People v. Prince

2024 IL App (2d) 230027

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: July 10, 2024
• Docket: 2-23-0027
• Status: Published

Opinion

2024 IL App (2d) 230027 No. 2-23-0027 Opinion filed July 10, 2024

______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of De Kalb County. ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 19-CF-94 ) SHAQUILLE P. PRINCE, ) Honorable ) Marcy L. Buick, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE KENNEDY delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Schostok and Birkett concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Defendant, Shaquille P. Prince, appeals his conviction for aggravated domestic battery and

domestic battery following a jury trial at which he proceeded pro se. He was sentenced to three

years’ imprisonment for aggravated domestic battery, while the remaining counts for domestic

battery were vacated under one-act, one-crime principles. On appeal, defendant argues that the

trial court abused its discretion when it refused to consider his peremptory challenges of two

prospective jurors during voir dire. Defendant also contends that the court abused its discretion

when it allowed the State to introduce evidence of other domestic violence offenses because the

State had failed to give him pretrial notice of its intent to introduce the offenses. 2024 IL App (2d) 230027

¶2 We hold that the trial court abused its discretion because its jury empanelment procedure

resulted in the seating of a juror who had expressed clear bias during voir dire questioning.

Therefore, the court denied defendant his constitutional right to a fair trial before an impartial jury.

We reverse and remand for a new trial.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 On March 18, 2019, defendant was charged by indictment with one count of aggravated

domestic battery (count I) and two counts of domestic battery (counts II and III). All three counts

alleged that on January 25, 2019, defendant punched the victim, Selena Anderson, in the face with

his fist. Count I additionally alleged that defendant’s action caused great bodily harm in that

Anderson sustained a gash to her head that required stitches and left a scar. We limit our recitation

of the facts to those pertinent to jury selection, as that issue is dispositive in this appeal.

¶5 Defendant elected to proceed pro se at trial following multiple admonishments from the

trial court during various pretrial hearings. At a March 22, 2019, hearing, defendant told the court,

“I have experience with this girl and she’s done this multiple times and all the charges were

dismissed.” The court informed defendant that “there will be no special consideration given to you

from the Court due to you not having a lawyer.” Defendant stated that he understood. The court

also informed him that “[a] person unfamiliar with legal proceedings may not make effective use

of [ ] rights such as questioning jurors and may make technical decisions that produce unintended

consequences.” Defendant again told the court that he understood and that he was competent to

represent himself.

¶6 At a hearing on September 5, 2019, defendant requested the appointment of the De Kalb

County Public Defender to represent him at trial. The trial court appointed counsel to represent

defendant and scheduled trial for December 2, 2019.

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¶7 Defendant next appeared at an October 31, 2019 hearing on his motion to terminate

representation by the De Kalb County Public Defender and proceed pro se. At the hearing, defense

counsel informed the trial court of a new indictment for escape, which involved defendant’s failure

to comply with electronic home monitoring. Defendant was arraigned on that charge and then the

court pivoted to the instant case. Defendant again requested to proceed pro se and the court

discharged the public defender’s office. The court reminded defendant that he would be given no

special considerations by proceeding pro se.

¶8 On December 2, 2019, this case proceeded to trial. First, the trial court entertained pretrial

motions and considered the State’s notice to introduce evidence of defendant’s other offenses of

domestic violence under section 115-7.4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725

ILCS 5/115-7.4(c) (West 2018)). The court found that the previous instances of domestic violence

occurred in close temporal proximity to this case and that the other offenses were factually similar

and involved the same victim. The court allowed the State to introduce the evidence of other

domestic violence offenses, finding that the probative value outweighed any undue prejudice to

defendant.

¶9 Before proceeding to voir dire, the trial court informed defendant that he had seven

peremptory strikes for prospective jurors. The court did not mention challenges for cause or

explain the difference between a peremptory challenge and a challenge for cause. The court told

defendant that it would be asking the venirepersons a series of questions in compliance with Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1, 2012). The court instructed defendant where to stand while

questioning witnesses. The court did not mention any additional voir dire procedures.

¶ 10 Before beginning voir dire, the trial court stated to the venire that “our purpose here in the

selection process is simply to find 12 people to serve on the jury and two alternate jurors who will

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come to this case with fair and open minds, who will listen closely to all of the evidence, who will

follow the jury instructions, and render a fair and impartial verdict.” The court first asked the entire

jury pool general questions, including whether any of them, a family member, or a close friend had

ever been charged with or been the victim of a criminal offense other than a minor traffic offense.

When certain venirepersons raised their hands and expressed that either they personally or close

family members had experienced domestic violence, the court then asked whether there was

anything that would prevent them from being fair and impartial jurors in this case. Each

venireperson agreed that he or she could remain fair and impartial, with the exception of one, who

stated that he had been the victim of a carjacking and could not remain impartial. The court excused

that venireperson.

¶ 11 After general questioning, the trial court called the first panel of four venirepersons, asked

them questions pursuant to Rule 431(b), and tendered them for questioning by the parties. The

State questioned the first three venirepersons on the panel and exercised a peremptory challenge

to dismiss one of them. The court replaced the excused venireperson, asked the new panelist

preliminary questions under Rule 431(b), and then allowed the State to ask questions. The State

exercised another peremptory challenge to excuse the new panelist after he had stated that he did

not believe it was possible “to love someone and fear someone at the same time.” Venireperson 25

was added to the panel and, under questioning by the State, she revealed that one of her sisters had

been a domestic violence victim but did not press charges.

¶ 12 After the State questioned venireperson 25, the prosecutor told the trial court, “[w]e would

accept and tender this panel.” The court stated to defendant, “you may question the potential jurors

in panel No. 1 if you would like to do so.” Defendant responded, “I would excuse and thank, I’m

not sure what her name is, but the young lady in the crutches.” The court told defendant that

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“[s]he’s not been questioned yet.” The court then stated, “[s]o the jurors in the first panel that Ms.

Friend for the State just questioned, those are the four individuals in the front row, you may

question them if you would like to do so.” Defendant responded, “I feel that Ms. Friend has

thoroughly questioned them, and I would like to excuse and thank juror No. 25.”

¶ 13 After venireperson 25 was excused, the trial court replaced her with venireperson 33. After

asking venireperson 33 the Rule 431(b) questions, the court told defendant, “you may question

this juror.” Defendant stated, “I don’t have any questions for the jurors in the front row.” The State

then asked venireperson 33 a series of questions, including whether she knew anyone who had

been the victim of domestic violence. Venireperson 33 responded, “[u]nfortunately, myself.” She

stated that her ex-husband had committed domestic violence against her more than 30 years ago.

The State asked venireperson 33 how long the domestic violence continued against her.

Venireperson 33 replied, “[t]oo long.” In addition, 50 years ago, she witnessed her sister victimized

by domestic violence perpetrated by a significant other. When the State asked whether anything

about her personal experiences would cause her not to be fair and impartial in this case, she

responded, “I don’t think so.” After the State finished questioning venireperson 33, the prosecutor

stated, “[w]e would accept [her].” Immediately afterwards and without any further input from the

parties, the court stated, “the potential jurors in the first panel have now been accepted as jurors,

so the four of you will be jurors in this case.” The court then recessed for a lunch break.

