prosecutor's arguments come very close to total speculation. There was no direct evidence that indicated that Serra intended to intimidate or tamper with the victim, nor was the victim's testimony about what message she believed his conduct conveyed based on any evidence that objectively indicated that her interpretation was a reasonable inference that could be drawn from his behavior. The prosecutor's drawing of these inferences from the thin evidence presented thus is problematic.
184 Accordingly, on remand, the trial court (and the prosecutor, consistent with the special obligation of prosecutors to effect justice, see, e.g., Wilson v. People, 743 P.2d 415, 418 (Colo. 1987)) must carefully consider whether such arguments are proper based on the evidence presented on retrial. To the extent the court determines they are not, the court must prohibit these arguments or strike them and appropriately advise the jury.
€85 The prosecutor also made several statements that denigrated Serra and defense counsel and indicated that they were not truthful. For example, the prosecutor stated that Serra "was absolutely caught being untruthful and less than honest" and his account was a "story" and "fiction"; that defense counsel did not have "the courage" to ask the victim about some of her testimony from the preliminary hearing; that Serra and defense counsel were "trying to make [the jurors] take [their] eye off the ball and accept the lie of BS that they're feeding [them]"
; and that Serra was "living proof of deceit and dishonesty" and was "making up a story that suits his selfish, narcissistic needs."
186 "[A] prosecutor cannot communicate [his or] her opinion on the truth or falsity of a witness." Domingo-Gomez v. People, 125 P.3d 1043, 1049 (Colo. 2005). Moreover, the Colorado Supreme Court has held that "prosecutorial use of the word 'lie' and the various forms of 'lie' are categorically improper" because the term "necessarily reflects the personal opinion of the speaker," "implies] that the [prosecutor] is privy to information not before the jury," and "is an
inflammatory term likely ... to evoke strong and negative emotional reactions against the witness." Wend v. People, 235 P.3d 1089, 1096 (Colo. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).
187 Although the terms "BS" and "deceit" are not forms of the word "le," they are similarly inflammatory terms that are likely "to evoke strong and negative emotional reactions against the witness." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, on remand, the prosecutor must not use the words "lie," "BS," "deceit," or similar terms to refer to Serra's testimony or defense counsel's argument. We express no opinion regarding the prosecutor's use of terms such as "fiction" and "story" because the propriety of such terms must be evaluated in context of the argument as a whole and the evidence presented at trial, which may differ on retrial.
%88 The statements that defense counsel did not have the "courage" to ask the victim about her prior testimony and that Serra was making up a story to suit his "selfish, narcissistic needs" were also improper. Prosecutors "may comment on the absence of evidence to support a defendant's contentions." People v. Samson, 2012 COA 167, ¶ 31, 302 P.3d 311. However, "it is improper for a prosecutor to assert that opposing counsel knows that the [defendant]'s case is not meritorious." People v. Ramirez, 997 P.2d 1200, 1211 (Colo. App. 1999). Moreover, "remarks ... made for the obvious purpose of denigrating defense counsel" are improper, as are arguments implying the defendant has a bad character that thereby "improperly shift ] the focus of [the jury's] attention from the evidence in [the] case." People v. Jones, 832 P.2d 1036, 1038-89 (Colo. App. 1991).
T89 References to a defendant's or defense counsel's diversionary tactics also are improper when used as a means to denigrate the defendant or defense counsel; they are not improper if, viewed in context, they are attempts to draw the jury's focus to relevant evidence. People v. Allee, 77 P.3d 831, 836 (Colo. App. 2003); People v. Perea, 126 P.3d 241, 248 (Colo. App. 2005). To the extent that the prosecutor's statements that Serra and defense counsel were trying to distract the jury constituted the former, they were improper.
190 Accordingly, on retrial, the prosecutor must refrain from any argument "calculated to inflame the passions or prejudice of the jury, to divert the jury from its duty to decide the case on the evidence, or to seek a conviction based on matters irrelevant to determination of [Serra's] guilt." People v. Rosales, 134 P.3d 429, 435 (Colo. App. 2005).
V. Conclusion
{91 Serra's conviction and sentence for harassment are vacated, and the trial court is directed on remand to enter judgment of acquittal on that charge. His convictions for violation of bail bond conditions and violation of a protection order are reversed, and the case is remanded for a new trial on those charges.
JUDGE TAUBMAN and JUDGE HAWTHORNE concur.