The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division. Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.
SUMMARY May 1, 2025
2025COA43
No. 23CA0590, People v. Jones — Evidence — Character Evidence — Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts — Permitted Uses
A division of the court of appeals holds that when the defense
in a criminal case attacks a witness’s credibility, evidence of the
defendant’s prior abuse of the witness may be admissible under
CRE 404(b) to buttress the witness’s credibility if it could explain
the witness’s reluctance to testify or the witness’s changed
accounts. COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2025COA43
Court of Appeals No. 23CA0590 Pueblo County District Court No. 20CR1477 Honorable Thomas B. Flesher, Judge
The People of the State of Colorado,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Romando Marquis Jones,
Defendant-Appellant.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED
Division I Opinion by JUDGE J. JONES Brown and Yun, JJ., concur
Announced May 1, 2025
Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Brittany Limes Zehner, Senior Assistant Attorney General and Assistant Solicitor General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee
Adrienne R. Teodorovic, Alternate Defense Counsel, Windsor, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant ¶1 Defendant, Ramondo Marquis Jones, appeals the judgment of
conviction entered on a jury verdict finding him guilty of first degree
murder. We affirm. In doing so, we hold, as a matter of first
impression in Colorado, that evidence of a defendant’s prior acts of
abuse against a witness may be admissible under CRE 404(b) to
buttress the witness’s credibility if that evidence could explain the
witness’s reluctance to testify or the witness’s changed accounts.
I. Background
¶2 The prosecution presented evidence from which the jury could
reasonably find the following facts.
¶3 Jones lived with his girlfriend, D.S., who was the foster mother
of the fourteen-month-old victim, A.S.
¶4 One morning, while D.S. was cleaning the kitchen in
preparation for an in-home foster care visit, Jones brought A.S.
downstairs — carrying him by the ankles and bouncing him up and
down — to play with A.S.’s siblings, N.A. and Z.S. D.S. cautioned
Jones, saying, “[T]urn that baby over, you’re going to hurt him.”
¶5 Several minutes later, Jones brought A.S. upstairs, laid him
on an ottoman, and sat on a couch. When D.S. came into the
room, she heard A.S. gasping for air, and his body appeared limp.
1 She asked Jones, “What did you do?” Jones answered, “I just
tossed him down. I[’ve] done it before.” As D.S. dialed 911, Jones
told her, “I don’t give a fuck what you have to do, but you better
fucking fix this,” and “you better not tell anyone I was here because
I wasn’t here. . . . [T]ell them he fell or something.” D.S. then told
the dispatcher that A.S. had fallen off a bed.
¶6 A.S. went into cardiac arrest before he arrived at the hospital,
and he never regained consciousness. He died from blunt force
head trauma. Doctors noticed many older injuries to his body that
were consistent with abuse.
¶7 On the day A.S. was taken to the hospital, police officers
interviewed D.S. and Jones separately on two occasions. Before the
first interview, Jones warned D.S., “I heard everything that you told
them while they were in the house. Just make sure you keep the
same story because we’ll have the same story.” In both of her
interviews, D.S. told the officers that A.S. had fallen off the bed
while she wasn’t looking, that N.A. had probably pushed him, and
that Jones wasn’t home when it happened. In both of his
interviews, Jones told the officers that he wasn’t home that morning
2 but had been on the phone with D.S. when she told him one of the
children had fallen.
¶8 Later that night, Jones took D.S. to a hotel and forced her to
shower to ensure she wasn’t wearing a wire. He then tried to
persuade her to confess to A.S.’s death and tell law enforcement
that A.S. died accidentally by falling either off the back porch or
down the stairs. D.S. asked Jones “over and over again what he
did.” Jones would only answer that he tossed A.S. down the stairs
and had done it before.
¶9 Four months later, when police officers interviewed Jones a
third time, his story changed: He told the officers that he was home
that morning; he’d taken A.S. downstairs to the playroom before
going into the garage to work on his cars; and, while he was in the
garage, D.S. accidentally dropped a heavy box containing a
bunkbed onto A.S.’s head.
¶ 10 The People charged Jones with first degree murder for
knowingly causing the death of a child under the age of twelve while
in a position of trust, see § 18-3-102(1)(f), C.R.S. 2024, and D.S.
with accessory to first degree murder. D.S. pleaded guilty; as part
of her plea agreement, she agreed to testify truthfully against Jones.
