NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _____________
No. 13-1881 _____________
OLIVER LAWAL; DAOSAMID BOUNTHISANE; GAZALI SHITTU, Appellants
v.
MARK MCDONALD; WILLIAM RILEY; FREDERICK R. CHOW
__________________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA (D.C. No. 2-12-cv-03599) District Judge: Hon. C. Darnell Jones, II
___________________
Argued: November 13, 2013
Before: HARDIMAN, SHWARTZ and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: December 19, 2013 )
Jim R. Ogorzalek, Esq. [ARGUED] William & Mary Law School Appellate and Supreme Court Clinic P.O. Box 8795 Williamsburg, VA 23187
Tillman J. Breckenridge, Esq. Tara A. Brennan, Esq. Reed Smith LLP
1 1301 K Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20005
Counsel for Appellants
Viveca D. Parker, Esq. [ARGUED] Office of United States Attorney 615 Chestnut Street Suite 1250 Philadelphia, PA 19106
Counsel for Appellees ___________________
OPINION ____________________
SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
Oliver Lawal, Daosamid Bouthisane, and Gazali Shittu (collectively, “Plaintiffs”)
appeal the dismissal of their Amended Complaint alleging that Special Agents of the
Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) Mark McDonald, William
Riley, and Frederick R. Chow (collectively, “Defendants”) violated their Fourth and Fifth
Amendment rights. For the reasons set forth below, we will affirm in part, vacate in part,
and remand.
I.1
According to the Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs are United States citizens who are
licensed to drive taxicabs in Philadelphia. In June 2009, Defendant McDonald requested and
thereafter received a list of all drivers certified to drive taxis in Philadelphia from the
1 The District Court had jurisdiction in this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review of a district court’s order dismissing a complaint. Burtch v. Milberg Factors, Inc., 662 F.3d 212, 220 (3d Cir. 2011). We “accept all factual allegations as true, construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and determine whether, under any reasonable reading of the complaint, the plaintiff may be entitled to relief.” Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). The facts recounted here are drawn from the Amended Complaint.
2 Philadelphia Parking Authority’s Taxicab and Limousine Division (“PPA”). Over the next year,
the PPA and ICE, including Defendants, exchanged versions of the list of drivers in an effort to
create a list that identified illegal aliens certified to operate taxis in Philadelphia. Once the list
was finalized, those on it, including Plaintiffs, were sent letters advising them that their accounts
were purportedly audited, they were entitled to a refund, and they were invited to the PPA
facility on June 30, 2010 to collect it.
When they arrived at the PPA facility, each Plaintiff provided his driver’s license, taxicab
ID, name, date of birth, address, and Social Security number to an unidentified female ICE agent,
and was instructed to enter another room to receive his refund. Upon entering the other room,
Defendants and other ICE agents under Defendants’ direction or control “suddenly and violently
attacked,” threw against a wall, and handcuffed each Plaintiff, informed each Plaintiff that he
was “being arrested for an alleged immigration violation,” and interrogated each Plaintiff for
more than one hour. App. 47-48, 52, 56-57. Each Plaintiff informed the ICE agents that he
was a United States citizen.
Thereafter, each Plaintiff was told he had been mistakenly detained, but nonetheless was
held for several additional hours with other detained taxi drivers, and was forbidden to stand or
speak. Defendants advised Plaintiffs that they were not permitted to leave because Defendants
did not want them to have an opportunity to advise other taxicab drivers of the ICE operation
occurring at the PPA facility that day. There were approximately four uniformed ICE agents
and ten plainclothes ICE agents in the room with the detained drivers, many of them had guns
strapped to their waists, and several ICE agents were standing by the exit.
3 Plaintiffs filed a Complaint asserting Bivens2 claims for violations of the Fourth and Fifth
Amendments. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, for summary judgment,
and attached declarations from each Defendant that purported to describe their role, or lack
thereof, in the events alleged in the Complaint. In lieu of responding to the motion, and as
permitted under Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1), Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint. Despite having
an opportunity to include information from Defendants’ declarations, no information from the
declarations was included in the Amended Complaint.