¶ 14 After the break, the trial court called in a second panel of four prospective jurors and asked

questions pursuant to Rule 431(b). The State then questioned the panel and exercised a peremptory

challenge against one of them. The court called venireperson 2 to join the panel, who stated that

he had witnessed domestic violence while at a bar. The State asked venireperson 2 whether that

incident would prejudice him at trial and he responded, “[n]o.” After questioning venireperson 2,

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the State told the court that it would accept and tender the panel back to the court. At that point,

the court told defendant, “if you would like to, you may question the potential jurors in the second

panel.” Defendant responded, “[b]efore the break, it was sort of abrupt, I didn’t get a chance to

thank and excuse the lady in the red jacket in the first row.” The following colloquy occurred:

“THE COURT: Okay. At this time you have the opportunity to question the

potential jurors in the second panel. The State has accepted those four potential

jurors. You have the opportunity to question them to decide if you wish to accept

those four jurors.

DEFENDANT: Thank you, I understand, but I didn’t get a chance to—

THE COURT: I’m saying at this time, these four people in the second panel

have been selected by the State to be jurors, so it’s your turn to ask your own

questions of the four people in the second panel to decide whether you wish to

accept them as well.”

¶ 15 Defendant responded by excusing venireperson 2 from the panel without asking him any

questions. The trial court replaced him with venireperson 41 and asked her Rule 431(b) questions.

The court then stated to defendant, “you may question this juror.” Defendant responded, “I don’t

have any questions for her.” The court repeated, “[y]ou do not have any questions for her. All

right.” The court stated that it was going to accept the panel, but the State interrupted and sought

to question venireperson 41. The State asked venireperson 41 a series of questions that revealed

her father had committed domestic violence against her mother “maybe about 12 years ago.” In

addition, venireperson 41 described witnessing a domestic violence event at a friend’s house,

stating, “I could see him hitting the wife, [but] the cops weren’t called [and] it never escalated to

a court case or anything of that nature.” The State asked venireperson 41 whether her experience

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with domestic violence would cause her to be biased during trial. She responded, “[i]t might. I

can’t really say it won’t.” The State pursued no further questioning to rehabilitate the impartiality

of venireperson 41, nor did the court. After questioning venireperson 41, the State accepted the

panel and tendered the panel back to the court. The following colloquy immediately ensued:

“THE COURT: All right, thank you. All right.

DEFENDANT: Your Honor, I’d like to thank and excuse juror No. 41.

THE COURT: No, you’ve accepted the panel.

DEFENDANT: I did not accept the panel.

THE COURT: So the individuals in the second panel have now been

selected as jurors, and you can go to the jury room with the bailiff at this time.”

¶ 16 Immediately after selecting venirepersons from the second panel to sit on the jury,

including venireperson 41, the trial court called in a third panel consisting of four prospective

jurors for questioning under Rule 431(b) and tendered the panel to the State for questioning.

Venireperson 15 stated that her ex-mother-in-law had experienced domestic abuse from her ex-

father-in-law, in which the police became involved. In addition, she had witnessed a domestic

violence incident involving a long-time friend. The State did not ask the prospective juror whether

her experience with domestic violence would prejudice her during defendant’s trial or whether she

could be fair to both parties. The State questioned the next venireperson on the panel and exercised

a peremptory challenge to excuse him. After questioning three more prospective jurors, including

one called to replace the excused venireperson, the State accepted the prospective jurors and

tendered the panel back to the court.

¶ 17 After the State tendered the third panel, the trial court informed the parties that

venireperson 15 had not slept because she worked nights. The court asked venireperson 15 to

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approach the bench, told her that she had been selected to sit on the jury, and asked her if she

wanted to be excused “and you can get some sleep.” Venireperson 15 agreed and the court excused

her without objection from either party. Once she was replaced by another venireperson, the State

questioned and tendered the replacement, and the court told defendant that he could ask the newest

venireperson questions. Defendant responded that he did not have any questions. Without asking

if defendant accepted the panel and without any further input from the parties, the court stated that

the third panel had been finalized and that a full jury had been selected. The parties then selected

two prospective alternate jurors.

¶ 18 During the entirety of voir dire, defendant used a total of five peremptory challenges and

unsuccessfully attempted to use a sixth peremptory challenge to excuse venireperson 41. The trial

court excused venireperson 15 for cause. The record reflects that the parties did not challenge any

of the prospective jurors for cause. The only time defendant specifically stated that he had accepted

a panel of prospective jurors was when he told the court that he accepted the two alternate jurors.

¶ 19 Following opening statements, the State presented the testimony of the victim, Selena

Anderson, two of the nurses who had treated her at the hospital following the alleged incidents of

domestic violence, and two of the police officers who had responded to and investigated the

victim’s domestic violence claims.

¶ 20 After the State rested, defendant moved for a directed finding, which the trial court denied.

Defendant rested without presenting evidence. Following closing argument, the jury found

defendant guilty of one count of aggravated domestic battery and two counts of domestic battery.

¶ 21 On December 3, 2019, defendant filed a pro se motion for new trial. He argued, among

other things, that “[t]he Court erred in refusing to allow Defendant to strike juror #41 before taking

an abrupt break and juror #47.” He attached to his motion a verified affidavit executed by

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Anderson, in which she attested that she was “angry when I found [defendant] cheating on me,”

and that “[t]he reports/statements made to police were untrue.” She also attested that “[t]here was

never any domestic violence.” Defendant also attached a March 13, 2019, e-mail that Anderson

sent to the assistant state’s attorney who prosecuted the case, in which she stated that she was

“recanting my previous statements about the domestic incidences involving [defendant].”

Anderson stated in the e-mail that she “was acting out of malice and request [sic] the charges be

dropped.”

¶ 22 Defendant subsequently retained an attorney to represent him. New defense counsel filed

a second motion for new trial on July 17, 2020, arguing, among other things, that the trial court

erred in denying defendant’s use of a peremptory challenge to excuse venireperson 41. The motion

acknowledged that defendant had declined to ask venireperson 41 any questions. The motion noted

that the State had questioned venireperson 41 and then accepted the panel. Defendant next

attempted to use a peremptory challenge to excuse venireperson 41, which was denied. Defendant

argued that the court’s denial violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 434 (eff. Feb. 6, 2013), because

the court failed to provide him with the opportunity to accept or reject the panel. Defendant

contended that he was not afforded a fair opportunity to excuse a juror after detecting bias or

hostility. He argued that he was not provided notice in advance regarding whether the court had

altered the “usual procedure” for exercising peremptory challenges under Rule 434, which does

not prohibit “back-striking.” He alleged that Anderson committed perjury at trial by testifying

falsely against him. In addition, defendant contended that the court erred when it allowed the

State’s evidence of uncharged offenses under section 115-7.4 of the Code because the State never

identified why the evidence was relevant to the proceeding.

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¶ 23 On October 2, 2020, the trial court conducted a hearing on defendant’s motions for new

trial. Defendant argued that, as it related to peremptory challenges, “the matters taken before the

venire was brought in does not indicate that a method of jury selection that included backstriking

would not be allowed is not present.” We take this to mean defendant challenged the court’s failure

to provide notice of how jury selection procedure was going to be conducted. Defendant contended

that Illinois authority established the custom of back-striking during jury selection. He argued that

the failure to admonish the parties about back-striking “meant that when he did attempt to back-

strike and was denied, that was a change in the process that is not permissible and the denial for

him to then use that peremptory challenge violates [Rule] 434.”

