1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JAMES D. NELSON, No. 2:21-cv-2150 DAD DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 KATHLEEN ALLISON, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a civil rights action pursuant to 42 18 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff claims that defendants violated his right to free exercise of religion. 19 Presently before the court are defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings (ECF No. 34), 20 defendant’s motion to stay discovery (ECF No. 35), as well as plaintiff’s opposition to those 21 motions and motion to amend the complaint (ECF No. 38). For the reasons set forth below, the 22 undersigned will recommend that the motion for judgment on the pleadings be granted, grant the 23 motion to stay discovery, and deny plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend without prejudice. 24 MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS 25 I. Defendant’s Motion 26 Defendant argues the motion for judgment on the pleadings should be granted because the 27 allegations in the complaint are insufficient to show that defendant placed a substantial burden on 28 plaintiff’s religious liberties. (ECF No. 34-1 at 3-6.) 1 II. Plaintiff’s Opposition 2 In his opposition, plaintiff requests that the court delay ruling on defendant’s motion until 3 after discovery so that plaintiff can obtain additional evidence to oppose the motion. (ECF No. 4 38 at 2.) He further states that defendant acted under color of state law and violated his right to 5 free exercise of religion. (Id. at 3.) 6 III. Legal Standards 7 A. Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings under Rule 12(c) 8 A motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c) challenges the legal 9 sufficiency of the opposing party’s pleadings. Westlands Water Dist. v. Bureau of Reclamation, 10 805 F. Supp. 1503, 1506 (E.D. Cal. 1992). Any party may move for judgment on the pleadings 11 after the pleadings are closed but within such time as to not delay trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). 12 The standard for evaluating a motion for judgment on the pleadings is essentially the same 13 as the standard applied to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 867 F.2d 14 1188, 1192 (9th Cir. 1989). A motion for judgment on the pleadings should only be granted if, 15 accepting as true all material allegations contained in the nonmoving party’s pleadings, the 16 moving party “‘clearly establishes that no material issue of fact remains to be resolved and that he 17 [or she] is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Doleman v. Meiji Mut. Life Ins. Co., 727 18 F.2d 1480, 1482 (9th Cir. 1984) (quoting Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal 19 Practice and Procedure § 1368 (1969)); Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 20 896 F.2d 1542, 1550 (9th Cir. 1989). 21 Conclusory allegations and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to defeat a motion to 22 dismiss. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “[T]he pleading standard Rule 8 23 announces . . . demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me 24 accusation.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “Threadbare recitals of 25 elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. 26 “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of 27 misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not ‘show[n]’—‘that the pleader is entitled to 28 //// 1 relief.’” Id. at 679 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)). “While legal conclusions can provide the 2 framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations.” Id. 3 Judgment on the pleadings is also proper when there is either a “lack of cognizable legal 4 theory” or the “absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balisteri v. 5 Pacifica Police Dept., 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988) (in the context of a Rule 12(b)(6) 6 motion). 7 If the motion for judgment on the pleadings is granted, leave to amend should be granted 8 unless it is clear the complaint cannot be saved by amendment. Jackson v. Barnes, 749 F.3d 755, 9 766-67 (9th Cir. 2014) (district court erred in granting judgment on the pleadings and not 10 permitting amendment where it was not absolutely clear the deficiencies were not curable). 