Pension Committee of the University of Montreal Pension Plan v. Banc of America Securities, LLC

592 F. Supp. 2d 608, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 206, 2009 WL 29649

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, District Judge:

I. INTRODUCTION

A group of investors brings this action to recover losses stemming from the liquidation of two British Virgin Islands (“BVI”) based hedge funds in which they held shares: Lancer Offshore, Inc. (“Lancer Offshore”) and OmniFund Ltd. (“Omni-Fund” and together with Lancer Offshore, the “Lancer Funds” or the “Funds”). 1 Plaintiffs bring various claims under federal securities laws and common law claims under New York law against former directors, administrators, the auditor, and the prime broker and custodian of the Funds. 2 Following the close of discovery, former administrator, Citco Fund Services (Curacao), N.V. (“Citco NV”), its parent company, The Citco Group Limited (“Citco Group”) and former Lancer Offshore directors who were Citco officers (“Citco Directors,” and collectively with Citco NV, the “Citco Defendants”) now move for partial summary judgment with respect to all claims against them. 3 For the reasons that follow, their motions for partial summary judgment are granted in part and denied in part.

II. BACKGROUND

A. Facts 4

1. The Claims and the Parties

This action involves the claims of twenty sophisticated investors 5 — some domestic, but mostly foreign 6 — who allege damages in connection with their purchase and retention of shares in the Lancer Funds. 7 In July 2003, the Funds were placed into receivership in the Southern District of Florida. 8 Plaintiffs allege that almost all of the capital invested in the Funds — totaling over $550 million — has been lost. 9

The Lancer Funds were managed by Lancer Management Group LLC and its principal, Michael Lauer. 10 Lancer Management’s principal place of business is New York City. 11 Lauer and Lancer Management are not parties in this action, 12 but were significant actors in the current action.

The Funds were administered until late 2002 by Citco NV, 13 a business entity organized in the Netherlands Antilles, with places of business in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles and the British Virgin Islands. 14 Citco Group is Citco NV’s parent company. 15 Citco Group is an “integrated financial services holding company that operates through numerous subsidiaries, including defendant Citco NV.” 16 Its principal place of business is in the Cayman Islands. 17

The Citco Directors are three Citco N.V. officers — Anthony Stocks, Declan Quilli-gan, and Kieran Conroy — who also “served as directors of Lancer Offshore at different points in time.” 18 Stocks served as a director of Lancer Offshore from 1998 until 2001, when he resigned as a director of the Fund. 19 Conroy, a managing director of Citco NV, resides in Dublin, Ireland, and was a director of Lancer Offshore from 1998 until early 2002. 20 Quilligan was a director of Lancer Offshore from 2001 to early 2002 while he was General Manager and a Managing Director of Citco NV. 21 While engaged in those positions, he was a resident of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. 22

2. Citco NV’s Contractual Duties to the Lancer Funds

Citco NV was retained by the Lancer Funds to perform certain administrative duties as detailed in the Administrative Services Agreements (“ASAs”). 23 These duties included the computation of the monthly net asset values (“NAVs”) and the “independent! ] pricing [of] the fund by reference to ... independent pricing sources, or as agreed by the Board of Directors pursuant to the [Private Placement Memorandum].” 24 In addition to sending out monthly NAV statements, Cit-co NV was responsible for responding to investor inquiries. 25 Lancer Offshore’s Private Placement Memorandum (“PPM”) also provided that Citco NV’s obligations included “maintaining a registry of the shares, accepting payment for subscriptions, performing acts relating to redemp-tions, and keeping the financial books and records of the [F]unds ....” 26

According to the PPM, the Fund’s NAV is equal to the gross assets minus the gross liabilities of the Fund. 27 The PPM also provides that “[securities [that are] listed on a securities or exchange market are to be valued at their last sales prices on the date of determination.” 28 Finally, the PPM directs that the pricing of unlisted securities was to be based “upon the advice of the Fund’s Investment Manager and Prime Broker.” 29

3. The Character of the Lancer Funds and the Alleged Scheme

The PPM indicates that the Funds were directed at sophisticated investors who were aware that the Funds invested primarily in small-cap companies and that many of the investments would lack liquidity. 30 Despite warnings in the PPM, 31 the Funds were able to attract a number of institutional investors. 32

Beginning in March 2000, the Funds began to lose money, but such losses were hidden from investors through a scheme allegedly perpetrated by Lauer and Lancer Management. 33 Under the scheme, the Funds would make large investments in shell companies for “pennies per share, or sometimes nothing at all.” 34 Prior to the end of the month, the Fund would purchase additional shares of these companies for higher prices than the initial aequisi tion prices. 35 Lauer and Lancer Management would then use these artificial market prices to inflate the NAVs of these investments and have them reported to investors each month. 36 Because the management fees paid to Lancer Management were based on the NAVs of the Funds, higher NAVs also meant increased fees for Lauer. 37

4. Events Leading to Citco NV’s Resignation

Beginning in June 2001, Pricewaterhou-seCoopers NA (“PWC NA”), the Funds’ independent auditor, began questioning Lauer’s valuation methodology with respect to warrants while auditing the 2000 financial statements. 38 PWC NA sent its analysis of warrant valuations to Citco NV, indicating concerns with the NAVs calculated by Citco NV. 39 Thereafter, Citco NV became more actively involved in questioning the valuations of the portfolio securities. 40 Citco NV’s valuation concerns were first communicated to William Keunen, Division Director of Fund Services, by Quilli-gan in September 2001. 41 Keunen eventually informed the Executive Committee of Citco Group of the problems in May 2002. 42 Citco NV finally resigned as administrator of Lancer Offshore on July 16, 2002 and as administrator of OmniFund on November 30, 2002. 43

B. Procedural History

Plaintiffs filed their Second Amended Complaint on August 25, 2006, alleging claims for violations of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, against PWC NA, Citco NV, and the Citco Directors. 44 Plaintiffs also bring a claim under Section 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 against Citco Group, based on its alleged status as a control person of Citco NV. 45

Plaintiffs also assert various common law claims under New York law against International Fund Services (International) Ltd. (“IFSI”), the entity that became administrator of the Funds after Citco NV resigned, PWC NA, and Banc of America Securities, LLC (“BAS”), the former prime broker and custodian of the Funds. 46 Regarding the Citco Defendants, plaintiffs bring claims alleging common law fraud; breach of fiduciary duty; negligence, negli gent misrepresentation, and professional malpractice; aiding and abetting common law fraud; and aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty. 47

On September 25, 2006, BAS made a motion to dismiss the claims against it. On October 4, 2006, the Citco Defendants and Citco Group similarly moved to dismiss the claims with respect to them. By opinion and order dated February 20, 2007, BAS’s and certain of the Citco Directors’ motions to dismiss were granted. 48 Following a year and a half of discovery, the remaining defendants now move for summary judgment. By opinion and order dated October 29, 2008, this Court granted IFSI’s motion for summary judgment. 49 This opinion considers the motion of the Citco Defendants and Citco Group.

III. LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 50 An issue of fact is genuine “ ‘if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’ ” 51 A fact is material when it “ ‘might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.’ ” 52 “It is the movant’s burden to show that no genuine factual dispute exists.” 53

In turn, to defeat a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must raise a genuine issue of material fact. “Summary judgment is properly granted when the non-moving party ‘fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.’ ” 54 To do so, the non-moving party must do more than show that there is “‘some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts,’ ” 55 and it “ ‘may not rely on conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated speculation.’ ” 56 However, “ ‘all that is required [from a non- moving party] is that sufficient evidence supporting the claimed factual dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the truth at trial.’ ’” 57

In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, the court must construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all justifiable inferences in that party’s favor. 58 However, “[i]t is a settled rule that ‘[credibility assessments, choices between conflicting versions of the events, and the weighing of evidence are matters for the jury, not for the court on a motion for summary judgment.’” 59 Summary judgment is therefore “only appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, making judgment appropriate as a matter of law.” 60

IV. APPLICABLE LAW

A. Federal Securities Law

1. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction

“ ‘When ... a court is confronted with transactions that on any view are predominantly foreign, it must seek to determine whether Congress would have wished the precious resources of United States courts and law enforcement agencies to be devoted to them rather than leave the problem to foreign countries.’ ” 61 “The test in this Circuit for [determining] whether Congress would so wish is ‘(1) whether the wrongful conduct occurred in the United States, and (2) whether the wrongful conduct had a substantial effect in the United States or upon United States citizens.’ ” 62

The conduct test “concern[s] activity in the United States that causes, or plays a substantial part in causing, harm to foreign interests overseas. By contrast, [ ] the effects test concerns the impact of overseas activity on U.S. investors and securities traded on U.S. securities exchanges.” 63 Where the court is determining whether the claims of foreign plaintiffs should be dismissed, the relevant analysis is the conduct test. 64

“Conduct in the United States will support application of the securities laws only when ‘substantial acts in furtherance of the fraud were committed within the United States.’ ” 65 “U.S. acts or culpable failures to act must have been ‘more than merely preparatory’ and must have ‘directly caused’ the claimed losses.” 66 Thus, under the conduct test, courts may nevertheless possess jurisdiction over predominantly foreign securities transactions where “in addition to communications with or meetings in the United States, there has also been a transaction on a U.S. exchange, economic activity in the U.S., harm to a U.S. party, or activity by a U.S. person or entity meriting redress.” 67

2. Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act and Rule 10b-

a. Prima Facie Case

Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 forbids the “use or employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security ... [of] any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the [SEC] may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors.” 68 Thus, “the basic elements of a cause of action for securities fraud under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 are (1) a material misstatement or omission, (2) scienter, (3)[in] connection with the purchase or sale of a security, (4) reliance, [ ](5) economic loss, and (6) ‘loss causation, i.e., a causal connection between the material misrepresentation and the loss.’ ” 69

b. Scienter

“To establish liability under [Section] 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, a private plaintiff must prove that the defendant acted with scienter, ‘a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.’ ” 70 “[R]ecklessness is a sufficiently culpable mental state in the securities fraud context.” 71 Recklessness is “ ‘conduct [that] is, at the least, ... highly unreasonable and which represents an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care ... to the extent that the danger was either known to the defendant or so obvious that the defendant must have been aware of it.’ ” 72 “ ‘An egregious refusal to see the obvious, or to investigate the doubtful, may in some cases give rise to an inference of ... recklessness.’ ” 73

“ ‘[I]ssues of motive or intent are usually inappropriate for disposition on summary judgment.’ ” 74 “In a [Section] 10(b) action, a court may not grant such relief to the defendants on the ground of lack of scienter unless the plaintiff has failed to present facts that can support an inference of bad faith or an inference that defendants acted with an intent to deceive.” 75

c. Reliance

A plaintiff must also establish transaction causation, that is, his “reliance upon the defendant’s deceptive statements . 76 This reliance must be “ ‘reasonable’ ” and “ ‘justifiable.’ ” 77 “ ‘An investor may not justifiably rely on a misrepresentation if, through minimal diligence, the investor should have discovered the truth.’ ” 78 Factors that courts in this circuit have used to determine whether an investor acted without justifiable reliance are: “(1) The sophistication and expertise of the plaintiff in financial and securities matters; (2) the existence of longstanding business or personal relationships; (3) access to the relevant information; (4) the existence of a fiduciary relationship; (5) concealment of the fraud; (6) the opportunity to detect the fraud; (7) whether the plaintiff initiated the stock transaction or sought to expedite the transaction; and (8) the generality or specificity of the misrepresentations.” 79

d. Individual Liability Under Federal Securities Laws

Section 10(b) imposes liability only on those who make material misstatements. 80 Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Central Bank of Denver v. First Interstate Bank of Denver that there is no liability for aiding and abetting under Section 10(b), the Second Circuit propounded a bright-line rule that a defendant “cannot incur primary liability ... for a statement not attributed to that actor at the time of its dissemination.” 81 This rule has since been relaxed. 82 The prevailing rule in this Circuit is that a statement need not be “ ‘publicly attributed to the defendant, [if] the defendant’s participation is substantial enough that s/he may be deemed to have made the statement, and [if] investors are sufficiently aware of defendant’s participation that they may be found to have relied on it as if the statement had been attributed to the defendant.’ ” 83

