(PC) Coleman v. Newsom

Opinion

1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS 2 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 3 AND THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT COMPOSED OF THREE JUDGES 5 PURSUANT TO SECTION 2284, TITLE 28 UNITED STATES CODE 6 7 RALPH COLEMAN, et al., Case No. 2:90-cv-0520 KJM DB P

8 Plaintiffs, THREE-JUDGE COURT 9 v.

10 GAVIN NEWSOM, et al., 11 Defendants.

12 MARCIANO PLATA, et al., Case No. 01-cv-01351-JST 13 Plaintiff, THREE-JUDGE COURT 14 v. ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ EMERGENCY MOTION TO MODIFY 15 GAVIN NEWSOM, et al., POPULATION REDUCTION ORDER 16 Defendants.

17 Before: WARDLAW, Circuit Judge, MUELLER, Chief District Judge, and TIGAR, District Judge 18 We are living in unprecedented times. The spread of COVID-19 is a global crisis, a crisis 19 that is heightened in the most vulnerable groups among us. One such group is before us today. 20 Plaintiffs, two classes of inmates incarcerated in California state prisons, have filed a motion 21 asking us to order the state to release an unspecified, but significant, number of prisoners so that 22 the prison population can be reduced to a level sufficient to allow physical distancing to prevent 23 the spread of COVID-19—which, in Plaintiffs’ view, requires that prisoners who live in dorm- 24 style environments be housed six feet apart from one another. ECF No. 3219/6522.1 25 While we cannot know with certainty due to the pathogenesis of the virus, it appears that 26

27 1 All filings in this Three-Judge Court are included in the individual docket sheets of both Plata v. 1 COVID-19 has not yet surged in California’s prisons. Thus far, only thirteen inmates have 2 confirmed cases of the disease. Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., Population COVID-19 Tracking, 3 https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/covid19/population-status-tracking/ (last visited Apr. 4, 2020). And, to 4 their credit, Defendants2 have already taken steps to combat the virus, including taking measures 5 to reduce the prison population. But given the undisputed risk of further contagion in a carceral 6 environment,3 Plaintiffs’ desire to maximize the reduction in the state’s prison population is 7 understandable. 8 We conclude, however, that under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(5) and the Prison 9 Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), 18 U.S.C. § 3626, Plaintiffs’ emergency motion for relief based 10 on COVID-19 is not properly before us. This three-judge court was first convened in 2007 to 11 consider a different issue: whether a release of prisoners was necessary to remedy California’s 12 structural failure to provide constitutionally adequate medical and mental health care services to 13 inmates incarcerated in the state’s prisons. We are therefore bound to deny Plaintiffs’ motion. 14 However, we do so without prejudice to Plaintiffs’ seeking relief in a procedurally appropriate 15 forum, including the individual Coleman and/or Plata courts. 16 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 17 A. Procedural History 18 Given the exigency of the circumstances before us, we provide only a brief procedural 19 history here.4 The proceedings before this three-judge court began long ago as two separate cases: 20 Coleman, filed in 1990 in the Eastern District of California, alleged that Defendants were failing 21 to provide constitutionally adequate mental health care services to inmates with serious mental 22 disorders. Plata, filed in 2001 in the Northern District of California, alleged that Defendants were 23 2 Defendants are various California state officials, including Governor Gavin Newsom. 24

3 See, e.g., 167 Inmates at Cook County Jail Confirmed Positive for COVID-19, Chi. Sun Times 25 (Apr. 1, 2020), https://chicago.suntimes.com/coronavirus/2020/4/1/21203767/cook-county-jail- coronavirus-positive-covid-19 (reporting that 167 pre-trial detainees housed at the Cook County, 26 Ill. jail tested positive for COVID-19 over a ten-day span).

