People v. Cavazos

2023 IL App (2d) 220066, 232 N.E.3d 80

Opinion

2023 IL App (2d) 220066 No. 2-22-0066 Opinion filed June 22, 2023 ______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court OF ILLINOIS, ) of Kane County. ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 08-CF-3321 ) JOSHUA CAVAZOS, ) Honorable ) Donald Tegeler Jr., Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Kennedy and Schostok concurred in the judgment and opinion. Justice Schostok also specially concurred, with opinion.

OPINION

¶1 In 2011, a jury convicted defendant, Joshua Cavazos, of two counts of first degree murder

(720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2006)), attempted first degree murder (id. §§ 8-4(a), 9-

1(a)(1)), unlawful possession of a stolen motor vehicle (625 ILCS 5/4-103(a)(1) (West 2006)), and

aggravated discharge of a firearm (720 ILCS 5/24-1.2(a)(2) (West 2006)) for crimes he committed

in 2007, when he was 17 years old. Further, regarding the first degree murder and attempted-

murder convictions, the jury found that defendant personally discharged the firearm used in those

crimes. The trial court denied defendant’s posttrial motion, but granted, in part, his motion to

reconsider his sentence and, ultimately, sentenced him to an aggregate of 75 years’ imprisonment. 2023 IL App (2d) 220066

¶2 On appeal, this court rejected defendant’s arguments concerning the sufficiency of the

evidence, jury instructions, proof of specific intent for the attempted murder, and, overall, the

constitutionality of his sentence. People v. Cavazos, 2015 IL App (2d) 120171 (Cavazos I).

However, our supreme court entered a supervisory order, directing us to vacate our prior judgment

and to consider the effect of People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, on the issue of whether defendant’s

sentence constituted an unconstitutional de facto life sentence, warranting a different result. People

v. Cavazos, No. 119208 (Ill. Mar. 25, 2020) (supervisory order) (Cavazos II). Pursuant to those

instructions and upon further review, we affirmed defendant’s conviction but vacated his sentence

and remanded for a new sentencing hearing. People v. Cavazos, 2020 IL App (2d) 120171-B

(Cavazos III).

¶3 Presently, defendant appeals from the trial court’s imposition of a 50-year aggregate

sentence on remand. For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶4 I. BACKGROUND

¶5 A. Trial

¶6 Detailed facts concerning the trial proceedings were set forth in Cavazos I, 2015 IL App

(2d) 120171, ¶¶ 7-61. For context, however, we summarize that, on January 20, 2007, 15-year-old

Oscar Rodriguez and his girlfriend, Claudia Lozano, were walking along High Street near Grove

Street in Aurora. A sport utility vehicle drove past, with occupants throwing gang signs and yelling

gang slogans, and, then, four gunshots were fired, killing Rodriguez and injuring Lozano.

Defendant, age 17, and his brother, Justin Cavazos, age 16, both members of the Insane Deuces

street gang, were charged in connection with the incident. In 2011, the brothers were tried

simultaneously (in adult court) by separate juries.

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¶7 As previously noted, the jury convicted defendant of two counts of first degree murder and

found that he personally discharged the firearm that proximately caused Rodriguez’s death. The

jury also convicted defendant of attempted first degree murder and found that he personally

discharged the firearm used in that crime. Finally, the jury found defendant guilty of aggravated

discharge of a firearm and unlawful possession of a stolen motor vehicle.

¶8 B. Sentencing

¶9 On January 18, 2012, the trial court denied defendant’s motion for a new trial and

proceeded to sentencing.

¶ 10 In announcing its sentence, the court noted that, while defendant was apparently a “very

nice” young man and a gifted athlete in his early years, his behavior altered after a custody

modification. The court recounted that defendant’s criminal history included a few minor offenses,

but also a Class 3 felony; defendant had declined to participate in an interview concerning his

background; and defendant had a young daughter and a family who would all be impacted by the

imposed sentence. The court commented that, at a young age, defendant chose the Insane Deuces

over many wonderful things in his life, including his freedom. It sentenced defendant to 25 years’

imprisonment for first degree murder (see 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(a) (West 2006) (providing range

of 20 to 60 years)), with a 25-year add-on for personally discharging the firearm that caused

Rodriguez’s death (see id. § 5-8-1(a)(1)(d)(iii) (add-on may be 25 years to natural life)). The court

sentenced defendant to 10 years’ imprisonment for attempted first degree murder (see id. § 5-8-

1(a)(3) (providing range of 6 to 30 years)), with a 20-year add-on for personally discharging the

firearm (see id. § 5-8-1(a)(1)(d)(ii)). The murder and attempted-murder sentences were to be

served consecutively (see id. § 5-8-4(d)). Finally, the court sentenced defendant to three years’

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imprisonment for possession of a stolen motor vehicle (see id. § 5-8-1(a)(5) (providing range of

three to seven years)), to run concurrently with the attempted-murder sentence.

¶ 11 Defendant moved to reconsider the sentence, asking that the court grant the minimum

aggregate sentence (which, at the time and under these circumstances, was 71 years’

imprisonment), rather than the 80 years imposed, as the imposed sentence did not adequately take

into account his rehabilitative potential. On February 12, 2012, the court granted the motion in

part, reducing the murder sentence by 5 years (i.e., to the minimum of 20 years), resulting in an

aggregate 75-year sentence.

¶ 12 C. Appellate Proceedings

¶ 13 On direct appeal, defendant raised multiple arguments, including a challenge to the

constitutionality of the statutory provisions that resulted in his trial in adult court and his ultimate

sentence. He argued that the confluence of his mandatory transfer to adult court and the application

to juveniles of mandatory firearm enhancements, mandatory consecutive sentencing, adult

sentencing ranges, and “truth in sentencing” provisions did not permit consideration of his

youthfulness at the time of the offense and, thus, his sentence was unconstitutional. We rejected

his arguments. Cavazos I, 2015 IL App (2d) 120171, ¶¶ 92-102. However, we questioned whether

the General Assembly should revisit the juvenile sentencing scheme, and we found “particularly

troubling” the limitations placed upon a sentencing court’s discretion when mandatory sentencing

enhancements applied to a juvenile offender. Id. ¶¶ 101-02.

¶ 14 Thereafter, our supreme court denied defendant’s petition for leave to appeal, but, as noted,

it directed this court to vacate our prior decision and to consider the effect, if any, of Buffer—

which held that a term of imprisonment exceeding 40 years constitutes a de facto life sentence for

a juvenile (Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶¶ 41-42)—on defendant’s sentence. Cavazos II, No. 119208

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(Ill. Mar. 25, 2020) (supervisory order). Upon review, we summarized the evolution of juvenile

sentencing law, determined that defendant’s sentence violated the eighth amendment, vacated the

sentence, and remanded for a new sentencing hearing. Cavazos III, 2020 IL App (2d) 120171-B,

¶¶ 23-26. In our concluding paragraphs, we noted that, consistent with the prevailing juvenile-

sentencing standards at the time of remand, “ ‘[o]n remand, the trial court could once again impose

a de facto life sentence only if it determines that the defendant is beyond rehabilitation.’ ” Id. ¶ 25

(quoting People v. Reyes, 2020 IL App (2d) 180237, ¶ 32).

¶ 15 D. Sentencing on Remand

¶ 16 On February 16, 2022, defendant’s new sentencing hearing commenced before Judge

Donald J. Tegeler (the original sentencing judge, Timothy Sheldon, had retired).

¶ 17 The presentence investigation reflected that defendant is a father figure to two children

(one his biological child) and speaks to them multiple times per week. He is no longer affiliated

with the Insane Deuces or any street gang, and he wishes to work with at-risk youth. Defendant

submitted 12 letters of support from family members and friends; numerous certificates, reflecting

his completion of several courses while incarcerated; GED results, reflecting that he has passed

the language arts, reading, and social studies sections of that exam; and a perfect score on a

computer programming exam. In addition, defendant submitted an academic paper concerning

juvenile development for sentencing purposes and a report of an evaluation of defendant by Dr.

James Garbarino, a psychologist and child and adolescent development consultant. Dr. Garbarino

opined that the circumstances of defendant’s youth contributed to his immature impulsiveness and

entry into a street gang. Further, Garbarino opined that defendant had matured since the offense,

his adult development has taken a “decidedly positive direction,” he is not “irreparably corrupt,”

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and he is “well positioned developmentally and socially to make the transition from prison to

success in the outside world.”

¶ 18 Defendant’s stepfather, Mike Loken, testified that defendant had lived with him and

defendant’s mother prior to his arrest in this case. Defendant worked two jobs—a full-time day

job as a carpenter with Loken and a part-time night job at a movie theater—while caring for his

one-year-old daughter, who also lived with them. According to Loken, defendant has matured and,

over the years, has improved his ability to handle anger and impatience.

¶ 19 Defendant made a statement in allocution. In part, he apologized to Rodriguez’s family and

his own. Defendant explained that he has learned from his mistakes and he hopes to rejoin society

and deter youth from participating in gang activities.