3. Control Person Liability under Section 20(a)

“ ‘To establish a prima facie case of control person liability, a plaintiff must show (1) a primary violation by the controlled person, (2) control of the primary violator by the defendant, and (3) that the defendant was, in some meaningful sense, a culpable participant in the controlled person’s fraud.’ ” 84

B. Common Law Claims

1. Common Law Fraud

“Under New York law, the elements of common law fraud are ‘a material, false representation, an intent to defraud thereby, and reasonable reliance on the representation, causing damage to the plaintiff.’ ” 85 “The elements of common law fraud thus are largely the same as those of a Rule 10b-5 claim except that there is no requirement that the fraud be ‘in connection with the purchase or sale of securities.’ ” 86 Thus, “a claim for common law fraud is available to investors who retain their securities in reliance on a defendant’s misrepresentations.” 87

2. New York’s Martin Act

The New York Court of Appeals has held — pursuant to the Martin Act, New York’s blue sky law — that “there is no implied private right of action” for securities fraud. 88 Under the Martin Act, the New York Attorney General possesses exclusive power to regulate the sale of securities. 89 In addition, “courts have held that the Act not only bars private claims brought directly under the statute, but also precludes common-law claims based on facts that provide the Attorney General grounds for instituting an action under the Act.” 90 The common-law claims covered under the Act extend only to those that do not require “proof of deceitful intent.” 91 Thus, “the Martin Act preempts claims of [ ] negligence and breach of fiduciary duty predicated on securities fraud” but does not preempt claims of common law fraud. 92 Where, however, the Attorney General has no enforcement power, common law causes of action may proceed. 93

3. Breach of Fiduciary Duty

The elements of a claim for breach of fiduciary duty under New York law are “breach by a fiduciary of a duty owed to plaintiff; defendant’s knowing participation in the breach; and damages.” 94 Where damages are sought in a breach of fiduciary duty claim, “the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant’s conduct proximately caused injury in order to establish liability.” 95

Generally, no fiduciary duties arise where parties deal at arm’s length in conventional business transactions. 96 However, a fiduciary relationship may arise where the parties to a contract specifically agree to such a relationship, or if “ ‘one party’s superior position or superior access to confidential information is so great as virtually to require the other party to repose trust and confidence in the first party.” 97 The plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant was ‘“under a duty to act for or to give advice for the benefit of another upon matters within the scope of the relation.’ ” 98

“While the ‘exact limits’ of what constitutes a fiduciary relationship are ‘impossible of statement,’ a fiduciary relationship may be found in any case ‘in which influence has been acquired and abused, in which confidence has been reposed and betrayed.’ ” 99 Contractual relations or formal writings are not required to establish a fiduciary duty. 100 “Rather, the ongoing conduct between parties must be considered.” 101 Whether a party reposed confidence in another and reasonably relied on the other’s superior expertise or knowledge is a “fact-specific inquiry.” 102

4. Negligence and Professional Malpractice

To prevail on a negligence claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate “(1) that the defendant owed him or her a cognizable duty of care; (2) that the defen dant breached that duty; and (3) that the plaintiff suffered damage as a proximate result of that breach.” 103 Where the parties are not bound by contractual privity, a duty of care will arise where the parties are in a relationship “so close as to approach that of privity.” 104 To establish such relationship, a plaintiff must prove (1) awareness by the defendant that the statement would be used for a “particular purpose;” (2) plaintiffs reliance on that statement; and (3) some conduct linking the two parties that “evinces the [defendant’s] understanding of [plaintiffs] reliance.” 105

“Under New York law, ‘professional malpractice [ ] is a species of negligence.’ ” 106 To prevail on a professional malpractice claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate the elements of negligence, and the breach of duty must be by a professional in a “departure from accepted standards of practice ....” 107

The qualities of a “professional” include “extensive formal learning and training, licensure and regulation indicating a qualification to practice, a code of conduct imposing standards beyond those accepted in the marketplace and a system of discipline for violation of those standards.” 108 “Additionally, a professional relationship is one of trust and confidence, carrying with it a duty to counsel and advise clients.” 109

5. Aiding and Abetting Common Law Fraud

“To establish liability for aiding and abetting fraud, the plaintiffs must show ‘(1) the existence of a fraud; (2)[the] defendant’s knowledge of the fraud; and (3) that the defendant provided substantial assistance to advance the fraud’s commission.’ ” 110 Under New York law, a defendant must be shown to possess actual knowledge of the underlying fraud. 111

6. Aiding and Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty

The elements of a claim for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty are: (1) “a breach by a fiduciary of obligations to another of which the aider and abettor had actual knowledge;” (2) “that the defendant knowingly induced or participated in the breach;” and (3) “that plaintiff suffered damage as a result of the breach.” 112

V. DISCUSSION

A. Federal Securities Law

1. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction

Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment with respect to those claims brought by foreign plaintiffs because the federal securities laws do not apply to foreign securities transactions. 113 They contend that because the calculation of the NAVs was performed in Curacao and the NAV statements were sent from Curacao, their conduct should not be subject to federal securities laws. 114 Plaintiffs argue that although the NAVs were calculated in and disseminated from Curacao, the Funds were managed from the United States by Lancer Management and were invested in securities in the United States and traded on United States exchanges. 115 In addition, plaintiffs argue that Citco NV “regularly communicated and corresponded with Lancer Management, and also traveled to the United States for meetings.” 116

Because the actions that “directly caused harm” to plaintiffs took place in the United States, I conclude that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over the claims of the foreign plaintiffs. 117 Plaintiffs allege fraud in connection with the NAVs of the Funds. 118 These NAVs were based on valuations of portfolio securities. 119 The PPM states that listed securities are to be valued at their “last sales prices on the date of determination.” 120 It also provides that unlisted securities are to be valued at quoted prices or assigned a value by the Board of Directors, and that in the latter situation, the Board is “entitled to rely upon the advice of the Fund’s Investment Manager and Prime Broker.” 121 Thus, the conduct that “directly caused harm” to plaintiffs was not the dissemination of the NAV statements. Rather, the harm was caused by Lauer’s purchase of listed securities at inflated prices and his fraudulent advice regarding the valuation of unlisted securities. These acts took place in the United States. 122

That the Funds were invested in securities that traded on various stock exchanges in the United States 123 and significant communications took place between Citco NY and Lauer in the United States with respect to Citco NV’s calculation of the NAVs 124 further support jurisdiction over this case. 125 Summary judgment is thus denied on this ground.

2. Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act 126

a. Scienter 127

The Citco Defendants contend that plaintiffs cannot establish that they acted recklessly prior to June 2001. 128 Plaintiffs argue that the Citco Defendants were “willfully blind or recklessly indifferent to conspicuous evidence of portfolio and price manipulation that was readily detectable from their own documents.” 129 In support of their conclusion, pláintiffs point to a 1996 memo&emdash;created by Ger-Jan Meijer, a Citco NV internal auditor&emdash; that “warned that [Citco NV] was improperly valuing the restricted shares in the Lancer Offshore portfolio at free-trading prices” instead of at a discount. 130 Plaintiffs contend that if Citco NV had followed the correct methodology of applying a discount to such shares, inflated prices would not have been used to calculate the fraudulent NAVs, and Lauer’s scheme of “painting the tape” would not have been successful. 131

This memorandum, alone, is insufficient to establish that the Citco Defendants were reckless. In the memorandum, Mei-jer challenged Citco NV’s valuation of restricted securities, suggesting that these securities be valued at a discount to the market value. 132 There is no mention of Lauer’s “painting the tape” scheme. 133 The most that can be said of the memorandum is that the Citco Defendants were made aware that Citco NY’s methodology for pricing restricted securities was imprudent. The memorandum cannot, however, be said to have put the Citco Defendants on notice of Lauer’s fraud. 134

Plaintiffs also argue that the Citco Defendants blindly accepted prices for unlisted securities from Lancer Management when they should have ensured that these prices were reasonable. 135 Thus, plaintiffs contend, Citco NY “acted in direct contravention of the applicable and proper policies and procedures, and with reckless indifference to the accuracy of the prices used for the unlisted securities ....” 136 However, as discussed, the PPM directs the Board of Directors to determine the value of unlisted securities and further allows the Board to “rely upon the advice of the Fund’s Investment Manager and Prime Broker.” 137 This language suggests that the Citco Defendants may not have had a duty to ensure these prices were reasonable. Even assuming the Cit-co Defendants had a duty to verify the value of the securities in the portfolio, their failure to do so — in the absence of further evidence of deceit — would at most amount to negligence, not recklessness.

The only other evidence plaintiffs put forth to establish the Citco Defendants’ recklessness is the report of Professor Israel Shaked, plaintiffs’ expert, in which Shaked raises examples of “patently bogus portfolio entries and conspicuous ‘painting the tape’ transactions” of which Citco NV should have been aware. 138 Shaked is a Professor of Finance and Economics at Boston University’s School of Management, who teaches courses in business valuation, corporate finance and financial economics. 139 He has also worked as a consultant, providing valuation and investment banking services to companies, and has provided expertise and consulting services to various government agencies. 140 He is not, however, an expert on hedge fund administration and cannot opine on what Citco NV should have noticed as indications of fraud. Thus, the portion of Shaked’s report that discusses the “obvious signs” of fraud of which Citco NV should have been aware, must be disregarded. 141 Because plaintiffs have not ad duced any other evidence of recklessness by the Citco Defendants, summary judgment on the Section 10(b) claims is granted to the Citco Defendants with respect to the plaintiffs who purchased all of their shares in the Funds prior to June 2001. 142

b. Actual Reliance

The Citco Defendants further contend that they should be entitled to summary judgment on the Section 10(b) claims of those plaintiffs who cannot show that they relied on the NAV statements in purchasing shares of the Lancer Funds. 143 First, the Citco Defendants argue that where it is shown that the NAV statements were not sent to plaintiffs prior to their initial investment in the Funds, then plaintiffs cannot establish actual reliance on the statements, and their Section 10(b) claims with respect to these initial investments should be dismissed. 144 I agree. Accordingly, summary judgment is granted with respect to the Section 10(b) claims of the remaining plaintiffs pertaining to their initial investments in the Fund. 145

Second, the Citco Defendants argue that they can point to evidence in the record that shows that neither plaintiffs&emdash;Kuwait and Middle East Financial Investment Company (“KMEFIC”), Commonfund Global Hedged Partners, LLC, Altar Fund, Andre Chagnon, The Morton Mey-erson Family Foundation, and the Meyer-son 1999 Charitable Remainder Trust&emdash; nor their representatives actually relied on the NAV statements. 146 The Section 10(b) claims of Commonfund Global Hedged Partners, LLC and Andre Chagnon have been dismissed based on a lack of scien-ter. 147 The Meyerson 1999 Charitable Remainder Trust made one investment in Lancer Offshore. 148 Because it has not shown that it received a monthly NAV statement prior to its investment in the Fund, its Section 10(b) claim has already been dismissed. Thus, I will analyze the evidence regarding reliance with respect only to the remaining three plaintiffs who still have surviving Section 10(b) claims.