27 4 The history of these proceedings is chronicled more thoroughly in a 2009 order of our court, 1 failing to provide constitutionally adequate medical care. 2 The individual Coleman and Plata courts entered numerous remedial orders, including 3 appointing a Special Master to oversee remedial efforts in Coleman and a Receiver to take control 4 of the medical care delivery system in Plata. These measures failed to cure the constitutional 5 deficiencies, and in 2007, both courts concluded that, absent a reduction in the state prison 6 population—which was then almost double the prison system’s design capacity—Defendants 7 would never be able to deliver constitutionally adequate medical and mental health care. 8 Because they were not individually empowered to order a release of prisoners from 9 California’s prisons, the Plata and Coleman courts granted Plaintiffs’ separate motions to convene 10 a three-judge court to consider the issue. See 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(3)(B) (providing that a prisoner 11 release order can be entered only by a three-judge court). The Chief Judge of the United States 12 Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit appointed this three-judge court in both cases to determine 13 whether a release order was appropriate.5 See Brown v. Plata, 563 U.S. 493, 500 (2011) 14 (“Because the two cases are interrelated, their limited consolidation for this purpose has a certain 15 utility in avoiding conflicting decrees and aiding judicial consideration and enforcement.”). 16 After holding a fourteen-day trial, we concluded that a significant reduction in the state 17 prison population was the only way to bring Defendants into compliance with their constitutional 18 obligations to provide adequate medical and mental health care services. See generally Coleman 19 v. Schwarzenegger, 922 F. Supp. 2d 882 (E.D. Cal./N.D. Cal. 2009) (“Coleman I”). We therefore 20 ordered Defendants to reduce California’s prison population to 137.5% design capacity within two 21 years. Id. at 970. 22 Defendants appealed, and the Supreme Court affirmed.6 Plata, 563 U.S. 493. The Court 23 held that the PLRA’s requirements for entering a prisoner release order were satisfied, see 18 24

25 5 The original members of the three-judge court, the Hon. Stephen Reinhardt, Circuit Judge; the Hon. Lawrence K. Karlton, District Judge; and the Hon. Thelton E. Henderson, District Judge, 26 have since been replaced by its current members: the Hon. Kim McLane Wardlaw, Circuit Judge; the Hon. Kimberly J. Mueller, Chief District Judge; and the Hon. Jon S. Tigar, District Judge. 27 1 U.S.C. § 3626, and that there was ample evidence supporting our conclusion that crowding was 2 the primary cause of the constitutional violations in California’s delivery of medical and mental 3 health services in its prison system. Plata, 563 U.S. at 517–530. It also concluded that the 4 137.5% population cap we ordered was “narrowly drawn, extend[ed] no further than necessary to 5 correct the violation of [the] federal right, and [was] the least intrusive means necessary to correct 6 the violation,” and that we gave appropriate “substantial weight” to public safety, as the PLRA 7 requires. Id. at 530–41; see 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a). At the same time, the Supreme Court 8 recognized our ability to modify our remedial order as necessary:

9 The three-judge court, however, retains the authority, and the responsibility, to make further amendments to the existing order or 10 any modified decree it may enter as warranted by the exercise of its sound discretion. “The power of a court of equity to modify a decree 11 of injunctive relief is long-established, broad, and flexible.” New York State Assn. for Retarded Children, Inc. v. Carey, 706 F.2d 956, 12 967 (C.A.2 1983) (Friendly, J.). A court that invokes equity’s power to remedy a constitutional violation by an injunction mandating 13 systemic changes to an institution has the continuing duty and responsibility to assess the efficacy and consequences of its order. Id., 14 at 969–971. Experience may teach the necessity for modification or amendment of an earlier decree. To that end, the three-judge court 15 must remain open to a showing or demonstration by either party that the injunction should be altered to ensure that the rights and interests 16 of the parties are given all due and necessary protection. 17 Plata, 563 U.S. at 542–43. 18 Two years after the Supreme Court affirmed our prison population reduction order, 19 Defendants asked us to terminate that order even though they had not yet complied with it. 20 Coleman v. Brown, 922 F. Supp. 2d 1004, 1008 (E.D. Cal./N.D. Cal. 2013) (“Coleman II”). 