Peo v. Smith

• Court: Colorado Court of Appeals
• Decided: April 2, 2026
• Docket: 23CA1797
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

23CA1797 Peo v Smith 04-02-2026

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 23CA1797 Arapahoe County District Court No. 21CR585 Honorable Ronald M. Mullins, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Kurt A. Smith,

Defendant-Appellant.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

Division I Opinion by JUDGE J. JONES Lum and Meirink, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e) Announced April 2, 2026

Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Brittany Limes Zehner, Senior Assistant Attorney General and Assistant Solicitor General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Megan A. Ring, Colorado State Public Defender, Daniel J. Sequeira, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant ¶1 Defendant, Kurt A. Smith, appeals the district court’s

judgment of conviction entered on a jury’s verdict finding him guilty

of theft (at least $2,000 but less than $5,000), a class 6 felony. We

affirm.

I. Background

¶2 Smith stole Calven Goza’s trailer, one of three that Goza

owned. Smith put the trailer up for sale on Craigslist for $800 and

sold it to Jorge Segovia. Segovia then put it up for sale on Facebook

Marketplace for $2,800.

¶3 Goza didn’t immediately know that his trailer had been stolen,

but four days after it had been stolen, he saw Segovia’s post on

Facebook Marketplace. Police investigated. They determined that

Smith had stolen the trailer.

¶4 The People charged Smith with a single count of theft of

property with a value of at least $2,000 but less than $5,000. See

§ 18-4-401(1)(a), (2)(f), C.R.S. 2025.

¶5 A jury found Smith guilty as charged. On appeal, Smith

makes a number of arguments centered on the evidence of the

trailer’s value. He also challenges the constitutionality of the

1 reasonable doubt instruction the court gave the jury at the close of

the evidence. We address and reject Smith’s contentions in turn.

II. Discussion

A. Hearsay Evidence of Value

1. Additional Background

¶6 Before Goza took the stand, defense counsel asked the court

to preclude Goza from testifying about the trailer’s value. Counsel

argued that while the owner of property generally may testify about

his property’s value, that testimony must be based on “personal

knowledge” and “foundation.” Counsel had seen Goza “flipping

through Facebook Marketplace” in the hallway outside the

courtroom, and Goza allegedly said he was going to base his opinion

of value on a posting offering a similar, though much newer, trailer

for $3,500. This, defense counsel argued, would be hearsay.

¶7 The prosecutor responded that evidence of the price on

Facebook Marketplace was evidence of value of a type expressly

2 allowed by section 18-4-414(2), C.R.S. 2025.1 Defense counsel,

citing People v. Jaeb, 2018 COA 179, argued that the prosecutor

was reading the statute too broadly. The court deferred ruling on

the issue until the prosecutor looked at Jaeb.

¶8 After opening statements, immediately before Goza was to

testify, the court overruled the objection because, the court

reasoned, an owner is generally allowed to testify as to the value of

his property and, to the extent Goza’s opinion would be based on

outside information, that outside information wouldn’t be offered for

the truth of the matter asserted and therefore wouldn’t constitute

hearsay. See CRE 801(c). Defense counsel then made a record that

the objection was also based on “the confrontation clause.”

¶9 Goza testified that he owned three trailers, each of which he

described, and each of which he had purchased. He then further

described the trailer that had been stolen. When the prosecutor

asked Goza whether he was “aware of the approximate value of your

1 Section 18-4-414(2), C.R.S. 2025, provides that evidence of the

value of something stolen may be “established through . . . testimony regarding affixed labels and tags, signs, shelf tags, and notices tending to indicate the price of the thing involved.” Such evidence should not be excluded even if it is hearsay. Id.

3 trailer now,” defense counsel objected, again on hearsay and

confrontation grounds. The court overruled the objection. Goza

said, “I believe it to be around $3,500.” Defense counsel renewed

his objection. When asked by the court whether “assuming [Goza]

received this from other sources, is it being offered for the truth of

the matter asserted,” the prosecutor said Goza owned three trailers

and was testifying based on his “experience” “over time.” Defense

counsel noted that $3,500 was “the exact value . . . on the

Facebook Marketplace post [Goza] just showed us in the hallway.”

The court said, “Well that’s just cross-examination,” and it again

overruled the objection.

¶ 10 The following exchange ensued:

Q [The prosecutor] Are trailers generally something that you are aware of and pay attention to?

A Yes, sir.

Q Do you have, like, a general understanding of trailers?

A I would say so, yes.

Q And the valuation is — is that — did you obtain that over — just like your experiences over time or where does that come from?

4 A Yes, just my general knowledge of that subject matter, I guess.

¶ 11 After a brief pause, the prosecutor asked, “And when you

mentioned values, do you understand that to be the amount of

money that someone would pay the true owner?” Goza said,

“Correct.”

¶ 12 On cross-examination, defense counsel didn’t ask Goza about

the Facebook Marketplace post Goza had looked at while in the

hallway.

2. Standard of Review

¶ 13 We generally review a trial court’s evidentiary ruling for an

abuse of discretion. Venalonzo v. People, 2017 CO 9, ¶ 15. A trial

court abuses its discretion when its ruling is manifestly arbitrary,

unreasonable, or unfair, or based on a misunderstanding or

misapplication of the law. People v. McFee, 2016 COA 97, ¶ 17.

¶ 14 If the court abused its discretion by admitting evidence, we

review any such nonconstitutional error for harmless error. Hagos

v. People, 2012 CO 63, ¶ 12. Under that standard, we reverse only

if the error affects a party’s substantial rights. Id.; see Crim. P.