i.The Altar Fund

During his deposition, Richard Lombardi of the Altar Fund noted that, as an “interested party” (and not yet an investor), he would receive NAV information from Citco NV and would analyze the NAVs as “official performance numbers.” 149 Thus, there is an issue of fact with regards to whether Lombardi reviewed the monthly NAV statements prior to each of the Altar Fund’s investments. Summary judgment has been granted with respect to the Altar Fund’s Section 10(b) claims pertaining to its pre-June 2001 investments in the Funds because plaintiffs have not been able to show that the Citco Defendants possessed scienter prior to that date. 150 However, summary judgment is denied with respect to the Altar Fund’s Section 10(b) claim with respect to its August 2002 purchase.

ii.KMEFIC

Because plaintiffs have not been able to show that the Citco Defendants possessed scienter prior to June 2001, KMEFIC’s only surviving Section 10(b) claim relates to its purchase of shares in Lancer Offshore on June 1, 2002. The Citco Defendants note that the last six purchases of shares in the Funds by KMEFIC&emdash;including the June 2002 investment&emdash;were made on behalf of other clients and those clients ultimately made the investment decisions. 151 They also note that KMEFIC has represented that only Mohammed Almarzook&emdash;an investment analyst employed by KMEFIC who had evaluated KMEFIC’s own proprietary investments in the Funds&emdash;will be called to testify. 152 Because there is no evidence that the client for which KMEFIC purchased shares in June 2002 relied on the NAV statements, the Citco Defendants are entitled to summary judgment with respect to KMEFIC’s Section 10(b) claim based on this investment. 153

iii.The Morton Meyerson Family Foundation

Because The Morton Meyerson Family Foundation has not shown that it received the monthly NAV statements prior to its initial purchase of shares in Lancer Offshore on March 1, 2002, its Section 10(b) claim with respect to this purchase has been dismissed. Thus, the only remaining Section 10(b) claim pertains to the Foundation’s April 1, 2002 purchase.

Morton Meyerson of The Morton Mey-erson Family Foundation testified at his deposition that he delegated the due diligence of the Funds to Scott Letier, one of his employees. 154 At his deposition, Letier testified that he had reviewed the PPM, monthly newsletters and the audited financial statements prior to the Foundation’s investment in the Funds. 155 Although Le-tier began receiving NAV information for the Funds prior to the Foundation’s April 2002 investment, 156 there is no evidence that Letier or any other representative of the Foundation relied on this information. Because the Foundation has not shown that it relied on the NAV information, summary judgment on its Section 10(b) claim with respect to its April 2002 purchase is granted to the Citco Defendants. 157

c. Justifiable Reliance

The Citco Defendants next argue that several plaintiffs cannot establish their Section 10(b) claims because they had either failed to perform adequate due diligence on the Funds or had ignored adverse information about the Funds that would have made them aware of the scheme. 158 Thus, they contend, these plaintiffs were not justified in relying on the NAV statements. 159

i. Failure to Perform Adequate Due Diligence

The only plaintiffs with surviving Section 10(b) claims of the plaintiffs that the Citco Defendants have alleged did not conduct adequate due diligence are Claude Chagnon, who purchased shares through Sojecci II Ltée, 160 and Bombardier Trust (UK). I will review the evidence pertaining to each of these plaintiffs in turn,

aa. Claude Chagnon

Contrary to the Citco Defendants’ argument that Chagnon did no due diligence on Lancer Offshore, Chagnon explained during his deposition that he had relied in part on the due diligence of Ger-main Bourgeois, a representative of Fon-dation Lucie et Andre Chagnon. 161 Chag-non also testified that he had reviewed the NAV statements of the Fund in making his decision to invest. 162 It is also unclear whether additional due diligence by Chag-non would have uncovered the scheme to defraud. Even though the PPM listed a number of risks, including the lack of liquidity, 163 it did not warn that investor money would be used to purchase worthless securities whose lack of value would be hidden from investors by a scheme whereby the prices of these stocks would be artificially inflated and reported to investors. Summary judgment with respect to the Section 10(b) claim of Claude Chag-non based on his May 1, 2002 purchase of shares is therefore denied on this ground.

bb. Bombardier Trust (UK)

Plaintiffs have also presented sufficient evidence to show that the Bombardier Trusts conducted due diligence prior to making investments in Lancer Offshore. Jean Pierre Goyer, Chairman of the Investment Committee for the Bombardier Trusts, testified that he had met with Lauer to discuss the investment by the Bombardier Trusts and had asked Lauer to present the Funds to the Investment Committee. 164 Goyer also delegated the responsibility of performing due diligence on Lancer Offshore to a team of individuals. 165 He testified that this team would have reviewed Lancer Offshore’s financial statements prior to the Trust’s investment in the Fund. 166 Like Chagnon, it is unclear that additional due diligence would have alerted Goyer to Lauer’s scheme. Thus, summary judgment of Bombardier Trust (UK)’s Section 10(b) claims with respect to its purchases in March and June 2002 are similarly denied on this ground.

ii. Adverse Information

The Citco Defendants further contend that Bourgeois, who was responsible for the investments of The Pension Committee of the University of Montreal, the Fondation Lucie et Andre Chagnon, Sojec-ci Ltée, 167 and The Pension Committee of the Pension Plan for the Regime de Re-traite de law Corporation de L’Ecole Poly-technique should have been alerted&emdash;by the disclosure of significant adverse information&emdash;that something was wrong at the Funds. 168 This argument is ünpersuasive.

First, the Citco Defendants contend that the “surge of redemption requests” in 1998 should have put Bourgeois on notice of the Funds’ lack of liquidity. 169 However, Bourgeois testified that he was not aware of the redemption requests at this time and he was not sure that he had received the January 28, 1999 newsletter that discussed the issue. 170 Regardless of Bourgeois’ lack of awareness, it is unclear why this would have been a significant event. In fact, other plaintiffs who had been aware of these redemption requests had attributed them to market events at that time. 171

Second, the Citco Defendants argue that Bourgeois and other plaintiffs should have been skeptical when the Funds reported an investment loss in 1999 and net unrealized gains in 2000 and 2001. 172 Consistent with Bourgeois’ testimony, however, it is unclear that investors would have been suddenly aroused by these figures in the annual reports, particularly because the NAV statements they were receiving monthly reported that the Funds were performing well. 173 In addition, Bourgeois testified that he had questioned Lauer about the unrealized gains, but was reassured by Lauer that he was waiting to sell the securities in case some “catalyst” occurred that would increase prices further. 174

Third, the Citco Defendants contend that Bourgeois should have been aware that Citco NV was not valuing the portfolio, particularly because a footnote to the 2001 financial statements informed investors that the portfolio was being valued by “the Board of Directors in conjunction with the investment manager.” 175 This argument is similarly unpersuasive. Citco NV’s senior officers were still directors of the Funds in 2001, 176 and Bourgeois still believed&emdash;and had no reason to disbelieve&emdash;that the NAVs calculated by Citco NV could be trusted. 177 It is unclear whether a footnote in the financial statements describing valuation methodology would have been sufficient to put any plaintiff on notice of Lauer’s scheme. I find that although plaintiffs were sophisticated investors, their lack of access to critical information about the Funds and the continued concealment of the scheme by Lauer are enough to raise a “genuine issue of fact” regarding whether they justifiably relied on the NAV statements. Summary judgment is thus denied on this ground.

d. Individual Liability of the Citco Directors

With regards to Conroy and Quil-ligan, the Citco Defendants argue that the NAV statements were not “publicly attributable to [them] when made.” 178 This statement, however, is false. The PPM states unequivocally that “[t]he Board of Directors of the Fund, in consultation with the Investment Manager, will value the securities held by the Fund in accordance with the Fund’s Articles of Association.” 179 In addition, the Articles of Association of Lancer Offshore states that “[t]he Net Asset Value per Share shall be determined by the Directors ....” 180 Although the NAV statements were signed by Citco NV, investors would have reasonably believed that the Board of Directors substantially participated in the calculation of the NAV. Thus, summary judgment with respect to the Citco Directors on this ground is denied.

3. Control Person Liability under Section 20(a)

Citco Group argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs’ Section 20(a) claim because plaintiffs cannot establish that it was “a culpable participant in [Citco NV’s] fraud.” 181 Citco Group contends that it “never provided administrative services or any other services to the Lancer Funds.” 182 It further argues that its Executive Committee was not apprised of problems regarding the valuation of the Funds until May 21, 2002, when Christoffel Smeets, President and CEO of the Citco Group, received an email from William Keunen, Division Director of Fund Services and President of Citco Fund Services USA. 183 Therefore, Citco Group claims that it could not have been a “culpable participant” in the fraudulent scheme until May 21, 2002. 184 I disagree.

Citco Group contends that its Executive Committee was not intimately involved in the day-to-day affairs of Citco NV, and that therefore, plaintiffs cannot show that it knew of the Lancer Funds scheme prior to May 21, 2002. 185 However, this argument assumes that the only people who could have acted on behalf of the company were members of the Executive Committee. The argument fails to consider whether Keunen was acting on behalf of Citco Group while fulfilling his duties as division director, and whether his actions constituted “culpable participation” by the Citco Group.

As explained by Smeets at his deposition, the Executive Committee of the Citco Group hired division directors to oversee the day-to-day operations of its business segments. 186 Keunen was the division director for the fund services segment of Citco Group’s business. 187 The undisputed evidence shows not only that Keunen was hired by the Executive Committee of Citco Group, but that the committee reviewed his performance and set his compensation. 188 In addition, Keunen reported regularly to the Citco Group’s Executive Committee. 189 Furthermore, there were times when the managing directors of individual fund services entities would substitute Keunen’s approval for that of the Citco Group Executive Committee. 190 This evidence demonstrates that Keunen was acting on behalf of the Citco Group while in his capacity as division director of the fund services segment. 191

This finding — that Keunen was acting on behalf of the Citco Group — makes it unnecessary for this Court to make a ruling with respect to whether “culpable participation” requires scienter 192 because it is undisputed that Keunen had knowledge of the Lancer Funds situation beginning in September 2001, when Quilligan apprised him of concerns regarding the funds. 193 From that date onwards, Keunen was actively involved in monitoring the Lancer Funds. On September 12, 2001, he participated in a meeting with Lancer Management to discuss Citco NV’s concerns. 194 Following that meeting, he was kept apprised of Citco NV’s monitoring of the situation by Quilligan and others at Citco NV. 195 Despite receiving information that Lancer Management was not fully cooper ating with the investigation and repeated indications that the NAVs were inaccurate, he nevertheless directed the continued reporting of the inflated NAVs. 196

Citco Group continued to be a “culpable participant” even after Smeets was informed of the situation by Keunen in May 2002. The evidence shows that Citco NV continued to communicate NAVs for Lancer Offshore until August 31, 2002 and continued to act as administrator of Omni-Fund until November 30, 2002. 197 Citco Group also allowed the scheme to continue after Citco NV’s resignation as administrator of the Funds. When Citco NV resigned as administrator of Lancer Offshore on July 16, 2002, investors were not informed of its departure. 198 When they Anally were informed about Citco NV’s resignation a month later, investors were not told the reasons for its resignation. 199 Instead, they were told merely that “Citco and [Lancer Offshore] have mutually and amicably agreed, on the termination of the Administration Agreement ....” 200 Plaintiffs have put forth sufficient evidence to show that Citco Group may have been a “culpable participant” in Lauer’s scheme beginning in September 2001.