21 Plaintiffs filed a cross-motion asking us to impose institution-specific population caps to 22 supplement the system-wide 137.5% cap that we had already ordered. Id. We denied both 23 requests. Id. We concluded, among other things, that Defendants had failed to demonstrate that 24 they could provide constitutionally adequate medical and mental health care with a prison 25 population that exceeded 137.5% design capacity. Id. at 1034–43. At the same time, we 26 concluded that Plaintiffs’ request for institution-specific caps was premature because, until 27 Defendants met the systemwide 137.5% cap, it was difficult to determine whether additional relief 1 In 2015, Defendants succeeded, for the first time, in reducing the statewide prison 2 population to less than 137.5% design capacity. The population has remained below that 3 benchmark ever since.7 Since that time, we have largely stepped back as the individual Coleman 4 and Plata courts have continued to work to ensure that California provides constitutionally 5 adequate medical and mental health services to its inmates. 6 B. Plaintiffs’ Emergency Motion Based on COVID-19 7 On March 25, 2020, Plaintiffs filed the motion currently before us, which they have styled 8 as an “Emergency Motion to Modify Population Reduction Order.” ECF No. 3219/6522. The 9 motion asks us to order Defendants to release to parole or post-release community supervision 10 certain categories of inmates, including those who are scheduled to parole within a year and are 11 either (a) low risk, as determined by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s 12 (CDCR) risk assessment tool or (b) serving time for a non-violent offense. Id. at 27. Plaintiffs 13 also ask us to require Defendants to release or relocate inmates who, because of their age or other 14 medical conditions, are at a high risk of developing a severe form of COVID-19. Id. at 27–28. 15 While Plaintiffs have not put forth a specific number of inmates that they believe should be 16 released, they argued at the April 2, 2020 telephonic hearing on this motion that Defendants must 17 release as many inmates as would be required to allow all remaining inmates to practice physical 18 distancing, especially those who reside in crowded dorm housing. 19 Although the current record is unclear as to when Defendants began planning a response to 20 COVID-19, they started implementing preventive measures at least as of March 11, 2020, when 21 normal visiting at CDCR institutions was canceled statewide, fact sheets and posters on the 22 pandemic were delivered to the inmate population, and additional hand-sanitizing dispenser 23 stations were ordered. ECF No. 3241-1/6553-1. CDCR has activated “a centrally-located 24 command center where CDCR and CCHCS [California Correctional Health Care Services] experts 25 monitor information, prepare for known and unknown events, and exchange information centrally 26

27 7 As of the most recent status report filed with us on March 16, 2020, California’s prison 1 in order to make decisions and provide guidance quickly.” ECF No. 3240/6553-2 ¶ 4 (Gipson 2 Decl.). The center’s “goal is to implement measures and strategies to protect inmates and staff 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic and to enhance social distancing and housing options during this 4 time.” Id. 5 On March 24, 2020, California Governor Gavin Newsom issued an executive order 6 directing CDCR to suspend admission of inmates to state custody for 30 days, with the possibility 7 that the suspension would be extended for an additional 30 days. ECF No. 3241/6553 ¶ 4 (Diaz 8 Decl.). On March 30, 2020, CDCR Secretary Ralph Diaz announced that release would be 9 accelerated for inmates who have less than sixty days remaining on their sentence, are not serving 10 a term of incarceration for a violent felony or a domestic violence offense, and are not required to 11 register as a sex offender. Id. ¶ 5. These last two measures are expected to result in an 12 approximately 6,500-person reduction in the prison population over the coming weeks.8 Id. ¶¶ 4– 13 7. 14 Defendants oppose Plaintiffs’ motion, arguing both that their response to COVID-19 so far 15 has been constitutionally sufficient, and that the motion is not properly before this three-judge 16 court because the relief it seeks is, in substance, a new prisoner release order, rather than a 17 modification of our 2009 order imposing the 137.5% population cap. ECF No. 3235/6552. 