¶ 20 The State stated that it would again rely on the evidence it had used at the original

sentencing, as well as four impact statements from Rodriguez’s family. Further, it presented

testimony from two officers, both describing encounters that they had with defendant in 2007, one

in which he asked when the last time was that an Aurora police officer had been killed and the

other when he was present, but not the shooter, when shots were fired at a Latin Kings member.

¶ 21 The trial court noted the changes in juvenile sentencing since Judge Sheldon had imposed

the original sentence. It noted that credit towards time served may be considered and that the new

parole statute for persons under the age of 21 at the time of the offense, section 5-4.5-115(b) of the

Unified Code of Corrections (Code) (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115(b) (West 2020)), now offered

defendant a “meaningful opportunity” for release after serving 20 years. See Graham v. Florida,

560 U.S. 48, 75 (2010) (“[T]he State must *** give [a juvenile convicted of a nonhomicide

offense] some meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and

rehabilitation.”). The court rejected defendant’s argument that, because parole, unlike day-for-day

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credit, is discretionary, it is not a meaningful opportunity for release. The court noted that

defendant possessed “a lot of control” over the parole opportunity because, even though the

Prisoner Review Board (Board) ultimately votes and renders the decision, defendant controls how

he behaves, what he does while imprisoned, and how he rehabilitates. Further, the court noted that,

unlike executive clemency, where defendant would not have the opportunity to argue to the

governor, defendant would have a significant say before the Board. The court also noted that it

could not address defendant’s argument concerning whether proposed legislative changes would

restrict the ability to obtain release through parole, as the court could not know what the future

holds.

¶ 22 The court adopted Judge Sheldon’s findings concerning the factors in aggravation and

mitigation, finding those unchanged. The court also addressed each of the factors in section 5-4.5-

105 of the Code, which must be considered before sentencing a defendant who committed an

offense before age 18. See id. § 5-4.5-105. In relevant part, it noted first that, at the time of the

offense, defendant was age 17, just three months shy of his 18th birthday, and, thus, was an older

adolescent. The court acknowledged that defendant experienced peer pressure as a gang member

and was “probably expected to be in a gang” and that “[i]t would take a lot for him to say no based

upon where he was coming up from.” The court found that defendant had a decent family

environment and his family attempted to find him a school out of the area. As for rehabilitation,

the court found that “there is some rehabilitation potential in this gentleman. His record up until

the murder was basically nothing.” The court noted that, during the period the case remained

unsolved, defendant committed another gun offense and served some prison time; however, and

in part due to family support, he did not violate the terms of his parole. The court read “word-for-

word” the report submitted by Dr. Garbarino.

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¶ 23 The court found the circumstances of the offense “horrendous. Plain and simple,” adding,

“I have never understood, I probably never will understand, why if you throw a gang sign one way

or the other that gives somebody the right to put a bullet in your head.” The court disagreed that

the crime was impulsive, finding that it was planned in that the four participants wanted to go shoot

someone from a rival gang, they drove to the area where that could be accomplished, they made a

conscious decision to pass a gun around, and defendant made the decision to pull the trigger.

Defendant was an adolescent at the time, but he “absolutely knew what he was doing”; afterwards,

he was proud of it and changed his nickname and got a tattoo. “He may not be proud of it now,

which shows that he does have rehabilitation potential, and it shows that he might be a decent

human being and a productive member of society[.]” However, “[t]hey did plan this. They just

didn’t plan who it was going to be because they didn’t care who it was. They just wanted to do it.”

And, with respect to defendant’s degree of participation, defendant was the shooter.

¶ 24 The court noted that the State did not argue that defendant was “irretrievable” or

“incorrigible,” and it agreed that defendant did not meet that criteria. It recognized that defendant

had rehabilitative potential and that he had virtually no serious infractions during the roughly 13

years he had been imprisoned. “They have not found him with any weapons and he’s not done

anything violent, so I find that that is another factor that goes to his potential rehabilitation.”

However, the court found that a “stiff sentence” remained appropriate, where four gunshots were

fired, with three hitting and killing Rodriguez, including one to his head, and the fourth hitting and

injuring Lozano. Finally, the court noted that defendant was able to participate in his defense.

¶ 25 The court recognized that the imposition of firearm enhancements is now discretionary (see

id. § 5-4.5-105(b), (c)) and that Buffer held that anything more than 40 “actual years” is a de facto

life sentence, “before the parole issue.” It did not find any reason to increase defendant’s sentence

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from that previously imposed. Ultimately, it sentenced defendant to 20 years’ imprisonment for

first degree murder, to be served at 100%, but declined to impose the 25-year firearm enhancement.

The court imposed a 10-year sentence for attempted murder, to be served at 85%, and elected to

also impose the 20-year firearm enhancement, as was applied in defendant’s original sentence. The

court explained,

“This wasn’t one bullet. This was four bullets. This wasn’t one victim. This was two

victims. Had there not been a gun in this case, we would not have a victim most likely. ***

[H]ad a gun not been involved *** we probably don’t have four bullets flying around the

City of Aurora and two people being shot, one fatally.”

¶ 26 Next, the court explained that, although the aggregate sentence totaled 50 years, part of the

sentence would be served at 85% and, thus, “actual time served” would be a little over 45 years.

Although it acknowledged that figure exceeded the 40-year mark announced in Buffer, it found

that, for two reasons, the sentence was not a de facto life sentence. First, “I find that that is

acceptable in this case because of the new parole statute where he has a meaningful opportunity to

ask for parole after serving 20 years[.]” The court again noted that defendant was in control over

whether he receives parole.

¶ 27 Further, the court continued, defendant would receive credit for the time he had already

served, which was just over 13 years, and it noted:

“So actual time from this sentence, and as I read Buffer, it’s from when I sentence

him, the actual time in cannot be more than 40, actual time in from this case. Because as I

read the law, the original sentence is void. It is gone. It’s history. This is his sentence.

Actual time in, therefore, is about 32 years, eight years under Buffer and he’s still eligible

for parole under the new statute.

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Now, I know there may some argument in relation to that that it is still more than

40, but I find that, number one, the parole statute is a meaningful opportunity and I find

that 45-and-a-half years here because that meaningful opportunity under the parole statute

does not violate Buffer and I believe that when you look at the time served since arguably

at this point he had to start from zero, so I have to assume he’s been in custody for 13 years,

I am not giving him day-for-day credit because, quite frankly, on the murder, he would not

have gotten it anyway. At 13 years, the actual time in the department of corrections is 32-

and-a-half years.”

¶ 28 Defendant moved the court to reconsider, in part asking the court to impose a 30-year

sentence. On March 2, 2022, the court denied the motion. Defendant timely appeals.

¶ 29 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 30 On appeal, defendant raises numerous arguments challenging his sentence. First, defendant

argues that the trial court erred where, to determine whether the “actual time” served would

constitute a de facto life sentence, it subtracted the time he served prior to resentencing. He

contends that, in doing so, the court misapprehended applicable law, violating his right to due

process. Second, defendant argues that, where the court made no finding that he is permanently

incorrigible, its decision to impose a de facto life sentence violated both this court’s mandate and

the eighth amendment to the federal constitution (U.S. Const., amend VIII), the latter, in part

because the parole statute does not afford him a meaningful opportunity for release. Third,

defendant argues that, where the court made no finding that he is permanently incorrigible, its

decision to impose a de facto life sentence violated the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois

Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11). Fourth, defendant contends that his sentence violates

both the eighth amendment and the proportionate penalties clause because the court’s findings

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contradicted Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), were incompatible with Illinois law and

evolving standards of decency, and were improper, requiring reversal. Fifth, defendant argues that

his 50-year sentence is excessive, in light of his youth, significantly diminished moral culpability,

and potential for rehabilitation.

¶ 31 The State responds, with respect to defendant’s first, second, and third arguments, that

defendant did not receive a de facto life sentence in violation of the eighth amendment,

proportionate penalties clause, or this court’s mandate, because the new parole statute affords

defendant a meaningful opportunity for release. Moreover, with respect to defendant’s fourth and

fifth arguments, the State responds that, even though defendant did not receive a de facto life

sentence without the possibility of parole, the court nevertheless properly applied Miller and did

not consider improper factors and, thus, defendant’s sentence cannot, in light of the aggravating

and mitigating factors, be characterized as excessive.

¶ 32 A. Subtraction of Time Served from 40-Year Calculation

¶ 33 Generally, we review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s sentencing decision. See,

e.g., People v. Stacey, 193 Ill. 2d 203, 209-10 (2000). However, when the issue is whether a

sentencing court misapprehended applicable law, our review is de novo. See, e.g., People v.

Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 75 (2003).

¶ 34 We agree with defendant that the trial court apparently misapprehended applicable law.

Specifically, the court imposed a 50-year sentence, comprised of (1) 20 years at 100% for first

degree murder, to be served consecutively to (2) 10 years for attempted murder, plus 20 years for

personally discharging a firearm during the attempted murder, both to be served at 85%. The court

noted that defendant would therefore serve an aggregate term of 45 years but concluded that it was

not imposing a de facto life sentence, in part, because defendant would receive credit for the 13

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years that he had already served prior to resentencing and his “[a]ctual time in, therefore, is about

32 years, eight years under Buffer.” As defendant notes, the court apparently mistakenly believed

that, in considering whether the sentence exceeded the 40-year limit set forth in Buffer, it should

first subtract any time defendant had already served and then simply assess whether the “actual

time” remaining to be served exceeds 40 years. The State does not respond to defendant’s

argument substantively, instead suggesting only that he misrepresents the record. We disagree.