Citco Group makes much of its efforts to “obtain[] certifications from the Board of Directors of the Lancer Funds attesting to the propriety of the valuations,” “its full disclosure to [PriceWaterhouse Coopers, the Lancer Funds’ independent auditor], regarding its concerns over the valuations,” and its seeking and following of “legal advice of the law firm of Shearman and Sterling in New York with respect to its resignation ....” 201 Although these actions demonstrate Citco Group’s questioning of the numbers, they could also be interpreted as Citco Group’s efforts to shield its own involvement in the process. A jury could also conclude that any inference of good faith is negated by Citco Group’s failure to stop Citco NV from disseminating the allegedly inflated NAVs. In any case, I conclude that plaintiffs have put forth enough evidence to show that Citco Group was a “culpable participant” such that it may be subject to control person liability. Whether it will ultimately be found to be a culpable participant is an issue best resolved by a jury. 202

There is no real dispute that Citco Group controlled Citco NV. 203 However, Citco Group argues that even though it was the indirect parent of Citco NV, there is no evidence that it “dictated the policies and procedures employed by [Cit-co NV]” or that it had any “actual control over[] the day-to-day administrative services provided by Citco NV to the Lancer Funds.” 204 However, as discussed, this assertion is directly contradicted by Citco Group’s employment of Keunen to supervise its fund services division. If a jury was to find that Keunen was acting on behalf of the Citco Group in supervising the affairs of Citco NV, then Citco Group’s argument would fail. Thus, there is also a “genuine issue of fact” with respect to whether Citco Group controlled Citco NV’s duties to the Lancer Funds. Because issues of fact remain with respect to the control person claim, Citco Group’s motion for partial summary judgment is denied. 205

B. Common Law Claims

1. “Holder Claims” — Loss Causation

The Citco Defendants contend that they should be granted summary judgment with respect to plaintiffs’ “holder claims” because plaintiffs cannot establish loss causation. 206 In support of this argument, they submit the expert report of Tsvetan N. Beloreshki, who is a Managing Director in the Forensic and Litigation Consulting Practice of FTI Consulting, Incorporated. 207

Based on the assumption that discovery of Lauer’s scheme at an earlier time would have caused investors in the Funds to redeem their shares all at once, triggering the liquidation of the Funds at the time, Beloreshki conducted an analysis that compared the losses sustained by plaintiffs by continuing to retain shares in the Funds until the liquidation by the Receiver to the losses that plaintiffs would have sustained had the Citco Defendants uncovered Lauer’s scheme at some date before then. 208 His analysis shows that at any date from December 1997 (the date after which the first investment by one of the twenty plaintiffs was made) to December 2002, each plaintiffs losses would have been more than or equal to each plaintiffs losses as the result of the liquidation of the Funds by the Receiver. 209 Thus, the Citco Defendants argue, because plaintiffs cannot show that they would have been in a better position if the fraud had been discovered sooner, the Citco Defendants’ alleged misconduct could not have proximately caused their losses. 210

Plaintiffs respond by arguing that “millions of dollars would not have flowed improperly out of the funds and would have been available to satisfy plaintiffs’ claims” had the Citco Defendants acted properly in disclosing the inflated NAVs. 211 In support of this contention, plaintiffs submit the expert report of Israel Shaked, Professor of Finance and Economics at Boston University’s School of Management. 212 In his report, Shaked concludes that $226 million of improper payments would not have been made by Lancer Offshore had the Citco Defendants disclosed the inflated NAVs. 213 These improper payments included (1) amounts used “to acquire positions in small or micro-cap companies and shell companies that were used to inflate the Lancer Offshore NAVs;” (2) “amounts paid to the administrator [and Lancer Management]” based upon inflated NAVs; and (3) redemptions which were also calculated based upon the inflated NAVs. 214

First, plaintiffs have failed to establish a “genuine issue” of fact regarding loss causation on their “holder claims” in the Om-niFund. 215 Thus, summary judgment is granted for the Citco Defendants on these claims. Second, as explained by Belo-reshki in his report, the proper analysis is whether plaintiffs would have been in a better position (i.e., whether they would have lost less) had the Citco Defendants disclosed Lauer’s fraud at an earlier time. While plaintiffs may be able to show that the Citco Defendants could have prevented a significant amount of money from improperly flowing out of Lancer Offshore had they uncovered Lauer’s scheme earlier, they have not demonstrated whether these improper payments would have decreased the realizable value of plaintiffs’ investments in the Funds. 216 Because plaintiffs have not raised a “genuine issue” with respect to loss causation on their common law “holder claims,” summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on these claims. 217

2. Common Law Fraud

The elements of common law fraud under New York law are “substantially identical to those governing Section 10(b)” and an “identical analysis applies.” 218 Thus, the conclusions I reached regarding plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) claims also apply to these claims. Because plaintiffs have not established the Citco Defendants’ scienter prior to June 2001, those claims of plaintiffs who purchased their shares in the Funds before June 2001 fail. 219 None of the plaintiffs with remaining common law fraud claims have established that they received and relied on the NAV statements prior to their first purchase in the Funds. 220 Thus, summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants with respect to these plaintiffs’ first investments. Summary judgment is also granted on the claims of KMEFIC and the Morton Meyerson Family Foundation because they have not established actual reb-anee on the NAV statements. 221

3. New York’s Martin Act

The Citco Defendants next argue that plaintiffs’ claims for breach of fiduciary duty and negligence are barred by New York’s Martin Act. 222 1 disagree. Although the Citco Defendants communicated regularly with Lauer in New York, they performed most of their work for the Funds in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. 223 In addition, the securities were mostly mar keted and sold to foreign investors, and only a limited number of investors in the United States participated. 224 Thus, plaintiffs’ claims for breach of fiduciary duty and negligence are not preempted by the Martin Act.

4. Breach of Fiduciary Duty

Citco NV argues that it owed no fiduciary duty to the plaintiffs. In support of this argument, it relies principally on Jordan (Bermuda) Investment Co. v. Hunter Green Investments, LLC, in which the court found that the hedge fund’s administrator did not owe a fiduciary duty to one of the fund’s investors. 225 However, Jordan is distinguishable from the instant case.

In Jordan, the court found two factors to be particularly supportive of its conclusion that no fiduciary duty existed. First, the court noted that the fund administrator in that case had never had any contact with the plaintiff. 226 Indeed, the plaintiff had never known that the administrator existed. 227 By contrast, one of Citco NV’s responsibilities was communicating with investors. 228 And as part of its communications, Citco NV made representations directly to investors attesting to the quality of their services. 229 For instance, in one letter that was sent to Almarzook of KMEFIC, Citco NV described the existence of “detailed written procedures and operations manuals for all our operations” and the utilization of “[ajutomatic reconciliation programs” and other independent pricing programs to ensure accuracy in their services. 230 This correspondence shows that Citco NV not only accepted that it owed a fiduciary duty to investors, but that it invited this duty.

Second, the Jordan court found that the administrator had merely been charged with providing “nondiscretionary administrative services,” which services included calculating the monthly NAV “based solely on information provided to it by [the fund managers].” 231 Unlike the administrator in Jordan, it is unclear whether Citco NV’s services were “nondiscretionary,” particularly considering that it had undertaken, pursuant to the ASA, to “independently pric[e] the fund.” 232 In any case, I find that there is enough evidence to show that plaintiffs reposed trust in Citco NV to allow this claim to be tried by a jury. Thus, summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claims against Citco NV. 233

5. Negligence and Professional Malpractice

Because no contract exists between the plaintiffs and Citco NV, a duty of care will only arise where the parties have a relationship “so close as to approach that of privity.” 234 With regards to the factors set out by the New York Court of Appeals in Credit Alliance, plaintiffs have established the first and last prongs of the test — that Citco NV was aware that the NAV statement would be used for “a particular purpose” and that Citco NV had sufficient contact with plaintiffs such that it should have understood plaintiffs’ reliance on its statements. Citco Fund Services’ procedure manual — likely one of the procedure manuals mentioned in Citco NVs letter to KMEFIC — states that “[t]he net asset value is an important indicator for a fund” and that “[shareholders and partners will make decisions to invest or redeem based on the net asset value.” 235 Thus, it would be disingenuous for Citco NV to argue that it was not aware that plaintiffs would rely on the NAV statements to evaluate the performance of their investments. In addition, Citco NV’s monthly mailing of NAV statements and other correspondence with plaintiffs is sufficient to establish a “linking” to plaintiffs such that it would have understood plaintiffs’ reliance on these statements. 236

However, as discussed, some plaintiffs have not been able to demonstrate the second prong of the Credit Alliance test — .that they relied on the NAV statements sent by Citco NV when making all of their purchases. 237 As discussed, plaintiffs have not shown that they received the NAV statements prior to their initial investments in the Funds and therefore cannot prove that they relied on these statements. 238 Thus, the negligence claims related to these initial purchases are dismissed. In addition, plaintiffs have not provided sufficient evidence to show that KMEFIC or the Morton Meyerson Family Foundation actually relied on the statements in making their subsequent investments. Thus, their negligence claims are also dismissed. 239 Summary judgment with respect to the negligence claims on remaining purchases is denied. 240

Summary judgment is also granted to the Citco Defendants on plaintiffs’ professional malpractice claims. Plaintiffs have not shown that hedge fund administrators are “professionals” under New York law. 241 Specifically, plaintiffs have not established the requirements of “extensive formal learning and training, licen-sure and regulation [], a code of conduct imposing standards beyond those accepted in the marketplace and a system of discipline for violation of those standards” with respect to administrators. 242 For these reasons, plaintiffs’ professional malpractice claims are dismissed.

6. Aiding and Abetting Claims

Both of plaintiffs’ aiding and abetting claims require proof of knowledge by the Citco Defendants of the alleged fraudulent scheme. 243 As discussed, plaintiffs have not shown that the Citco Defendants acted recklessly — much less with knowledge of the fraud — prior to June 2001. 244 Thus, summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on claims based on purchases prior to this date.

VI. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the Citco Defendants’ motion for partial summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part. Citco Group’s motion for summary judgment is denied. In sum:

(1) Summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) claims based on purchases of shares made before June 2001 because plaintiffs have not shown that the Citco Defendants possessed scienter prior to this date;

(2) Summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) claims with respect to plaintiffs’ initial purchases because plaintiffs have not shown that they received the allegedly misleading monthly NAV statements prior to their initial purchases in the Funds and thus cannot show that they relied on them;

(3) Summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on KMEFIC’s and the Morton Meyerson Family Foundation’s Section 10(b) claims because they have not shown that they actually relied on the allegedly misleading monthly NAV statements;

(4) Summary judgment is denied with respect to plaintiffs’ Section 10(b) claims based on remaining purchases. These include claims based on Fondation Lucie et Andre Chagnon’s December 1, 2001 purchase; Sojecci II Ltée’s April 30, 2002 and May 1, 2002 purchases; Bombardier Trust (UK)’s March 1, 2002 and June 1, 2002 purchases; Defined Benefit Plan for Hun-nicutt & Co., Inc.’s June 1, 2001 and March 1, 2002 purchases; and The Altar Fund’s August 1, 2002 purchase;

(5) Summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ claim for Section 20(a) control person liability against Citco Group;

(6) With respect to plaintiffs’ common law claims, summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on plaintiffs’ holder claims;

(7) Summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on plaintiffs’ common law fraud claims based on purchases made before June 2001 because plaintiffs have not shown that the Citco Defendants possessed scienter prior to that date;

(8) Summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on plaintiffs’ common law fraud claims with respect to plaintiffs’ initial investments because plaintiffs have not shown that they received the allegedly misleading monthly NAV statements prior to their initial investments in the Funds and thus cannot show that they relied on them;

(9) Summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on KMEFIC’s and the Morton Meyerson Family Foundation’s common law fraud claims because they have not shown that they actually relied on the allegedly misleading monthly NAV statements;

(10) Summary judgment is denied with respect to plaintiffs’ common law fraud claims based on remaining purchases. These include claims based on Fondation Lucie et Andre Chagnon’s December 1, 2001 purchase; Sojecci II Ltée’s April 30, 2002 and May 1, 2002 purchases; Bombardier Trust (UK)’s March 1, 2002 and June 1, 2002 purchases; Defined Benefit Plan for Hunnicutt & Co., Inc.’s June 1, 2001 and March 1, 2002 purchases; and The Altar Fund’s August 1, 2002 purchase;

(11) Summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claims;

(12) Summary judgment is granted on plaintiffs’ negligence claims for which they have not shown that they relied on the allegedly misleading monthly NAV statements when making their investments. These include all of plaintiffs’ initial purchases and the purchases of KMEFIC and the Morton Meyerson Family Foundation;

(13) Summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ remaining negligence claims;

(14) Summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on plaintiffs’ professional malpractice claims; and

(15) Summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants on plaintiffs’ aiding and abetting claims for purchases made prior to June 2001 because they have not shown that the Citco Defendants possessed actual knowledge of the alleged scheme prior to this date. The remaining aiding and abetting claims include those based on Fondation Lucie et Andre Chagnon’s December 1, 2001 purchase; Sojecci II Ltée’s April 30, 2002 and May 1, 2002 purchases; Bombardier Trust (UK)’s March 1, 2002 and June 1, 2002 purchases; KMEFIC’s June 1, 2002 purchase; The 1999 Meyerson Charitable Remainder Trust’s March 1, 2002 purchase; The Morton Meyerson Family Foundation’s March 1, 2002 and April 1, 2002 purchases; Defined Benefit Plan for Hunnicutt & Co., Inc.’s June 1, 2001 and March 1, 2002 purchases; and The Altar Fund’s August 1, 2002 purchase.