11 B. Free Exercise under the First Amendment 12 “The right to exercise religion practices and beliefs does not terminate at the prison door,” 13 McElyea v. Babbitt, 833 F.2d 196, 197 (9th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (citing O’Lone v. Shabazz, 14 482 U.S. 342 (1987); Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 545 (1979)), “but a prisoner’s right to free 15 exercise of religion ‘is necessarily limited by the fact of incarceration.’” Jones v. Williams, 791 16 F.3d 1023, 1032 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Ward v. Walsh, 1 F.3d 873, 876 (9th Cir. 1993)). 17 To state a cognizable Free Exercise claim, an inmate must state facts showing that prison 18 officials substantially burdened the practice of the prisoner’s religion without any justification 19 reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. See O’Lone, 482 U.S. at 348-50 (applying 20 the test set forth in Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1987)); Jones v. Williams, 791 F.3d 1023, 21 1031-33 (9th Cir. 2015); Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d at 884-88. A substantial burden is one 22 which has a tendency to coerce individuals into acting contrary to their religious beliefs or exert 23 substantial pressure on an adherent to modify his behavior and to violate his beliefs. Jones, 791 24 F.3d at 1031. 25 IV. Analysis 26 In the second amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that defendant “failed to announce 27 Wiccan group worship to the prison population” on June 21, 2021. (ECF No. 14 at 4.) Defendant 28 argues that undersigned determined the complaint alleged a potentially cognizable claim based on 1 (1) plaintiff’s allegation that he was not able to celebrate Summer Solstice because defendant 2 failed to announce Wiccan Group Worship and (2) failure to announce religious services, 3 standing alone, is insufficient to show that a substantial burden was placed on plaintiff’s religious 4 liberties. (ECF No. 34-1 at 3-5.) Plaintiff has not addressed defendant’s arguments other than to 5 state that defendant violated his right to free exercise. (ECF No. 38 at 3.) 6 Specifically, defendant cites Rouser v. White, 630 F. Supp. 2d 1165, 1182 (E.D. Cal.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JAMES D. NELSON, No. 2:21-cv-2150 DAD DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 KATHLEEN ALLISON, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a civil rights action pursuant to 42 18 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff claims that defendants violated his right to free exercise of religion. 19 Presently before the court are defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings (ECF No. 34), 20 defendant’s motion to stay discovery (ECF No. 35), as well as plaintiff’s opposition to those 21 motions and motion to amend the complaint (ECF No. 38). For the reasons set forth below, the 22 undersigned will recommend that the motion for judgment on the pleadings be granted, grant the 23 motion to stay discovery, and deny plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend without prejudice. 24 MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS 25 I. Defendant’s Motion 26 Defendant argues the motion for judgment on the pleadings should be granted because the 27 allegations in the complaint are insufficient to show that defendant placed a substantial burden on 28 plaintiff’s religious liberties. (ECF No. 34-1 at 3-6.) 1 II. Plaintiff’s Opposition 2 In his opposition, plaintiff requests that the court delay ruling on defendant’s motion until 3 after discovery so that plaintiff can obtain additional evidence to oppose the motion. (ECF No. 4 38 at 2.) He further states that defendant acted under color of state law and violated his right to 5 free exercise of religion. (Id. at 3.) 6 III. Legal Standards 7 A. Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings under Rule 12(c) 8 A motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c) challenges the legal 9 sufficiency of the opposing party’s pleadings. Westlands Water Dist. v. Bureau of Reclamation, 10 805 F. Supp. 1503, 1506 (E.D. Cal. 1992). Any party may move for judgment on the pleadings 11 after the pleadings are closed but within such time as to not delay trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). 12 The standard for evaluating a motion for judgment on the pleadings is essentially the same 13 as the standard applied to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 867 F.2d 14 1188, 1192 (9th Cir. 1989). A motion for judgment on the pleadings should only be granted if, 15 accepting as true all material allegations contained in the nonmoving party’s pleadings, the 16 moving party “‘clearly establishes that no material issue of fact remains to be resolved and that he 17 [or she] is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Doleman v. Meiji Mut. Life Ins. Co., 727 18 F.2d 1480, 1482 (9th Cir. 1984) (quoting Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal 19 Practice and Procedure § 1368 (1969)); Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 20 896 F.2d 1542, 1550 (9th Cir. 1989). 