One of the court’s expressed reasons for believing that the 50-year sentence did not exceed Buffer’s

40-year threshold was that only 32 years of “actual time” remained. While Buffer did concern the

amount of time a juvenile offender serves, and held that more than 40 years is equivalent to a life

sentence, nothing in the decision suggests that the figure is derived by subtracting the time already

served and considering only the time to be served going forward. As defendant notes, the court in

Buffer performed no such calculation when holding that the 50-year sentence in that case exceeded

40 years and, thus, was a de facto life sentence, nor did it suggest that the trial court should so

calculate at resentencing on remand. See Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶¶ 42-49. Indeed, the State cites

no authority to suggest that a court should subtract from the aggregate term the amount of time

already served to determine whether the sentence complies with Buffer. In our view, “actual time”

served, and whether that amount exceeds 40 years, includes all time served, not just the amount

remaining to be served after a sentence is imposed.

¶ 35 However, we disagree with defendant that the trial court’s misapprehension of applicable

law warrants a new sentencing hearing. A misapprehension of applicable law warrants a new

sentencing hearing only where the mistake arguably influenced the sentencing decision. People v.

Eddington, 77 Ill. 2d 41, 48 (1979) (but holding, in that case, that the sentencing court’s mistaken

understanding of law was harmless and did not arguably influence the sentence, because it clearly

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had not served as the court’s “reference point” in fashioning the sentence); see also People v.

Myrieckes, 315 Ill. App. 3d 478, 484 (2000) (a sentencing court’s mistaken belief influenced the

sentencing decision if the court’s comments reflect it relied on the mistake as a reference point in

fashioning the sentence; holding the record “suggests” that the sentencing court fashioned the

sentence mistakenly believing that the defendant was eligible for extended-term sentencing when

he was not, which might have contributed to an excessive sentence, even though within the

nonextended range); People v. Hausman, 287 Ill. App. 3d 1069, 1072 (1997) (remanding for a new

sentence hearing where the record was not clear whether the trial court sentenced the defendant to

three years’ imprisonment believing that was the minimum sentence or because it found it a proper

sentence). Here, consideration of time already served was only one piece of the court’s analysis,

and we disagree that it served as the court’s reference point for fashioning the sentence. Indeed,

the record is clear that the court was focused on an alternative basis for its decision, and we may

affirm the court’s decision on any basis supported by the record. See, e.g., People v. Boyd, 2021

IL App (1st) 182584, ¶ 70. Specifically, for the reasons described below, we agree with the court’s

assessment that, despite the number of years, the sentence here does not constitute an

unconstitutional de facto life sentence, because the new parole statute, section 4-4.5-115, offers

defendant a meaningful opportunity for release before 40 years are served.

¶ 36 B. Permanent Incorrigibility and the Eighth Amendment

¶ 37 Defendant next raises numerous arguments concerning the court’s decision to impose,

absent a finding of permanent incorrigibility, a “de facto life sentence,” as well as arguments

concerning whether the new parole statute provides the “meaningful opportunity” (Graham, 560

U.S. at 75) for a juvenile offender’s release contemplated by the federal and state constitutions.

Defendant notes that, according to Buffer, a life sentence for a juvenile is one exceeding 40 years

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and, here, he received 50 years. Further, he notes that the court expressly found that he is not

permanently incorrigible and that he has rehabilitative potential. As such, defendant argues, the

court’s imposition of a de facto life term violated this court’s mandate and the eighth amendment,

which, according to People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40, overruled by People v. Wilson, 2023

IL 127666, ¶ 42, 1 prohibits a life term for a juvenile without a finding of permanent incorrigibility.

¶ 38 We review de novo the question whether a sentence violates the eighth amendment. See

e.g., People v. Johnson, 2018 IL App (1st) 140725, ¶¶ 97-98. For the following reasons, we

disagree that the sentence here violates the eighth amendment.

¶ 39 i. Permanent Incorrigibility

¶ 40 Preliminarily, as context for addressing defendant’s arguments, it is important to remember

that Buffer, coupled with the state and federal case law preceding it, derived from the concern that

juvenile offenders cannot be sentenced to death and cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment

without parole without any meaningful consideration of the attendant circumstances of youth. See

Miller, 567 U.S. at 483 (even for those convicted of homicide, the eighth amendment prohibits “a

sentencing scheme that mandates life in prison without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders”;

however, a court may sentence a juvenile to life without parole if it first adequately considers youth

and its “attendant circumstances” (emphasis added)); Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 74 (2010)

(when imposed on juvenile offenders for crimes other than homicide, a life sentence without the

possibility of parole violates the eighth amendment); Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 568-73

(2005) (capital punishment for juvenile offenders violates the eighth amendment); Holman, 2017

1 As noted below (infra ¶ 44), Holman was overruled after briefing in this case was

complete.

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IL 120655, ¶ 40 (“Miller applies to discretionary sentences of life without parole for juvenile

defendants.” (Emphasis added.)); People v. Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶¶ 9-10 (Miller applies to

sentences that cannot be served in one lifetime and, thus, have the same practical effect on a

juvenile as a mandatory life sentence without parole). As noted, the court in Buffer clarified that a

life sentence for a juvenile includes a term of imprisonment exceeding 40 years. See Buffer, 2019

IL 122327, ¶¶ 41-42.

¶ 41 However, we emphasize that a defining characteristic in the sentences considered in the

foregoing case law was no possibility of parole. Indeed, even in Holman, the case upon which

defendant heavily relies, the court held, “[u]nder Miller and Montgomery [v. Louisiana, 577 U.S.

190, 136 S. Ct. 718 (2016)], a juvenile defendant may be sentenced to life imprisonment without

parole, but only if the trial court determines that the defendant’s conduct showed irretrievable

depravity, permanent incorrigibility, or irreparable corruption beyond the possibility of

rehabilitation.” (Emphasis added.) Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 46. As noted, Miller also discussed

a sentence of life without the possibility of parole and expressed that the attendant circumstances

of youth must be considered before “irrevocably sentencing [juveniles] to a lifetime in prison.”

(Emphasis added.) Miller, 567 U.S. at 480. Moreover, it is relevant that, in Montgomery v.

Louisiana, 577 U.S. 190, 211-12 (2016), the United States Supreme Court discussed life “without

parole” and determined that, rather than resentencing every juvenile who was sentenced to

mandatory life without parole, a state could remedy the constitutional violation by simply

permitting juvenile offenders to be considered for parole. The Court cited favorably Wyoming’s

statute that afforded juveniles the opportunity for parole after 25 years’ imprisonment. Id. at 212.

Further, it noted,

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“[e]xtending parole eligibility to juvenile offenders does not impose an onerous

burden on the States, nor does it disturb the finality of state convictions. Those prisoners

who have shown an inability to reform will continue to serve life sentences. The

opportunity for release will be afforded to those who demonstrate the truth of Miller’s

central intuition—that children who commit even heinous crimes are capable of change.”

Id.

Accordingly, the availability of parole to a juvenile offender is a critical piece in assessing whether

a “life sentence” passes constitutional muster.

¶ 42 In response to Miller and its progeny, this state has taken at least three critical steps towards

rectifying the core concerns implicated when sentencing juvenile offenders, all of which the court

applied to defendant’s sentence here. First, the Miller factors have been codified, and a court

sentencing a juvenile offender is now required to consider in mitigation (1) the person’s age,

impetuosity, and level of maturity at the time of the offense, including the ability to consider risks

and consequences of behavior, and the presence of cognitive or developmental disability, or both,

if any; (2) whether the person was subjected to outside pressure, including peer pressure, familial

pressure, or negative influences; (3) the person’s family, home environment, educational and

social background, including any history of parental neglect, physical abuse, or other childhood

trauma; (4) the person’s potential for rehabilitation or evidence of rehabilitation, or both; (5) the

circumstances of the offense; (6) the person’s degree of participation and specific role in the

offense, including the level of planning by the person before the offense; (7) whether the person

was able to meaningfully participate in his or her defense; (8) the person’s prior juvenile or

criminal history; and (9) any other information the court finds relevant and reliable, including an

expression of remorse, if appropriate, although, if the person chooses not to make a statement on

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advice of counsel, a lack of an expression of remorse shall not be considered as an aggravating

factor. See 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105(a) (West 2016). Second, to the extent that a juvenile defendant

personally discharged a firearm during the offense, sentencing courts now have discretion to apply

firearm enhancements. See 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105(b), (c) (West 2018). Third, nearly all juvenile

offenders now have the possibility of parole. See 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115(b) (West 2020).

Specifically, a juvenile offender convicted of first-degree murder, like defendant here, shall be

eligible for parole review after serving 20 years of his or her sentence. Id.

¶ 43 As such, defendant’s sentence here is not a de facto life sentence without the possibility of

parole, requiring a finding of permanent incorrigibility. Although he received a term of years

exceeding 40, defendant cannot ignore that the court found him eligible for parole or that the

eligibility is triggered at 20 years and, accordingly, before serving the equivalent of a life sentence.