The Clerk of the Court is directed to close these motions (document nos. 175 and 190). A conference is scheduled for January 14, 2009 at 4:30 p.m.

SO ORDERED.

1 . See Second Amended Complaint ("SAC”) ¶ 1.

2 . See id. ¶¶ 318-460.

3 . See Defendants Citco Fund Services (Curacao), N.V. and the Citco Directors’ Memorandum of Law in Support of Their Motion for Summary Judgment ("Def. Mem.”) at 1.

4 . The facts in this section are not in dispute and are drawn from Defendants' Rule 56.1 Statements and Plaintiffs’ Counterstatements Pursuant to Rule 56.1 and from the evidence submitted to this Court with respect to this motion. Some background facts, if not material to this motion, have been taken from the Second Amended Complaint.

5 . Although the action involves the claims of 96 plaintiff investors, on February 1, 2008, the Court ordered that the case would proceed initially on the claims of twenty plaintiffs. See 2/1/08 Case Management and Amended Scheduling Order.

6 . See Defendants Citco Fund Services (Curacao), N.V. and the Citco Directors' Rule 56.1 Statement of Undisputed Facts in Support of their Motion for Summary Judgment ("Def. 56.1”) ¶ 1.

7 . See id., n 1,2.

8 . See id. ¶ 2.

9 . See SAC ¶ 1.

10 . See Def. 56.1 ¶ 2.

11 . See SAC ¶ 32.

12 . See id. ¶ 33.

13 . See id. ¶ 13.

14 . See id. ¶ 34.

15 . See Defendant, the Citco Group Limited’s Rule 56.1 Statement ("CGL 56.1”) ¶ 5; Plaintiffs' Counterstatement Pursuant to Rule 56.1 in Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment of Defendant Citco Group Limited ¶ 5 ("PL CGL Counter. 56.1”).

16 . SAC II 35.

17 . See id.

18 . See Def. 56.1 V 3; Plaintiffs’ Amended Counterstatement Pursuant to Rule 56.1 in Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment of Defendants Citco Fund Services (Curacao), N.V., Kieran Conroy, Decían Quilligan, and Anthony Stocks ("Pl. Counter. 56.1”) ¶ 3.

19 . See SAC ¶ 36. Defendant Stocks has passed away, and plaintiffs have stated that they "do not intend to pursue their claims against [his] estate ....” Pl. Counter. 56.1 ¶ 23.

20 . See SAC ¶ 37.

21 . See id. ¶ 38.

22 . See id.

23 . See Def. 56. ¶ 19; Pl. Counter. 56.1 ¶ 19.

24 . Def. 56.1 ¶ 19.

25 . See ASA, Ex. 7 to 9/15/08 Declaration of Dyanne Feinberg, counsel for the Citco Defendants ("Feinberg Decl.”), at 2.

26 . Def. 56. ¶ 20.

27 . See id. ¶ 21.

28 . Id.

29 . Id.

30 . See Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 6, 8, 10; Pl. Counter. 56.1 ¶¶ 6, 8, 10.

31 . See Def. 56.1 ¶ 8; Pl. Counter. 56.1 ¶ 8.

32 . See SAC ¶¶ 14, 15.

33 . See id. ¶ 2.

34 . See id. ¶ 3.

35 . See id.

36 . See id.

37 . See id. ¶¶ 109, 117

38 . See Def. 56.1 ¶33.

39 . See id. ¶ 36; PL Counter. 56.1 ¶ 36.

40 . See Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 37-42 (noting that a meeting in September 2001 took place with Lancer Management to discuss these concerns and that Lauer was subsequently asked to submit additional valuation information and explain his methodology).

41 . See Deposition of William Keunen (''Keu-nen Dep.''), Ex. 5 to 8/25/08 Declaration of Anne Beaumont, plaintiffs' counsel ("Beaumont Decl.”), at 131:25-132:10.

42 . See 5/22/02 Email from Keunen to the Cit-co Group Executive Committee, Ex. 6 to 8/11/08 Declaration of Dyanne Feinberg, counsel for Citco Group ("Feinberg CGL Decl.”), at 1.

43 . See 7/25/02 Letter from Citco NV to the Board of Directors of Lancer Offshore, with copy to Lauer ("7/25/02 Let.”), Ex. 2 to Beaumont Deck, at 1 (stating that Citco NV’s letter of July 16, 2002 "constituted] notice of [its] resignation as the Fund’s administrator ... ”); Deposition of Declan Quilligan ("Quilligan Dep.”), Ex. 9 to Beaumont Deck, at 169:23-170:1.

44 . See SAC ¶¶ 318-326, 392-400.

45 . See id. ¶¶ 327-341.

46 . See id. ¶¶ 376-391, 401-452.

47 . See id. ¶¶ 342-375, 384-391, 453-460.

48 . See Pension Comm. of the Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan, et al. v. Banc of America Sec., et al., No. 05 Civ. 9016, 2007 WL 528703 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 20, 2007).

49 . See Pension Comm. of the Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan, et al. v. Banc of America Sec., et al., No. 05 Civ. 9016, 591 F.Supp.2d 586, 2008 WL 4755734 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 29, 2008).

50 . Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).

51 . Roe v. City of Waterbury, 542 F.3d 31, 34 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)).

52 . Ricci v. DeStefano, 530 F.3d 88, 109 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505).

53 . Vermont Teddy Bear Co. v. 1-800 Beargram Co., 373 F.3d 241, 244 (2d Cir.2004) (citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970)).

54 . Abramson v. Pataki, 278 F.3d 93, 101 (2d Cir.2002) (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986)). Accord In re September 11 Litig., 500 F.Supp.2d 356, 361 (S.D.N.Y.2007) ("Where the nonmoving party bears the burden of proof at trial, the burden on the moving party may be discharged by showing — that is, pointing out to the district court — that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmov-ing party's case.”) (quotation omitted).

55 . Higazy v. Templeton, 505 F.3d 161, 169 (2d Cir.2007) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)).

56 . Jeffreys v. City of New York, 426 F.3d 549, 554 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting Fujitsu Ltd. v. Fed. Express Corp., 247 F.3d 423, 428 (2d Cir.2001)).

57 . Kessler v. Westchester County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 461 F.3d 199, 206 (2d Cir.2006) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248-49, 106 S.Ct. 2505).

58 . See Mathirampuzha v. Potter, 548 F.3d 70, 74 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Allianz Ins. Co. v. Lerner, 416 F.3d 109, 113 (2d Cir.2005)).

59 . McClellan v. Smith, 439 F.3d 137, 144 (2d Cir.2006) (quoting Fischl v. Armitage, 128 F.3d 50, 55 (2d Cir.1997)). Accord Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

60 . Karpova v. Snow, 497 F.3d 262, 270 (2d Cir.2007) (citing Tocker v. Philip Morris Cos., 470 F.3d 481, 486-87 (2d Cir.2006)).

61 . In re Parmalat Sec. Litig., 497 F.Supp.2d 526, 531 (S.D.N.Y.2007) (quoting Bersch v. Drexel Firestone, Inc., 519 F.2d 974, 985 (2d Cir.1975)). Accord Alfadda v. Fenn, 935 F.2d 475, 478 (2d Cir.1991).

62 . Id. (quoting SEC v. Berger, 322 F.3d 187, 192 (2d Cir.2003)). Accord Morrison v. National Australia Bank, 547 F.3d 167, 171 (2d Cir.2008) (citations omitted).

63 . Europe and Overseas Commodity Traders, S.A. v. Banque Paribas London, 147 F.3d 118, 128 (2d Cir.1998) (citations omitted).

64 . See In re Parmalat, 497 F.Supp.2d at 532.

65 . Id. at 531 (quoting Psimenos v. E.F. Hutton & Co., 722 F.2d 1041, 1045 (2d Cir.1983)).

66 . Id. (quoting Berger, 322 F.3d at 193 (internal quotation marks omitted)). Accord Morrison, 547 F.3d at 171 (citations omitted).

67 . Europe and Overseas Commodity Traders, 147 F.3d at 128 (discussing numerous Second Circuit cases that have so held).

68 . 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b).

69 . In re Salomon Analyst Metromedia Litig., 544 F.3d 474, 478 n. 1 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Dura Pharms., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 341, 125 S.Ct. 1627, 161 L.Ed.2d 577 (2005)).

70 . Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues and Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 127 S.Ct. 2499, 2507, 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007) (quoting Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185, 193-94, 96 S.Ct. 1375, 47 L.Ed.2d 668 (1976)).

71 . Teamsters Local 445 Freight Div. Pension Fund v. Dynex Capital Inc., 531 F.3d 190, 194 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted). Accord ATSI Commc’ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 99 n. 3 (2d Cir.2007).

72 . Chill v. General Elec. Co., 101 F.3d 263, 269 (2d Cir.1996) (quoting Rolf v. Blyth, Eastman Dillon & Co., 570 F.2d 38, 47 (2d Cir.1978)).

73 . Id. (quoting Goldman v. McMahan, Brafman, Morgan & Co., 706 F.Supp. 256, 259 (S.D.N.Y.1989)).

74 . Litton Indus., Inc. v. Lehman Bros. Kuhn Loeb Inc., 967 F.2d 742, 751 (2d Cir.1992) (quoting Wechsler v. Steinberg, 733 F.2d 1054, 1058-59 (2d Cir.1984)).

75 . Wechsler, 733 F.2d at 1059 (citing State Teachers Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., 500 F.Supp. 278, 294 (S.D.N.Y.1980), aff'd, 654 F.2d 843 (2d Cir.1981)).

76 . Suez Equity Investors, L.P. v. Toronto-Dominion Bank, 250 F.3d 87, 96 (2d Cir.2001).

77 . Harsco Corp. v. Segui, 91 F.3d 337, 342 (2d Cir.1996) (quotations omitted).

78 . Stair ex rel. Estate of Sampson v. Georgeson S’holder, Inc., 412 F.3d 103, 109 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting Brown v. E.F. Hutton Group, Inc., 991 F.2d 1020, 1032 (2d Cir.1993)).

79 . Brown, 991 F.2d at 1032 (citations omitted).