52(a). Put another way, “we reverse if the error ‘substantially

5 influenced the verdict or affected the fairness of the trial

proceedings.’” Hagos, ¶ 12 (quoting Tevlin v. People, 715 P.2d 338,

342 (Colo. 1986)).

¶ 15 We review de novo, however, whether admitting evidence

violated a defendant’s right to confront witnesses against him under

the Confrontation Clauses of the United States and Colorado

Constitutions. Bernal v. People, 44 P.3d 184, 198 (Colo. 2002).2

3. Analysis

¶ 16 At the outset, we dispense with any contention that the

Facebook Marketplace post itself was inadmissible hearsay. That

post wasn’t admitted into evidence. And no witness even mentioned

it. The only evidence in question, then, is Goza’s testimony that he

believed the trailer was worth $3,500.

¶ 17 As to that testimony, even assuming it was based in part on

the Facebook Marketplace post, there was no Confrontation Clause

violation. This is so because there is nothing in the record

indicating that the post was “testimonial” — that is, in light of all

the circumstances and viewed objectively, it “was made ‘with a

2 See U.S. Const. amend. VI; Colo. Const. art. II, § 16.

6 primary purpose of creating an out-of-court substitute for trial

testimony.’” McFee, ¶ 34 (quoting Ohio v. Clark, 576 U.S. 237, 245

(2015)); see Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821 (2006) (“It is

the testimonial character of the statement that separates it from

other hearsay that, while subject to traditional limitations upon

hearsay evidence, is not subject to the Confrontation Clause.”).

¶ 18 Turning to hearsay, we conclude that any error in allowing

Goza to opine on the trailer’s value based on hearsay was harmless.

¶ 19 To be sure, Goza’s opinion may well have been based, in part,

on his consideration of the Facebook Marketplace post, which may

have been hearsay.3 But only in part. It was also based on his

experience in owning and buying trailers over time. And an owner

is generally allowed to testify as to his property’s value based on

such experience. See People v. Crawford, 230 P.3d 1232, 1237

(Colo. App. 2009). Thus, Goza could testify as to the trailer’s value

regardless of any reliance on the Facebook Marketplace post.4

3 The Facebook Marketplace evidence was arguably admissible

under section 18-4-414. But we don’t need to decide that issue. 4 Though given ample opportunity, Smith’s attorney didn’t attempt

to determine on cross-examination the extent to which Goza based his opinion on the Facebook Marketplace post he looked at while in the courtroom hallway.

7 ¶ 20 Also, Segovia testified that he offered the trailer for sale on

Facebook Marketplace for $2,800 based on “the price they were

going [for] on the market.” He said that he had bought and resold

five or six trailers around the same time. Smith doesn’t challenge

the admissibility of that testimony on appeal. Though Smith argues

in his reply brief that there were “serious issues with this

testimony,” none were so serious that the jury was obliged to

disregard it.

¶ 21 We are therefore convinced that, even if Goza’s testimony of

value was based in part on inadmissible hearsay, there was

sufficient evidence that the trailer was worth at least $2,000.5 And

taking it a step further, we conclude that any error didn’t affect

Smith’s substantial rights.

B. Prosecutorial Misconduct

¶ 22 Smith contends that the prosecutor committed misconduct by

eliciting Goza’s opinion of the trailer’s value and then relying on

that testimony in closing argument. We disagree.

5 This conclusion disposes of Smith’s challenge to the sufficiency of

the evidence of value.

8 ¶ 23 As discussed, Goza testified at least in part based on his

experience in owning and buying trailers, the prosecutor neither

sought to admit the Facebook Marketplace post nor asked Goza

about it, and the evidence of the Facebook Marketplace post was

arguably admissible under section 18-4-414(2). As well, the court

allowed the testimony. And in closing, the prosecutor focused on

Goza’s experience in buying trailers. We therefore don’t see any

prosecutorial misconduct, much less any misconduct sufficient to

find plain error on the court’s part by failing to step in.6

C. Reasonable Doubt Instruction

¶ 24 Over defense counsel’s objection, the court gave the jury an

instruction defining reasonable doubt based on a 2022 model

instruction.

¶ 25 On appeal, Smith argues that the 2022 model instruction is

constitutionally deficient because (1) the phrase “firmly convinced”

lowers the prosecution’s burden of proof; (2) the “reasonable

possibility” language shifted the burden of proof; (3) it contains “two

distinct, yet incompatible definitions of reasonable doubt”; and (4) it

6 Smith concedes that his claim of prosecutorial misconduct is

unpreserved and therefore subject to plain error review.

9 fails to tell the jurors expressly that they may consider the lack of

evidence supporting the prosecution’s case.

¶ 26 In People v. Schlehuber, 2025 COA 50, ¶¶ 16-34, a division of

this court rejected these challenges to the 2022 model instructions.

See also People v. Berumen, 2025 COA 93, ¶¶ 21-33 (also rejecting

challenges to the use of “firmly convinced” and “real possibility” and

the “lack of evidence” argument); People v. Melara, 2025 COA 48,

¶¶ 24-32 (also holding that the absence of any language telling the

jurors expressly that they can consider the lack of evidence isn’t a

due process violation). We agree with Schlehuber’s reasoning and

therefore follow it.

D. Cumulative Error

¶ 27 Because we have determined that there was, at most, one

error, the cumulative error doctrine isn’t implicated. See Howard-

Walker v. People, 2019 CO 69, ¶ 24; People v. Jones, 2025 COA 43,

¶ 56 (cert. granted on other grounds Jan. 20, 2026); People v.

Thomas, 2019 COA 124, ¶ 69.

III. Disposition

¶ 28 The judgment of conviction is affirmed.

JUDGE LUM and JUDGE MEIRINK concur.