Our conclusion finds support in People v. Beck, 2021 IL App (5th) 200252, ¶¶ 18-26, where the

court rejected a juvenile defendant’s argument that his 80-year sentence was an unconstitutional

de facto life sentence. That decision does not discuss, but also does not reflect, that the sentencing

court made an express finding that the defendant was permanently incorrigible. Nevertheless, the

appellate court affirmed the sentence and, in doing so, disagreed with the defendant’s argument,

similar to that raised by defendant here, that the opportunity for parole is speculative and, therefore,

not a meaningful opportunity for release. Id. ¶ 22. In doing so, the court cited Montgomery, as well

as our supreme court’s decision in People v. Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 56, and determined that

“providing an opportunity to obtain parole remedies the constitutional violation of imposing a life

sentence on a juvenile offender, as it resolves the primary concern of Graham—that a juvenile

may one day change and reenter society.” Beck, 2021 IL App (5th) 200252, ¶ 24; see Dorsey, 2021

IL 123010, ¶ 56 (noting, “[d]espite this lack of certainty in the parole system, the Supreme Court

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has nonetheless held that extending parole eligibility to juvenile offenders satisfies the eighth

amendment and that a State may remedy a Miller violation by merely permitting the offender to

be considered for parole without any resentencing”). The Beck court concluded that, because the

new parole statute afforded the defendant a meaningful opportunity for release based upon

maturity and rehabilitation before a de facto life sentence of over 40 years’ imprisonment is served,

the defendant’s sentence did not violate the eighth amendment or Illinois precedent. Beck, 2021

IL App (5th) 200252, ¶ 26.

¶ 44 Thus, the relevant authority has emphasized that the concern is sentencing a juvenile to a

life sentence without parole or the functional equivalent of a life sentence without parole (i.e.,

more than 40 years), without first considering youth and its attendant circumstances. See, e.g.,

Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶¶ 41, 46; Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶¶ 45-46; see also Montgomery, 577

U.S. at 208. Defendant here did not receive a life sentence without parole. Defendant’s arguments

rely on Holman’s conclusion that “a juvenile defendant may be sentenced to life imprisonment

without parole, but only if the trial court determines that the defendant’s conduct showed

irretrievable depravity, permanent incorrigibility, or irreparable corruption beyond the possibility

of rehabilitation” (emphasis added) (Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶¶ 45-46). However, in Jones v.

Mississippi, 593 U.S. ___, ___, 141 S. Ct. 1307, 1311 (2021), the Court more recently held that,

prior to imposing a discretionary life sentence, even when that life sentence is one without parole,

a sentencing court is not required to make a finding of permanent incorrigibility. Then, consistent

with Jones, and after briefing in this case was complete, our supreme court overruled Holman’s

requirement for a permanent-incorrigibility finding. Wilson, 2023 IL 127666, ¶ 42. Nevertheless,

even if Holman had not been overruled, it remains that Holman concerned a life sentence without

parole, in contrast to the case before us, where parole is available to defendant. To be sure,

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defendant’s argument here is that, per Buffer, a sentence of more than 40 years is the equivalent of

life without parole. But again, we find guidance from Dorsey, which, although it considered day-

for-day, good-conduct credit, reasoned, “a sentence imposed pursuant to a statutory scheme that

affords a juvenile an opportunity to be released from prison after serving 40 years or less of the

term imposed does not constitute a de facto life sentence.” (Emphases added.) Id. ¶¶ 1, 62, 65.

Moreover, although the court in Dorsey did not directly consider parole, it touched upon it,

explaining that the “statutory scheme here, which allows for the opportunity of release short of a

de facto life sentence, is at least on par with discretionary parole for a life sentence, which has

specifically been held by the Supreme Court to pass muster under the eighth amendment.”

(Emphasis added.) Id. ¶ 54.

¶ 45 Defendant’s reliance on People v. Ruiz, 2021 IL App (1st) 182401, People v. Jordan, 2022

IL App (1st) 160004-U, and People v. Griffin, 2021 IL App (1st) 170649-U is misplaced and does

not alter our conclusion. True, those cases all acknowledged Holman’s requirement that, before

imposing a de facto life sentence, a sentencing court must find permanent incorrigibility. See Ruiz,

2021 IL App (1st) 182401, ¶ 61-62 (yet noting that Holman may be questionable, considering

Jones); Jordan, 2022 IL App (1st) 160004-U, ¶ 15; Griffin, 2021 IL App (1st) 170649-U, ¶¶ 53-

54, 67 (yet noting that Holman may be questionable, considering Jones). But again, that

requirement has been overruled. Wilson, 2023 IL 127666, ¶ 42. Moreover, none of those cases

concerned the applicability of the new parole statute and its impact on those sentences. See Ruiz,

2021 IL App (1st) 182401, ¶ 70 (holding, in a decision that is no longer good law in light of Dorsey,

that the trial court could not consider day-for-day credit in determining whether a sentence was

de facto life; not discussing the possibility of parole under the new parole statute); Jordan, 2022

IL App (1st) 160004-U, ¶ 17 (allowing the defendant leave to file a second successive

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postconviction petition, not discussing the new parole statute but noting that, per Buffer, youth and

its attendant circumstances must be considered to sentence a juvenile to over 40 years of

incarceration “without possibility of parole” (emphasis added)); Griffin, 2021 IL App (1st)

170649-U, ¶ 68 (noting that, “[a]t first blush,” it would appear that the new parole statute would

apply to the defendant on resentencing, but declining to decide that question; also declining to

decide whether, if the defendant is eligible for parole after 20 years under the statute, such

eligibility constitutes a de facto life sentence).

¶ 46 Here, again, there is no dispute that the court found that defendant is subject to the new

parole statute and may apply for parole after serving 20 years, i.e., before serving more than 40

years. Accordingly, even if Holman had not been overruled, it concerned life sentences without

parole, i.e., those that cannot be completed in 40 years or less, which is not the case here. Indeed,

in one portion of his brief, defendant states that “Miller and Holman apply to any natural or de facto

life term imposed on a juvenile offender, unless that sentence provides a ‘meaningful opportunity

to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation.’ ” (Emphasis added.) (quoting

Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 20). To be sure, the foregoing “unless” clause is critical here: where

defendant is eligible for parole after serving 20 years’ imprisonment, his sentence does not violate

Miller.

¶ 47 Finally, although defendant asserts that we previously instructed the trial court that it could

impose upon him a de facto life sentence only if it determined that defendant is beyond

rehabilitation (see Cavazos III, 2020 IL App (2d) 120171-B, ¶ 25), that language cannot be

divorced from the context that an improper de facto life sentence for a juvenile is one exceeding

40 years, without consideration of the attendant circumstances of youth or a meaningful

opportunity for release before that term of years is served. Here, the trial court considered both the

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attendant circumstances of youth, as required by section 5-4.5-105(a), and that, pursuant to section

5-4.5-115(b), defendant is eligible for parole before he has served more than 40 years. As such,

we simply disagree that the trial court’s sentence violated this court’s mandate.

¶ 48 In sum, we agree with the trial court’s determination that, because defendant has a

meaningful opportunity for release before serving more than 40 years, his sentence is not

equivalent to a life sentence without parole. Accordingly, we reject defendant’s arguments that,

because the court made no finding of permanent incorrigibility, he received a de facto life sentence

that violates the eighth amendment or this court’s prior mandate.

¶ 49 ii. Parole and Meaningful Opportunity for Release

¶ 50 Relatedly, we also disagree with defendant’s argument that his sentence remains

unconstitutional because the new parole statute does not offer him a meaningful opportunity for

release. Defendant does not outright argue that Illinois’s new parole statute and process are

unconstitutional. Rather, in a more roundabout fashion, defendant argues that his sentence remains

governed by Miller and Holman, as the chance for a juvenile offender to obtain parole in Illinois

is not meaningful or realistic. Thus, he continues, his sentence remains one of de facto life without

parole and, accordingly, the absence of a finding of permanent incorrigibility renders his sentence

unconstitutional. More specifically, defendant argues, in sum, that the new parole statute does not

provide a meaningful opportunity for release because (1) limitations on parole opportunities are

extreme and fall outside of our country’s evolving standards of decency and (2) the parole rules

conflict with Miller’s findings regarding juvenile culpability and rehabilitative potential. In

essence, defendant takes issue with the fact that the new parole statute requires juvenile offenders

to serve at least 20 years in prison before applying for review, then, if the first attempt is

unsuccessful, they must wait another 10 years before seeking a second review, and, finally, if that

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second review is unsuccessful, they are foreclosed from ever again seeking parole. See 730 ILCS

5/5-4.5-115(b), (m) (West 2020). Defendant explains that, across the country, no other state comes

close to our mandatory 10-year interval between parole reviews noting that most states with parole

systems provide for parole reviews every three years or less and, in some cases, every year. In

addition, he explains that, whereas Illinois allows for only two lifetime parole reviews, virtually

all other states require or allow for unlimited parole reviews. Defendant contends, overall, that

other states’ legislative responses to Miller and approaches to parole opportunities for juveniles

establish a “community consensus” against Illinois’s harsh parole limitations. Moreover,

defendant asserts that the parole system does not provide a meaningful opportunity to obtain

release, because it contradicts Miller in that, (1) by allowing only two, distant parole opportunities,

it does not recognize that minors are highly likely to reform their conduct over time; (2) it does

not require consideration of juvenile offenders’ special characteristics; (3) it mandates

consideration of risk assessments that improperly treat youth-related mitigating factors as

aggravating circumstances; and (4) it prohibits parole for juvenile offenders whose crimes were

sufficiently “serious,” irrespective of their youth, in contravention of Miller’s core holding. As

such, defendant concludes, the new parole statute does not offer a meaningful and realistic

opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity or rehabilitation. Therefore, his 50-

year de facto life sentence implicates Miller and Holman and, because it was imposed without a

finding of permanent incorrigibility, violates the eighth amendment and this court’s mandate. We

disagree.