80 . See Central Bank of Denver v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, 511 U.S. 164, 177, 114 S.Ct. 1439, 128 L.Ed.2d 119 (1994) (finding that there can be no liability for aiding and abetting under Section 10(b)).

81 . Wright v. Ernst & Young LLP, 152 F.3d 169, 175 (2d Cir.1998).

82 . See In re Van der Moolen Holding N.V. Sec. Litig., 405 F.Supp.2d 388, 401-02 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (discussing Second Circuit jurisprudence since Central Bank of Denver).

83 . Id. at 402 (quoting In re Global Crossing, Ltd. Sec. Litig., 322 F.Supp.2d 319, 330-32 (S.D.N.Y.2004)).

84 . ATSI Commc'ns, Inc., 493 F.3d at 108 (quoting SEC v. First Jersey Sec., Inc., 101 F.3d 1450, 1472 (2d Cir.1996)).

85 . Chanayil v. Gulati, 169 F.3d 168, 171 (2d Cir.1999) (quoting Katara v. D.E. Jones Commodities, Inc., 835 F.2d 966, 970-71 (2d Cir.1987)).

86 . Fraternity Fund Ltd. v. Beacon Hill Asset Mgmt. LLC., 376 F.Supp.2d 385, 406 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (quoting Manela v. Garantia Banking, 5 F.Supp.2d 165, 178-79 (S.D.N.Y.1998)).

87 . Id. (citations omitted).

88 . Castellano v. Young & Rubicam, Inc., 257 F.3d 171, 190 (2d Cir.2001) (citing CPC Int’l Inc. v. McKesson Corp., 70 N.Y.2d 268, 276, 519 N.Y.S.2d 804, 514 N.E.2d 116 (N.Y.1987)). The Martin Act is codified at Section 352 of the New York State General Business Law.

89 . See Castellano, 257 F.3d at 190.

90 . Lehman Brothers Commercial Corp. v. Minmetals Int’l Non-Ferrous Metals Trading Co., 179 F.Supp.2d 159, 162 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (citation omitted).

91 . Nanopierce Tech., Inc. v. Southridge Capital Mgmt. LLC, No. 02 Civ. 0767, 2003 WL 22052894, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 2, 2003). Accord Eagle Tenants Corp. v. Fishbein, 182 A.D.2d 610, 582 N.Y.S.2d 218, 219 (2d Dep't 1992) (holding that the claim for constructive fraud must be dismissed pursuant to the Martin Act because of the requirement to show “deceitful intent”).

92 . Lehman Bros. Commercial Corp., 179 F.Supp.2d at 162 (citations omitted). Accord Nanopierce, 2003 WL 22052894, at *4 (noting that “New York courts have allowed common law fraud claims to proceed while dismissing negligent misrepresentation and breach of fiduciary duty claims .... ”).

93 . See Nanopierce Tech., Inc., 2003 WL 22052894, at *6 (“... New York courts did not intend to eviscerate New York's common law causes of action, except where those causes of action fell squarely within the range of cases on which the Attorney General has been empowered to act.”).

94 . SCS Commc'ns., Inc. v. Herrick Co., 360 F.3d 329, 342 (2d Cir.2004) (citing Diduck v. Kaszycki & Sons Contractors, Inc., 974 F.2d 270, 281-82 (2d Cir.1992)).

95 . LNC Invs., Inc. v. First Fidelity Bank, N.A. New Jersey, 173 F.3d 454, 465 (2d Cir.1999) (citing R.M. Newell Co. v. Rice, 236 A.D.2d 843, 653 N.Y.S.2d 1004, 1005 (4th Dep’t 1997)).

96 . See In re Mid-Island Hosp., Inc., 276 F.3d 123, 130 (2d Cir.2002); SNS Bank, N.V. v. Citibank, N.A., 7 A.D.3d 352, 777 N.Y.S.2d 62, 65 (1st Dep’t 2004).

97 . Ross v. FSG PrivatAir, Inc., No. 03 Civ. 7292, 2004 WL 1837366, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2004) (quoting Calvin Klein Trademark Trust v. Wachner, 123 F.Supp.2d 731, 733-34 (S.D.N.Y.2000)).

98 . Flickinger v. Harold C. Brown & Co., 947 F.2d 595, 599 (2d Cir.1991) (quoting Mandelblatt v. Devon Stores, Inc., 132 A.D.2d 162, 521 N.Y.S.2d 672, 676 (1st Dep’t 1987)).

99 . United Feature Syndicate, Inc. v. Miller Features Syndicate, Inc., 216 F.Supp.2d 198, 218 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (quoting Penato v. George, 52 A.D.2d 939, 383 N.Y.S.2d 900, 904 (2d Dep’t 1976)).

100 . See, e.g., Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. Franey Muha Alliant Ins. Services, 388 F.Supp.2d 292, 305 (S.D.N.Y.2005).

101 . United Feature Syndicate, 216 F.Supp.2d at 218 (citations and quotation marks omitted). Accord United States v. Chestman, 947 F.2d 551, 568 (2d Cir.1991) (finding a fiduciary relationship “exists when confidence is reposed on one side and there is resulting superiority and influence on the other”).

102 . Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 388 F.Supp.2d at 305. Accord Wiener v. Lazard Freres & Co., 241 A.D.2d 114, 672 N.Y.S.2d 8, 14 (1st Dep’t 1998) (noting that whether a fiduciary duty exists "is necessarily fact-specific to the particular case”) (citing New York cases).

103 . DiBenedetto v. Pan Am World Serv., Inc., 359 F.3d 627, 630 (2d Cir.2004) (citing Solomon by Solomon v. City of New York, 66 N.Y.2d 1026, 1027, 499 N.Y.S.2d 392, 489 N.E.2d 1294 (1985)).

104 . Credit Alliance Corp. v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 65 N.Y.2d 536, 546, 493 N.Y.S.2d 435, 483 N.E.2d 110 (1985).

105 . Id. at 551, 493 N.Y.S.2d 435, 483 N.E.2d 110.

106 . Hydro Investors, Inc. v. Trafalgar Power Inc., 227 F.3d 8, 15 (2d Cir.2000) (quoting Marks Polarized Corp. v. Solinger & Gordon, 124 Misc.2d 266, 476 N.Y.S.2d 743, 744 (Sup.Ct.N.Y.Co.1984)).

107 . VTech Holdings, Ltd. v. Pricewaterhouse Coopers, LLP, 348 F.Supp.2d 255, 262 (S.D.N.Y.2004) (citing Herbert H. Post & Co. v. Sidney Bitterman, Inc., 219 A.D.2d 214, 639 N.Y.S.2d 329, 335 (1st Dep't 1996)).

108 . Chase Scientific Research, Inc. v. NIA Group, Inc., 96 N.Y.2d 20, 29, 725 N.Y.S.2d 592, 749 N.E.2d 161 (2001) (citations omitted).

109 . Id. (citations omitted).

110 . Lerner v. Fleet Bank, N.A., 459 F.3d 273, 292 (2d Cir.2006) (quoting JP Morgan Chase Bank v. Winnick, 406 F.Supp.2d 247, 252 (S.D.N.Y.2005)).

111 . See id. (citing Kolbeck v. LIT America, Inc., 939 F.Supp. 240, 246 (S.D.N.Y.1996)).

112 . In re Sharp Int’l Corp., 403 F.3d 43, 49-50 (2d Cir.2005) (quotations omitted).

113 . See Def. Mem. at 13.

114 . Sea id. at 14.

115 . See Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment of Defendants Citco Fund Services (Curacao), N.V., Kieran Conroy, Decían Quilligan and Anthony Stocks (“PL Mem.”) at 15.

116 . Id.

117 . Morrison, 547 F.3d at 173 (directing courts to "identify which action or actions constituted the fraud and directly caused harm ... and then determine if that act or those actions emanated from the United States”).

118 . See SAC ¶ 320.

119 . See PPM, Ex. 5 to Feinberg Decl., at 19.

120 . Id.

121 . Id. at 19-20.

122 . See id. at 1 (stating that Lancer Management is a company formed under the laws of Connecticut); Keunen Dep., Ex. 5 to Beaumont Decl., at 136:16-137:4 (testifying that Lauer’s office is in New York). This conclusion is consistent with SEC v. Berger, in which the Second Circuit, confronted with almost identical facts, ruled that&emdash;although the NAVs had been calculated and the NAV statements sent by offshore [fjund administrators to investors&emdash;the “fraudulent scheme was masterminded and implemented by [the fund manager] in the United States.” 322 F.3d at 194.

123 . See PPM, Ex. 5 to Feinberg Deck, at 2 ("The majority of the common stocks in which the Fund has and intends to invest in are traded on the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange or in the over-the-counter market in the United States of America.”).

124 . See, e.g., Keunen Dep., Ex. 5 to Beaumont Decl., at 136:16-137:11 (attesting to the September 2001 meeting in which Keunen and Quilligan met with Lancer Management at its offices in New York to discuss valuation concerns); 2/6/02 Email from Quilligan to Keu-nen and others, Ex. 1 to Beaumont Deck, at 1 (summarizing a meeting that took place between Citco NV and Lancer Management in New York to further discuss valuation issues). The Citco Defendants argue that the jurisdictional inquiry is defendant-specific&emdash;that only their acts within the United States must be examined&emdash;and that their communications with Lancer Management in the United States were "ancillary” compared to the preparation and dissemination of the NAV statements. See Def. Mem. at 6. This is false. As discussed, the work that “directly caused harm” to plaintiffs was performed by Lauer in New York, and the Citco Defendants were regularly in contact with Lauer regarding his valuations of the portfolio securities. It was thus their conduct with Lauer in the United States that "directly caused harm” to plaintiffs.

125 . Similar facts have been found to support jurisdiction. See Europe & Overseas Commodity Traders, S.A., 147 F.3d at 130 (reviewing past Second Circuit cases in which jurisdiction has been found on a showing that meetings occurred in the United States and there was a transaction on a United States exchange).

126 . Only plaintiffs who purchased “all or part of their shares in the Fund after March 2000” are alleging violations of Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. See SAC ¶319. Thus, Andre Chagnon, Coronation Universal Fund, Coronation International Active Fund, and Bombardier Trust (US) Master Trust do not allege violations of federal securities laws against the Citco Defendants. See Def. 56.1 ¶ 26.

127 . Plaintiffs and the Citco Defendants appear to impute any knowledge that Citco NV might possess about Lauer's scheme to the Citco Directors in their papers. See Def. Mem. at 5-10; Pl. Mem. at 2-6. Thus, for the purposes of the analysis of the Citco Defendants' scienter, the terms “Citco NV” and the "Citco Defendants” are used interchangeably.

128 . See Def. Mem. at 5.

129 . PI. Mem. at 4.

130 . Id.

131 . See id.

132 . See 9/30/96 Ger-Jan Meijer Memorandum, Ex. 4 to Feinberg Deck, at 2.

133 . See id. The methodology of pricing restricted securities at their market price was later disclosed by PWC NA in the 1996 Financial Statements. See 12/31/96 Lancer Offshore, Inc. Notes to Financial Statements, Ex. 8 to Feinberg Decl., at 9.

134 . This conclusion is consistent with the holding in my previous opinion on the Citco Defendants' motion to dismiss. See Pension Comm. of the Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan, 2007 WL 528703, at *6 (dismissing claims against defendant Stocks because plaintiffs' allegations — that he was a director of Lancer Offshore, he was employed by Citco NV, and he had received the 1996 memo by Meijer— were inadequate to plead scienter).

135 . See PI. Mem. at 5.

136 . Id.

137 . PPM, Ex. 5 to Feinberg Deck, at 19-20.