¶ 24 The State responded that defendant forfeited the voir dire issue and, forfeiture aside, he

acquiesced to the panel being sworn in. He was asked whether he wanted to question venireperson

41 and declined to ask any questions. The State argued that it was not until after the State tendered

the second panel that defendant sought to excuse venireperson 41 and, therefore, he cannot claim

error.

¶ 25 Before ruling on defendant’s motion, the trial court stated that defendant timely filed his

pro se motion for new trial, however, new defense counsel filed a second motion for new trial more

than six months later without requesting leave to file that motion. The court also noted that the

second motion was not labeled as an amended motion. Nevertheless, the court addressed the

arguments in both motions. The court stated that defendant never objected to any evidence or

testimony that the State presented and, therefore, he forfeited any complaint in his posttrial

motions. Regarding voir dire, the court stated as follows:

“The transcript reveals that when the panel was being questioned,

[defendant] declined to question juror number 41. The panel at that point was

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tendered by the Court back to the State. The State accepted the panel after

questioning juror number 41. The panel was then tendered as a completed accepted

panel to the Court.

The defendant’s apparently belated desire to thank and excuse number 41

was not a potential back-striking scenario, because the panel containing number 41

was not present before him.

So he was not able at that point to take any action regarding juror number

41, he was simply too late, the trial had already moved forward, and so I do not

believe anything with regards to juror number 41 is a basis to grant him a new trial.”

¶ 26 The trial court denied defendant’s posttrial motions. This appeal followed.

¶ 27 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 28 On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion and deprived him of a

fair trial before an impartial jury because it refused to consider his peremptory challenges to two

prospective jurors. In addition, defendant contends that the court abused its discretion when it

allowed the State to introduce evidence under section 115-7.4 of the Code when the State failed to

provide him with pretrial notice of its intent to introduce evidence concerning the January 6, 2019,

incident. The first issue concerning jury selection is dispositive.

¶ 29 Defendant contends that the trial court improperly conducted voir dire proceedings in a

manner that required him to exercise peremptory challenges of venirepersons before he heard their

answers to the State’s questions. In particular, he sought to use his peremptory challenges to excuse

venirepersons 41 and 33, but was denied his opportunity to do so after they both had revealed

potential bias after questioning by the State. According to defendant, the fairness issue was further

compounded when the court failed to ask him whether he had accepted either of the first two

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panels. Instead, the court gave defendant the opportunity to ask questions of the venire and, when

he asked none, it interpreted his declination as his acceptance of the panels.

¶ 30 When defendant declined to ask venireperson 41 questions and the State requested to voir

dire venireperson 41, she then revealed that her father had committed domestic violence against

her mother. The State asked her whether that experience would cause her to be biased during trial.

Venireperson 41 responded, “[i]t might. I can’t really say it won’t.”

¶ 31 Venireperson 33 stated that she had personally experienced domestic violence from her ex-

husband. When the State asked her whether anything about that experience would cause her not to

be fair and impartial in this case, she responded, “I don’t think so.”

¶ 32 Defendant makes two arguments. First, he contends the trial court abused its discretion due

to the manner in which it conducted voir dire, which created the possibility that a prospective juror

would reveal bias against a party after that party had been deemed to have accepted him or her.

Further, defendant in this case never expressly accepted either of the first two panels. Therefore,

the court denied his right to a fair trial before an impartial jury when it denied his requests to use

peremptory challenges to dismiss venirepersons 41 and 33 after they revealed their potential bias

against him. Second, defendant contends that the court never communicated its voir dire procedure

to the parties prior to beginning jury selection and never expressly asked either party whether they

had accepted any of the panels before seating them as jurors.

¶ 33 The State responds that defendant forfeited his right to contest the selection of

venirepersons 41 and 33 to the jury because he neither timely objected nor attempted to exercise a

challenge for cause or peremptorily before their acceptance to the panel. The State argues that

defendant specifically mentioned only venireperson 41 in his posttrial motion and raises his claim

involving venireperson 33 for the first time on appeal. The State contends that the issue regarding

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venireperson 33’s selection was not properly preserved on appeal and is forfeited. According to

the State, after questioning began for the second panel, defendant requested to strike “the young

lady in the red jacket” from the prior panel, but the record contains no identification of the red

jacketed venire member as venireperson 33. In addition, the State argues that, forfeiture aside, the

trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied defendant’s requests for peremptory

challenges of the two venirepersons because he was given the opportunity to question them but

failed to do so and only attempted untimely peremptory challenges after they had already been

accepted to the panel.

¶ 34 A. Standard of Review and Pertinent Jury Selection Procedure

¶ 35 The United States and Illinois Constitutions provide that criminal defendants are

guaranteed an impartial jury “ ‘capable and willing to decide the case solely on the evidence before

it.’ ” People v. Olinger, 176 Ill. 2d 326, 353 (1997) (quoting Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 217

(1982)); U.S. Const., amends. IV, VI; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. “Trial judges should not give

grudging acceptance to the defendant’s constitutional right to a fair and impartial jury.” People v.

Reid, 272 Ill. App. 3d 301, 309 (1995). A defendant is “entitled to be tried by 12, not 9 or even 10,

impartial and unprejudiced jurors.” Parker v. Gladden, 385 U.S. 363, 366 (1966). “The failure to

accord an accused a fair hearing violates even the minimal standards of due process.” People v.

Cole, 54 Ill. 2d 401, 411 (1973) (citing Turner v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 466, 471-72 (1965)). Indeed,

“[t]he right to a trial by an impartial tribunal is so basic that a violation of the right requires

reversal.” Id.

¶ 36 “Impartiality is not a technical concept; rather, it is a ‘state of mind.’ ” Reid, 272 Ill. App.

3d at 307 (quoting Cole, 54 Ill. 2d at 413). “[A] venireman is incompetent to sit as a juror if he

cannot be impartial.” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Johnson, 215 Ill. App. 3d 713, 725 (1991).

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“More than a mere suspicion of bias must be demonstrated.” Reid, 272 Ill. App. 3d at 307. “The

burden of showing that the juror possesses a disqualifying state of mind is on the party challenging

the juror.” Id. “That party must show the actual existence of such an opinion in the mind of the

juror ‘as will raise the presumption of partiality.’ ” Id. (quoting Cole, 54 Ill. 2d at 413). Our supreme

court has stated that “a person is not competent to sit as a juror if his state of mind is such that with

him as a member of the jury a party will not receive a fair and impartial trial.” Cole, 54 Ill. 2d at

413. An impartial jury is “made up of persons prepared to exercise their personal judgment,

favoring neither prosecution nor accused, standing indifferent to both, and guided only by law and

the evidence in the performance of their duties.” People v. Hobbs, 35 Ill. 2d 263, 270 (1966).

¶ 37 In furtherance of the right to an impartial jury, “inquiry is permitted during voir dire to

ascertain whether the juror has any bias, opinion, or prejudice that would affect or control the fair

determination by him of the issues to be tried.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v.

