OPINION OF THE COURT
ALARCÓN, Circuit Judge.
Vince E. Oaks (“Oaks”) appeals from the order granting summary judgment in favor of the City of Philadelphia (“City”) and the denial of his motion for reconsideration. Oaks brought this action against the City pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983. He alleged that his termination following his arrest for assaulting his estranged girlfriend was the result of the
City’s discriminatory policies or customs against African-American police officers that allowed similarly situated white officers arrested for domestic abuse to avoid termination. We conclude that the district court did not err in granting the City’s motion for summary judgment because Oaks failed to present facts showing that the alleged discriminatory treatment was the result of the City’s policies or customs.
I
Oaks contends “that under color of law the City of Philadelphia [] violated his rights to make and enforce contracts under § 1981.”
He prayed for damages pursuant to § 1988. Oaks argues that the City has a custom of conducting racially discriminatory disciplinary proceedings that is acquiesced in by City policymakers. He maintains that the district court erred in granting summary judgment because it failed to analyze his claim pursuant to
Monell v. Department of Social Services,
436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), and
Jett v. Dallas Independent School District,
491 U.S. 701, 109 S.Ct. 2702,105 L.Ed.2d 598 (1989).
As the Supreme Court did in
Jett,
we will subject Oaks’s claim to a
Monell
analysis without first determining whether an actual § 1981 claim could be sustained by Oaks.
See Jett,
491 U.S. at 711 (“we assume for purposes of these cases, without deciding, that petitioner’s rights under § 1981 have been violated”).
The Court has ruled “that the express action at law provided by § 1983 for the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, provides the exclusive federal damages remedy for the violation of the rights guaranteed by § 1981 when the claim is pressed against a state actor.”
Jett,
491 U.S. at 735 (internal quotation marks omitted). “Thus to prevail in his claim for damages [against a state actor], [a claimant] must show that the violation of his right to make contracts protected by § 1981 was caused by a custom or policy within the meaning of
Monell
and subsequent cases.”
Id.
at 735-36 (internal quotation marks omitted).
In
Monell,
the Supreme Court instructed
that a local government may not be sued under § 1983 for an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents. Instead, it is when execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the government as an entity is responsible under § 1983.
Monell,
436 U.S. at 694. The Court has determined that “only those municipal officials who have final policymaking authority may by their actions subject the government to § 1983 liability.”
St. Louis v. Praprotnik,
485 U.S. 112, 123, 108 S.Ct. 915, 99 L.Ed.2d 107 (1988) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
A discriminatory policy need not be caused by an affirmative act, but may occur “by acquiescence in a longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the ‘standard operating procedure’ of the local government entity.”
Jett,
491 U.S. at 737
(quoting
Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati,
475 U.S. 469, 485, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986) (White, J. concurring)). This court has held “ ‘[a] course of conduct to be a “custom” when, though not authorized by law, such practices ... are so permanent and well-settled as to virtually constitute law.’ ”
Robinson v. City of Pittsburgh,
120 F.3d 1286, 1296 (3d Cir. 1997) (quoting
Andrews v. City of Philadelphia,
895 F.2d 1469,1480 (3d Cir.1990)).
The City moved for summary judgment arguing that “[t]he Police Department’s termination of plaintiff was based
entirely
on the Department’s non-discriminatory policy of terminating all officers who are arrested and criminally charged, regardless of the outcome of the eventual criminal proceeding.” It is undisputed that the City has such a “longstanding” policy.
The City contended that “[t]his rule is applied uniformly irrespective of race.”
In opposing the motion, Oaks presented a report prepared by the Mayor’s Task Force on Police Discipline (“Task Force”). The Task Force’s report states that it was “unable to locate any statistical evidence that would conclusively prove or disprove” the existence of a “custom” of discriminatory activity to which the City might have acquiesced. Oaks also offered the deposition of Ellen H. Ceisler (“Ceisler”), the Director of the Integrity and Accountability Office of the Philadelphia Police Department. Ms. Ceisler testified that there was a perception among some police officers that “race has a bearing on personnel decisions.” She testified, however, that she had conducted “a ten year study of officers who had been fired from the department” and determined that “[t]here was nothing significant in terms of greater percentages” of departmental dismissals attributable to an officer’s race. She also alleged that the City did not have custom of disparate treatment towards arrested officers. She stated that “[i]f you’re arrested for a criminal charge, you’re automatically dismissed” from the Philadelphia Police Department. Ms. Ceisler further asserted that, “I’ve never seen an exception” to this rule.
Oaks failed to present any evidence showing that a City official with “final policy making authority” authorized or acquiesced in a policy or custom in violation of §§ 1981 and 1983. This court has previously ruled that “[w]here, as here, the non-moving party bears the burden of proof at trial, summary judgment is appropriate if ' the non-movant[ ] fail[s] to ‘make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to [his or her] case.’ ”
In re TMI,
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OPINION OF THE COURT
ALARCÓN, Circuit Judge.
Vince E. Oaks (“Oaks”) appeals from the order granting summary judgment in favor of the City of Philadelphia (“City”) and the denial of his motion for reconsideration. Oaks brought this action against the City pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983. He alleged that his termination following his arrest for assaulting his estranged girlfriend was the result of the
City’s discriminatory policies or customs against African-American police officers that allowed similarly situated white officers arrested for domestic abuse to avoid termination. We conclude that the district court did not err in granting the City’s motion for summary judgment because Oaks failed to present facts showing that the alleged discriminatory treatment was the result of the City’s policies or customs.