Like the initial Complaint, the Amended Complaint asserted Bivens claims alleging that
Defendants’ gross negligence and deliberate indifference violated Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment
rights to be free from unreasonable seizure of their persons by: (1) failing to ensure that no
United States citizen was on the list; (2) arresting Plaintiffs without probable cause; and (3)
failing to release Plaintiffs once they learned they were U.S. citizens. Plaintiffs did not allege
claims based upon alleged excessive force or racial or ethnic profiling.
The District Court granted Defendants’ renewed motion to dismiss3 the Amended
Complaint with prejudice, finding that Plaintiffs’ Fourth and Fifth4 Amendment claims
failed to state plausible claims for relief, and regardless, Defendants were entitled to
qualified immunity. This appeal followed.
II.
2 In Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), the Supreme Court “recognized . . . an implied private action for damages against federal officers alleged to have violated a citizen’s constitutional rights.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 675 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). 3 The District Court “construed [the motion] solely as one filed pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6),” App. 4, even though the Defendants alternatively sought summary judgment. 4 Plaintiffs do not address the dismissal of their Fifth Amendment claims on appeal and thus these claims are deemed abandoned. Like the District Court, however, we will “assume that the entire factual basis for the Fifth Amendment claims already appear[s] in [the Fourth Amendment claims].” App. 9 n.5.
4 Plaintiffs appeal the rulings that: (1) they failed to plausibly plead that each
defendant personally participated in each of the alleged wrongful acts, and (2)
Defendants, as federal officers, were entitled to qualified immunity.
To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the pleading must contain “a
short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), in order to “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and
the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)
(internal quotation marks omitted). A complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). This pleading standard “demands more than an
unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation,” and “‘naked assertions’
devoid of ‘further factual enhancement’” are insufficient. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557).
To state a claim for unlawful seizure under the Fourth Amendment, a plaintiff
must show that a “seizure” occurred and that it was unreasonable. United States v.
Smith, 575 F.3d 308, 313 (3d Cir. 2009). To be personally liable under Bivens, a
defendant cannot merely be liable under the theory of respondeat superior, but rather “a
plaintiff must plead that each Government-official defendant, through the official’s own
individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676. Thus, for the
Amended Complaint to be sufficient, Plaintiffs must plead facts plausibly demonstrating
an unreasonable seizure occurred and that either: (a) Defendants directly participated in
unreasonably seizing Plaintiffs; (b) Defendants directed others to unreasonably seize
5 Plaintiffs; or (c) Defendants were the people in charge during the operation and they had
knowledge of and acquiesced in Plaintiffs’ unreasonable seizure by their subordinates.5
See Santiago v. Warminster Twp., 629 F.3d 121, 129 (3d Cir. 2010).
Excluding Plaintiffs’ allegations that are so conclusory that they are not entitled to
the assumption of truth,6 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680-81, we examine the Amended Complaint
to determine whether its factual content allows the Court to draw the reasonable inference
that Defendants are liable for the misconduct alleged. Id. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550
U.S. at 556). To evaluate the plausibility of the claims in this case, we separate the
allegations into the three separate acts that Plaintiffs claim violate the Fourth
Amendment: (1) the creation of the list and its use to lure Plaintiffs to the PPA facility;
(2) Plaintiffs’ treatment upon arrival and before their citizenship status was confirmed;
and (3) Plaintiffs’ detention at the PPA facility after their U.S. citizenship was confirmed.