21 Conclusory allegations and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to defeat a motion to 22 dismiss. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “[T]he pleading standard Rule 8 23 announces . . . demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me 24 accusation.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “Threadbare recitals of 25 elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. 26 “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of 27 misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not ‘show[n]’—‘that the pleader is entitled to 28 //// 1 relief.’” Id. at 679 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)). “While legal conclusions can provide the 2 framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations.” Id. 3 Judgment on the pleadings is also proper when there is either a “lack of cognizable legal 4 theory” or the “absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balisteri v. 5 Pacifica Police Dept., 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988) (in the context of a Rule 12(b)(6) 6 motion). 7 If the motion for judgment on the pleadings is granted, leave to amend should be granted 8 unless it is clear the complaint cannot be saved by amendment. Jackson v. Barnes, 749 F.3d 755, 9 766-67 (9th Cir. 2014) (district court erred in granting judgment on the pleadings and not 10 permitting amendment where it was not absolutely clear the deficiencies were not curable). 11 B. Free Exercise under the First Amendment 12 “The right to exercise religion practices and beliefs does not terminate at the prison door,” 13 McElyea v. Babbitt, 833 F.2d 196, 197 (9th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (citing O’Lone v. Shabazz, 14 482 U.S. 342 (1987); Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 545 (1979)), “but a prisoner’s right to free 15 exercise of religion ‘is necessarily limited by the fact of incarceration.’” Jones v. Williams, 791 16 F.3d 1023, 1032 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Ward v. Walsh, 1 F.3d 873, 876 (9th Cir. 1993)). 17 To state a cognizable Free Exercise claim, an inmate must state facts showing that prison 18 officials substantially burdened the practice of the prisoner’s religion without any justification 19 reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. See O’Lone, 482 U.S. at 348-50 (applying 20 the test set forth in Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1987)); Jones v. Williams, 791 F.3d 1023, 21 1031-33 (9th Cir. 2015); Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d at 884-88. A substantial burden is one 22 which has a tendency to coerce individuals into acting contrary to their religious beliefs or exert 23 substantial pressure on an adherent to modify his behavior and to violate his beliefs. Jones, 791 24 F.3d at 1031. 25 IV. Analysis 26 In the second amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that defendant “failed to announce 27 Wiccan group worship to the prison population” on June 21, 2021. (ECF No. 14 at 4.) Defendant 28 argues that undersigned determined the complaint alleged a potentially cognizable claim based on 1 (1) plaintiff’s allegation that he was not able to celebrate Summer Solstice because defendant 2 failed to announce Wiccan Group Worship and (2) failure to announce religious services, 3 standing alone, is insufficient to show that a substantial burden was placed on plaintiff’s religious 4 liberties. (ECF No. 34-1 at 3-5.) Plaintiff has not addressed defendant’s arguments other than to 5 state that defendant violated his right to free exercise. (ECF No. 38 at 3.) 6 Specifically, defendant cites Rouser v. White, 630 F. Supp. 2d 1165, 1182 (E.D. Cal. 7 2009)1 stating that case “cannot be read to stand for the proposition that failing to announce alone 8 is sufficient” to state a claim because Rouser “holds that an allegation of failing to announce 9 religious services is one of many factors that should be considered in determining if a plaintiff has 10 made a prima facie showing of First Amendment violations.” (ECF No. 34-1 at 3.) Defendant 11 further argues that in Rouser, the court identified several restrictions on religious rights, taken 12 together, rather than independently, showed a rights violation. (Id. at 3-4.) 