3 ¶ 11 At trial, the prosecution relied on D.S.’s testimony and
evidence showing that Jones had previously abused D.S., A.S., and
N.A. Jones’s theory of defense was that the prosecution couldn’t
prove the elements of first degree murder beyond a reasonable
doubt because no one saw what had happened, and D.S. had
fabricated her testimony to secure a better plea agreement.
¶ 12 The jury convicted Jones of first degree murder. The district
court sentenced him to life in prison without the possibility of
parole.
II. Discussion
¶ 13 Jones contends that (1) the district court abused its discretion
by admitting evidence of his prior abusive behavior toward D.S.;
(2) he’s entitled to a new trial because the trial judge demonstrated
actual bias against him; (3) the court erroneously admitted evidence
of A.S.’s injuries to show that Jones had previously abused A.S.; (4)
the court improperly instructed the jurors regarding evidence of
A.S.’s and N.A.’s injuries; and (5) even if none of these alleged errors
require reversal individually, they do when considered cumulatively.
We address and reject these contentions in turn.
4 A. Evidence of Jones’s Prior Abusive Behavior Toward D.S.
¶ 14 Jones first contends that the court abused its discretion by
admitting evidence that he had previously abused D.S. because that
evidence was barred by CRE 404(b). We disagree.
1. Additional Background
¶ 15 D.S. testified on direct examination that she “repeatedly lied to
law enforcement” to cover up the fact that Jones had previously
injured the children. Defense counsel then cross-examined D.S.
about those lies:
Q. None of that happened?
A. No.
Q. You just made it up?
A. To cover up, yes.
....
Q. Did [Jones] give you those details that you gave [law enforcement]?
A. Maybe not those exact details, but definitely we talked about what needed to be said as an explanation.
Q. So those details are yours?
A. I learned pretty well how to make things up.
Q. You’re good at it. Aren’t you?
5 A. Because of personal as well, yes.
Q. You’re good at it?
A. Over time I covered up a whole lot.
Defense counsel then asked D.S. about the tactics she had used to
make law enforcement believe her initial stories about how A.S.
died. Those tactics included seeking sympathy, appealing to a
deity, using body language, being careful with details, and throwing
in certain truths.
¶ 16 After cross-examination, and outside the jury’s presence, the
prosecutor asked the court for permission to admit evidence of
several instances of Jones’s prior abusive behavior toward D.S. on
redirect examination:
(1) Five years before the charged offense, Jones broke D.S.’s
jaw and convinced her to make up a story to law
enforcement that didn’t implicate him.
(2) During a phone call one year before the charged offense,
Jones threatened to kill D.S. if she reported him to law
enforcement, and he told one of their children to repeat
to D.S. more than twenty times over the phone, “[Y]ou’re
6 dead, mama, you’re dead. . . . Mr. Jones is going to bury
you.”
(3) In the year leading up to the charged offense, Jones
physically and sexually assaulted D.S. on a semiregular
basis.
(4) One week before the charged offense, Jones threw D.S.
against the wall after she told him not to hurt A.S.’s toe.
The prosecutor argued that this evidence was admissible because
defense counsel attacked “[D.S.]’s credibility and opened the door to
talking about why she might fabricate stories to cover up [A.S.’s]
injuries. . . . Factually, the reason she’s had so much practice is
Mr. Jones has been physically assaulting her for years and being
tasked to lying [sic] about it.” Defense counsel opposed the
prosecutor’s request to admit the proffered evidence, and the court
deferred ruling on the evidence’s admissibility until it heard more of
the prosecution’s case.
¶ 17 The following week, the court ruled that the prosecution could
introduce evidence of D.S.’s broken jaw, a redacted version of
Jones’s recorded phone call to her, and evidence of the incident in
which Jones threw D.S. into the wall, all under CRE 404(b),
7 reasoning that “this evidence is logically relevant to a material fact,
that being the credibility of the prosecution’s witness, [D.S.]” The
court found the phone call particularly “demeaning” and “difficult to
listen to” but determined that the evidence’s probative value
outweighed its prejudicial effect.
¶ 18 During D.S.’s redirect examination, the prosecutor introduced
into evidence a redacted version of Jones’s recorded phone call to
D.S., and she testified about the incidents in which he broke her
jaw and threw her into a wall. The jury contemporaneously
received the following limiting instruction for this evidence:
Ladies and gentlemen, you’re going to hear some evidence from [D.S.] that relates to things that may have occurred during her relationship with Mr. Jones. I’m admitting this evidence for a very limited purpose and you may only use it to assess [D.S.]’s credibility. You may not use it for any other purpose.
2. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
¶ 19 We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of
discretion. Nicholls v. People, 2017 CO 71, ¶ 17. A court abuses its
discretion when its decision is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable,
or unfair or based on a misunderstanding or misapplication of the
law. People v. Thompson, 2017 COA 56, ¶ 91.
8 ¶ 20 Evidence of “other crime[s], wrong[s], or act[s]” is inadmissible
to show that a defendant has a bad character and acted in
conformity therewith. CRE 404(b)(1). But such evidence “may be
admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence
of mistake, or lack of accident.” CRE 404(b)(2).
¶ 21 Evidence of a defendant’s other acts is subject to the four-
prong test articulated in People v. Spoto, 795 P.2d 1314, 1318 (Colo.
1990). That test asks whether (1) the evidence relates to a material
fact; (2) the evidence is logically relevant; (3) the evidence’s logical
relevance is independent of the inference that the defendant acted
in conformity with a bad character; and (4) the evidence’s probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
Id.
3. Analysis
¶ 22 Jones argues that evidence of his prior abusive behavior
toward D.S. was inadmissible under CRE 404(b) because it didn’t
satisfy the first and fourth Spoto prongs, and defense counsel didn’t
open the door for the prosecution to otherwise introduce such
evidence. Because we conclude that the evidence was admissible
9 under CRE 404(b), we don’t address Jones’s opening the door
argument.
¶ 23 With respect to the first Spoto prong, Jones contends that the
evidence didn’t relate to a material fact because the jury considered
it only for the purpose of assessing D.S.’s credibility, which isn’t an
element of first degree murder that the prosecution needed to prove.
See Spoto, 795 P.2d at 1318. But the first prong of the Spoto test
isn’t so stringent: “So long as the purposes for which the prior act
evidence is offered are somehow probative of an ultimate fact, the
first prong is satisfied.” Yusem v. People, 210 P.3d 458, 464 (Colo.
2009).
¶ 24 D.S.’s credibility was crucial in this case. She was the
prosecution’s primary witness at trial, and discussions of her
inconsistent testimony dominated opening statements and closing
arguments. Defense counsel told the jurors in opening that “it
comes down to what [D.S.] say[s] to you and is she a credible
witness”; during closing, counsel said, “At the end of the day, all of
these injuries that supposedly happened at [Jones’s] hands, you’re
relying on [D.S.] for all of that,” and “if it’s, I don’t believe [D.S.],
he’s not guilty.” D.S.’s credibility thus materially informed the
10 jury’s determination of whether Jones killed A.S. Because evidence
that Jones had previously abused D.S. shed light on why she
repeatedly lied to law enforcement about A.S.’s death, it was
probative of her credibility and therefore relevant to the jury’s
determination.
¶ 25 We reject Jones’s assertion that relevance to credibility isn’t a
sufficient reason for admitting other acts evidence because
CRE 404(b) doesn’t expressly say it is. See People v. Miller, 890
P.2d 84, 98 n.15 (Colo. 1995) (upholding the admission of other
acts evidence to refute an alibi witness’s testimony because
“[a]lthough refutation of other evidence is not specifically listed in
CRE 404(b) as a permissible purpose for admission of other crimes
evidence, that list of permissible purposes is not exhaustive”); see
also 1 Kenneth S. Broun et al., McCormick on Evidence § 190.1,
Westlaw (Robert P. Mosteller ed., 8th ed. database updated July
2022) (“As Fed. R. Evid. 404(b) indicates, evidence of criminal acts
may be used in numerous ways, and those enumerated are neither
mutually exclusive nor collectively exhaustive.”).
¶ 26 Indeed, courts in other jurisdictions have concluded that
evidence of a defendant’s other acts toward a witness may be
11 admissible under Rule 404(b) to rehabilitate the witness’s
credibility. E.g., Bryan v. Commonwealth, No. 2015-SC-000467-
MR, 2017 WL 1102825, at *6 (Ky. Mar. 23, 2017) (unpublished
opinion) (evidence of the defendant’s prior domestic violence toward
his ex-girlfriend and co-defendant was admissible under KRE
404(b) to explain why she initially lied to law enforcement); State v.