¶ 51 Preliminarily, although defendant argues that the parole system contradicts Miller, it is not

clear that the parole system must even comply with Miller. Indeed, the Court has not specifically

addressed whether the eighth amendment requires states to implement parole systems that provide

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a meaningful opportunity to obtain release, or whether the eighth amendment is satisfied by simply

allowing eligibility for parole to a juvenile who has been sentenced to life. See, e.g., Thomas v.

Stitt, No. 21-6011, 2022 WL 289661, *3 (10th Cir. Feb. 1, 2022) (noting same); see also Brown v.

Precythe, 46 F.4th 879, 885-86 (8th Cir. 2022) (Montgomery expressly requires only that states

permit juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole; Miller factors apply only at

sentencing and not to parole board procedures; those cases did not purport to direct courts to

scrutinize whether parole procedures afford a meaningful opportunity for release of a juvenile

homicide offender); Bowling v. Virginia Department of Corrections, 920 F.3d 192, 197-99 (4th

Cir. 2019) (declining to find that juvenile eighth amendment protections (1) apply to juvenile

homicide offenders sentenced to life with parole or (2) extend beyond sentencing, concluding that,

even if Graham and Miller applied to parole proceedings, the defendant’s parole proceedings met

that standard, where the proceedings allowed the parole board to consider age at the time of the

offense and evidence demonstrating maturation); Heredia v. Blythe, 19-cv-338-jdp, 2022 WL

16635179, **8-9 (W.D. Wis. Nov. 2, 2022) (rejecting arguments by a class of prisoners that

Graham set new requirements for parole; “Plaintiffs point to no suggestion in Graham or any other

Supreme Court case that the Court was announcing a new standard for parole of juvenile offenders

or using the phrases ‘meaningful opportunity’ and ‘demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation’ as

terms of art for states and courts to apply under that new standard”; rather; Graham said only that

a parole system is what gives an offender a meaningful chance to demonstrate growth and maturity,

not that it intended to create new standards for considering parole applications); contra, e.g.,

Maryland Restorative Justice Initiative v. Hogan, No. ELH-16-1021, 2017 WL 467731, *21 (D.

Md. Feb. 3, 2017) (meaningful opportunity must also apply to parole proceedings; “it is quite

unlikely that the requisite ‘demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation’ needed for release would be

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evident at sentencing. To the contrary, such change would occur, if at all, after sentencing and

during incarceration. And, to the extent that such change occurs, the vehicle to recognize it would

be parole”). Where there is no constitutional or inherent right to parole proceedings (see, e.g.,

Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal & Correctional Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 7 (1979) 2; Hill

v. Walker, 241 Ill. 2d 479, 485-87 (2011)), and where the court in Montgomery, after considering

Graham and Miller, said only that states may remedy Miller violations by providing juvenile

offenders parole consideration (Montgomery, 577 U.S. at 211-12), it may be that defendant is

receiving all the “meaningful opportunity” required simply by being eligible for parole.

¶ 52 Nevertheless, assuming that Graham and Miller do apply to parole processes, the Court in

Graham, other than mentioning that the opportunity for release must be “realistic” and not just a

“remote possibility” (Graham, 560 U.S. at 68, 70, 82), did not further define what a “meaningful

opportunity” actually means or requires. See Sanders v. Eckstein, 981 F.3d 637, 643 (7th Cir.

2020) (“In time the Supreme Court may give more definition to what constitutes a ‘meaningful

2 In Greenholtz, the Court not only held that states are not required to establish parole

systems, it thoroughly detailed that a state could be general in defining conditions for release and

that a “multiplicity of imponderables” exists for decisionmakers to assess in their discretion.

Greenholtz, 442 U.S. at 7-10. As such, the court noted in Heredia that it is, therefore, unlikely that

Graham imposed additional constitutional requirements on parole processes, where it expressed

no disagreement with the Court’s “long-expressed understanding of the parole process” and did

not even cite Greenholtz, rendering it “unreasonable to infer such a significant departure from

settled law without clearer guidance from the Court.” Heredia, 2022 WL 16635179, at *10.

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opportunity’ for early release.”). Rather, the Court left that to the states. Specifically, the Court

stated:

“A State is not required to guarantee eventual freedom to a juvenile offender

convicted of a nonhomicide crime. What the State must do, however, is give defendants

like Graham some meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated

maturity and rehabilitation. It is for the State, in the first instance, to explore the means and

mechanisms for compliance.” (Emphasis added.) Graham, 560 U.S. at 75.

In Illinois, the legislative response to the requirement that there be available some meaningful

opportunity for obtaining release was to extend parole eligibility to nearly all juvenile offenders.

See 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115 (West 2020). The processes and conditions attached to that eligibility

also fall squarely within the legislature’s authority. People ex rel. Kubala v. Kinney, 25 Ill. 2d 491,

493-94 (1962) (parole is a part of the legislative function and “the legislature may change the terms

and conditions for parole”); Harris v. Irving, 90 Ill. App. 3d 56, 62 (1980) (“it is clear that parole

in Illinois is in the nature of a gift and as such, its conditions can be changed at the discretion of

the legislature”).

¶ 53 Not only has the legislature extended parole eligibility to juvenile offenders such as

defendant, but it did so, we believe, by crafting terms that create a “meaningful opportunity” for

release. Our supreme court in Buffer emphasized that, “when statutes are enacted after judicial

opinions are published, it must be presumed that the legislature acted with knowledge of the

prevailing case law.” Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 35. Indeed, the court’s holding in Buffer rested

upon the presumption that, because the legislature enacted a juvenile sentencing provision after

Miller, it had determined that the change complied with Miller. Id. ¶¶ 36-39. Here, too, we may

presume that, because the legislature made changes to parole after Miller, it determined that those

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changes complied with Miller. In fact, we need not make many presumptions, because legislative

transcripts clearly reveal, as indicated by the following statements made during the legislative floor

debate, that the new parole statute was enacted, after due consideration and debate, for the very

purpose of complying with Miller.

“SENATOR HARMON:

*** House Bill 531 [2018 Ill. Legis. Serv. P.A. 100-1182 (H.B. 531)] reflects

another significant criminal justice reform bill, also the product of a Session-long

negotiation among critical stakeholders. I’m pleased to report we have an agreement on

juvenile parole. We have not made all of the stakeholders proponents, but we have at least

achieved neutrality. This bill continues our general response to the U.S. Supreme Court’s

decision in [Miller] that laid out the fundamental notion that juvenile offenders are simply

wired differently and have a propensity, much more so than older offenders, to be

rehabilitated. We are creating a—a parole system that would permit long sentences to be

revisited at [10] years or [15] or [20] years depending on *** the crime.” (Emphasis added.)

100th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, May 31, 2017, at 30-31 (statements of Senator

Harmon).

Thereafter, the floor opened for discussion, and various senators voiced questions and concerns,

particularly about the seriousness of crimes, victims’ rights, and empowering the Board. After

debate, and before the bill passed, the discussion closed as follows:

*** I would like to close by pointing out that the opposition voiced on the Floor

today is the exact reason this is a good bill and we should pass it. The Supreme Court—the

U.S. Supreme Court’s jurisprudence on youthful offenders is moving forward and is

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relying upon the—the brain science of development. And the science of brain development

suggests that young people don’t reach the age of fully formed brains at eighteen or at

twenty-one. It’s not till the mid-twenties, so we’re still a few years away from the—the

brain science here. But to the point made, there is no judge on the planet who can look at a

nineteen-year-old and say, I know for a fact that you’re the kind of young person who is

going to mature and rehabilitate in prison or you’re the kind who is never going to get out

of prison. That’s why we create this parole process, so that [10] years or [15] years down

the road, we can have a second look at the offender and say whether or not it’s appropriate

for them to be released. The Prisoner Review Board is in favor of this bill. The State’s

Attorneys Association is neutral. I’m hopeful that the Governor will sign it. To the concern

over victims, a concern that I shared, victims were at the table. ***” 100th Ill. Gen. Assem.,

Senate Proceedings, May 31, 2017, at 35-36 (statements of Senator Harmon).