138 . PI. Mem. at 5. See also Report of Professor Israel Shaked ("Shaked Rep.”), Ex. 15 to 10/14/08 Declaration of Amy C. Brown, plaintiffs' counsel (“Brown Deck”), at 5-9.

139 . See Report of Professor Israel Shaked, Ex. 15 to Declaration of Scott Berman, plaintiffs’ counsel, attached to plaintiffs’ opposition papers regarding IFSI’s summary judgment motion, at 1-2.

140 . See id. at 2.

141 . See Miller v. Astucci U.S. Ltd., No. 04 Civ. 2201, 2007 WL 102092, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 16, 2007) (citing Marx & Co., Inc. v. Diners' Club Inc., 550 F.2d 505, 509 (2d Cir.1977) (excluding testimony regarding legal conclusions of an expert retained to give opinions about "[building] safety engineering”)).

142 . Thus, the Section 10(b) claims of Bombardier Trust (Canada), Pension Committee/University of Montreal, Pension Committee/L'Ecole Polytechnique, Corbett Family Charitable Foundation, Commonfund Global Hedged Partners, Okabena Marketable Alternatives Fund, Hunnicut IRAAJFTC as Custodian, and Fondation J. Armand Bombardier, are dismissed. The Section 10(b) claims with respect to the pre-June 2001 purchases of the remaining plaintiffs are also dismissed. These include Fondation Lucie et Andre Chagnon’s March 1, 2001 purchase; Sojecci II Ltée’s October 1, 1999, February 29, 2000 and March 1, 2000 purchases; Bombardier Trust (UK)’s March 1, 2000 and April 1, 2000 purchases; Kuwait and Middle East Financial Investment Company’s November 1, 1997, January 1, 1998, May 1, 1998, January 1, 2000, March 1, 2000, and June 1, 2000 purchases; Defined Benefit Plan for Hunnicutt & Co., Inc.’s November 1, 1999, March 1, 2000, February 1, 2000 and July 1, 2000 purchases; and The Altar Fund’s October 1, 2000, December 1, 2000, February 1, 2001, March 1, 2001, and May 1, 2001 purchases.

143 . See Def. Mem. at 10.

144 . See id. at 11 (citing Gabriel Capital, L.P. v. NatWest Finance, Inc., 177 F.Supp.2d 169, 174 (S.D.N.Y.2001) ("Belated reliance cannot support a federal securities claim ....’’)). Plaintiffs have only provided evidence sufficient to show that Richard Lombardi of the Altar Fund received and may have relied on Citco NV’s NAV information prior to the Altar Fund's initial investment. See Pi. Mem. at 7. However, because the Altar Fund's initial investments occurred on October 1, 2000, the Section 10(b) claims with respect to these purchases have already been dismissed based on a lack of scienter. See supra Part V.A.2.a.

145 . This includes the March 1, 2002 purchases of The 1999 Meyerson Charitable Remainder Trust and The Morton Meyerson Family Foundation.

146 . See Def. Mem. at 12.

147 . See supra Part V.A.2.a.

148 . See SAC ¶ 15(ddd).

149 . Deposition Transcript of Richard Lombardi ("Lombardi Dep.”), Ex. 13 to Brown Dec!., at 428:13-430-21.

150 . See supra Part V.A.2.a.

151 . See Def. Mem. at 12.

152 . See 5/26/08 Email from Amy Brown to Dyanne Feinberg, May 26, 2008, Ex. 8 to Feinberg Decl. at 1 (confirming that "the only substantive witness [plaintiffs] intend to call at trial on behalf of KMEFIC is Mohamed Almarzook”).

153 . Plaintiffs also argue that Almarzook undertook due diligence on behalf of three of the four clients&emdash;KFAOS, Fadia Limited, and the KMEFIC Prime Fund. See PL Mem. at 7 n. 8. However, although plaintiffs present evidence to show that KMEFIC received historical performance records from Citco NV around the times of the initial investments by three of its clients and that it forwarded NAV statements and other information about the Funds to its clients, see PI. Counter. 56.1 ¶ 44, they have not presented evidence that Almarzook analyzed the NAV information for these clients or that the clients relied on this information themselves in deciding to invest in Lancer Offshore.

This disposes of all of KMEFIC’s Section 10(b) claims.

154 . See Deposition Transcript of Morton Mey-erson, Ex. 15 to Feinberg Decl., at 21:5-21.

155 . See Deposition Transcript of Scott Letier, Ex. 11 to Feinberg Decl., at 61:19-62:8.

156 . See 3/18/02 Subscription Letter from Cit-co NV to Letier, Ex. 5 to Brown Decl., at 1.

157 . This disposes of all of The Morton Meyer-son Family Foundation's Section 10(b) claims.

158 . See Def. Mem. at 12-13.

159 . See id.

160 . The Citco Defendants had also argued that Bombardier Trust (Canada), Bombardier Trust (U.S.) Master Trust, Okabena Marketable Alternatives Fund, The Corbett Family Foundation, Coronation International Active Fund of Funds, Coronation Universal Fund, Andre Chagnon, and Fondation J. Armand Bombardier failed to perform adequate due diligence on the Funds. Because the Section 10(b) claims of these plaintiffs have been dismissed for lack of scienter, I do not discuss those arguments here.

161 . See Deposition Transcript of Claude Chagnon (“Chagnon Dep.”), Ex. 14 to Fein-berg Dec!., at 70:23-71:6.

162 . See Chagnon Dep., Ex. 13 to Brown Decl., at 135:15-136:8.

163 . See PPM, Ex. 5 to Feinberg Decl., at 6.

164 . See Deposition Transcript of Goyer, Ex. 14 to Brown Decl., at 54:3-57:17.

165 . See id. at 90:13-93:6 (also testifying that someone on his team would have been responsible for reviewing the financial statements of Lancer Offshore and flagging any problems to him).

166 . See id.

167 . Sojecci II Ltée was assigned the claim of Sojecci Ltée. See SAC ¶ 15(ee).

168 . See Def. Mem. at 13.

169 . See Def. 56.1 ¶ 58.

170 . See Deposition Transcript of Germain Bourgeois (“Bourgeois Dep.”), Ex. 11 to Brown Decl., at 307:3-11, 308:11-309:14.

171 . See, e.g., Deposition Transcript of William Hunnicutt, representative of IRA fib/o William Hunnicutt VFTC as Custodian, Ex. 13 to Brown Deck, at 147:4-15 (opining that the redemptions could have been the result of the "Long-Term Capital debacle in 1998”); Lombardi Dep. at 234:14-235:25 (stating that there had been redemptions "in the industry as a whole”).

172 . See Def. Mem. at 13; Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 60-61.

173 . See Bourgeois Dep., Ex. 11 to Brown Decl., at 440:19-441:15 (stating that although the loss in 1999 was "big,” the net asset value is "[w]hat counts ....”).

174 . See id. at 160:9-161:17.

175 . SeeDef. 56. 1 ¶ 61.

176 . See Bourgeois Dep., Ex. 9 to Feinberg Decl., at 170:13-20; SAC ¶¶ 37-38.

177 . See Bourgeois Dep., Ex. 9 to Feinberg Decl., at 169:15-170:12.

178 . Def. Mem. at 15.

179 . PPM, Ex. 1 to Brown Decl., at 12.

180 . Articles of Association of Lancer Offshore, Ex. 2 to Brown Decl., at 12.

181 . Defendant, The Citco Group Limited’s Memorandum of Law in Support of its Mo tion for Summary Judgment ("CGL Mem.”), at 2 (quoting ATSI Commc’ns, Inc., 493 F.3d at 108 (internal quotations omitted)).

182 . Id. at 3.

183 . See id.

184 . See id. at 4.

185 . See Defendant The Citco Group Limited’s Reply Memorandum of Law in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment ("CGL Rep. Mem.”), at 7.

186 . See Deposition Transcript of Christoffel Smeets ("Smeets Dep.”), Ex. 1 to Feinberg CGL Decl., at 21:6-21; 195:12-196:6.

187 . See id. at 24:4-11; Keunen Dep., Ex. 5 to Beaumont Decl., at 13:22-14:11.

188 . See Keunen Dep., Ex. 5 to Beaumont Decl., at 38:5-39:5; Smeets Dep., Ex. 8 to Beaumont Decl., at 107:22-108:2.

189 . See Keunen Dep., Ex. 5 to Beaumont Decl., at 14:15-16.

190 . For example, the Citco Group Code of Ethics requires the approval of the Executive Committee before an employee serves on a professional or business committee of outside entities or otherwise engages in paid work with outside entities. See The Citco Group Limited Corporate Code of Ethics, Ex. 3 to Beaumont Decl., at 6. Nevertheless, Conroy testified that he obtained the approval of Keu-nen rather than the Executive Committee on those occasions. See Deposition Transcript of Kieran Conroy, Ex. 11 to Beaumont Decl., at 131:19-133:11. Quilligan and Citco NV General Manager Patrick Fenlon also testified that they would seek approval from Keunen before participating in activities covered by the Code of Ethics. See Quilligan Dep. at 124:13-126:25; Deposition Transcript of Patrick Fenlon, Ex. 10 to Beaumont Decl., at 87:14-88:13.

191 . Plaintiffs argue that Keunen was an agent for Citco Group, and that therefore, his knowledge of Lauer’s scheme is imputed to the Citco Group. See Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment of Defendant The Citco Group Limited (“PL CGL Mem.”), at 6-8. I decline to adopt plaintiffs' argument here because this could result in the imposition of liability on parent companies based merely on the suggestion that one of its subsidiary companies’ employees was an agent of the parent company and that he or she was aware of the fraudulent scheme. Here, by contrast, Keu-nen was not only an employee of a subsidiary company, but had been delegated (he task of overseeing the fund services business on behalf of Citco Group. In this capacity, he was more of a principal than an agent.

192 . The Second Circuit has not defined what is meant by the requirement that a controlling entity be a "culpable participant.” See In re IPO Sec. Litig., 241 F.Supp.2d 281, 395 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (examining Second Circuit cases that have failed to define “culpable participant”). This Court, while deciding certain defendants’ motions to dismiss in this matter, previously held that scienter need not be pleaded on a Section 20(a) claim for control person liability. See Pension Comm. of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan v. Banc of Am. Sec., LLC, 446 F.Supp.2d 163, 191 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (citing In re IPO, 241 F.Supp.2d at 395-96). See also In re WorldCom, Inc. Sec. Litig., 294 F.Supp.2d 392-415 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (holding that "there is no required state of mind for a defendant’s culpable participation in a Section 20(a) offense”). Nevertheless, it should be noted that other district courts that have confronted this issue have disagreed with this conclusion, finding that the plaintiff must demonstrate that the control person acted with recklessness. See, e.g., Edison Fund v. Cogent Inv. Strategies Fund, Ltd., 551 F.Supp.2d 210, 231 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (quoting Lapin v. Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., 506 F.Supp.2d 221, 248 (S.D.N.Y.2006)) ("The weight of well-reasoned authority is that to withstand a motion to dismiss a section 20(a) controlling person liability claim, a plaintiff must allege 'some level of culpable participation at least approximating recklessness in the section 10(b) context.’ ”).

193 . See Keunen Dep., Ex. 5 to Beaumont Dec!., at 131:25-132:10.

194 . See id. at 136:16-137:11.