18 II. DISCUSSION 19 Whether Plaintiffs’ motion is properly viewed as a modification request is a critical 20 question. For one, it bears on whether the motion is properly before our three-judge court. But 21 even if the motion were properly before us, the PLRA places significant restrictions on a federal 22 court’s authority to order the release of prisoners as a remedy for a constitutional violation. See 18 23 U.S.C. § 3626. For example, a prisoner release order may be entered only if “(i) a court has 24 previously entered an order for less intrusive relief that has failed to remedy the deprivation of the 25 Federal right sought to be remedied through the prisoner release order; and (ii) the defendant has 26 8 Defendants have also taken additional steps to combat COVID-19, including but not limited to 27 transferring approximately 500 inmates out of dorm housing, suspending transfers between 1 had a reasonable amount of time to comply with the previous court orders.” Id. 2 § 3626(a)(3)(A)(i)–(ii). Plaintiffs argue that our 2009 order imposing the 137.5% population cap 3 satisfies the PLRA’s requirement of a prior order for less intrusive relief. ECF No. 3219/6522 at 4 31–32. If, however, the relief they seek is not actually a modification of the 2009 order but rather 5 new relief based on the new threat of harm posed by COVID-19, Plaintiffs likely cannot satisfy the 6 prior order requirement at this point because there have not yet been any orders requiring 7 Defendants to take measures short of release to address the threat of the virus; nor have 8 Defendants had a reasonable time in which to comply.9 9 In arguing that their motion properly seeks to modify our 2009 order imposing the 10 population cap, Plaintiffs rely on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(5), which grants courts 11 authority to “relieve a party . . . from a final judgment” if “applying it prospectively is no longer 12 equitable.” We have previously recognized that Rule 60(b)(5) may provide us with authority to 13 modify our 2009 order in appropriate circumstances. Coleman II, 922 F. Supp. 2d at 1025–27 14 (citing Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk Cty. Jail, 502 U.S. 367 (1992)). But we may only modify the 15 order to the extent necessary to ensure that the remedial structure remains tailored to cure the 16 constitutional violations previously found by the Coleman and Plata courts. See id. at 1048 17 (refusing to modify the 2009 order because it was not yet clear whether the 137.5% design 18 capacity cap would be sufficient to cure the constitutional defects in Defendants’ prison health 19 care system). Rule 60(b)(5) does not provide us with free-standing authority to remedy any harm 20 Defendants may inflict upon Plaintiffs, regardless of whether it is tethered to the previous findings 21 of structural constitutional shortcomings in the delivery of medical and mental health care. Cf. 22 Parsons v. Ryan, 912 F.3d 486, 501 (9th Cir. 2018) (explaining that a modification of relief was 23 appropriate because it was not issued “in response to new violations of federal rights”). 24 Plaintiffs argue that the potential harm posed by COVID-19 is attributable to the 25 constitutional violations that have been previously found in these cases because “[p]reventing the 26 spread of a dangerous, contagious illness is plainly a requirement of an adequate medical care 27 1 system.” ECF No. 3248/6558 at 3–4. As a general matter, we agree that the Eighth Amendment 2 requires Defendants to take adequate steps to curb the spread of disease within the prison system. 3 Indeed, disease control is one of the areas in which the Plata court previously concluded that 4 Defendants fell short. See Coleman I, 922 F. Supp. 2d at 896. For example, the Plata court 5 previously found that the prison intake process, “which was designed to allow medical staff to 6 identify inmates’ medical issues, including communicable diseases, . . . was woefully inadequate.” 7 Id. (describing a finding of the Plata court in Plata v. Schwarzenegger, No. 01-1351-TEH, 2005 8 WL 2932254, at *12 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 3, 2005)). It also found that exam tables and counter tops 9 where prisoners with infectious diseases were treated “were not routinely disinfected or sanitized.” 10 See id. at 896 (quoting Plata, 2005 WL 2932253, at *14); see also Plata, 563 U.S. at 508 (citing 11 this fact in affirming the population cap order). Still, Defendants’ inability to control disease was 12 only one symptom of an overall failure to provide inmates with access to constitutionally adequate 13 health care services. 