1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JAMES D. NELSON, No. 2:21-cv-2150 DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 KATHLEEN ALLISON, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a civil rights action pursuant to 42 18 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff claims that defendants violated his right to free exercise of religion. 19 Presently before the court is plaintiff’s second amended complaint (ECF No. 14) for screening. 20 For the reasons set forth below, the court will give plaintiff the option to proceed with the 21 complaint as screened or file an amended complaint. 22 SCREENING 23 I. Legal Standards 24 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 25 governmental entity or an officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. § 26 1915A(a). The court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims 27 that are legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be 28 //// 1 granted, or that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 2 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) & (2). 3 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. 4 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th 5 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an 6 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke, 7 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully 8 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227. 9 Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain 10 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the 11 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atlantic 12 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). 13 However, in order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must 14 contain more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain 15 factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic, 16 550 U.S. at 555. In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as true the 17 allegations of the complaint in question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hospital Trustees, 425 U.S. 18 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all 19 doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). 20 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows: 21 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation 22 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution . . . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, 23 or other proper proceeding for redress. 24 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Here, the defendants must act under color of federal law. Bivens, 403 U.S. at 25 389. The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the 26 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See 27 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 28 (1976). “A person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the 1 meaning of § 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or 2 omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which 3 complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). 4 Moreover, supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of 5 their employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant 6 holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional 7 violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); 8 Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations 9 concerning the involvement of official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See 10 Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). 11 II. Allegations in the Complaint 12 Plaintiff states that the events giving rise to the claim occurred while he was incarcerated 13 at Mule Creek State Prison (“MCSP”). (ECF No. 14 at 1.) He has identified the following 14 individuals as defendants in this action: (1) MCSP warden, Patrick Covello; (2) MCSP chief 15 deputy warden, Brian Holmes; and (3) MCSP chaplain, M. Safanov. (Id. at 2.) 16 Plaintiff states that William Rouser, a priest for Khemetic Wiccans, submitted a request 17 for special religious services “on behalf of every Khemetic Wiccan that was on the non-priority 18 ducat list, for the Wiccan Holiday of ‘Summer Solstice’ to Chaplain M. Safanov” thirty days in 19 advance. (Id. at 3-4.) Holmes confirmed MCSP received the non-priority ducat request in a 20 grievance response. (Id. at 4.) 21 Plaintiff alleges that Covello is responsible for the religious program and failed to 22 announce Wiccan group worship to the general prison population on June 21, 2021. (Id.) 23 Because there was no announcement, members of the Khemetic Wiccan Society were not 24 permitted to assemble for the Holy Day of Summer Solstice. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that he would 25 have been subject to disciplinary action if he had tried to approach the religious grounds because 26 no announcement was made. Plaintiff alleges that his free exercise rights were violated because 27 of Covello’s failure to announce “Wiccan Group Worship to the general population for one of the 28 eight Solar Holy Days.” (Id. at 3.) 1 III. Does Plaintiff State a Claim under § 1983? 2 A. Legal Standard – Free Exercise under the First Amendment 3 “The right to exercise religion practices and beliefs does not terminate at the prison door,” 4 McElyea v. Babbitt, 833 F.2d 196, 197 (9th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (citing O’Lone v.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JAMES D. NELSON, No. 2:21-cv-2150 DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 KATHLEEN ALLISON, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a civil rights action pursuant to 42 18 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff claims that defendants violated his right to free exercise of religion. 19 Presently before the court is plaintiff’s second amended complaint (ECF No. 14) for screening. 20 For the reasons set forth below, the court will give plaintiff the option to proceed with the 21 complaint as screened or file an amended complaint. 22 SCREENING 23 I. Legal Standards 24 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 25 governmental entity or an officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. § 26 1915A(a). The court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims 27 that are legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be 28 //// 1 granted, or that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 2 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) & (2). 3 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. 4 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th 5 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an 6 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke, 7 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully 8 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227. 9 Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain 10 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the 11 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atlantic 12 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). 13 However, in order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must 14 contain more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain 15 factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic, 16 550 U.S. at 555. In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as true the 17 allegations of the complaint in question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hospital Trustees, 425 U.S. 18 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all 19 doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). 20 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows: 21 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation 22 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution . . . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, 23 or other proper proceeding for redress. 24 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Here, the defendants must act under color of federal law. Bivens, 403 U.S. at 25 389. The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the 26 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See 27 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 28 (1976). “A person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the 1 meaning of § 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or 2 omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which 3 complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). 4 Moreover, supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of 5 their employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant 6 holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional 7 violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); 8 Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations 9 concerning the involvement of official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See 10 Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). 11 II. Allegations in the Complaint 12 Plaintiff states that the events giving rise to the claim occurred while he was incarcerated 13 at Mule Creek State Prison (“MCSP”). (ECF No. 14 at 1.) He has identified the following 14 individuals as defendants in this action: (1) MCSP warden, Patrick Covello; (2) MCSP chief 15 deputy warden, Brian Holmes; and (3) MCSP chaplain, M. Safanov. (Id. at 2.) 16 Plaintiff states that William Rouser, a priest for Khemetic Wiccans, submitted a request 17 for special religious services “on behalf of every Khemetic Wiccan that was on the non-priority 18 ducat list, for the Wiccan Holiday of ‘Summer Solstice’ to Chaplain M. Safanov” thirty days in 19 advance. (Id. at 3-4.) Holmes confirmed MCSP received the non-priority ducat request in a 20 grievance response. (Id. at 4.) 21 Plaintiff alleges that Covello is responsible for the religious program and failed to 22 announce Wiccan group worship to the general prison population on June 21, 2021. (Id.) 23 Because there was no announcement, members of the Khemetic Wiccan Society were not 24 permitted to assemble for the Holy Day of Summer Solstice. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that he would 25 have been subject to disciplinary action if he had tried to approach the religious grounds because 26 no announcement was made. Plaintiff alleges that his free exercise rights were violated because 27 of Covello’s failure to announce “Wiccan Group Worship to the general population for one of the 28 eight Solar Holy Days.” (Id. at 3.) 1 III. Does Plaintiff State a Claim under § 1983? 2 A. Legal Standard – Free Exercise under the First Amendment 3 “The right to exercise religion practices and beliefs does not terminate at the prison door,” 4 McElyea v. Babbitt, 833 F.2d 196, 197 (9th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (citing O’Lone v. Shabazz, 5 482 U.S. 342 (1987); Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 545 (1979)), “but a prisoner’s right to free 6 exercise of religion ‘is necessarily limited by the fact of incarceration.’” Jones v. Williams, 791 7 F.3d 1023, 1032 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Ward v. Walsh, 1 F.3d 873, 876 (9th Cir. 1993). 8 To state a cognizable Free Exercise claim, an inmate must state facts showing that prison 9 officials substantially burdened the practice of the prisoner’s religion without any justification 10 reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. See O’Lone, 482 U.S. at 348-50 (applying 11 the test set forth in Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1987)); Jones v. Williams, 791 F.3d 1023, 12 1031-33 (9th Cir. 2015); Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d at 884-88. A substantial burden is one 13 which has a tendency to coerce individuals into acting contrary to their religious beliefs or exert 14 substantial pressure on an adherent to modify his behavior and to violate his beliefs. Jones, 791 15 F.3d at 1031. 16 B. Analysis 17 Plaintiff alleged he was not able to celebrate Summer Solstice because Covello failed to 18 announce Wiccan Group Worship. (ECF No. 14 at 3.) Such an allegation is sufficient to state a 19 potentially cognizable claim for violation of his right to freely exercise his religion. Rouser v. 20 White, 630 F.Supp.2d 1165, 1182 (E.D. Cal. 2009) (finding failure to announce to the inmate 21 population that religious services are about to begin inhibited inmates’ free exercise rights). 22 However, the allegations in the complaint as to the other named defendants fail to state a claim. 23 Plaintiff’s allegations as to defendant Holmes indicates that his involvement in the events 24 giving rise to the claim are limited to responding to plaintiff’s grievance. (ECF No. 14 at 5-6.) 25 As stated in the prior screening order (ECF No. 13 at 6), allegations that a defendant failed to 26 respond to a grievance are not sufficient to state a claim. See Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 27 860 (9th Cir. 2003) (“[I]nmates lack a separate constitutional entitlement to a specific grievance 28 procedure”). 1 Plaintiff has alleged Safanov supervised Wiccan groups at MCSP. (ECF No. 14 at 7-9.) 2 Allegation that a defendant is liable based solely on that defendant’s position as a supervisor is 3 insufficient to state a cognizable claim. See Fayle, 607 F.2d at 862 (when a named 4 defendant holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the alleged 5 constitutional violation must be specifically alleged). 6 IV. Amending the Complaint 7 As set forth above, the complaint states a potentially cognizable free exercise claim as 8 Covello, but does not contain any additional cognizable claims. Accordingly, plaintiff will be 9 given the option to proceed with the complaint as screened or to file an amended complaint. 10 Plaintiff is advised that in an amended complaint he must clearly identify each defendant 11 and the action that defendant took that violated his constitutional rights. The court is not required 12 to review exhibits to determine what plaintiff’s charging allegations are as to each named 13 defendant. The charging allegations must be set forth in the amended complaint, so defendants 14 have fair notice of the claims plaintiff is presenting. That said, plaintiff need not provide every 15 detailed fact in support of his claims. Rather, plaintiff should provide a short, plain statement of 16 each claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). 17 Any amended complaint must show the federal court has jurisdiction, the action is brought 18 in the right place, and plaintiff is entitled to relief if plaintiff’s allegations are true. It must 19 contain a request for particular relief. Plaintiff must identify as a defendant only persons who 20 personally participated in a substantial way in depriving plaintiff of a federal constitutional right. 21 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation 22 of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act 23 he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation). 24 In an amended complaint, the allegations must be set forth in numbered paragraphs. Fed. 25 R. Civ. P. 10(b). Plaintiff may join multiple claims if they are all against a single defendant. Fed. 26 R. Civ. P. 18(a). If plaintiff has more than one claim based upon separate transactions or 27 occurrences, the claims must be set forth in separate paragraphs. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b). 28 //// 1 The federal rules contemplate brevity. See Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 2 | 1119, 1125 (th Cir. 2002) (noting that “nearly all of the circuits have now disapproved any 3 | heightened pleading standard in cases other than those governed by Rule 9(b)”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 4 | 84; cf. Rule 9(b) (setting forth rare exceptions to simplified pleading). Plaintiff's claims must be 5 | set forth in short and plain terms, simply, concisely and directly. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema 6 | N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002) (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system, 7 | which was adopted to focus litigation on the merits of a claim.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. 8 An amended complaint must be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. 9 | E.D. Cal. R. 220. Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, all prior pleadings are superseded. 10 | Any amended complaint should contain all of the allegations related to his claim in this action. If 11 | plaintiff wishes to pursue his claims against the defendant, they must be set forth in the amended 12 | complaint. 13 By signing an amended complaint, plaintiff certifies he has made reasonable inquiry and 14 | has evidentiary support for his allegations, and for violation of this rule the court may impose 15 | sanctions sufficient to deter repetition by plaintiff or others. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11. 16 CONCLUSION 17 1. Plaintiff states a potentially cognizable free exercise claim against defendant Covello 18 | as set forth in Section III above. The complaint does not contain any additional cognizable 19 | claims. Accordingly, plaintiff will have the option of proceeding with the complaint as screened 20 | or filing an amended complaint. 21 2. Within twenty (20) days of the date of service of this order, plaintiff shall fill out and 22 | return the attached form indicating how he would like to proceed in this action. 23 3. Plaintiff is warned that his failure to comply with this order will result in a 24 || recommendation that this action be dismissed. 25 || Dated: May 11, 2022 26 27 28 DDE Prisoner Inbox/Civil Rights/S/nels2150.scrn2 ‘BORAH BARNES oN ITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 9 JAMES D. NELSON, No. 2:21-cv-2150 DB P 10 Plaintiff, 11 v. PLAINTIFF’S NOTICE ON HOW TO 12 PROCEED KATHLEEN ALLISON, et al., 13 Defendants. 14 15 Check one: 16 17 _____ Plaintiff wants to proceed immediately on his free exercise claim against defendant 18 Covello. Plaintiff understands that by going forward without amending the complaint he 19 is voluntarily dismissing the other claims and defendants. 20 21 _____ Plaintiff wants to amend the complaint. 22 23 DATED:_______________________ 24 25 James D. Nelson Plaintiff pro se 26 27 28