As to Plaintiffs’ claim that the Fourth Amendment was violated by the creation
and use of the list to lure Plaintiffs to the facility, Defendants assert that the operation
was conducted in accordance with 8 U.S.C. § 1357(a)(1), which provides that “[a]ny
officer or employee of the Service authorized under regulations prescribed by the
5 Because the issue at hand is the sufficiency of the pleading, we need not decide whether Iqbal voids this theory of liability to resolve this appeal. See Argueta v. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 643 F.3d 60, 70 (3d Cir. 2011); Santiago, 629 F.3d at 130-31 n.8 (noting that “[n]umerous courts, including this one, have expressed uncertainty as to the viability and scope of supervisory liability after Iqbal.”). 6 Throughout the Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants violated the Fourth Amendment by “unjustifiably includ[ing] Plaintiffs on the list,” App. 46, being “reckless, grossly negligent, and act[ing] with deliberate indifference,” App. 49-50, 54, 59, acting in a way that was “not reasonable, appropriate or lawful,” App. 50, 54. 60, and engaging in actions that “clearly violated Fourth Amendment rights of . . . which a reasonable person would have known.” App. 50, 55, 60. Such “boilerplate allegations mimicking the purported legal standards for liability,” Argueta, 643 F.3d at 74, are not assumed to be true.
6 Attorney General shall have power without warrant . . . to interrogate any alien or person
believed to be an alien as to his right to be or to remain in the United States.” Because
the Fourth Amendment limits an agent’s authority under Section 1357(a)(1), agents are
allowed to detain and interrogate someone under this statute as long as they have a
reasonable suspicion that such person is here illegally. United States v. Brignoni-Ponce,
422 U.S. 873, 884 (1975).
To determine whether an officer had reasonable suspicion, we must consider,
based upon the “totality of the circumstances,” “whether the detaining officer has a
‘particularized and objective basis’ for suspecting legal wrongdoing.” United States v.
Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2001) (citation omitted). The officer cannot pick someone
out of a crowd at random or solely on the basis of nationality and question them without
some objective reason. See Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. at 883; Orhorhaghe v. INS, 38
F.3d 488, 497 (9th Cir. 1994). Once, however, the officer has objective facts that give
him or her cause to doubt the person’s immigration status, such as record checks, tips, the
individual’s actions, facts from the broader context in which events are transpiring, or an
officer’s expertise in travel and immigration patterns, the officer has reasonable suspicion
and can detain and question the individual about his or her immigration status under
Section 1357(a)(1). See, e.g., United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418 (1981); Babula
v. INS, 665 F.2d 293, 296 (3d Cir. 1981); Lee v. INS, 590 F.2d 497, 502 (3d Cir. 1979).
Here, Plaintiffs state that they were “unjustifiably” included on a list of individuals
who were illegally in the United States. App. 46. This is a legal conclusion that is not
entitled to the assumption of truth. The remaining allegations concerning the preparation
7 and contents of the list are presumed true and demonstrate that reasonable suspicion
existed to detain and question those who were on it. Plaintiffs allege that in June 2009,
Defendant McDonald contacted the PPA to request a list of all taxi drivers certified to
operate a taxi cab in Philadelphia. The request was broad and had no bias that could in
any way suggest law enforcement was targeting individuals based upon race or ethnicity.
Indeed, Plaintiffs do not allege that the list targeted any specific ethnic group. Plaintiffs
allege that, over the next year, the PPA and ICE exchanged various versions of the list to
identify only illegal aliens or immigrants certified to operate taxi cabs in Philadelphia.
Those on the final list were invited to the PPA facility under a ruse, and upon arrival,
were told that they were under arrest for suspected immigration law violations.
Taken together, the reasonable inference from the allegations is that Defendants,
who are ICE agents, spent one year reviewing information concerning the immigration
status of the many taxi cab drivers whose names appeared on the PPA’s list of individuals
certified to drive taxis in the large city of Philadelphia, so as to winnow it down to only
those for whom no record of lawful status was found and then to include those
individuals in the planned operation at the PPA facility to ascertain their immigration
status. Plaintiffs have failed to allege facts amounting to a plausible claim that it was
constitutionally unreasonable to identify such individuals and include them in the
operation at the PPA facility to determine their immigration status. As such, the District
Court correctly dismissed claims based upon the creation of the list and the operation that
led Plaintiffs to appear at the PPA facility for questioning.