14 Here, however, the impetus for the release order Plaintiffs seek is different from the 15 overarching structural violations underlying the 2009 population reduction order. The specific 16 harm Plaintiffs allege is not caused by constitutional shortcomings in Defendants’ ability to 17 provide medical and mental health services. Indeed, Plaintiffs’ own expert acknowledges that 18 California’s inmates would still face a substantial risk of harm from COVID-19 “even if the health 19 care delivery system were constitutionally adequate.” ECF No. 3219-4/6524 ¶ 19 (Stern Decl.). 20 That the harm Plaintiffs face is not dependent on the existence of a constitutionally inadequate 21 health care delivery system is strong evidence that it is rooted in a significantly different 22 underlying cause than what was before us in the prior three-judge court proceedings. 23 While the threat posed by COVID-19 is undoubtedly medical, the particular risks the 24 disease poses to prisoners are primarily a function of the contagiousness of the virus and the 25 nature of incarceration. There is no vaccine for COVID-19. Thus far, the only way to stop its 26 spread is through preventive measures—principal among them maintaining physical distancing 27 sufficient to hinder airborne person-to-person transmission. See ECF No. 3221-1/6259-1 at 109 1 Correctional and Detention Facilities) (describing physical distancing as a “cornerstone” of 2 reducing transmission of COVID-19). Creating physical distancing is uniquely difficult in a 3 congregate environment like a prison.10 Id. But crucially, this is a problem shared by all prisons, 4 not just those with foundering health care delivery systems. See id. at 107–10. 5 That is not to say that Defendants have no constitutional obligation to take steps to prevent 6 the spread of COVID-19 within California’s prisons. Defendants themselves acknowledge that 7 the virus presents a “substantial risk of serious harm” and that the Eighth Amendment therefore 8 requires them to take reasonable measures to abate that risk. ECF No. 3235/6552 at 17; see 9 Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 847 (1994); Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 33 (1993) 10 (noting that prison officials may not “ignore a condition of confinement that is sure or very likely 11 to cause serious illness and needless suffering the next week or month or year”). But we conclude 12 that any constitutional violation in Defendants’ current response to the COVID-19 crisis is 13 different, in both nature and degree, from the violations underlying the 2009 population cap order. 14 That order was never intended to prepare Defendants to confront this unprecedented pandemic. 15 Nor could it have, given that the entire world was unprepared for the onslaught of the COVID-19 16 virus. 17 We therefore conclude that to the extent Plaintiffs can establish a constitutional violation 18 based on the threat posed by COVID-19, it must be based on shortcomings in Defendants’ 19 response to the virus, not on the longstanding systemic constitutional deficiencies in California’s 20 prison health care delivery system. Because Plaintiffs’ motion seeks a release order to redress a 21 different constitutional injury than those previously found in the Coleman and Plata proceedings, 22 that relief cannot be granted through a modification to our prior remedial order. 23 There is precedent within these proceedings for our conclusion that requests for disease- 24 specific relief generally require a new Eighth Amendment analysis. In 2013, the Plata plaintiffs 25 brought a motion asking the court to order the transfer of classes of inmates who were particularly 26 at risk of developing a severe form of Valley Fever—an illness spread by airborne fungal spores— 27 1 out of the prisons where the disease was most prevalent. Plata v. Brown, No. 01-cv-1351-TEH, 2 2013 WL 3200587, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Jun. 24, 2013). The plaintiffs did not bring their motion 3 under Rule 60(b)(5), nor did the Plata court treat it as a modification request. Instead, the court 4 analyzed whether Defendants’ specific responses to the threats posed by Valley Fever were 5 sufficient to satisfy the Eighth Amendment. Id. at *10–12. After concluding that they were not, 6 the Plata court granted the plaintiffs’ transfer request, tailoring the scope of relief to the contours 7 of the specific Eighth Amendment violation implicated by Defendants’ inadequate Valley Fever 8 response. Id. at *10–13. 