Carvalho, 777 S.E.2d 78, 86-87 (N.C. Ct. App. 2015) (when an
informant testified the defendant confessed to the charged offenses,
evidence of the defendant’s previous confessions to other crimes
was admissible under N.C. R. Evid. 404(b) to show the nature of
their confidential relationship and bolster the informant’s
credibility), aff’d on other grounds, 794 S.E.2d 497 (N.C. 2016);
State v. Scruggs, 822 N.W.2d 631, 643-44 (Minn. 2012) (when the
defendant’s girlfriend’s testimony that she’d witnessed the
defendant strangle the victim was inconsistent with her previous
statement to police, evidence of the defendant’s prior domestic
violence against her was admissible under Minn. R. Evid. 404(b) to
show her fear of the defendant, explain her inconsistent statements,
and rehabilitate her credibility); State v. Russell, 986 A.2d 515, 521-
22 (N.H. 2009) (when the defendant’s cousin initially told police she
12 wasn’t at the crime scene, later admitted she was and that the
defendant was the gunman, and then testified at trial that the
defendant wasn’t the gunman, evidence that the defendant had
previously threatened her was admissible under N.H. R. Evid.
404(b) to rehabilitate her credibility); State v. Jeffers, 661 P.2d
1105, 1118 (Ariz. 1983) (evidence of the defendant’s prior domestic
violence against an accomplice was admissible under Ariz. R. Evid.
404(b) to explain why she didn’t immediately report the murder and
to counter the defense’s insinuation that she lied at trial to gain
immunity); see also State v. Johnson, 540 P.3d 831, 840 (Wash. Ct.
App. 2024) (because “[e]vidence of prior incidents of domestic
violence is probative of a witness’s credibility in cases where a
witness gives conflicting statements about the defendant’s
conduct,” such evidence may be admissible under Wash. R. Evid.
404(b) even if credibility isn’t an element of the charged offense).
¶ 27 Jones also contends that evidence of his prior abusive
behavior toward D.S. didn’t satisfy the fourth Spoto prong.
See Spoto, 795 P.2d at 1318. He reasons that the evidence was
unduly prejudicial because the court found the phone call
“demeaning” and “difficult to listen to”; the evidence wasted time
13 because it resulted in a lengthy recess to litigate the evidence’s
admissibility; and “admitting the evidence allowed the sideshow to
take over the circus,” thereby confusing the issues and misleading
the jury. See CRE 403 (“[E]vidence may be excluded if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations
of . . . waste of time . . . .”).
¶ 28 Although the evidence carried a risk of undue prejudice, we
aren’t persuaded that this risk substantially outweighed the
evidence’s probative value. See People v. Hamilton, 2019 COA 101,
¶ 70 (CRE 403 favors the admission of relevant evidence and
requires us to afford the evidence its “maximum probative value
attributable by a reasonable fact finder and the minimum unfair
prejudice to be reasonably expected.”). As discussed, the evidence
was highly relevant to D.S.’s credibility, which defense counsel
attacked by cross-examining her extensively about the lies she’d
told law enforcement and the tactics she’d used to make them
believe her. Evidence that Jones had previously abused D.S. and
threatened to kill her for reporting him to law enforcement helped
the jury understand why her trial testimony about A.S.’s death was
14 inconsistent with her previous accounts to law enforcement. See
People v. Villalobos, 159 P.3d 624, 630 (Colo. App. 2006)
(“[E]vidence of a witness’s fear of retaliation is admissible to explain
his or her change in statement or reluctance to testify.”); cf. State v.
Gunderson, 337 P.3d 1090, 1094 (Wash. 2014) (concluding that
evidence of the defendant’s prior domestic violence against the
witness didn’t satisfy the fourth prong of Wash. R. Evid. 404(b)’s
analysis because her testimony gave no conflicting statements
about the defendant’s conduct and therefore didn’t cast doubt on
her credibility).
¶ 29 Further, the district court minimized the evidence’s prejudicial
effect by contemporaneously instructing the jury to consider it only
for the purpose of assessing D.S.’s credibility. Absent evidence to
the contrary, we presume the jury followed the court’s limiting
instruction and didn’t consider the evidence for any other purpose.