Encalado, 2018 IL 122059, ¶ 24. The trial court is primarily responsible for initiating and

conducting voir dire. People v. Rinehart, 2012 IL 111719, ¶ 16 (citing People v. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d

467, 476 (2000)). “The purpose of voir dire is to ascertain sufficient information about prospective

jurors’ beliefs and opinions so as to allow removal of those members of the venire whose minds

are so closed by bias and prejudice that they cannot apply the law as instructed in accordance with

their oath.” People v. Cloutier, 156 Ill. 2d 483, 495-96 (1993) (citing People v. Seuffer, 144 Ill. 2d

482, 500, 505 (1991), and Wainright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424 (1985)). The manner, scope, and

extent of voir dire examination rests with the trial court’s discretion. Rinehart, 2012 IL 111719, ¶

16; People v. Sanders, 238 Ill. 2d 391, 403 (2010).

¶ 38 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(a) (eff. July 1, 2012) provides guidance for the exercise

of this discretion, stating that the trial court:

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“may permit the parties to submit additional questions to it for further inquiry if it

thinks they are appropriate and shall permit the parties to supplement the

examination by such direct inquiry as the court deems proper for a reasonable

period of time depending upon the length of examination by the court, the

complexity of the case, and the nature of the charges.”

The method of evaluating the court’s exercise of discretion is “ ‘whether the means used to test

impartiality have created a reasonable assurance that prejudice would be discovered if present.’ ”

People v. Walls, 2022 IL App (1st) 200167, ¶ 36 (quoting People v. Peeples, 155 Ill. 2d 422, 459

(1993)). The trial court abuses its discretion when its conduct “thwarts the purpose of voir dire

examination—namely, the selection of a jury free from bias or prejudice.” Rinehart, 2012 IL

111719, ¶ 16; see People v. Clark, 278 Ill. App. 3d 996, 1003 (1996) (“The purpose of voir dire is

to enable the trial court to select an impartial jury and to ensure that the attorneys have an informed

and intelligent basis on which to exercise peremptory challenges.”). Stated differently, a trial court

“does not abuse its discretion during voir dire if the questions create ‘a reasonable assurance that

any prejudice or bias would be discovered.’ ” Rinehart, 2012 IL 111719, ¶ 16 (quoting People v.

Dow, 240 Ill. App. 3d 392, 397 (1992)).

¶ 39 In reviewing the trial court’s determination, the entire voir dire examination of the potential

juror should be considered, as opposed to selective responses. Peeples, 155 Ill. 2d at 462-63.

Because the court is in the best position to observe the potential juror’s demeanor and ascertain

the meaning of his or her remarks, the court’s determination will not be disturbed on review unless

it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. at 463, 466.

¶ 40 Rule 434(a) states that, when impaneling a jury in criminal cases, “the parties shall pass

upon and accept the jury in panels of four, commencing with the State, unless the court, in its

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discretion, directs otherwise.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 434(a) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013). During this process, the

parties may challenge prospective jurors for cause or peremptorily. Walls, 2022 IL App (1st)

200167, ¶ 37. “A challenge for cause is supported by a specific reason, like bias or prejudice, which

disqualifies that potential juror; such challenges are limitless” and left to the circuit court’s

discretion. Id. In contrast, a peremptory challenge “need not be supported by any reason, and ***

Rule 434 *** allows defendants in a criminal case who are facing imprisonment only seven such

challenges (and the State the same).” Id. (citing People v. Bowens, 407 Ill. App. 3d 1094, 1098

(2011)).

¶ 41 During voir dire, the questioning of a prospective juror may reveal that he or she has

previously formed an opinion about the case, such as harboring ill feelings regarding the crime

charged to the defendant, because of the juror’s personal experience involving that crime. See, e.g.,

People v. Harris, 196 Ill. App. 3d 663, 676-77 (1990) (holding that a juror should have been

excused for cause when she stated during voir dire that the murder of her father could affect her

ability to be fair and impartial). Once the trial court becomes aware of the potential bias, the court

or the parties may ask the venireperson whether the formation of the opinion would prevent him

or her from judging the facts impartially. Id. If the prospective juror responds that it might prevent

him or her from reaching a fair and impartial verdict, the court should exercise its discretion to

dismiss the juror for cause. Id. at 677. Although the trial court does not have a duty to remove a

juror sua sponte for cause in the absence of a defendant’s challenge for cause or exercise of a

peremptory challenge, it certainly has the discretion to do so to ensure a fair and impartial jury.

People v. Metcalfe, 202 Ill. 2d 544, 557 (2002).

¶ 42 In People v. Moss, 108 Ill. 2d 270, 275 (1985), our supreme court stated that the traditional

method of jury selection “permits parties to ‘back-strike’: after tendering a panel, a party may

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exercise a peremptory challenge against a juror originally passed upon and tendered, if opposing

counsel excuses a juror, accepts another, then retenders the panel.” 1 The Moss court explained that

1 The following example illustrates the process of “back-striking” during jury selection:

“Voir dire is underway and it’s time for [counsel] to start making decisions about

prospective jurors. As plaintiff’s counsel, the court will ask if the first panel of four

jurors—1, 2, 3 and 4—are acceptable. You exercise peremptory challenges as to

juror numbers 2 and 3. The court then replaces jurors 2 and 3 with jurors 5 and 6.

These two new panel members are acceptable, so you accept and tender the panel

consisting of jurors 1, 4, 5 & 6 to the defendant.

The defendant’s counsel exercises peremptory challenges against jurors 4

and 5. The court then selects jurors 7 and 8 to replace stricken jurors 4 and 5.

Defendant accepts that panel and tenders back to you the panel consisting of jurors

1, 6, 7 and 8. This is where back-striking comes into play.

The question becomes: May you use a peremptory against juror numbers 1

or 6, even though you previously accepted those jurors as part of your original

panel? If a court does not allow back-striking, you would only be allowed to

challenge the new jurors in the panel of four—in our example, jurors 7 and 8—but

not the previously accepted panel members.

Let’s take it a step further. You are permitted to back-strike and exercise a

peremptory challenge against juror 6. The court replaces the stricken juror with

juror 9. You accept the revised panel and tender that panel back to the defendant.

Defense counsel may exercise a back-strike against any of [the] panel members

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“[u]ntil both sides have accepted the same panel, either party may peremptorily challenge a

venireman previously tendered to the other side.” Id. Notably, “Rule 434(a) does not abrogate the

traditional selection procedure; rather, the rule permits the use of the traditional method unless the

court directs that a different procedure be used.” Id. The trial court has the discretion to alter the

usual procedure for exercising peremptory challenges “if both parties have adequate notice of the

system to be used and the method chosen does not unduly restrict the use of challenges.” (Emphasis

added.) Id.; see Walls, 2022 IL App (1st) 200167, ¶ 38.

¶ 43 “The right to peremptory challenges is one of the most important rights granted to an

accused because it eliminates ‘extremes of partiality on both sides’ and assures the parties that the

case will be decided on the basis of evidence placed before the jurors.” Walls, 2022 IL App (1st)

200167, ¶ 38 (citing People v. Daniels, 172 Ill. 2d 154, 165 (1996)). The denial or impairment of

a peremptory challenge “is reversible error without a showing of prejudice to the defendant.” Moss,

108 Ill. 2d at 276; see Walls, 2022 IL App (1st) 200167, ¶ 38. Our supreme court has further

observed that “the right to peremptory challenges is not denied or impaired ‘if the procedure

affords both parties fair opportunity to detect bias or hostility on the part of prospective jurors, and

if the procedure allows both parties a fair chance to peremptorily excuse any venireman.’ ”

(Emphasis added.) Daniels, 172 Ill. 2d at 165 (quoting Moss, 108 Ill. 2d at 276). “Whether this

right has been impaired depends on the specific facts of each case.” Walls, 2022 IL App (1st)

previously accepted. This can go on until both sides have accepted the panel—or

until the parties have exhausted their peremptory challenges.” Clare E.