¶ 54 It is clear that the legislature, fully aware of Miller and the relevant considerations

concerning juvenile sentencing and fully within its exclusive authority, created the new parole

statute and modified the parole review factors for the purpose of creating a meaningful opportunity

for parole for juvenile offenders. 3 We ultimately disagree with defendant’s arguments that,

3 Indeed, in his brief, defendant to some extent acknowledges this, as he notes that, in

legislative debate, one representative commented that, while Miller concerned persons under age

18, the proposed bill “goes a little further than what the Supreme Court required.” (Emphasis

added.) 100th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, Nov. 28, 2018, at 54 (statements of

Representative Currie). Yet defendant turns into a negative the fact that the legislature went beyond

Miller, implying that, because the revisions apply to juveniles and young adults, there is a resulting

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nonetheless, the legislature got it wrong. Defendant acknowledges that, given his first degree

murder conviction, requiring him to wait 20 years to first petition for parole is not out of step with

other jurisdictions. However, he focuses on (1) the 10-year period he must wait between petitions

(with only two opportunities to apply) as being unduly harsh, in light of other states’ parole

provisions, and (2) the factors the Board ultimately considers, which he believes are contrary to

Miller because they do not mention the Miller factors, they include risk assessment tests that

intrinsically disfavor juvenile offenders, and, irrespective of youth, include the seriousness of the

offense as the determinative factor. We disagree.

¶ 55 First, to be sure, when considering whether punishments are constitutionally excessive, we

look to currently prevailing standards of decency, as reflected in legislation enacted by our

country’s legislatures. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶¶ 15, 34. In that regard, we appreciate the purpose

behind defendant’s comprehensive review of other states’ parole schemes. However, differences

in states’ procedures go both ways; as an example, while defendant here must serve 20 years before

applying for parole, the waiting period in other states is longer. See, e.g., Mo. Ann. Stat.

§ 558.047(1) (West 2016) (25 years); Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-10-301(c) (West 2013) (25 years).

Certainly, parole statutes across the country may have differing terms and conditions, and, as long

as the process is a meaningful one, state legislatures are free to decide their own priorities and

parameters. Thus, while we may be sympathetic to defendant’s argument that 10 years between

petitions and only two opportunities to apply may be harsh, given that other jurisdictions do it

constitutional deprivation. We do not find persuasive defendant’s argument that, by seeking to

extend Miller’s protections broadly, the legislature created a scheme that results in his punishment

being a cruel and unusual one.

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differently, we nevertheless believe that the process overall remains meaningful, particularly as

the new parole statute requires the Board to consider concerns implicated by Miller and its

progeny.

¶ 56 Overall, the new parole statute provides that a defendant may begin the process of seeking

release by filing a petition with the Board three years prior to becoming eligible. 730 ILCS 5/5-

4.5-115(c) (West 2020). Within 30 days of receipt of the petition, the Board shall set a date for the

parole hearing three years from the receipt of the petition or it must notify the defendant if the

petition was insufficient, including a basis for that determination. Id. If the petition is appropriately

filed, a representative from the Department of Corrections must meet with the defendant to discuss

the process and make personalized recommendations regarding work, rehabilitative programs, and

institutional programs, and the defendant may request programs be made available that he or she

believes will help to prepare him or her for return to the community. Id. § 5-4.5-115(d). Nine

months before the hearing, the Board must, with certain exceptions, provide the petitioning

defendant and his or her counsel with any written documents or material it will consider in making

its determination. Id. § 5-4.5-115(f). If parole is denied, the Board must provide to the defendant

and his or her counsel a written decision stating its rationale for the denial, including the primary

factors it considered. Id. § 5-4.5-115(l). A defendant petitioning for parole is entitled to be present

at the hearing and may either hire counsel or be appointed counsel upon a finding of indigency. Id.

§ 5-4.5-115(e), (h). Notably, the new parole statute explicitly requires the Board to consider the

concerns implicated by Miller and its progeny. For example, “[i]n considering the factors affecting

the release determination under 20 Ill. Adm. Code 1610.50(b), the Prisoner Review Board panel

shall consider the diminished culpability of youthful offenders, the hallmark features of youth, and

any subsequent growth and maturity of the youthful offender during incarceration.” (Emphasis

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added.) Id. § 5-4.5-115(j); see People v. Guerrero, 2022 IL App (1st) 210400, ¶ 33 (commenting,

with respect to section 5-4.5-115(j), that “[t]hese considerations mirror those identified by the

Supreme Court in Miller”). Further,

“[i]f a psychological evaluation is submitted for the Prisoner Review Board’s

consideration, it shall be prepared by a person who has expertise in adolescent brain

development and behavior, and shall take into consideration the diminished culpability of

youthful offenders, the hallmark features of youth, and any subsequent growth and

increased maturity of the person.” 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115(h) (West 2020).

Thus, while the periods between petition reviews for those convicted of first degree murder may

be lengthy, the process reflects that the opportunity for release requires consideration of youth,

demonstrated maturity, and rehabilitation and, therefore, it remains a meaningful one. See, e.g.,

Graham, 560 U.S. at 75 (requiring a “meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on

demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation” (emphasis added)); Beck, 2021 IL App (5th) 200252,

¶ 22 (not considering a first degree murder conviction and, therefore, considering a shorter time

between parole petitions, but nevertheless finding that the new parole process overall is a

meaningful one, in light of Graham’s rationale that, with an opportunity for parole, a defendant

cannot ignore that he or she may not be imprisoned for life and, while release is not guaranteed, a

defendant is not entitled to a guaranteed release; rather, he or she is entitled only to a meaningful

opportunity to obtain release based on maturity and rehabilitation); see also Brown, 46 F.4th at

886-90 (even if the requirement to allow “some meaningful opportunity” for release applies to

parole proceedings for juvenile homicide offenders, no violation where Missouri’s parole statute,

enacted in response to Montgomery, allowed for parole eligibility after serving 25 years; required

the parole board to consider, among other things, the Miller factors in rendering a decision; and

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afforded the offender advance notice of the parole review, an opportunity to be heard, including

through a delegate that could be an attorney, an opportunity to submit documents and letters of

support, and an interview).

¶ 57 Second, while at sentencing it may be improper for a court to consider risk assessment

factors beyond a juvenile’s control (People v. Reyes, 2023 IL App (2d) 210423, ¶ 43), at a petition

review, the Board is charged with assessing whether the now-adult prisoner is prepared to return

to society, and, in that sense, the risk factors are not irrelevant. Further, the Board must consider a

myriad of factors (see 20 Ill. Adm. Code 1610.50 (1985)), which include a high severity or

recidivism index (20 Ill. Adm. Code 1610.50(b)(2)(A)(xiii) (1985)), but it is certainly not limited

thereto. Indeed, it must make base the decision on all relevant information. 20 Ill. Adm.

Code 1610.50(a), (b) (1985). As such, the Board could, theoretically, in light of the juvenile

offender’s youth, weigh a risk assessment factor less, as well as recognize that, because the

offender was incarcerated as a juvenile, aspects within that assessment, such as education,

employment, and personal relationships, may have been interrupted.

¶ 58 Finally, defendant argues that the parole process is not meaningful because, irrespective of

youth, the seriousness of the offense is the determinative factor. Again, we disagree. Section 5-

4.5-115(j) provides three scenarios wherein the Board shall not parole an eligible person, with one

being if “the eligible person’s release at that time would deprecate the seriousness of his or her

offense or promote disrespect for the law.” (Emphasis added.) 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115(j)(2) (West

2020). However, this language does not necessarily detract from the Board’s consideration of the

factors of youth. Indeed, if the Board were to theoretically determine that maturity and

rehabilitation had not been established, then it could reasonably find that release “at that time”

would deprecate the seriousness of the offense. In fact, after listing the three scenarios where parole

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should not be granted, the new parole statute next provides, as part of the same subsection, that,

“[i]n considering the factors affecting the release determination under 20 Ill. Adm. Code

1610.50(b), the Prisoner Review Board panel shall consider the diminished culpability of youthful

offenders, the hallmark features of youth, and any subsequent growth and maturity of the youthful

offender during incarceration.” (Emphasis added.) Id. § 5-4.5-115(j). As such, we cannot accept

defendant’s assertion that the new parole statute renders the seriousness of an offense the

determinative parole factor, irrespective of youth.

¶ 59 We feel obligated to note that we are certainly not suggesting that a parole hearing may

operate as a sham. For example, if a juvenile offender has adequately demonstrated maturity and

rehabilitation, denying parole based solely on the seriousness of the crime could indeed violate the

principles behind Miller and Graham. But, at this juncture, we have no basis to anticipate that

here. The new parole statute and procedures allow the Board to assess and weigh youth, its

attendant circumstances, demonstrated maturity, rehabilitation, and all parole release factors in a

manner or through a “lens” compliant with Graham and Miller. See, e.g., Bonilla v. Iowa Board

of Parole, 930 N.W.2d 751, 776-92 (Iowa 2019). In other words, nothing in the new parole statute

or procedures prevents the Board from applying and weighing relevant factors in a manner

consistent with the evolving authority concerning juvenile offenders, and, indeed, that is exactly

what the legislature intended to do.