15 See People v. McKeel, 246 P.3d 638, 641 (Colo. 2010).1 The court
also required the prosecution to redact the recorded phone call
before introducing it into evidence. And the prejudicial effect of
Jones’s abusive behavior toward D.S. pales in comparison to that of
the charged offense — killing a fourteen-month-old child. See
People v. Herron, 251 P.3d 1190, 1198 (Colo. App. 2010) (“Although
the testimony that defendant appeared to follow B.S. was
unfavorable, it was vastly overshadowed by evidence of defendant’s
more threatening acts.”).
¶ 30 Nor are we persuaded that the evidence confused the issues or
misled the jury. Although the court took additional time to consider
the evidence’s admissibility, it did so outside the jury’s presence.
When the jury returned to the courtroom, the trial judge apologized
for the delay, blamed it on himself instead of the parties, and
1 We acknowledge that the district court didn’t give the jury a
written limiting instruction regarding this evidence at the close of the evidence. But defense counsel didn’t ask for one. See People v. James, 117 P.3d 91, 96 (Colo. App. 2004) (rejecting the defendant’s assertion that the trial court should have instructed the jury to disregard a witness’s statement because defense counsel didn’t ask for such an instruction). Indeed, defense counsel told the court that she had read all of the tendered written jury instructions and had no objection to any of them.
16 explained that the prosecutor would “reserve her redirect on [D.S.]
So she will more than likely be recalled at some point later in the
trial. But, again, the reason for that is the Court just needed some
additional time.”
¶ 31 In sum, the district court didn’t abuse its discretion by
admitting evidence of Jones’s prior abusive behavior toward D.S.
under CRE 404(b).
B. Judicial Bias Claim
¶ 32 Jones next contends that the trial judge should have
disqualified himself because of certain statements he made about
Jones’s recorded phone call to D.S. We see no basis for
disqualification.
1. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
¶ 33 We review whether a judge should have disqualified himself de
novo. People v. Dobler, 2015 COA 25, ¶ 8.
¶ 34 The Colorado Code of Judicial Conduct requires a judge to
disqualify himself from a case based on (1) an appearance of
impropriety or (2) actual bias. C.J.C. 2.11(A); see People in Interest
of A.P., 2022 CO 24, ¶ 26. When, as in this case, defense counsel
doesn’t move for disqualification, the defendant waives any
17 argument that the judge should have disqualified himself based on
an appearance of impropriety, and we review only for actual bias.
Dobler, ¶ 7.
¶ 35 To disqualify a judge for actual bias, a party must show that
the judge had a “substantial bent of mind against him,” People v.
Drake, 748 P.2d 1237, 1249 (Colo. 1988), or a “deep-seated
favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment
impossible,” A.P., ¶ 31 (quoting Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S.
540, 555 (1994)). The record must clearly demonstrate the alleged
bias; mere speculative statements and conclusions aren’t enough.
People v. Jennings, 2021 COA 112, ¶ 28.
2. Analysis
¶ 36 As noted, the district court ruled that the prosecution could
introduce into evidence a redacted version of Jones’s recorded
phone call to D.S. under CRE 404(b). The court explained,
The phone call . . . is frankly hard to listen to. But it’s extremely, in the Court’s mind, probative of the nature of the relationship that these two folks had. It shows how Mr. Jones felt about [D.S.] The content of that call is so demeaning. It’s difficult to listen to.
Mr. Jones utilizes his son to make threats to [D.S.], their son, to indicate that she’s dead.
18 The tone and the tenor of that call is frankly horrible. And certainly, the Court in listening to that call has to balance out, I think, the prejudicial effect and the probative value. And certainly, I’m coming down on the side of that’s more probative than prejudicial because to make a determination that an individual can talk about and treat someone verbally the way that Mr. Jones did [D.S.] and allow that not to be utilized to show the nature of the relationship excuses that behavior.
I think this is probative information. And I don’t believe that — I’m not going to exclude it because it’s unfair or prejudicial. It’s just — it’s compelling evidence in my mind and to not allow it excuses an individual or allows an individual to treat someone in that manner with no consequence. And, again, I think it’s appropriate evidence to allow. That was probably more of an emotional finding than it needed to be.
¶ 37 We reject Jones’s conclusory assertion that, by making the
above statements, the trial judge opined that Jones was guilty,
thereby “demand[ing] disqualification.” The judge never said that
he believed Jones was guilty. Rather, he was evaluating the call to
determine its potentially prejudicial effect. And the judge’s
characterization of Jones’s statements during the call was accurate.