8 We now turn to the sufficiency of the pleading concerning the events that occurred
after Plaintiffs arrived at the PPA facility. Plaintiffs allege that upon arrival they
presented their identification and were directed to another room in which they were
thrown against a wall, handcuffed, told they were under arrest, and interrogated for more
than one hour. Assuming that these facts demonstrate Plaintiffs were arrested, we must
examine the pleadings and reasonable inferences that can be drawn from them to
determine if the arrest was lawful. Immigration officers have authority to arrest without a
warrant “any alien . . . if he has reason to believe that the alien so arrested is in the United
States in violation of any [immigration] law or regulation and is likely to escape before a
warrant can be obtained for his arrest.” 8 U.S.C. § 1357(a)(2); see also Babula, 665 F.2d
at 298. Based upon the totality of the circumstances alleged, a reasonable officer would
believe that he could rely on the process that produced the list of suspected illegal alien
drivers, and Plaintiffs’ inclusion on it, as credible information that Plaintiffs were illegal
aliens who violated the immigration laws. And in an operation of this kind—a sweep
involving a large number of suspected illegal aliens summoned under a ruse—the officers
had a reasonable basis in such a developing situation for concluding that suspects were
likely to flee before a warrant could issue unless they were restrained in some fashion.
See Barbula 665 F.3d at 298; Davila v. N. Reg’l Joint Police Bd., No. 2:13-CV-00070,
2013 WL 5724939, at *15 (W.D. Pa. Oct. 21, 2013). Accordingly, a reasonable officer
would believe that he had the authority to arrest Plaintiffs pursuant to Section
1357(a)(2). For these reasons, Plaintiffs do not state a claim that their rights were
violated when they were initially detained and questioned at the PPA facility.
9 The final phase of the operation—after Plaintiffs were confirmed to be U.S.
citizens—is a closer question. Plaintiffs have alleged that after confirming their U.S.
citizenship, Defendants told them that they were not permitted to leave, speak, or stand,
and ICE agents, some of whom were armed, stood by the exit, displaying guns strapped
to their waists. Under an objective test, Plaintiffs have pled sufficient facts to show that a
reasonable person would believe he was not free to leave the room. United States v.
Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980) (stating that an individual is “seized” if he
reasonably believes he is not free to leave); United States v. King, 604 F.3d 125, 138 (3d
Cir. 2010). Thus, they have alleged that they were barred from leaving the PPA facility
even though Defendants no longer had probable cause to continue holding them or
reasonable suspicion that they violated the immigration laws.7 Determining whether or
not this continued seizure was justified requires that we balance “the intrusion on the
individual’s Fourth Amendment interests against its promotion of legitimate government
interests.” Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 331 (1990) (citations omitted). In
conducting this balancing test, courts weigh the duration, nature and quality of the
intrusion, the governmental interests—such as crime prevention and detection, officer
safety, evidence destruction, and control over an operation—alleged to justify the
intrusion, and the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests in being free from seizure.
See, e.g., Illinois v. McArthur, 531 U.S. 326, 336 (2001) (holding an officer lawfully
prevented defendant from entering his home for two hours while obtaining a search
7 Defendants cite to United States v. Leal, 235 F. App’x 937 (3d Cir. 2007), in which we held that a ninety minute wait for a canine unit to arrive following a traffic stop was not unreasonable. In that case, however, the authorities retained reasonable suspicion that the plaintiff had violated the law. Here, the authorities, aware that Plaintiffs were U.S. citizens and not illegal aliens, lacked reasonable suspicion that they had violated the law.
10 warrant for drugs based on a tip); Baker v. Monroe Twp., 50 F.3d 1186, 1191-92 (3d Cir.
1995) (holding it was reasonable for police to force individuals onto the ground and
detain them for 25 minutes during a dangerous, “swiftly developing” drug raid).