McWilliams, I Strike, You Strike, We all Strike When We Back-Strike, 25 Chi. B.

Ass’n Rec. 42, 42 (2011).

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200167, ¶ 38. When the requisite showing of denial or impairment is established, prejudice to a

defendant’s right to a fair trial may be presumed. Daniels, 172 Ill. 2d at 165.

¶ 44 In this case, the trial court informed defendant that he had seven peremptory challenges,

but otherwise provided no additional instruction regarding jury selection procedure. A review of

the record shows the court conducted jury selection mostly in the traditional manner contemplated

by Rule 434(a). See Ill. S. Ct. R. 434(a) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013). Relevant here, the court did not inform

the parties regarding its procedure to accept venirepersons to the panel and whether it “directed

otherwise” the parties’ order of acceptance under Rule 434(a). When defendant declined to ask

questions, the record demonstrates that the court interpreted his declination as acceptance of the

venireperson to the panel. Significantly, after the State clearly elicited potential bias from

venirepersons 33 and 41, the court foreclosed defendant from the opportunity to exercise any

challenge even though he never expressly accepted either venireperson to the panel. Moreover, the

court had neither prohibited back-striking nor provided “notice of the system to be used” prior to

initiating jury selection. Moss, 108 Ill. 2d at 275; Walls, 2022 IL App (1st) 200167, ¶ 38.

¶ 45 A defendant “retains the constitutional right to choose to represent himself in a criminal

trial no matter how unwise that decision may be,” as long as he was properly admonished in

accordance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 401 (eff. July 1, 1984), which the record shows

occurred here. People v. Palmer, 382 Ill. App. 3d 1151, 1158 (2008). A pro se defendant “must

comply with the rules of procedure required of those represented by counsel, and a court should

not apply more lenient standards to a pro se defendant.” People v. Stevenson, 2011 IL App (1st)

093413, ¶ 39. “This is so because when a defendant represents himself, he assumes the

responsibility for conducting his own defense and is not entitled to favored treatment.” People v.

Fowler, 222 Ill. App. 3d 157, 163 (1991) (citing People v. Amos, 204 Ill. App. 3d 75, 80-81 (1990)).

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¶ 46 Here, the trial court admonished defendant multiple times that he would receive no special

treatment. The record demonstrates that defendant, who had established his familiarity with the

legal process during previous proceedings involving similarly charged crimes, fully understood

the nature of the proceedings and was clearly able to assist in his own defense. Palmer, 382 Ill.

App. 3d at 1157; see People v. Johnson, 206 Ill. 2d 348, 361-62 (2002) (a defendant is considered

to be fit if he understands the nature of the proceedings and can assist in his own defense).

However, regardless of whether a party proceeds pro se, the court is “ultimately responsible for

conducting voir dire in a manner that assures the selection of an impartial panel of jurors free from

prejudice or bias” and provides the parties an intelligent basis on which to exercise any challenges.

Metcalfe, 202 Ill. 2d at 552. With the above principles in mind, we now address the State’s

contention that defendant failed to preserve his right to challenge the selection of venirepersons 33

and 41.

¶ 47 B. Preservation and Forfeiture

¶ 48 Defendant argues that his challenge to the jury selection process is preserved for review,

particularly as to venireperson 41. He contends that the trial court committed reversible error

regarding the selection of venireperson 41 and acknowledges in his reply brief that his challenge

to venireperson 33 is not included in his posttrial motion. In its response, the State argues that

defendant untimely attempted to excuse venirepersons 33 and 41, and that plain error is

inapplicable because the court did not commit a clear or obvious error when it seated those jurors.

¶ 49 To preserve an issue for review, a defendant must raise an objection both at trial and in his

posttrial motion. People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 611-12 (2010). Our supreme court has

explained that “waiver” is “the voluntary relinquishment of a known right,” whereas “forfeiture

applies to issues that could have been raised but were not.” People v. Phipps, 238 Ill. 2d 54, 62

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(2010). In short, forfeiture “ ‘ “is the failure to make the timely assertion of the right.” ’ ” Id.

(quoting People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 444 n. 2 (2005), quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S.

725, 733 (1993)).

¶ 50 Our supreme court has held that “[t]he failure to challenge a juror for cause or by

peremptory challenge waives any objection to that juror.” People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 271

(1985); see People v. White, 353 Ill. App. 3d 905, 913 (2004); People v. Brooks, 185 Ill. App. 3d

935, 939 (1989). Further, “once a juror has been accepted and sworn, neither party has the right to

challenge.” Brooks, 185 Ill. App. 3d at 939. The court in Brooks also stated:

“Once a prospective juror is accepted, the accepting party no longer has the right

to peremptorily challenge that juror. However, if the accepted juror has not yet been

sworn, the trial court may in its discretion allow the party a peremptory challenge

where the court is shown that new information has been revealed which, if it had

been known prior to acceptance, would have prompted the party to exercise a

peremptory challenge.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. (citing People v. Scheidt, 113 Ill.

App. 3d 632, 637 (1983)).

¶ 51 With these principles of forfeiture in mind, we now address whether defendant forfeited

his challenges to the seating of venirepersons 33 and 41 on the jury.

¶ 52 1. Venireperson 33

¶ 53 During jury selection, the trial court told defendant that he could first question venireperson

33, who was not initially part of the first panel but was called to replace venireperson 25. He

declined to question her, after which the State elicited that her ex-husband had committed domestic

violence against her and that she had witnessed her sister sustain injuries due to domestic violence.

When the State asked venireperson 33 whether anything about that experience would cause her

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not to be fair and impartial, she responded, “I don’t think so.” The State finished questioning her

and stated, “[w]e would accept her.”

¶ 54 Defendant never expressly stated that he had accepted the panel and was not asked. He had

merely told the trial court that he had no questions for venireperson 33. The court never informed

defendant that his decision to decline questioning a venireperson resulted in the acceptance of that

prospective juror to the panel. Immediately after the State expressed to the court that it had

accepted venireperson 33, the court stated, “the potential jurors in the first panel have now been

accepted as jurors, so the four of you will be jurors in this case.” The court provided defendant

with no opportunity to challenge venireperson 33 because it then recessed for lunch. After

returning from lunch, while the second panel was being questioned, defendant told the court,

“[b]efore the break, it was sort of abrupt, I didn’t get a chance to thank and excuse the lady in the

red jacket in the first row.” The court stated that defendant could only question the venirepersons

in the second panel, not allowing him to challenge venireperson 33.

¶ 55 Defendant’s posttrial motion did not challenge the inclusion of venireperson 33 on the jury,

but he argues that the trial court ignored his challenge against venireperson 33. The record shows

that defendant challenged “the lady in the red jacket,” however, the record does not include any

identification establishing whether venireperson 33 was “the lady in the red jacket in the first row,”

as he claims. Defendant has not provided this court with any additional record evidence to clarify

whether he, in fact, challenged the inclusion of venireperson 33 during jury selection. Accordingly,

we have insufficient information for this court to grant relief as to the inclusion of venireperson 33

on the jury.

¶ 56 Nevertheless, our supreme court has held that, “[w]hile a prospective juror may be removed

for cause when that person’s ‘views would prevent or substantially impair the performance of his

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duties as a juror’ [citation], an equivocal response does not require that a juror be excused for

cause.” People v. Buss, 187 Ill. 2d 144, 187 (1999) (quoting People v. Armstrong, 183 Ill. 2d 130,

143 (1998), and citing People v. Williams, 173 Ill. 2d 48, 67 (1996)). Venireperson 33 described

her personal experience with domestic violence, but when the State asked her whether anything

about that experience would cause her not to be fair and impartial, she responded, “I don’t think

so.” Venireperson 33 did not respond in an equivocal manner as to her ability to be a fair and

impartial juror, despite her personal history with domestic violence. “An equivocal response by a

prospective juror does not necessitate striking the prospective juror for cause where the prospective

juror later states that he will try to disregard his bias.” People v. Hobley, 159 Ill. 2d 272, 297

(1994). Accordingly, viewing venireperson 33’s voir dire responses as a whole, we find the trial

court’s decision to seat venireperson 33 on the jury was not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

¶ 57 2. Venireperson 41

¶ 58 The trial court called venireperson 41 onto the second panel of prospective jurors after

defendant had exercised a peremptory challenge against venireperson 2. At that point, defendant

had exercised only two of his seven allotted peremptory challenges. The court told defendant “you

may question this juror,” but he declined. The court then stated, “[y]ou do not have any questions

for her. All right.” The court stated that it was going to accept the panel when the State interrupted

and sought to question venireperson 41. The State elicited from venireperson 41 that her father had

committed domestic violence against her mother and that she had witnessed an act of domestic

violence against a friend. When the State asked her whether her experience with domestic violence

would cause her to be biased at trial, she responded, “[i]t might. I can’t really say it won’t.” The

State did not ask any further questions, accepted the panel, and tendered the panel back to the

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court. Defendant then tried to exercise a peremptory challenge, but the court stated, “[n]o, you’ve

accepted the panel.” Defendant responded that he did not accept the panel. The court next stated

that “the individuals in the second panel have now been selected as jurors” and called in the third

panel of venirepersons.

¶ 59 Here, defendant clearly attempted to exercise a peremptory challenge immediately after

the State accepted and tendered the panel back to the trial court, which ignored defendant’s

challenge. Defendant never expressly accepted the second panel of prospective jurors. The court

never asked defendant if he accepted the panel and never informed him that his decision to decline

the questioning of venireperson 41 amounted to his acceptance of her to the panel. Even if we

accepted the court’s precipitous procedure of accepting the panels in this case, the court did not

foreclose the ability to back-strike after acceptance. Nonetheless, defendant attempted to challenge

peremptorily venireperson 41 and also raised this challenge in his posttrial motion. Therefore, he

did not forfeit his right to challenge the seating of venireperson 41 on the jury.

¶ 60 However, even if we were to assume that defendant forfeited his right to challenge the

seating of venireperson 41 on the jury, this court may address an issue that has been forfeited if the

error is so serious that it denied defendant a fair and impartial trial. Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a) (eff. Jan.

1, 1967). The plain error rule allows consideration of unpreserved errors “affecting substantial

rights,” to protect the integrity of the judicial process. People v. Wembley, 342 Ill. App. 3d 129,

138 (2003); see People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 179 (2005). Plain error under these

circumstances is established if the defendant can show the selected jury was biased. People v.

Morales, 2012 IL App (1st) 101911, ¶ 59. “Absent evidence that the instant defendant did not

receive a fair trial before a fair and unbiased jury, there is no basis to find plain error.” Id. ¶ 60.

Although not required under the circumstances here, we may nevertheless consider defendant’s

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contention under the plain error exception to forfeiture because the issue affects the constitutional

right to a fair trial. People v. Bowman, 325 Ill. App. 3d 411, 424 (2001); see also People v. Gardner,

348 Ill. App. 3d 479, 489 (2004) (“Defense counsel’s failure to object to the trial court’s manner

of conducting the jury selection process does not prevent us from considering the issue under the

plain error exception to the waiver rule.”). Furthermore, “ ‘ “forfeiture is a limitation on the parties

and not the reviewing court, and we may overlook forfeiture where necessary to obtain a just result

or maintain a sound body of precedent.” ’ ” People v. Acosta, 2024 IL App (2d) 230475, ¶ 15

(quoting People v. Wetzel-Connor, 2023 IL App (2d) 230348-U, ¶ 26, quoting People v. Holmes,

2016 IL App (1st) 132357, ¶ 65). Accordingly, we now consider whether the aforementioned jury

selection and empanelling process denied defendant a fair trial.

¶ 61 C. Fair Trial Before an Impartial Jury

¶ 62 Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it ruled that his decision to

decline questioning of venirepersons precluded him from later challenging those prospective jurors

after they had revealed their biases. Defendant contends that even an experienced attorney could

not have been expected to know the court’s idiosyncratic method of jury selection well enough to

anticipate that “I have no questions’ would be interpreted by the court as “I accept the panel.” The

court never instructed defendant that every time he declined to ask questions of a prospective juror,

he would be deemed to have accepted that juror and panel to be seated on the jury.

¶ 63 The State responds that the trial court “informed defendant he had the right to question the

jurors before accepting them,” without providing this court with a citation to the report of

proceedings to support this statement. Indeed, a thorough review of the record simply does not

confirm the State’s contention. While the State correctly notes that the court had no obligation to

coach the pro se defendant regarding jury selection procedure, the court nevertheless has the

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obligation to conduct jury selection consistent with Rule 434 and in a manner that prevents the

seating of a biased jury. The State argues that the court allowed defendant to question venireperson

41 and he chose not to do so; therefore, he was afforded a fair opportunity to detect bias or hostility

from venireperson 41. Further, the State contends that venireperson 41 was not actually biased

and, thus, defendant was not deprived of a fair trial before an impartial jury.

¶ 64 Here, the cascade of events that led to the seating of venireperson 41 began with the trial

court’s failure to provide the parties with notice of its procedure for empaneling a jury. Rule 434(a)

provides the court with the procedure to empanel juries in criminal cases, in which “the parties

shall pass upon and accept the jury in panels of four, commencing with the State, unless the court,

in its discretion, directs otherwise.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 434(a) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013).

¶ 65 In Moss, our supreme court determined whether Rule 434(a) granted the trial court

discretion “to prohibit parties from peremptorily challenging those prospective jurors the party has

passed upon and tendered.” 108 Ill. 2d at 272. In that case, before jury selection, the trial court

“advised opposing counsel that once a side passed upon a panel of four prospective jurors and

tendered the panel to the other side, the side tendering the panel would not be allowed to challenge

a venireman previously tendered.” Id. at 273. “After the opponent excused a member of the

tendered panel, accepted another juror, then retendered the panel, the first side could, however,

challenge the venireman who was substituted.” Id. The court overruled the defendant’s objection

to this procedure. Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that Rule 434(a) does not provide the court

with discretion to prohibit peremptory challenges of jurors previously passed upon and tendered

by the challenging party. Id. at 274. The defendant also contended that his peremptory rights were

impaired by the court’s procedure. Id.

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¶ 66 The supreme court explained that the provision in Rule 434(a), “unless the court in its

discretion, directs otherwise,” allows the trial court “to modify the traditional procedure of

impaneling juries, and to dispense with the traditional power of back-striking.” Id. at 275.

However, this discretion to alter the usual procedure for exercising peremptory challenges is

limited to whether “both parties have adequate notice of the system to be used and the method

chosen does not unduly restrict the use of challenges.” Id.

¶ 67 The Moss court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it prohibited back-

striking because it “neither denied nor impaired defendant’s peremptory right,” and instead

“defined when the right was to be exercised.” Id. at 276. Relevant here, the supreme court further

stated that “[a] procedural limitation upon peremptory challenges does not deny or impair the

peremptory right if the procedure affords both parties fair opportunity to detect bias or hostility on

the part of prospective jurors, and if the procedure allows both parties a fair chance to peremptorily

excuse any venireman.” Id. Importantly, the trial court, “prior to initiating voir dire, expressly

notified both parties of its prohibition against back-striking, and the court questioned in detail each

of the prospective jurors.” Id. The defendant had tendered the panel, including the subject

venireperson, after having had full opportunity to excuse her by peremptory challenge. Id. The

record did not indicate bias or prejudice on the part of that venireperson or any of the other jurors.

Id. The trial court, “by limiting the time at which peremptory challenges could be made, did not

impair defendant’s peremptory right.” Id. at 277.

¶ 68 More recently, the First District in Walls found that the trial court’s use of an alternative

jury empaneling process did not impair the defendant’s right to peremptory challenges and that

any error in the court’s refusal to remove two potential jurors, who were victims of similar crimes,

was not grounds for reversal. 2022 IL App (1st) 200167, ¶¶ 41-43. There, the defendant was

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convicted of vehicular invasion. Id. ¶ 1. On appeal, he argued that the trial court failed to provide

timely notice of its jury selection procedure, which precluded him from adequately questioning

potential jurors. Id. ¶ 31. He also contended that because he was required to exercise his challenges

contemporaneously with the State, the number of those challenges were, in effect, reduced. Id. The

trial court’s jury selection procedure involved calling 30 potential jurors at the same time into the

venire and questioning each regarding their background and potential biases. Id. ¶ 32. Two of the

prospective jurors stated that they had been victims of similar crimes with which the defendant

was charged. Id. Both venirepersons, “C.S.” and “V.P.”, stated that they could nonetheless be fair

and impartial jurors. Id.

¶ 69 In contrast to the jury selection procedure in Moss, the trial court in Walls instructed how

the jury would be empaneled after allowing the defense and the State the opportunity to question

the jury. Id. ¶ 33. Under this procedure:

“First, the State and defense would identify in writing, and by number and name,

the jurors whom they sought to dismiss for cause and, second, those they wished to

strike peremptorily. The court stated that both the State and defense would submit

their lists at the same time. They would discuss cause first, but there was no ‘back

striking.’ Thus, if they struck the same potential juror, the strike would count against

both parties. The court overruled defendant’s objection to this process several

times.” Id. ¶ 33.

¶ 70 The defense attempted to strike C.S. and V.P. for cause, but the trial court denied this

request because they previously had stated during questioning that they could be fair and impartial.

Id. ¶ 34. The trial court also denied the defense’s request to question them further because it had

the opportunity earlier and had chosen not to do so. Id. Nevertheless, the trial court stated that the

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defense could use a peremptory strike against those individuals. Id. The defense exercised

peremptory challenges against C.S. and V.P. Id. ¶ 35. The defendant argued that the trial court

abused its discretion “by providing notice of this alternate process only after the venire was

questioned.” Id. ¶ 39. He claimed that the lack of notice “caused him to miss an opportunity to

further question [C.S.] after unsuccessfully moving to strike him for cause and to lose a peremptory

strike since both parties struck the same juror.” Id.

¶ 71 The Walls court first noted that Moss did not hold that notification of an alternate

empaneling procedure is required before initiating voir dire. Id. ¶ 40. Rather, the trial court’s

alternate method of informing the parties about the empaneling procedure after questioning the

venire did not limit the parties’ ability to detect juror bias or hostility, “which is the key factor

according to Moss.” Id. Defense counsel in Walls “had ample opportunity to question [C.S.] during

voir dire about his crime-victim status but chose not to do so.” Id. ¶ 41. The reviewing court stated

that the defendant did not identify how knowledge of the trial court’s alternate empaneling

procedure would have changed the defendant’s practices. Id. The defendant “also does not argue

on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in conducting the voir dire or in refusing to

dismiss [C.S.] for cause” because C.S. stated that he could be fair and impartial. Id. Further, even

assuming error, “the failure to remove a juror for cause is grounds for reversal only if the defense

has exercised all of its peremptory challenges and the objectionable juror was allowed to sit on the

jury.” Id. ¶ 42 (citing People v. Pendleton, 279 Ill. App. 3d 669, 675 (1996)). The defendant never

argued that he was forced to accept an objectionable juror after exhausting all his peremptory

challenges. Id. The Walls court concluded that the defendant failed to demonstrate that he was

deprived of an impartial jury. Id.

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¶ 72 The instant case is distinguishable from both Moss and Walls in that the trial court here

provided absolutely no instruction whatsoever regarding the jury empaneling process, other than

to inform defendant that he had seven peremptory challenges. Unlike Walls, the timing issue of

when to provide instruction of the jury empaneling process does not arise here because the timing

of those instructions is not at issue. Imperative in this case is the trial court’s failure to provide the

parties with any guidelines as to how voir dire would be conducted. The trial court did not inform

the parties about the empaneling procedure at all, much less sufficiently enough to avoid

“limit[ing] their ability to detect juror bias or hostility.” Id. ¶ 40. Fatally, the trial court also never

informed the parties what constituted their acceptance of either a venireperson or a panel. The

record shows that the court did not deny defendant the opportunity to question the panel and

particularly venireperson 41. However, if the trial court had provided any guidance regarding voir

dire procedure, defendant might have been able to surmise that his decision to decline questioning

of a particular venireperson would be tantamount to his acceptance of that venireperson to the

panel. Although we recognize that Moss did not hold that notification of an alternate procedure is

required before initiating voir dire, the supreme court stated that the parties must have “adequate

notice of the system to be used,” and that the method chosen should not “unduly restrict the use of

challenges.” Moss, 108 Ill. 2d at 275. 2 Here, because the trial court failed to provide any instruction

as to the method and manner of how jury selection would be conducted before proceeding, the

record clearly shows that defendant was unaware of what constituted his acceptance of a panel.

2 The record contains no standing orders or any other forms of notice of the trial court’s

voir dire procedures.

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¶ 73 In this case, the trial court’s failure to provide notice of the jury empaneling procedure both

impaired and denied this defendant a fair chance to exercise his peremptory right to excuse

venireperson 41, who had clearly expressed that her personal experience with domestic violence

would cause her to be biased at trial. Id. at 276. When asked whether her experience would cause

her to be biased, she responded, “[i]t might. I can’t really say it won’t.” Contrary to the State’s

argument, her response was not equivocal. Venireperson 41 clearly indicated that she was not

prepared to exercise her personal judgment, favoring neither prosecution nor accused, standing

indifferent to both, and guided only by law and the evidence in the performance of her duties as a

juror. Hobbs, 35 Ill. 2d at 270.