9 The Supreme Court’s discussion of our ability to modify the 2009 population cap order 10 confirms our conclusion that the remedy Plaintiffs now seek goes to a different constitutional 11 injury than what has been litigated previously. In describing the scope of our modification 12 authority, the Court explained that it may be appropriate to grant Defendants more time in which 13 to come into compliance with the 137.5% cap if it were necessary to allow the state to develop 14 systems for identifying inmates whose release was least likely to jeopardize public safety. Plata, 15 563 U.S. at 544. It noted such an extension could be conditioned on Defendants’ “ability to meet 16 interim benchmarks for improvement in the provision of medical and mental health care.” Id. The 17 Court also explained that as Defendants made progress in reducing the prison population, it might 18 become apparent “that further population reductions are not necessary or less urgent than 19 previously believed.” Id. In those circumstances, it could be appropriate to consider whether to 20 extend or modify the requirements of the population cap order. Id. 21 In short, the Supreme Court contemplated that we could adjust our remedial order to 22 ensure that it remained appropriately tailored to its original goal: reducing the prison population to 23 a level sufficient, but no lower than necessary, to allow Defendants to deliver constitutionally 24 adequate medical and mental health care services.11 See id. at 530 (explaining that prospective 25 relief with respect to prison conditions must be “narrowly drawn” and “extend[] no further than 26 11 The Court’s modification ruling also encompassed the situation where Defendants reached the 27 137.5% goal but were still unable to provide constitutionally adequate medical care. Plata, 563 1 necessary to correct the violation”). We do not believe that the Court envisaged us “modifying” 2 our judgment to require an additional reduction in the prison population to respond to a unique 3 threat posed by a specific virus that could not have been foreseen only a few months ago, much 4 less at the time of the 2009 population cap order. Our discretion to modify our prior orders is not 5 boundless. 6 The cases relied on by Plaintiffs only reinforce our view that the motion before us is not an 7 appropriate modification request. In Parsons v. Ryan, the plaintiff class entered into a settlement 8 agreement with prison officials that required them to achieve at least 75 percent compliance with 9 several “health care performance measures,” including that they provide inmates with health care 10 services within twenty-four hours after a request was first made. 912 F.3d at 493–94, 499. The 11 prison system’s compliance rate with this performance measure was abysmal—as low as 34 12 percent—and after failed efforts to improve compliance, the district court issued an order requiring 13 the defendants to use community health services (i.e., services outside the prisons) to provide the 14 required care. Id. at 499. On appeal, the defendants argued that the PLRA required the district 15 court to “make new findings of a constitutional violation” before entering the new remedial order. 16 Id. at 501. The Ninth Circuit rejected the argument. It concluded that the district court’s order 17 merely implemented a new means of curing the same constitutional violation upon which the 18 original settlement agreement had rested—failure to provide care within a reasonable time 19 period—and that it was therefore a proper modification of the prior remedial order. Id. 20 Similarly, in Armstrong v. Brown, 768 F.3d 975 (9th Cir. 2014), the district court entered 21 an injunction that required California prison officials to “track the record of each institution and 22 the conduct of individual staff members” who were not complying with a remedial plan to cure 23 systemic violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act. Id. at 978. 24 The vague language of the injunction created problems. The defendants contended that it required 25 them to track only substantiated allegations of noncompliance whereas the plaintiffs argued that it 26 required tracking and investigation of all alleged violations. Id. at 978–79. In response, the 27 district court issued a new injunction that both clarified that the defendants were required to track 1 provision that allowed plaintiffs’ counsel to review the state’s investigations of allegations of 2 noncompliance. Id. at 979. The defendants appealed the modified injunction, and the Ninth 3 Circuit affirmed. While noting that the relief ordered by the district court might have been unduly 4 intrusive had it been implemented as an initial remedy, the Ninth Circuit concluded that “the level 5 of intrusiveness [was] acceptable based on the history and circumstances of the case”—namely 6 that the district court “ha[d] attempted narrower, less intrusive alternatives—and those alternatives 7 ha[d] failed.” Id. at 986. 