13 Defendant acknowledges that “there are no cases specifically interpreting a failure to 14 announce religious services.” (ECF No. 34-1 at 1.) They cite Sessing v. Beard, No. 1:13-cv- 15 01684 LJO, 2015 WL 3953501, at *4 (E.D. Cal. June 29, 2015) in which that court determined it 16 was “unable to find that Plaintiff’s exercise ha[d] been substantially burdened by either the failure 17 to construct exclusive Odinist worship grounds or the denial of access to the fire pit.” 18 Defendant additionally argues that plaintiff has not alleged facts showing that defendant’s 19 failure to announce religious services placed a substantial burden on his religious liberties. (ECF 20 No. 34-1 at 5.) They argue the complaint did not allege that plaintiff “asked any officers if he 21 could attend religious services” or that “he was prevented from attending.” (Id.) 22 Government action substantially burdens the exercise of religion when the action is 23 “oppressive to a significantly great extent.” Int’l Church of Foursquare Gospel v. City of San 24 Leandro, 673 F.3d 1059, 1067 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 25 //// 26
27 1 The undersigned cited Rouser, in screening the complaint to support the conclusion that plaintiff’s allegation that defendant’s failure to announce Wiccan Group Worship violated his 28 right to freely exercise his religion was sufficient to state a claim. (ECF No. 15 at 4.) 1 “In the context of a prisoner’s constitutional challenge to institutional policies, this court 2 has held that a substantial burden occurs ‘where the state . . . denies [an important benefit] 3 because of conduct mandated by religious belief, thereby putting substantial pressure on an 4 adherent to modify his behavior and to violate his beliefs.’” Hartmann v. Calif. Dept. of Corr. 5 and Rehab., 707 F.3d 1114, 1124-25 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Warsoldier v. Woodford, 418 F.3d 6 989, 995 (9th Cir. 2005)); see also Int’l Church of Foursquare Gospel, 673 F.3d at 1067 (“That is, 7 a ‘substantial burden’ on ‘religious exercise’ must impose a significantly great restriction or onus 8 upon such exercise.”) (quoting San Jose Christian College v. City of Morgan Hill, 360 F.3d 1024, 9 1034 (9th Cir. 2004)). 10 The Ninth Circuit stated in Canell v. Lightner, 143 F.3d 1210, 1215 (9th Cir. 1998), that 11 “relatively short-term and sporadic” intrusions “did not constitute substantial interference” with 12 an inmate’s free exercise of religion. Other courts, relying on Canell, have held that an isolated 13 or sporadic interference does not substantially burden the free exercise of religion. See Brown v. 14 Washington, 752 Fed. Appx. 402, 405 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding “a one-time set of circumstances 15 amounting to no more than an unintentional interference” with the plaintiff’s right to exercise his 16 religious beliefs was an “isolated incident” insufficient “to constitute a substantial burden of 17 plaintiff’s religious beliefs”); Whitely v. CDCR, No. 2:16-cv-1534 KJM EFB P, 2019 WL 18 931835 at *4-5 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 26, 2019) (finding plaintiff’s claim that he was denied access to 19 religious services on one date did not amount to a substantial burden). 20 Under the standard set forth by the Ninth Circuit in Canell, plaintiff’s allegation that 21 defendant’s failure to announce Wiccan group worship on one occasion, is not sufficient to show 22 a substantial burden on his right to free exercise of religion. Accordingly, the undersigned will 23 recommend that the motion for judgment on the pleadings be granted. 24 V. Leave to Amend 25 Courts have discretion to grant leave to amend in conjunction with motions made pursuant 26 to Rule 12(c). Lonberg v. City of Riverside, 300 F. Supp. 2d 942, 945 (C.D. Cal. 2004); Carmen 27 v. S.F. Unified Sch. Dist., 982 F. Supp. 1396, 1401 (N.D. Cal. 1997). When dismissing a 28 complaint, leave to amend should not be granted if doing so would be futile and the deficiencies 1 in the complaint could not be cured by amendment. Reddy v. Litton Indus., 912 F.2d 291, 296 2 (9th Cir. 1990); Gomez v. Winslow, 177 F. Supp. 2d 977, 981 (C.D. Cal. 2001). In light of Ninth 3 Circuit’s holding in Canell, the undersigned finds that a one-time deprivation of participation in 4 religious worship services does not amount to a substantial burden on plaintiff’s right to free 5 exercise of religion. Accordingly, the undersigned will further recommend that the complaint be 6 dismissed without leave to amend. 