That Jones’s behavior may have caused the judge to have an
19 “emotional” reaction wasn’t grounds for disqualification. Nor was
the judge’s statement that to disallow the evidence would “excuse[]
that behavior.” Cf. Liteky, 510 U.S. at 555-56 (“[J]udicial remarks
during the course of a trial that are critical or disapproving of, or
even hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases,” and
“expressions of impatience, dissatisfaction, annoyance, and even
anger” ordinarily don’t support a bias challenge.); Dobler, ¶ 12 (no
actual bias when “the judge’s statements that he would be
‘haunt[ed]’ by his decision to grant probation showed the judge was
affected by his prior decision to be lenient with defendant”); People
v. Oglethorpe, 87 P.3d 129, 137 (Colo. App. 2003) (no actual bias
where the judge described the defendant’s conduct as “shocking
and horrific” and told him, “You say you are not a bad person;
that’s not right, you are. You are the worst of people.”).
C. Evidence of A.S.’s Injuries
¶ 38 Next, Jones contends that the district court erred by admitting
evidence of A.S.’s injuries under CRE 404(b) to show that he had
previously abused A.S. We disagree.
20 1. Additional Background
¶ 39 Before trial, the prosecution notified the district court and the
defense that it intended to introduce the following evidence of A.S.’s
injuries:
• pictures of A.S.’s bruised face and neck, taken by a
Department of Human Services caseworker one month
before A.S. died;
• a picture of A.S.’s swollen face that Jones sent in a text
message to D.S. three weeks before A.S. died;
• pictures of A.S.’s damaged teeth, taken by a dentist who
extracted the teeth two weeks before A.S. died; and
• a skeletal survey performed on A.S. the day he died,
revealing healing fractures to his right arm.
¶ 40 Over defense counsel’s objection, the prosecution sought to
admit this evidence under CRE 404(b) to prove identity, intent, lack
of accident, and position of trust with regard to Jones’s relationship
to A.S.
¶ 41 At a pretrial hearing, the court told the parties it wouldn’t rule
on the admissibility of the proffered evidence until the prosecution
provided more corroborating information, such as police reports
21 and interviews. After the prosecution provided this information, the
court issued a written order in which it ruled that the prosecution
could admit the proffered evidence under CRE 404(b) to prove
identity, lack of accident, and position of trust.
¶ 42 At trial, the court gave contemporaneous and written limiting
instructions concerning the purposes for which the jurors could
consider this evidence of A.S.’s injuries.
¶ 43 As noted, we review a court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse
of discretion. Nicholls, ¶ 17.
¶ 44 Before admitting evidence of a defendant’s prior acts under
CRE 404(b), the district court, on the basis of all the evidence
before it, must find by a preponderance of the evidence that the
defendant committed the prior acts. People v. Garner, 806 P.2d
366, 372-73 (Colo. 1991).
¶ 45 We review a district court’s factual findings for clear error.
People v. Nelson, 2014 COA 165, ¶ 17. “A district court’s factual
finding is clearly erroneous only if it has no support in the record.”
Id. (citing Sanchez-Martinez v. People, 250 P.3d 1248, 1254 (Colo.
2011)).
22 3. Analysis
¶ 46 Jones asserts that evidence of A.S.’s bruised face and neck,
swollen face, injured teeth, and fractured arm was inadmissible
under CRE 404(b) to show that he had previously abused A.S.
because the record doesn’t support the court’s finding by a
preponderance of the evidence that he caused A.S.’s injuries.
¶ 47 In support of his argument, Jones points to conflicting trial
testimony indicating that A.S.’s injuries may have been caused not
by Jones but by D.S.’s mother; A.S.’s siblings; or, in the case of
A.S.’s swollen face, an allergic reaction.
¶ 48 But it isn’t our role to reweigh the evidence; we must defer to
the court’s factual findings — including inferences and conclusions
drawn from conflicting evidence — if the record supports them.
See People v. Padilla, 113 P.3d 1260, 1261 (Colo. App. 2005).