8 Plaintiffs argue that, as in Parsons and Armstrong, more intrusive measures are necessary 9 here because the 137.5% population cap is insufficient to allow Defendants to implement the 10 physical distancing measures they believe are necessary to prevent the spread of COVID-19. ECF 11 No. 3248/6558 at 4–5. But this argument elides the fact that the population cap order was never 12 intended to put Defendants in a position to confront the unique threat posed by this once-in-a- 13 century virus. Thus, this is not a case like Parsons and Armstrong where a district court 14 implemented progressively more intrusive measures to remedy the same, well-understood 15 constitutional violation that formed the basis for the original remedial order. See Parsons, 912 16 F.3d at 499; Armstrong, 768 F.3d at 978–79, 986. Instead, Defendants ask us to alter a decade-old 17 order to address a new alleged constitutional violation—an inadequate response to a specific 18 virus—that our prior order was never designed to address. This request falls outside the scope of 19 our equitable modification authority. 20 Our order today does not leave Plaintiffs without options for seeking relief. While we 21 must deny their motion as currently procedurally improper, we do so without prejudice to their 22 bringing their request for relief in an appropriate forum. As with the Valley Fever motion in 23 Plata, and as was done in the original Coleman and Plata litigation, Plaintiffs may go before a 24 single judge to press their claim that Defendants’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic is 25 constitutionally inadequate. For example, if they believe that the response violates Plaintiffs’ right 26 to adequate medical care, they may seek relief before the individual Plata court. Likewise, 27 Plaintiffs may seek relief before the individual Coleman court if they believe that Defendants’ 1 court finds a constitutional violation, it may order Defendants to take steps short of release 2 necessary to remedy that violation. And if that less intrusive relief proves inadequate, Plaintiffs 3 may request, or the district court may order sua sponte, the convening of a three-judge court to 4 determine whether a release order is appropriate. See 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(3). 5 III. CONCLUSION 6 We take no satisfaction in turning away Plaintiffs’ motion without reaching the important 7 question of whether Defendants have implemented constitutionally adequate measures to protect 8 the inmates of California’s prisons from the serious threat posed by this unparalleled pandemic. 9 But we are bound by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(5) and the PLRA to reach this 10 conclusion. 11 We emphasize that Defendants have broad authority to voluntarily take steps that may 12 prevent the life-threatening spread of COVID-19 within their prisons, and we recognize the 13 deference that is due to prison authorities to determine which additional measures must be taken to 14 avoid catastrophic results. See Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 84–85 (1987). Defendants have 15 represented to us that they are continuously evaluating what more they can do to protect the 16 inmates within their prisons, and we urge them to leave no stone unturned. It is likely that only 17 through significant effort will California’s prisons be able to minimize the spread of COVID-19. 18 * * * 19 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ emergency motion for modification of our 2009 20 population reduction order is DENIED without prejudice to pursuing relief in a procedurally 21 appropriate forum, including in the individual Coleman and/or Plata courts. 22 IT IS SO ORDERED. 23 24 Dated: April 4, 2020 25 26 27 1 MUELLER, Chief District Judge, concurring: 2 I join in the court’s conclusion that Plaintiffs have not met their burden of demonstrating 3 they qualify for the relief they seek under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(5), assuming 4 without deciding that as the prevailing party previously they may rely on the rule for affirmative 5 relief. See, e.g., In re Von Borstel, No. 01-42235-elp7, 2011 WL 477817, at *4 (Bankr. D. Or. 6 Feb. 3, 2011) (“The rule does not say that ‘a losing’ party may obtain relief; it says ‘a’ party.” 7 Thus, a prevailing party may use Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) to seek to set aside a judgment on the 8 ground that the judgment should have provided additional relief.” (citing United States for Use & 9 Benefit of Familian Nw., Inc. v. RG & B Contractors, Inc., 21 F.3d 952 (9th Cir. 1994))); but see 10 Cano v. Baker, 435 F.3d 1337, 1340 (11th Cir. 2006) (“The equitable purpose of Rule 60(b) 11 cannot be to ‘relieve’ a party from her own lawsuit in which she had prevailed three decades 12 earlier.” (citation omitted)). The court’s conclusion in this respect is sufficient to resolve the 13 motion before us. 14 I respectfully do not join in the court’s analysis or determination that Plaintiffs’ motion 15 arises out of an Eighth Amendment claim entirely distinct from the claims over which this court 16 has continuing jurisdiction. This court previously found, after extended evidentiary proceedings, 17 that “crowding generates unsanitary conditions, overwhelms the infrastructure of existing prisons, 18 and increases the risk that infectious diseases will spread.” Coleman v. Schwarzenegger, 922 F. 19 Supp. 2d 882, 931 (E.D. Cal. 2009) (“Coleman I”) (citing Nov. 9, 2007 Scott Report ¶¶ 17–24, 20 ECF No. 1528/3058). In so finding, this court credited multiple experts who opined that prison 21 crowding was a contributor to great vulnerability in the face of outbreak and spread of infectious 22 disease. Id. (referencing opinions that “crowding ‘contributes to the difficulties of healthcare 23 delivery by virtue of the fact that it increases the incidence of illnesses, [and] infectious 24 disease’”); id. (quoting Rep. Tr. at 257:15–22, ECF No. 1832/3541-2, for opinion of Dr. Jeffrey A. 25 Beard that, while prisons may not always be incubators for disease, “they could be if your 26 population densities get so intense,” including “if you have a gymnasium that you triple bunk and 27 put hundreds and hundreds of people in a closed dense area”); id. (“Until CDCR reduces its 1 staph infections, tuberculosis and influenza.” (quoting Nov. 9, 2007 Shansky Report ¶ 135, ECF 2 No. 1527/3057)). 3 Moreover, this court retained jurisdiction to determine whether the remedy it had ordered 4 proved durable. See Coleman v. Brown, 952 F. Supp. 2d 901, 934 (E.D.Cal./N.D.Cal. 2013). 5 Even though the prison population for some time has remained below the cap this court previously 6 set, Defendants have not achieved the durability of remedy required for this court’s role to cease. 7 The current circumstances appear to expose, in stark terms, the potential need to revisit the current 8 population cap. Even as I do not believe Plaintiffs’ motion grounded in Rule 60(b)(5) can be 9 granted, I am inclined to think this court retains broad equitable powers that might permit some 10 reconsideration of the current cap in light of the unprecedented exigent circumstances here. Those 11 circumstances, as is undisputed, present potentially grave risks to members of the Plaintiff classes, 12 as well as to correctional staff and the communities in which they reside, as a result of the 13 COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the delivery of medical and mental health care in the state 14 prisons. It is undisputed that the delivery of care, to date, remains below constitutional minima. 15 See Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678, 687 n.9 (1987) (“As we explained in Milliken v. Bradley, 433 16 U.S. 267, 281 [ ], state and local authorities have primary responsibility for curing constitutional 17 violations. If, however [those] authorities fail in their affirmative obligations . . . judicial authority 18 may be invoked. Once invoked, the scope of a district court’s equitable powers to remedy past 19 wrongs is broad, for breadth and flexibility are inherent in equitable remedies.” (internal quotation 20 marks and citation omitted)). 21 At the same time, it is clear that a prisoner release order under the PLRA is a remedy of 22 last resort and neither Plaintiff class has formally sought focused relief from their individual 23 courts, a condition precedent to issuance of a prisoner release order. See 18 U.S.C. 24 § 3626(a)(3)(A); see also Coleman I, 922 F. Supp. 2d at 918. Given the availability of expedited 25 proceedings before those district courts to immediately exhaust the possibility of inmate transfers 26 and relocations to secure facilities to achieve constitutionally acceptable conditions for the 27 Plaintiff classes, those proceedings must be invoked first.