¶ 60 For the foregoing reasons, we decline defendant’s invitation to determine that the new

parole statute does not provide a meaningful opportunity for release, rendering unconstitutional

his sentence. In short, when our legislature created the new parole statute, it was fully apprised of

Miller and its mandates, as well as, presumptively, the processes used by other states. While we

might be sympathetic to some of defendant’s points, and hope the legislature reconsiders some

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parole restrictions (particularly the lengthy period between petition opportunities and foreclosure

of opportunities thereafter), it is the legislature’s role to craft parole statutes and procedures and to

determine what is meaningful. Here, it did so after due debate, much deliberation, and lengthy

negotiations. It considered not only Miller and all of its implications, but also victims’ rights, the

seriousness of offenses (deliberately tailoring waiting periods for petitions based on the offense),

and the proper factors to be considered within the Board’s authority. In short, the new parole statute

affords defendant a meaningful opportunity for release, based on his maturity and rehabilitation,

before serving a de facto life sentence of over 40 years’ imprisonment.

¶ 61 C. Permanent Incorrigibility and Proportionate Penalties

¶ 62 In an argument similar to that raised above, defendant argues that, where the court made

no finding that he is permanently incorrigible, its decision to impose a de facto life sentence

violated the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11).

Defendant argues that, under Jones, states remain free to impose additional sentencing restrictions

for juveniles beyond those that might be required by the eighth amendment. See Jones, 593 U.S.

at ___, 141 S. Ct. at 1323. Defendant asserts that the proportionate penalties clause offers greater

protection to defendants than the eighth amendment, and he further summarizes this state’s

jurisprudence reflecting evolving standards of decency for juvenile sentencing, particularly as

those principles were summarized in Holman. See Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶¶ 44-46.

Accordingly, defendant contends, Holman’s holding (again, which, before being overruled,

required a finding of permanent incorrigibility prior to the imposition of a life sentence without

parole), while indisputably based on the eighth amendment, was also rendered after weighing

evolving standards of decency and proportionality considerations. Defendant supports this

argument by again citing Griffin, noting comments in that decision about Holman’s reasoning and

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its conclusion that Holman, although decided under the eighth amendment, set a minimum for our

own proportionate penalties clause and remains good law. See Griffin, 2021 IL App (1st) 170649-

U, ¶ 87 (Gordon, J., specially concurring). Accordingly, defendant asserts that Holman’s

prohibition against imposing a life sentence on a juvenile offender without first making a finding

of permanent incorrigibility applies under the proportionate penalties clause; thus, because the trial

court here did not make an incorrigibility finding, we should conclude that his sentence violates

Illinois’s evolving standards of decency, the proportionate penalties clause, and this court’s prior

mandate.

¶ 63 We review de novo whether a sentence violates the proportionate penalties clause. See,

e.g., Johnson, 2018 IL App (1st) 140725, ¶¶ 97-98. For the following reasons, we reject

defendant’s claim.

¶ 64 Again, Holman’s requirement that there be a permanent-incorrigibility finding has now

been overruled. Wilson, 2023 IL 127666, ¶ 42. Moreover, setting aside that Griffin is unpublished

and, therefore, not precedential on this issue (see Ill. S. Ct. R. 23(e)(1) (eff. Jan. 1, 2021)), we note,

with all due respect, that the comments upon which defendant relies were made by the specially

concurring justice and did not, therefore, necessarily reflect the views of the court majority.

Further, those comments were made in the context of the justice considering Jones’s impact on

Holman and Buffer. 4 See Griffin, 2021 IL App (1st) 170649-U, ¶¶ 87-88. As such, it is presently

4 We also note that, although the special concurrence also elaborated upon the sentence that

the trial court might impose on remand, reiterating that life or de facto life may be imposed only

if the trial court were to find permanent incorrigibility, it did not address the applicability or

possibility of parole under the new parole statute, a question that had been raised by the majority.

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not the time for us to determine whether we agree with those comments, because, irrespective of

Jones, we have concluded that defendant’s sentence, despite the absence of a finding of permanent

incorrigibility, does not violate Holman, which concerned juvenile offenders who are sentenced to

life without parole. As noted recently by our sister court, “[w]hether raised under the eighth

amendment or the proportionate penalties clause, a juvenile defendant must make the same

threshold showing: his or her sentence is a life sentence or de facto life sentence. The constitutional

source of the claim is irrelevant to this preliminary inquiry.” People v. Hill, 2022 IL App (1st)

171739-B, ¶ 42. We have already concluded that defendant has not, in fact, been sentenced to life

without parole or the equivalent of life without parole, because he is eligible for parole before

serving the equivalent of a life sentence. As such, even if, theoretically, Holman’s requirement for

an incorrigibility finding had remained valid, and a failure to issue one might have violated the

proportionate penalties clause, there would be no such violation here by the sentence imposed

upon defendant, as he will have two meaningful opportunities to seek release prior to serving more

than 40 years’ imprisonment. In sum, we reject defendant’s argument that the court’s failure to

make a finding of permanent incorrigibility renders his sentence in violation of the proportionate

penalties clause.

¶ 65 D. Trial Court’s Findings

¶ 66 Defendant next contends that his sentence violates both the eighth amendment and the

proportionate penalties clause because the trial court’s findings contradicted Miller, were

incompatible with Illinois law and evolving standards of decency, and were simply improper,

requiring reversal. Specifically, defendant recounts the evidence presented at the sentencing

See Griffin, 2021 IL App (1st) 170649-U, ¶¶ 68, 90-99.

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hearing reflecting his rehabilitative potential, including his educational progress while

incarcerated, his statement in allocution expressing remorse and demonstrating personal growth,

and Dr. Garbarino’s report, finding that he possesses rehabilitative potential. Although the trial

court acknowledged defendant’s rehabilitative potential, as well as that defendant experienced peer

pressure at the time he committed the crime, it nevertheless sentenced defendant to a 50-year term.

Defendant argues that, per Miller and its progeny, his sentence is not justified or permissible

because he is not one of the rarest of juvenile offenders who is forever incapable of rehabilitation.

As such, defendant argues that we should find that his sentence is unconstitutional under the eighth

amendment and the proportionate penalties clause.

¶ 67 Again, we review de novo whether a sentence violates the eighth amendment or the

proportionate penalties clause. See, e.g., Johnson, 2018 IL App (1st) 140725, ¶¶ 97-98. We

conclude that the sentence here violates neither constitutional provision.

¶ 68 As the State notes, to trigger Miller, such that the trial court’s findings here could even

contradict it, defendant must be sentenced to life without parole. He was not. As such, his sentence

is not properly considered in the constitutional framework he sets forth. See, e.g., Hill, 2022 IL

App (1st) 171739-B, ¶ 42 (noting that constitutional Miller claims first require a threshold showing

of a life sentence or a de facto life sentence).

¶ 69 Further, even if defendant had been sentenced to life without parole, Miller requires that,

before imposing such a sentence, a trial court must consider youth and its attendant circumstances.

Miller, 567 U.S. at 483, 489. Again, Illinois has codified those factors, which must be considered

when sentencing a juvenile. See 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105(a) (West 2016). Defendant does not argue

that the court here did not consider the Miller factors or section 5-4.5-105(a)’s provisions. Rather,

he disagrees with the length of the sentence imposed after the court considered those factors and

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provisions, and, in effect, the weight the court gave them. Accordingly, defendant’s argument,

while cast in a constitutional framework and as a variation of a Miller violation, really asks us to

consider whether the sentence is simply excessive. We now turn to defendant’s excessive-sentence

argument.

¶ 70 E. Excessive Sentence

¶ 71 Finally, defendant argues that, apart from any constitutional concerns, his 50-year sentence

is excessive, given his youth at the time of the offense and his potential for rehabilitation. He

contends that the court misunderstood some of the mitigating factors delineated in section 5-4.5-

105(a) or improperly treated them as aggravating. Defendant does not dispute that his sentence is

within the statutory sentencing ranges, but he notes that the court imposed 50 years, more than

double the minimum for first degree murder.

¶ 72 Further, defendant heavily relies on Hill, 2022 IL App (1st) 171739-B, where the appellate

court reversed as excessive, in light of the “deluge” of evidence of rehabilitation, a juvenile

defendant’s 60-year sentence for acting as the shooter in two gang-related murders. Id. ¶¶ 44-50.

Defendant notes that, although the court in Hill concluded that the defendant’s sentence did not

violate Miller, the eighth amendment, or the proportionate penalties clause, it nevertheless found

the sentence excessive, where the sentencing court did not sufficiently consider evidence of

rehabilitation. Here, likening his case to Hill, defendant notes that he, too, was a juvenile at the

time of the gang-related offense, was found to have personally discharged the firearm, and was

influenced by peer pressure. Further, he notes that he submitted to the court a report from Dr.

Garbarino, who, like the expert who testified in Hill, opined that defendant had suffered adverse

childhood experiences that impacted his development but that he had since matured, was not

irreparably corrupt, had taken a decidedly positive direction in his adult development, and was

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well-positioned to transition from prison to success in the outside world. Defendant argues that,

despite those findings, as well as the evidence of his educational achievements and growth while

incarcerated, the court placed substantial weight instead on the circumstances of the offense and

his role as the shooter. Defendant concludes that, where the sentence in Hill (i.e., 60 years, but

only 30 years with day-for-day credit) was found excessive, even though the defendant there

murdered two victims, defendant’s sentence here, where he will serve 45 years with sentencing

credit, is likewise excessive, particularly given the evidence in mitigation and regarding his

capacity for rehabilitation. We disagree.