Plaintiffs allege that they were told that they could not leave the PPA facility
because Defendants did not want them to alert the next wave of taxi drivers to the
operation.8 While there may be circumstances where there is reasonable basis to detain a
person suspected of no wrongdoing, the allegations—Plaintiffs’ detention for several
hours after they were no longer suspected of wrongdoing and the absence of allegations
of serious criminal law violations or a dangerous, dynamic situation—may constitute an
unlawful seizure under the Fourth Amendment.
Nonetheless, there is still a problem with the Amended Complaint. As the
District Court observed, the repeated and collective use of the word “Defendants”
“fail[ed] to name which specific Defendant engaged in the specific conduct alleged.”
App. 10-11. As a result, the Amended Complaint is ambiguous about each Defendant’s
role in the operation and whether he committed the act himself or supervised other agents
in doing so. In using the collective “Defendants,” Plaintiffs alleged that each of the
Defendants: (a) directed the PPA to send the letters to Plaintiffs advising them that they
were entitled to a refund, to be picked up at the PPA facility; (b) attacked each driver,
throwing him against a wall and handcuffing him; (c) was told by Plaintiffs that Plaintiffs
were citizens; (d) interrogated each Plaintiff for more than one hour; (e) acknowledged to
8 In its brief, the Government argued that Plaintiffs were detained to both ensure the success of the operation and for officer safety, but the latter point is not alleged in the pleading.
11 each Plaintiff that he “had been mistakenly detained,” but (f) told them they were not
permitted to leave; (g) held the Plaintiffs for several additional hours; and (h) prohibited
them from speaking or standing. There is a serious question as to whether it is plausible
that each of the three defendants committed all of the acts ascribed to them, particularly
given the number of other individuals brought to the facility during the operation and the
affidavits submitted with Defendants’ motion to dismiss. See, e.g., Declaration of
William Riley, App. 78.
In light of these ambiguities, the Amended Complaint may fail to meet Iqbal’s
directive that “a plaintiff must plead that each Government-official defendant, through
the official’s own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” 556 U.S. at 676
(emphasis added); see also Pahls v. Thomas, 718 F.3d 1210, 1225-26 (10th Cir. 2013)
(observing that it is “incumbent upon a plaintiff to identify the specific actions taken by
particular defendants” to state a viable Bivens claim (citations, emphasis, and quotation
marks omitted)).
Moreover, given the very narrow potential claim upon which relief may be
granted, it is difficult for Defendants to determine which of them are alleged to have held
or directed others to hold Plaintiffs after their U.S. citizenship was verified and they were
no longer suspected of violating the immigration laws. To the extent Plaintiffs seek to
proceed on a theory of supervisory liability, the pleading likely requires further factual
assertions linking the direction or act of an individual defendant to the alleged
unconstitutional conduct. See Santiago, 629 F.3d at 131-34 & n9.
12 Thus, to resolve the ambiguity regarding the precise actions each individual
Defendant allegedly took, we will provide Plaintiffs a final opportunity to file a pleading
that provides the factual enhancements that specify the acts each individual Defendant9
allegedly took, explains whether each Defendant personally engaged in the acts or if the
actions were taken at the specific Defendant’s direction, and includes facts concerning
the reasonableness of Plaintiffs’ detention. Of course, such a pleading must comply with
Fed. R. Civ. P. 11.
If Plaintiffs choose to file a Second Amended Complaint, the District Court will be
free to entertain another motion to dismiss before permitting any discovery and determine
whether Plaintiffs have alleged facts that demonstrate a specific Defendant plausibly
engaged in an unreasonable seizure after they verified Plaintiffs’ citizenship status, and,
even if sufficiently alleged, whether the specific Defendant is entitled to qualified
immunity.10
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand.
9 No other defendants, including John Does, may be added, as such an amendment would be futile because the two-year statute of limitation has expired. See Knoll v. Springfield Twp. Sch. Dist., 763 F.2d 584, 585 (3d Cir. 1985); 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5524. 10 Because we are allowing Plaintiffs to add factual enhancements to their Fourth Amendment claims, we need not review the District Court’s ruling on qualified immunity, as it was based on a pleading that may be superseded.