¶ 74 Although the trial court allowed defendant to ask venireperson 41 questions and he

declined, he was clearly unaware of the court’s presumption that to decline questioning of a

venireperson meant that he had accepted that venireperson to sit on the jury. The record shows that

even the State was confused by the procedure because it needed to interrupt the circuit court in

order to request its turn to ask venireperson 41 questions after the court had stated that it was going

to accept the panel. Venireperson 41’s bias was revealed only during the State’s questioning, after

which the court immediately accepted the second panel of jurors despite defendant’s attempted

peremptory challenge. Neither the State nor the court attempted to ask any follow up questions to

inquire whether venireperson 41 could be a fair and impartial juror in this case. Further, the trial

court failed to explain challenges for cause prior to voir dire, which is significant when considering

that venireperson 41 stated that she could not be a fair and impartial juror. See Harris, 196 Ill. App.

3d at 676-77.

¶ 75 Here, the manifest weight of the evidence shows that, because the trial court failed to

provide notice of any procedure, jury selection was conducted in such a manner that it created the

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risk that a party could “accept” a venireperson according to the court’s unexplained procedure of

acceptance, only to have a venireperson reveal bias when answering questions from the other party.

That risk came to fruition in this case. Defendant did not knowingly accept venireperson 41, whose

background revealed witnessing close family members experience the same crimes alleged against

this defendant. Venireperson 41 admitted her bias before the trial court, yet the court sought to

move forward with jury selection instead of considering defendant’s peremptory challenge.

¶ 76 Moreover, the State’s reliance on Villa is misplaced. There, the defendant was convicted of

aggravated battery, armed robbery, and attempted murder. Villa, 93 Ill. App. 3d at 196, 197. On

appeal, he argued that the trial court erred when it refused to allow him to exercise a peremptory

challenge against a prospective juror. Id. at 200. He contended that after the defense accepted the

first panel and tendered it to the State, which also accepted the panel, he attempted to have

venireman “J.S.” removed for cause, after he responded, “I guess I have to,” to the question of

whether he could sign a not guilty verdict. Id. The court had denied the defendant’s challenge for

cause and his peremptory challenge. Id.

¶ 77 The Villa court found no evidence of bias in J.S.’s answer, considering that he was subject

to extensive voir dire by both parties. Id. at 201. The reviewing court concluded that the trial court

did not err when it refused to allow the defendant to exercise a peremptory challenge after both

sides had accepted the panel. Id.

¶ 78 Here, even if both parties had accepted the panel, Villa is distinguishable because unlike

J.S., venireperson 41 had clearly expressed bias in her response to the question of whether she

could be fair and impartial. Further, contrary to the State’s argument, if a “party seeking to

challenge a juror after accepting him had shown the court that information had reached him for the

first time which, if he had known, would have caused him to peremptorily challenge the juror, it

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would have been within the court’s power to allow the party the peremptory challenge.” Scheidt,

113 Ill. App. 3d at 632. It is within the trial court’s discretion to allow a peremptory challenge of a

juror that a party had previously accepted but who had not been sworn. Id. Even after venireperson

41 had expressed clear bias, the trial court had the discretion to allow defendant a peremptory

challenge to excuse her. Id. Indeed, once the trial court becomes aware of potential bias, the court

should ask the prospective juror whether the existence of that opinion would prevent the juror from

judging the facts fairly and impartially at trial. If the prospective juror answers that it might prevent

him or her from reaching a fair and impartial verdict, then the trial court should excuse the juror.

Harris, 196 Ill. App. 3d at 677. The failure of the trial court to do so here resulted in the seating of

a biased juror and thus deprived defendant of the right to a fair trial before an impartial jury.

¶ 79 In sum, the trial court abused its discretion because it failed to inform the parties of its

method of conducting jury selection early enough to avoid limiting defendant’s ability to detect

juror bias and hostility. Moss, 108 Ill. 2d at 275-76; Walls, 2022 IL App (1st) 200167, ¶ 40, 42.

Furthermore, the lack of any notice of the court’s nontraditional method impeded defendant’s

ability to exercise peremptory challenges against venirepersons who had expressed potential bias.

Moss, 108 Ill. 2d at 275-76; Walls, 2022 IL App (1st) 200167, ¶ 40, 42. Indeed, once venireperson

41’s bias or hostility was detected through the State’s questioning, the court’s voir dire procedure

did not allow defendant a fair chance to peremptorily excuse her. Daniels, 172 Ill. 2d at 165; Moss,

108 Ill. 2d at 276. Ultimately, this conduct thwarted the purpose of voir dire, namely, “the selection

of a jury free from bias or prejudice.” Rinehart, 2012 IL 111719, ¶ 16.

¶ 80 In Johnson, the defendant was found guilty of first degree murder and the reviewing court

considered whether the trial court abused its discretion when it denied the defendant’s challenges

of certain venirepersons for cause. The Johnson court found that the trial court violated the

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defendant’s right to a fair and impartial jury. 215 Ill. App. 3d at 724. The court stated as to the

inclusion of the subject venirepersons on the jury:

“Mr. Milkovich, Mr. Welch, and Mr. Swope were crime victims or they had

close friends or relatives who were victims of violent crimes. In addition, they

equivocated when first asked whether they could be fair and impartial. For these

reasons, they should have been dismissed for cause. *** The three aforementioned

jurors expressed self-doubt with respect to their ability to be impartial. Therefore,

we find that the trial judge’s determination with respect to Messrs. Milkovich,

Welch, and Swope was against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. at 725.

The Johnson court concluded that the defendant was denied his right to an impartial jury and

reversed and remanded the cause for a new trial. Id. at 726.

¶ 81 “The denial or impairment of the peremptory right is reversible error without a showing of

prejudice to the defendant.” Moss, 108 Ill. 2d at 276. Here, because the requisite showing of

impairment to peremptory challenge has been established, we presume prejudice to defendant’s

right to a fair trial. Daniels, 172 Ill. 2d at 165. Our supreme court has held that even if evidence of

a defendant’s guilt was sufficient, issues involving the right to a fair trial by a panel of impartial

jurors cannot be disposed of by the harmless error rule. Cole, 54 Ill. 2d at 411; see People v. Adkins,

239 Ill. 2d 1, 20 (2010). In this case, defendant was denied his right to an impartial jury, resulting

in the denial of a fair trial. Therefore, we reverse the verdict and remand this cause for a new trial.

Moss, 108 Ill. 2d at 275-76; Johnson, 215 Ill. App. 3d at 726.

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¶ 82 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 83 Based on the foregoing, we reverse the jury verdict and judgment of the circuit court of

De Kalb County and remand this cause for a new trial.

¶ 84 Reversed and remanded.

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People v. Prince, 2024 IL App (2d) 230027

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of De Kalb County, No. 19-CF- 0094; the Hon. Marcy Buick, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Lilien, and Fletcher P. Hamill, of for State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Elgin, for appellant. Appellant:

Attorneys Richard D. Amato, State’s Attorney, of Sycamore (Patrick for Delfino, Edward R. Psenicka, and Diane L. Campbell, of State’s Appellee: Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

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