¶ 73 We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s sentencing decision. See, e.g., People

v. Maldonado, 240 Ill. App. 3d 470, 485 (1992). The sentencing court has wide latitude in imposing

a sentence, so long as it does not ignore relevant mitigating factors or consider improper

aggravating factors. See, e.g., People v. Hill, 2022 IL App (2d) 200416, ¶ 51. We accord “great

deference to a sentence within the appropriate sentencing range.” Id. However, we will find that a

court abused its discretion, even if the sentence imposed is within the statutory range, if the

sentence does not reflect adequate consideration of relevant mitigating factors or the

constitutionally mandated objective of rehabilitation, or if it is highly disproportionate to the

offense and greatly diverges from the spirit and purpose of the law. See, e.g., People v. Calhoun,

404 Ill. App. 3d 362, 385 (2010). However, while a sentencing court must consider a defendant’s

rehabilitative potential, along with the seriousness of the offense, it is not required to give

rehabilitative potential greater weight. See People v. Alexander, 239 Ill. 2d 205, 214 (2010). 5 We

5 We disagree with defendant that this principle from Alexander should be reconsidered

because it predated much of the juvenile-sentencing law that is relevant here.

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may not substitute our judgment for that of the sentencing court simply because we would have

weighed the factors differently. See Hill, 2022 IL App (2d) 200416, ¶ 51.

¶ 74 Here, defendant received the lowest available sentence for first degree murder, as the court

imposed the minimum 20 years and did not impose the firearm enhancement. See 730 ILCS 5/5-

8-1(a)(1)(a) (West 2006); id. § 5-8-1(a)(1)(d)(iii); 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105(b) (West 2016). For

attempted murder, the court imposed 10 years, which was 4 years above the minimum, but 20

years below the maximum, sentence for that offense. See 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(3) (West 2006).

Because defendant personally discharged a firearm during the offense, the court elected to impose

the 20-year firearm enhancement. See id. § 5-8-1(a)(1)(d)(ii); 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105(b) (West

2016). In essence, therefore, defendant is alleging that the court abused its discretion by imposing

four years more than the minimum on the attempted murder and imposing one of the two available

firearm enhancements. We disagree, as we will not deem a sentence within the statutory limits

excessive unless manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense, nor will we reweigh the

sentencing factors. See, e.g., Stacey, 193 Ill. 2d at 210; People v. Powell, 2013 IL App (1st)

111654, ¶ 31.

¶ 75 The trial court here methodically considered each mitigating factor required by section 5-

4.5-105(a) of the Code. We believe that, contrary to defendant’s assertion and unlike the court in

Hill, the trial court here gave due weight and consideration to defendant’s rehabilitative potential.

Unlike in Hill, the court here did not essentially ignore a “deluge” of expert testimony. Rather, it

expressed that it had read Dr. Garbarino’s report “word-for-word.” We agree with defendant that

the evidence of his efforts and actions taken while incarcerated is laudable, but it was also

acknowledged as such by the court. The court expressly noted defendant’s efforts, as well as the

fact that he had virtually no serious infractions during the roughly 13 years he had been imprisoned,

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and it explicitly found that defendant had rehabilitative potential. Further, the court recognized

that defendant was a juvenile, albeit an older adolescent at the time of the offense, and that, as a

gang member, he had been under the influence of peer pressure. Indeed, the court found that, given

the evidence in mitigation, the record provided no justification for it to increase defendant’s

sentence from that originally imposed and, where it declined to add a 25-year firearm enhancement

to the first degree murder sentence, the court decided in its discretion to impose a sentence lower

than that originally imposed.

¶ 76 Similarly, we find no abuse of discretion in the court’s expressed rationale and weighing

of factors in making the decision to leave intact the originally imposed 10 years for the attempted-

murder conviction and for imposing, in its discretion, the 20-year firearm enhancement. As the

court noted, defendant’s use of a firearm in this case, totally unprovoked by the victims, resulted

in four bullets striking two young people on a sidewalk in Aurora; three killing a young man and

the fourth injuring his girlfriend. It explained,

“[t]his wasn’t one bullet. This was four bullets. This wasn’t one victim. This was two

victims. Had there not been a gun in this case, we would not have a victim most likely. ***

[H]ad a gun not been involved *** we probably don’t have four bullets flying around the

The court was not obligated to ignore that, after the shooting, defendant took pride in the event,

changed his nickname, and obtained a tattoo in honor of his actions. On balance, however, the

court recognized that defendant did not remain proud of his actions, which speaks to his

rehabilitative potential. We do not agree with defendant that the court placed undue weight on his

role as the shooter, his age as an “older adolescent,” or the need for deterrence. Rather, in our view,

the court simply made findings and acknowledged facts. It found “horrific” the circumstances of

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the offense, but the court is not required to turn a blind eye to these circumstances in fashioning a

sentence. To the contrary, it is required to consider the circumstances of the offense. See 730 ILCS

5/5-4.5-105(a)(5) (West 2020). In doing so, however, it did not ignore relevant factors in

mitigation.

¶ 77 In sum, after considering and giving due weight to defendant’s youth at the time of the

offense and all mitigating and aggravating evidence, the court did not abuse its discretion in

fashioning defendant’s 50-year sentence, with 45 to be served after accounting for sentencing

credit and with an opportunity for parole after defendant serves 20 years.

¶ 78 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 79 For the forgoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is affirmed.

¶ 80 Affirmed.

¶ 81 JUSTICE SCHOSTOK, specially concurring:

¶ 82 I agree with the majority’s analysis in this case, including its conclusion that the defendant

has not shown that the new youth parole statute is constitutionally inadequate, and thus the

defendant’s sentence is not contrary to the holdings of Miller and Holman. I write separately to

clarify the differences between this case and our recent decision in Reyes, 2023 IL App (2d)

210423, and to note that this case in no way condones or excuses a trial court’s failure to follow

our mandate.

¶ 83 The first way the two cases are distinguishable is in the nature of the issues addressed.

Reyes followed the principle that we must avoid addressing constitutional arguments if the case

can be resolved on other grounds. Id. ¶ 34. There, errors in applying the sentencing statutes

required reversal, without addressing constitutional arguments. See id. ¶ 54. In this case, by

contrast, the only issues raised were ones of constitutional interpretation, requiring us to address

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those issues. We ultimately find the defendant’s constitutional arguments flawed. Our conclusion

here is not inconsistent with Reyes, as we might have reached the same conclusion there if we had

occasion to address constitutional issues.

¶ 84 The second way in which the two cases differ is in the trial courts’ compliance with our

mandate. Here, the trial court recognized our instruction that it could not again impose a de facto

life sentence unless it found the defendant permanently incorrigible while also recognizing that

that mandate flowed from the requirements of Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 46. Holman stated that

command more completely, specifying that “a juvenile defendant may be sentenced to life

imprisonment without parole *** only if the trial court determines that the defendant’s conduct

showed irretrievable depravity, permanent incorrigibility, or irreparable corruption beyond the

possibility of rehabilitation.” (Emphasis added.) Id. The trial court thoughtfully considered the

defendant’s rehabilitative potential, finding that the defendant was not permanently incorrigible.

The trial court also properly considered the sentencing factors specific to youthful offenders.

However, the trial court also considered and ultimately agreed with the State’s argument that the

new youth parole statute would apply and thus the defendant’s new sentence, regardless of its

length, would not be a sentence of “life imprisonment without parole.” We agree with that

assessment. Under these circumstances, the trial court’s sentence did not violate our mandate. See

supra ¶ 47.

¶ 85 In Reyes, by contrast, the trial court expressly rejected our mandate, refusing to make any

finding at all regarding permanent incorrigibility—either positive or negative. That decision was

not based on the availability of the new youth parole statute, or on Wilson, 2023 IL 127666, ¶ 42,

which had not yet been decided. Instead, as justification for its refusal to make any finding, the

trial court improperly claimed for itself the authority to decide whether an Illinois supreme court

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decision (Holman) was still good law, despite an explicit statement from the United States

Supreme Court that it was not overruling state court decisions (see Jones, 593 U.S. at ___, 141 S.

Ct. at 1323), so the supremacy clause did not apply. In large part because of this improper refusal

to comply with our mandate, we instructed that the case be reassigned on remand. As we noted in

Reyes, trial courts are not empowered to decide for themselves whether to comply with the

mandates of superior courts. Reyes, 2023 IL App (2d) 210423, ¶ 57.

¶ 86 No similar refusal to comply with our mandate was demonstrated by the trial court here.

Accordingly, Reyes is distinguishable from this case.

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People v. Cavazos, 2023 IL App (2d) 220066

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kane County, No. 08-CF- 3321; the Hon. Donald Tegeler Jr., Judge, presiding.

Attorneys James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Katie Anderson, of State for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant. Appellant:

Attorneys Jamie L. Mosser, State’s Attorney, of St. Charles (Patrick for Delfino, Edward R. Psenicka, and Adam Trejo, of State’s Appellee: Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

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