195 . See 2/6/02 Email from Quilligan to Keu-nen and others, Ex. 1 to Beaumont Dec!., at 1 (reporting that Quilligan and another Citco NV executive met with Lancer Management to discuss concerns regarding the securities of a portfolio company that had "suspended ongoing operations” three years before and had reported no revenue; securities of a company for which no information could be found; and securities of a company that had reduced its workforce by 75%, had “divested itself of all non-core business segments” and could not give "assurance that [it] will be able to continue to fund its operations .... ”); 4/5/02 Email from Quilligan to Keunen, Ex. 1 to Beaumont Decl., at 1 (apprising Keunen that Lancer Management had "not fulfilled [its] commitment” to provide further valuation information and that the deadline of March 31, 2002 had passed); 5/20/02 Memo by Ger-Jan Meijer to Citco NV executives and copying Keunen and others, Ex. 1 to Beaumont Deck, at 2-3 (outlining conclusions from his review of documentation provided by Lancer Management and opining that "the portfolio is overvalued for most [of] the positions” and that ”[t]here are serious indications that Lancer is/was manipulating the prices for” certain securities).

196 . See 2/7/02 Email from Keunen to Quilli-gan and others, Ex. 1 to Beaumont Decl., at 1 (directing Citco NV to release the NAV for January 2002); 6/10/02 Email from Keunen to Quilligan, Ex. 1 to Beaumont Decl., at 1 (Keunen responds ''[y]es” to Quilligan’s email asking whether he was "ok with releasing the NAV and waiting for [Lancer Management] to revert to us” about further valuation information).

197 . See Keunen Dep., Ex. 6 to Beaumont Decl., at 179:24-180:19; Quilligan Dep. at 169:23-170:1.

198 . See 7/25/02 Let. at 1 (stating that Citco NV's letter of July 16, 2002 "constitut[ed] notice of [its] resignation as the Fund's administrator”); 8/16/02 Letter from Citco NV to KMEFIC ("8/16/02 Let.”), Ex. 2 to Beaumont Deck, at 1 (informing of Citco NV’s resignation as Lancer Offshore's administrator).

199 . See 8/16/02 Let. at 1.

200 . Id.

201 . CGL Mem. at 4.

202 . Plaintiffs contend that Citco Group had been a "culpable participant” since 1997 when defendant Stocks, Keunen’s predecessor, began serving as Division Director of the Fund Services Division. See PI. CGL Mem. at 6. Because plaintiffs have provided no evidence that Stocks knew of the scheme during his tenure, liability for the Citco Group only begins in September 2001 when Keunen was first apprised of Citco NV’s concerns.

203 . Although Citco Group did not move for summary judgment on the element of “control,” which is required to be proven by plaintiffs to sustain a Section 20(a) claim for control person liability, see CGL Mem. at 2 n. 3, Citco Group did contest this element in its reply papers in response to plaintiffs' argument that they only need to prove that Citco Group controls Citco NV to establish Section 20(a) control person liability. See CGL Rep. Mem. at 4-5.

204 . CGL Rep. Mem. at 4-5. “Control over a primary violator may be established by showing that the defendant ‘possessed the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise.' ” In re Alstom SA, 406 F.Supp.2d 433, 486-87 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (quoting First Jersey, 101 F.3d at 1472-73). In addition, “the Section 20(a) defendant must not only have actual control over the primary violator, but have 'actual control over the transaction in question.' " Id. at 487 (quoting In re Global Crossing, 2005 WL 1875445, at *3).

205 . Plaintiffs argue that Citco Group should be jointly and severally liable for the "full amount of all of plaintiffs’ damages resulting from [Citco NV’s] securities fraud.” PL CGL Mem. at 9. They fail to acknowledge that Section 20(a) liability will not be imposed where Citco Group acted in good faith and "did not directly or indirectly induce the act or acts constituting the violation or cause of action.” 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a). Citco Group will therefore only be held liable for plaintiffs' losses for which a jury finds were "directly or indirectly induce[d]” by Citco Group and for which Citco Group cannot prove it acted in "good faith.”

206 . See Def. Mem. at 16 (quoting SAC ¶¶ 373-374) (noting that plaintiffs alleged that they “ ‘would not have ... maintained their shares in the Funds had they known' that the NAVs were overstated, and that the Citco Defendants’ 'wrongful conduct caused each of them to ... hold shares in the Funds at inflated values until such time as the Funds were unable to honor redemption requests.’ ”).

207 . See Expert Report of Tsvetan Beloreshki (“Beloreshki Rep.”), Ex. 1 to Feinberg Deck, at 1. Beloreshki "specialize^] in securities and financial economics, concentrating on structured finance products, financial engineering, and risk management.” Id.

208 . See id. at 2, 8.

209 . See Exhibit 6 to Beloreshki Rep., Ex. 3 to Feinberg Decl. at 2-4.

210 . See Def. Mem. at 17.

211 . PL Mem. at 18.

212 . See Shaked Rep.

213 . See id. at 3-5. It appears that the amount used to pay for positions in shell companies in Shaked's report differs slightly from the amount stated by plaintiffs in their opposition brief. Compare id. at 4 (stating that this amount is $124,921,730), with PL Mem. at 19 (reporting this amount to be $124,797,913). The difference is inconsequential, but I have chosen to use Shaked’s number in this Opinion.

214 . Shaked Rep. at 3, 4.

215 . Shaked states that although he had reviewed documents relating to OmniFund, Ltd. and its predecessor funds, he had not quantified the deterioration of their assets for the purposes of the report. See id. at 1 n. 2.

216 . It should also be noted that Shaked’s computation of improper payments includes the entire amount of redemptions and fees paid to the administrator and Lancer Management, instead of the difference between what was paid and what would have been paid if the NAVs had not been inflated.

217 . Because summary judgment with respect to these claims is granted to the Citco Defendants for lack of loss causation, it is unnecessary for me to consider the Citco Defendants’ argument that plaintiffs cannot establish transaction causation. See Def. Mem. at 18-19.

218 . AIG Global Sec. Lending Corp. v. Banc of Am. Sec., LLC, No. 01 Civ 11448, 2005 WL 2385854 at *16 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2005) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

219 . Here, unlike the allegations of the Citco Defendants’ violations of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, all plaintiffs are alleging common law fraud claims against the Citco Defendants, including plaintiffs who purchased shares in the Funds prior to March 2000. Thus, summary judgment is granted to the Citco Defendants regarding the common law fraud claims of Andre Chagnon, Bombardier Trust (Canada), Bombardier Trust (U.S.) Master Trust, Coronation International Active Fund of Funds, Coronation Universal Fund, Pension Committee/University of Montreal, Pension Committee/L'Ecole Polytechnique, Corbett Family Charitable Foundation, Com-monfund Global Hedged Partners, Okabena Marketable Alternatives Fund, Hunnicut IRA/ VFTC as Custodian, and Fondation J. Armand Bombardier. Summary judgment is also granted on the pre-June 2001 purchases of the remaining plaintiffs. These include Fon-dation Lucie et Andre Chagnon’s March 1, 2001 purchase; Sojecci II Ltée’s October 1, 1999, February 29, 2000 and March 1, 2000 purchases; Bombardier Trust (UK)'s March 1, 2000 and April 1, 2000 purchases; KMEFIC’s November 1, 1997, January 1, 1998, May 1, 1998, January 1, 2000, March 1, 2000, and June 1, 2000 purchases; Defined Benefit Plan for Hunnicutt & Co., Inc.'s November 1, 1999, March 1, 2000, February 1, 2000 and July 1, 2000 purchases; and The Altar Fund's October 1, 2000, December 1, 2000, Februaiy 1, 2001, March 1, 2001, and May 1, 2001 purchases.

220 . See supra Part V.A.2.b.

221 . See id.

222 . See Def. Mem. at 21.

223 . See Fraternity Fund Ltd., 376 F.Supp.2d at 410 (finding — in declining to dismiss breach of fiduciary duty claims on the grounds that the Martin Act preempted them — that "the conduct was not confined to New York and, indeed, that some plaintiffs may have interacted with defendants exclusively outside of New York.”).

224 . See Lehman Bros. Commercial Corp., 179 F.Supp.2d at 165 (finding that the Martin Act did not apply where negotiations with respect to the sale of securities took place between traders in London and Hong Kong and the investor, who was situated in Beijing).

225 . No. 00 Civ. 9214, 2007 WL 2948115, at *24 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 3, 2007).

226 . See id.

227 . See id.

228 . See ASA at 2 (stating that one of Citco NV’s duties was "responding to inquiries from time to time received by the Company from shareholders, prospective investors or other”); PPM, Ex. 5 to Feinberg Deck, at i (stating that Citco NV "will make available to each Offeree [] the opportunity to ask questions of, and receive answers from, the Administrator or a person acting on its behalf, concerning the terms and conditions of this Offering, and to obtain any additional information ... necessary to verify the accuracy of the information set forth herein.”).

229 . See, e.g., 4/31/00 Fax from Quilligan to Almarzook ("Quilligan Fax”), Ex. 1 to Brown Deck, at 1; 6/30/00 Letter from Citco NV to Bourgeois ("6/30/00 Let.”), Ex. 6 to Brown Deck, at 1.

230 . Quilligan Fax. An identical letter was sent to Bourgeois. See 6/30/00 Let.

231 . See Jordan, 2007 WL 2948115, at *23-24.

232 . ASA at 2. Citco NV argues that it had no contractual duty to “independently value" the portfolio. Def. Mem. at 22 (emphasis in original). Because — as noted above — Citco NV had made representations to investors regarding its utilization of reconciliation and other programs for accuracy, this is a question best left to the jury.

233 . The Citco Directors did not move for summary judgment on this claim. See Def. Mem. at 21 (contending only that "[p]laintiffs cannot establish the existence of a fiduciary relationship between [Citco NV] and [plaintiffs”). Thus, the breach of fiduciary duty claim with respect to the Citco Directors survives as well.

234 . Credit Alliance, 65 N.Y.2d at 546, 493 N.Y.S.2d 435, 483 N.E.2d 110.

235 . Ex. 4 to Brown Dec!., at Section 7.1.

236 . See supra Part V.B.4.

237 . See supra Part V.A.2.b.

238 . See id.

239 . The Citco Defendants have also contended that Andre Chagnon and Commonfund Global Hedged Partners, LLC ("Common-fund”) did not rely on the NAV statements. The evidence regarding these plaintiffs’ reliance was not discussed when evaluating their Section 10(b) claims because such claims had been dismissed on the basis of a lack of scien-ter of the Citco Defendants when their purchases were made. It is similarly unnecessary to evaluate evidence regarding Andre Chagnon's reliance because Chagnon made one purchase of shares in Lancer Offshore in June 1998. See SAC ¶ 15(dd). His common law fraud claim has been dismissed because he has not shown that he received the monthly NAV statements prior to investment and thus cannot show that he relied on them. The evidence put forth to show that Common-fund did not rely on the NAV statements, however, fails to aid the Citco Defendants. While the evidence appears to demonstrate that Commonfund may not have relied on the NAV statements for its initial investments, it also shows that Commonfund relied on the NAV statements when making subsequent investments. See Def. 56.1 ¶ 46.

240 . The Citco Directors have not moved for summary judgment on plaintiffs' negligence claims. Thus, these claims also survive.

241 . Indeed, plaintiffs do not even mention their professional malpractice claims in their opposition papers.

242 . Chase Scientific Research, 96 N.Y.2d at 29, 725 N.Y.S.2d 592, 749 N.E.2d 161.

243 . See Lerner, 459 F.3d at 292 (holding that "knowledge of the fraud” is an element of the claim of aiding and abetting common law fraud); In re Sharp Int’l Corp., 403 F.3d at 49 (holding that defendant must be found to have "knowingly induced or participated in the breach” in order for plaintiffs to succeed on a claim for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty).

244 . See supra Part V.A.2.a. Plaintiffs argue that they need only adduce evidence sufficient “to give rise to the inference of the Citco Defendants' knowledge of the fraud.” Pl. Mem. at 25 (citing JP Morgan Chase, 406 F.Supp.2d at 252-56). I find that plaintiffs have also failed to meet this standard.