¶ 49 And the record supports the court’s finding that the
preponderance of the evidence showed that Jones caused A.S.’s
injuries. The prosecution’s offer of proof included D.S.’s statements
that A.S.’s injuries occurred under Jones’s supervision and a
pediatric child abuse expert’s opinion that A.S.’s injuries were
consistent with abuse. At the court’s request, the prosecution
23 supplemented its offer of proof with nearly three hundred pages of
documentation, including police reports, medical reports, pictures,
and transcripts of police interviews with multiple witnesses. At
trial, D.S.’s mother testified that she never took care of, let alone
injured, A.S.; D.S. testified that A.S.’s injuries occurred during her
twelve-hour work shifts while Jones was caring for him; and the
pediatric child abuse expert testified that A.S.’s “injuries are not
consistent with an accident and they fall into a category of injuries
that we see with children who are abused.” See People v. Grant,
2021 COA 53, ¶ 74 (upholding the court’s implicit finding that the
defendant’s prior act of attacking a homeowner occurred because,
although the homeowner didn’t identify the defendant in a
photographic lineup, “[t]he court referred to other evidence that
linked defendant to the attack”); cf. People v. Novitskiy, 81 P.3d
1070, 1072 (Colo. App. 2003) (The court clearly erred by finding
that a preponderance of the evidence showed the defendant
engaged in prior uncharged criminal conduct because “the only
evidence relating to uncharged criminal conduct was the officer’s
testimony relating defendant’s statement. However, defendant did
not admit that he had engaged in such conduct; he only stated that
24 he was accused of it and there was not any evidence to pursue
charges.”), abrogated on other grounds by Reyna-Abarca v. People,
2017 CO 15, ¶¶ 34-36.
¶ 50 Because the evidence satisfied the threshold requirement for
admissibility under CRE 404(b) and Jones doesn’t otherwise
challenge its admissibility to prove identity, lack of accident, and
position of trust, we conclude that the court acted within its
discretion by admitting evidence of A.S.’s injuries to show that
Jones had previously abused him.
D. Jury Instruction
¶ 51 Jones next contends that the district court improperly
instructed the jury regarding evidence of A.S.’s and N.A.’s injuries.
We aren’t persuaded.
¶ 52 “We review jury instructions de novo to determine whether
they accurately inform[ed] the jury of the governing law.” Hoggard
v. People, 2020 CO 54, ¶ 12. “The district court has substantial
discretion in formulating the jury instructions, so long as they are
correct statements of the law and fairly and adequately cover the
25 issues presented.” People v. Gallegos, 226 P.3d 1112, 1115 (Colo.
App. 2009).
¶ 53 Because defense counsel didn’t object to the verbal or written
jury instructions at issue, we review any error for plain error.
See Hagos v. People, 2012 CO 63, ¶ 14. Plain error is error that is
obvious and that so undermined the fundamental fairness of the
trial itself as to cast serious doubt on the reliability of the judgment
of conviction. Id.
¶ 54 The court repeatedly instructed the jury that it was admitting
evidence of A.S.’s and N.A.’s injuries “for a limited purpose to
establish identity and lack of accident,” stating, “You may not
consider it for any other reason.”
¶ 55 Jones argues that, because “establish” means “prove,” the
court’s limiting instruction “told the jury that the evidence put
beyond doubt that Jones had been the inflictor of A.S.’s fatal
injury,” thereby lowering the prosecution’s burden of proof. See
Black’s Law Dictionary 686 (12th ed. 2024). But he doesn’t cite,
nor are we aware of, any authority prohibiting a court from using
the word “establish” when instructing jurors on the limited purpose
26 for which they may consider CRE 404(b) evidence. Indeed, the
People cite a couple of Colorado cases affirming a defendant’s
conviction where the trial court used a form of the word “establish”
in a limiting instruction similar to the one before us. See People v.
Owens, 2024 CO 10, ¶ 45 (“[T]he court agreed to give a limiting
instruction before the introduction of evidence regarding the
[defendant’s other acts], stating that the evidence was ‘being offered
for the purpose of establishing background, motive, relationships
between individuals[,] and identification of the defendant’ . . . .”)
(emphasis added); People v. White, 680 P.2d 1318, 1320 (Colo. App.
1984) (“The trial court gave an instruction prior to [the victim’s]
testimony limiting its use to the sole purpose of establishing identity
. . . .”) (emphasis added). Accordingly, we reject Jones’s argument
that giving the instruction was plain error.
E. Cumulative Error
¶ 56 Because we haven’t identified multiple errors, the cumulative
error doctrine isn’t implicated. See Grant, ¶ 76.
III. Disposition
¶ 57 The judgment is affirmed.
JUDGE BROWN and JUDGE YUN concur.