7 MOTION TO STAY DISCOVERY 8 Defendant moves for a stay of discovery until such time as the instant motion for 9 judgment on the pleadings is resolved. (ECF No. 35 at 3.) In support of the motion defendant 10 argues that a stay should be granted because if the motion for judgment on the pleadings is 11 granted, it will dispose of the entire case and eliminate the need for discovery. 12 In his opposition, plaintiff requests that the court delay any decision on the motion both 13 the motion for judgment on the pleadings and the motion to stay discovery until after discovery 14 can be conducted. (ECF No. 38 at 2.) He also states that he “is a person with a disability” under 15 the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and has “serious Mental Illness that requires 16 treatment at the Enhanced Outpatient Program (EOP), level of care.” (Id.) 17 The Court has broad discretion to manage discovery. Hallet v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 18 751 (9th Cir. 2002). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c)(1), provides that the court may, for 19 good cause, issue a protective order or stay of discovery if it determines such order will promote 20 efficiency. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c); Little v. City of Seattle, 863 F.2d 681, 685 (9th Cir. 1988). 21 Here, the court finds good cause to grant defendant’s motion to stay discovery pending 22 resolution of the motion for judgment on the pleadings because the motion is potentially 23 dispositive. Garraway v. Ciufo, No. 1:17-cv-0533 DAD GSA PC, 2019 WL 1438529, at *2 (E.D. 24 Cal. Apr. 1, 2019) (granting stay of discovery pending resolution of motion for judgment on the 25 pleadings); Consiglio v. Brown, No. 1:16-cv-1268 AWI SAB (PC), 2019 WL 2499785, at *2 26 (E.D. Cal. June 17, 2019) (stating defendants did not have to respond to plaintiff’s discovery 27 requests until after resolution of defendants’ potentially dispositive motion for judgment on the 28 pleadings). Plaintiff is advised that if the findings and recommendations are rejected and 1 this case proceeds beyond the pleading stage, the court will provide the parties time to conduct 2 merits-based discovery. 3 MOTION TO AMEND 4 At the conclusion of his filing in response to defendant’s motion for judgment on the 5 pleadings and motion to stay discovery, plaintiff requests that the court grant his “motion for 6 continuing and after Discovery leave to file His Amended Complaint.” (ECF No. 38 at 3.) 7 Plaintiff has not provided the court with any additional information or arguments in support of his 8 motion to amend. As set forth above, the undersigned will recommend that the complaint be 9 dismissed without leave to amend. Because the undersigned has determined that the deficiencies 10 in the complaint cannot be cured by amendment, it will also deny the motion to amend. 11 However, if the district court declines to adopt these findings and recommendations, plaintiff may 12 file a renewed motion to amend. 13 CONCLUSION 14 For the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 15 1. Plaintiff’s motion to amend (ECF No. 38) is denied without prejudice; 16 2. Defendant’s motion for a stay of discovery pending resolution of the motion for 17 judgment on the pleadings (ECF No. 35) is granted. The discovery deadlines set forth in the 18 March 16, 2023, discovery and scheduling order (ECF No. 33) are vacated. Should the district 19 court decline to adopt these findings and recommendations, the court will issue an amended 20 discovery and scheduling order setting forth new deadlines. 21 IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that defendant’s motion for judgment on the 22 pleadings (ECF No. 34) be granted and the operative complaint be dismissed without leave to 23 amend. 24 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District Judge 25 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one (21) 26 days after being served with these findings and recommendations, either party may file written 27 objections with the court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 28 Findings and Recommendations.” The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the 1 | specified time may result in waiver of the right to appeal the district court’s order. Martinez v. 2 | Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 3 | Dated: July 9, 2023 4 5 6 ORAH BARNES UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 7 8 9 DB:12 10 | DB/DB Prisoner Inbox/Civil Rights/S/nels2150.stay.disc+judg-plead 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28