I
Oaks contends “that under color of law the City of Philadelphia [] violated his rights to make and enforce contracts under § 1981.”
He prayed for damages pursuant to § 1988. Oaks argues that the City has a custom of conducting racially discriminatory disciplinary proceedings that is acquiesced in by City policymakers. He maintains that the district court erred in granting summary judgment because it failed to analyze his claim pursuant to
Monell v. Department of Social Services,
436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), and
Jett v. Dallas Independent School District,
491 U.S. 701, 109 S.Ct. 2702,105 L.Ed.2d 598 (1989).
As the Supreme Court did in
Jett,
we will subject Oaks’s claim to a
Monell
analysis without first determining whether an actual § 1981 claim could be sustained by Oaks.
See Jett,
491 U.S. at 711 (“we assume for purposes of these cases, without deciding, that petitioner’s rights under § 1981 have been violated”).
The Court has ruled “that the express action at law provided by § 1983 for the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, provides the exclusive federal damages remedy for the violation of the rights guaranteed by § 1981 when the claim is pressed against a state actor.”
Jett,
491 U.S. at 735 (internal quotation marks omitted). “Thus to prevail in his claim for damages [against a state actor], [a claimant] must show that the violation of his right to make contracts protected by § 1981 was caused by a custom or policy within the meaning of
Monell
and subsequent cases.”
Id.
at 735-36 (internal quotation marks omitted).
In
Monell,
the Supreme Court instructed
that a local government may not be sued under § 1983 for an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents. Instead, it is when execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the government as an entity is responsible under § 1983.
Monell,
436 U.S. at 694. The Court has determined that “only those municipal officials who have final policymaking authority may by their actions subject the government to § 1983 liability.”
St. Louis v. Praprotnik,
485 U.S. 112, 123, 108 S.Ct. 915, 99 L.Ed.2d 107 (1988) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
A discriminatory policy need not be caused by an affirmative act, but may occur “by acquiescence in a longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the ‘standard operating procedure’ of the local government entity.”
Jett,
491 U.S. at 737
(quoting
Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati,
475 U.S. 469, 485, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986) (White, J. concurring)). This court has held “ ‘[a] course of conduct to be a “custom” when, though not authorized by law, such practices ... are so permanent and well-settled as to virtually constitute law.’ ”
Robinson v. City of Pittsburgh,
120 F.3d 1286, 1296 (3d Cir. 1997) (quoting
Andrews v. City of Philadelphia,
895 F.2d 1469,1480 (3d Cir.1990)).
The City moved for summary judgment arguing that “[t]he Police Department’s termination of plaintiff was based
entirely
on the Department’s non-discriminatory policy of terminating all officers who are arrested and criminally charged, regardless of the outcome of the eventual criminal proceeding.” It is undisputed that the City has such a “longstanding” policy.
The City contended that “[t]his rule is applied uniformly irrespective of race.”
In opposing the motion, Oaks presented a report prepared by the Mayor’s Task Force on Police Discipline (“Task Force”). The Task Force’s report states that it was “unable to locate any statistical evidence that would conclusively prove or disprove” the existence of a “custom” of discriminatory activity to which the City might have acquiesced. Oaks also offered the deposition of Ellen H. Ceisler (“Ceisler”), the Director of the Integrity and Accountability Office of the Philadelphia Police Department. Ms. Ceisler testified that there was a perception among some police officers that “race has a bearing on personnel decisions.” She testified, however, that she had conducted “a ten year study of officers who had been fired from the department” and determined that “[t]here was nothing significant in terms of greater percentages” of departmental dismissals attributable to an officer’s race. She also alleged that the City did not have custom of disparate treatment towards arrested officers. She stated that “[i]f you’re arrested for a criminal charge, you’re automatically dismissed” from the Philadelphia Police Department. Ms. Ceisler further asserted that, “I’ve never seen an exception” to this rule.
Oaks failed to present any evidence showing that a City official with “final policy making authority” authorized or acquiesced in a policy or custom in violation of §§ 1981 and 1983. This court has previously ruled that “[w]here, as here, the non-moving party bears the burden of proof at trial, summary judgment is appropriate if ' the non-movant[ ] fail[s] to ‘make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to [his or her] case.’ ”
In re TMI,
89 F.3d 1106, 1116 (3d Cir. 1996) (quoting
Nebraska v. Wyoming,
507 U.S. 584, 590, 113 S.Ct. 1689, 123 L.Ed.2d 317 (1993)). Because Oaks has failed to demonstrate that the City had a policy or custom of discrimination against African-American police officers who are arrested for domestic abuse, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of the City.
II
Oaks asserts that the district court erred in denying his motion for reconsider
ation of the order granting summary judgment in favor of the City. He contends that the court’s erroneous overturning of its previous order merging his §§ 1981 and 1983 claims, and its failure to apply
Monell,
were clear errors of law or manifest injustice. We have independently reviewed Oaks’s §§ 1981 and 1983 claims pursuant to
Monell.
“We may affirm a judgment on any ground apparent from the record, even if the district court did not reach it.”
Kabakjian v. United States,
267 F.3d 208, 213 (3d Cir.2001). Because Oaks failed to demonstrate that there is a genuine issue of material fact in dispute, or that he is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law pursuant to Rule 56(c), the district court did not err as a matter of law nor did its order constitute manifest injustice.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM.