Justice WILLETT
delivered the opinion of the Court,
joined by Chief Justice JEFFERSON, Justice HECHT, Justice GREEN, and Justice JOHNSON.
We confront today a question of first impression: whether a boat qualifies as a homestead under article XVI, sections 50 and 51 of the Texas Constitution. Since 1845, our state constitution has protected a homestead from forced sale to satisfy the claims of creditors.1 Thomas Norris claimed his 68-foot yacht as a homestead to shield it from bankruptcy creditors, prompting the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit to certify this question to us: “Does a motorized waterborne vessel, used as a primary residence and otherwise fulfilling all of the requirements of a homestead except attachment to land, qualify for the homestead exemption under Article 16, §§50 and 51 of the Texas Constitution?”2 Under the facts presented in this case, and given the Constitution’s explicit realty-based language, we answer the question, “No.”
I. Background
In September 2003, Norris filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code3 Under the Code a debtor may claim a homestead exemption as allowed by state law.4 Norris claimed his 68-foot yacht as exempt property under the Texas homestead exemption. The boat, which Norris valued at $899,000 in his bankruptcy schedules, has four bedrooms, three bathrooms, a galley, and an upper and lower salon. Although his petition indicated that his street address was 13909 Nacogdoches Road, San Antonio, Texas, Norris testified at a January 2004 bankruptcy court hearing that the address is a business postal center where the Norrises receive mail. Norris further stated that he took up permanent residence on the boat after the Norrises sold their previous home in Lake [853] McQueeny, Texas, in 2000, and that the boat is his only home. Norris’s attorney stated at the hearing that “primarily, [Norris] lives on that boat while it’s dry-docked” at Corpus Christi, and that the boat received water, phone service, and electricity through connections to a dock. Noras also testified at the hearing that since purchasing the boat in 1997 he had cruised extensively to places such as New Orleans, Florida, and Alabama. At the time the bankruptcy petition was filed in September 2003, the boat was docked in Port Aransas, Texas. Norris testified at the January 2004 hearing that he had moved the boat to a marina in Corpus Christi, Texas, where he had a month-to-month lease. Although the boat is described in the record as “dry-docked,” there is no indication that Norris ever permanently affixed the boat to real estate or intended to do so.
The bankruptcy court held that the Texas homestead exemption, even broadly construed, does not include boats. The federal district court agreed, concluding that the boat was a movable chattel “by virtue of its self-powered mobility” and not entitled to homestead protection.5 Norris appealed to the Fifth Circuit, which certified the question to this Court.
II. Discussion
We construe homestead laws generously; 6 however, courts cannot unduly stretch the homestead laws beyond their constitutional and statutory moorings and protect that which is not a homestead.7
A. Texas Constitutional and Statutory Provisions
Neither the Texas Constitution nor the Property Code defines “homestead” with specificity. Section 50 of article XVI shields homesteads from forced sale, providing generally that “[t]he homestead of a family, or of a single adult person, shall be, and is hereby protected from forced sale, for the payment of all debts....”8 Section 51, in turn, restricts the maximum size of a protected homestead, limiting rural and urban homesteads by acres of land and including any land-based improvements.9 The Texas Property Code resembles section 51 and likewise describes a homestead as a home or a home and business with certain acreage limitations with any “improvements thereon.”10 Though neither [854] of these provisions expressly exclude boats from homestead protection, they both discuss homesteads in terms of land and any improvements that sit atop the land.11 More specifically, when describing the scope of the protection, section 51 and the Property Code state the acreage limitation and then variably say, when describing any attached structures, “with the improvements thereon” or “with any improvements on the land” or “with any improvements thereon.”
B. Precedent
Texas’s strong pro-homestead tradition pre-dates statehood, and the Republic of Texas was determined to protect homesteads from creditors.12 In 1886, roughly a half-century after Texas homestead laws originated,13 we opined on their reach and limits. In Cullers v. James, we held that a house may be a homestead even if the owner has no proprietary interest in the land on which the house stands.14 The James family leased a three — or four-acre tract of land from Robert Walker (though the property was actually Walker’s wife’s separate property).15 The land contained improvements such as a house, a gin-house, gin machinery, and a mill that were “so fixed as to make [them] part of the land.”16 But since James had no interest in the land,17 the Court viewed the improvements as personal property instead of realty.18 Nonetheless, the Court held that the house and gin-house qualified as a homestead.19
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Justice WILLETT
delivered the opinion of the Court,
joined by Chief Justice JEFFERSON, Justice HECHT, Justice GREEN, and Justice JOHNSON.
We confront today a question of first impression: whether a boat qualifies as a homestead under article XVI, sections 50 and 51 of the Texas Constitution. Since 1845, our state constitution has protected a homestead from forced sale to satisfy the claims of creditors.1 Thomas Norris claimed his 68-foot yacht as a homestead to shield it from bankruptcy creditors, prompting the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit to certify this question to us: “Does a motorized waterborne vessel, used as a primary residence and otherwise fulfilling all of the requirements of a homestead except attachment to land, qualify for the homestead exemption under Article 16, §§50 and 51 of the Texas Constitution?”2 Under the facts presented in this case, and given the Constitution’s explicit realty-based language, we answer the question, “No.”
I. Background
In September 2003, Norris filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code3 Under the Code a debtor may claim a homestead exemption as allowed by state law.4 Norris claimed his 68-foot yacht as exempt property under the Texas homestead exemption. The boat, which Norris valued at $899,000 in his bankruptcy schedules, has four bedrooms, three bathrooms, a galley, and an upper and lower salon. Although his petition indicated that his street address was 13909 Nacogdoches Road, San Antonio, Texas, Norris testified at a January 2004 bankruptcy court hearing that the address is a business postal center where the Norrises receive mail. Norris further stated that he took up permanent residence on the boat after the Norrises sold their previous home in Lake [853] McQueeny, Texas, in 2000, and that the boat is his only home. Norris’s attorney stated at the hearing that “primarily, [Norris] lives on that boat while it’s dry-docked” at Corpus Christi, and that the boat received water, phone service, and electricity through connections to a dock. Noras also testified at the hearing that since purchasing the boat in 1997 he had cruised extensively to places such as New Orleans, Florida, and Alabama. At the time the bankruptcy petition was filed in September 2003, the boat was docked in Port Aransas, Texas. Norris testified at the January 2004 hearing that he had moved the boat to a marina in Corpus Christi, Texas, where he had a month-to-month lease. Although the boat is described in the record as “dry-docked,” there is no indication that Norris ever permanently affixed the boat to real estate or intended to do so.
The bankruptcy court held that the Texas homestead exemption, even broadly construed, does not include boats. The federal district court agreed, concluding that the boat was a movable chattel “by virtue of its self-powered mobility” and not entitled to homestead protection.5 Norris appealed to the Fifth Circuit, which certified the question to this Court.
II. Discussion
We construe homestead laws generously; 6 however, courts cannot unduly stretch the homestead laws beyond their constitutional and statutory moorings and protect that which is not a homestead.7
A. Texas Constitutional and Statutory Provisions
Neither the Texas Constitution nor the Property Code defines “homestead” with specificity. Section 50 of article XVI shields homesteads from forced sale, providing generally that “[t]he homestead of a family, or of a single adult person, shall be, and is hereby protected from forced sale, for the payment of all debts....”8 Section 51, in turn, restricts the maximum size of a protected homestead, limiting rural and urban homesteads by acres of land and including any land-based improvements.9 The Texas Property Code resembles section 51 and likewise describes a homestead as a home or a home and business with certain acreage limitations with any “improvements thereon.”10 Though neither [854] of these provisions expressly exclude boats from homestead protection, they both discuss homesteads in terms of land and any improvements that sit atop the land.11 More specifically, when describing the scope of the protection, section 51 and the Property Code state the acreage limitation and then variably say, when describing any attached structures, “with the improvements thereon” or “with any improvements on the land” or “with any improvements thereon.”
B. Precedent
Texas’s strong pro-homestead tradition pre-dates statehood, and the Republic of Texas was determined to protect homesteads from creditors.12 In 1886, roughly a half-century after Texas homestead laws originated,13 we opined on their reach and limits. In Cullers v. James, we held that a house may be a homestead even if the owner has no proprietary interest in the land on which the house stands.14 The James family leased a three — or four-acre tract of land from Robert Walker (though the property was actually Walker’s wife’s separate property).15 The land contained improvements such as a house, a gin-house, gin machinery, and a mill that were “so fixed as to make [them] part of the land.”16 But since James had no interest in the land,17 the Court viewed the improvements as personal property instead of realty.18 Nonetheless, the Court held that the house and gin-house qualified as a homestead.19
Cullers established that a house can be a homestead even if the owner has no ownership interest in the land. It also made clear that the term “improvements” as protected by article XVI, section 51 includes the residence itself. In the 121 years since Cullers, we have defined improvements to real property with greater precision, distinguishing them from mere [855] personalty, and holding that “personalty does not constitute an improvement until it is annexed to realty.”20 This Court put it plainly in Sonnier v. Chisholm-Ryder Co.: “There can be no improvement without annexation to realty, and until personalty is annexed to realty, it by definition cannot be an improvement.”21 Not only that, but the annexed object cannot be deemed an improvement to land unless it is intended to be “a permanent addition to the realty.” 22
Since Cullers, the courts of appeals have issued several homestead-related opinions that bear more directly on today’s issue, and they share a common thread: homestead protection turns not on who owns the underlying land, but on the degree to which the residence “thereon” or “on the land” is attached to it. This Court reviewed four of these pertinent cases, refusing the writ in the first and finding no reversible error in the others. We continue to believe that their attachment-based analysis is correct.
In Clark v. Vitz, Vitz built a “house-trailer” that his family used as its primary residence for two years.23 He later purchased a lot with a brick house, placed the house trailer twenty-five feet from the house, and set the trailer on four wooden blocks.24 Vitz ran electrical service to the house trailer from the residence and planned to connect the trailer to the residence’s plumbing.25 The court held that Vitz’s attachment of the house-trailer to his residence made the trailer part of the homestead.26
In Gann v. Montgomery, the Ganns owned a “house trader, mounted on wheels, of the type usually pulled behind an automobile.”27 After a few years, the Ganns moved the trailer to Mr. Gann’s parents’ backyard.28 Gann executed a promissory note secured by a chattel mortgage on the trailer.29 Gann then entered the United States Army and was stationed at the Fort Worth Army Airfield.30 His family still lived in the trailer, now parked at the airfield and still on wheels.31 The mortgage holder brought suit to foreclose on the chattel mortgage lien.32 The court, citing Cullers, noted the distinction between a chattel that is attached to realty and a chattel that is not.33 After quoting from Cullers, the court said:
Taken alone, this language might indicate a belief by the Supreme Court that the homestead exemption could attach to any chattel, such as a covered wagon, or a houseboat, or any other type of movable vehicle or conveyance, which for the time being might be occupied by the claimant and his family as living quarters. But when we examine the opinion in the light of the facts of the case, and [856] consider the disposition made of the entire case, we come to a different conclusion.34
The court then noted the distinction between personal property — such as the gin machinery in Cullers — and a permanent fixture attached to realty that is personal property only because the owner of the fixture does not own the land.35 The court cited Clark as consistent with this dichotomy in that the house trailer was only a homestead because it had been attached to the realty and set alongside the house, essentially becoming an extra room.36 The court held that house trailers without the characteristics of permanent fixtures attached to realty are not protected homesteads.37
In Capitol Aggregates, Inc. v. Walker, the Walkers owned a “mobile trader home” connected to the gas, water, and sewage systems of a trailer park.38 They removed the wheels and set the house on cement blocks.39 The court found it persuasive that the house was “as physically attached to the land as frame houses” and held that the trailer house was a homestead.40
Finally, in Minnehoma Financial Co. v. Ditto, Ditto purchased a “mobile home.”41 He attached the mobile home to his property by removing the wheels, placing it on concrete blocks secured by eight-foot buried anchors, and connecting it to electricity and water.42 The court held that the mobile home was a homestead:
We agree with Ditto that a mobile home may be deemed an improvement to the realty when attached to the realty in a manner indicating an intention that it be a permanent part of the real estate. The nature of a mobile home does not preclude its being given homestead protection. If a mobile home is attached in such a manner to a homestead, it is entitled to homestead protection.43
Nonetheless, the court held that the trailer home was not protected because a lien attached before the mobile home became part of Ditto’s homestead.44
C. Application
Applying these precedents to the instant facts, we agree that the proper test for whether a residence attains homestead status is whether the attachment to land is sufficient to make the personal property a permanent part of the realty. Significantly, both the Constitution and the Property Code use the word “thereon” when describing any protected homestead improvements;45 the Constitution also stipulates “on the land,” which is plainly not the same as “in the water.”
As we said in Cullers, “The greater part of [the personal property] was ... so [857] fixed as to make it part of the land....”46 Ninety-two years later, the Ditto court held “a mobile home may be deemed an improvement to the realty when attached to the realty in a manner indicating an intention that it be a permanent part of the real estate.” 47 The Gann court similarly reasoned “the homestead right may attach to a chattel if it has been annexed to the freehold so as to have become a fixture and to have acquired the character of realty.” 48 Movable chattels do not possess the characteristics of a fixture attached to real property and do not acquire the character of realty. As the Walker court put it, “[i]t is their attachment to realty which gives them homestead character.”49
In Clark, setting a trailer home on four wooden blocks and connecting it to electrical service was sufficient to attach the trailer to real property.50 In Gann, where the house trailer remained on wheels, merely parking the movable trailer on real property was insufficient to attach the trailer to the property.51 In Walker, removing the wheels of a mobile trailer home, setting it on cement blocks, and connecting it to water, sewer, and gas service was sufficient to attach the mobile trailer to real property.52 And in Ditto, removing the wheels of a mobile home, setting it on concrete blocks with eight-foot buried anchors, and connecting it to electrical and plumbing service was sufficient to give it homestead protection.53
In the pending case, although Norris’s dock-based connections to utilities and plumbing are like the land-based utility connections in Clark, Walker, and Ditto, a boat is sufficiently distinct from a mobile home or house trailer to justify a different outcome, particularly given the Constitution’s unequivocal requirement that protected improvements be on the land. Norris’s boat, unlike a dwelling that is permanently affixed to land, retains its independent, mobile character even when attached to dock-based amenities because it has self-contained utility and plumbing systems and also boasts its own propulsion.54 Norris, in fact, admits to traveling in the boat extensively throughout the Gulf of Mexico prior to filing for bankruptcy, and he moved the boat from Port Aransas to Corpus Christi after the bankruptcy filing. Gann was the only case where parties moved their home and still sought homestead protection, which the court denied.55 Though Norris took steps to tether the boat to realty, these steps do not sufficiently alter the boat’s mobile character or, apparently, prevent Norris from cruising. We hold that Norris’s boat remains a movable chattel; it does not rest “thereon” or “on the land” as Texas homestead law clearly requires; it has not become a permanent part of the real estate; and it has not sufficiently attached to real property to merit homestead protection.56 In our view, the [858] homestead exemption from creditors found in the Constitution and the Property Code contemplates a requisite degree of physical permanency and attachment to fixed realty — “thereon” and “on the land” constitute the operative language — that is not present in the pending case.
The dissent bemoans the Court’s “cramped interpretation” and urges a more “family-supportive ‘homestead’ concept” that the Legislature and at least one executive agency have embraced in other areas of Texas law.57 The Tax Code, for example, specifically includes mobile homes in its definition of “residence homestead” and more generally employs a looser definition that essentially focuses on whether the structure is owned and occupied as a principal residence.58 In addition, state regulations that determine eligibility for certain welfare-related programs define “homestead” expansively to include “[a]ny structure, including a houseboat or motor home, that the household uses as its residence....”59 The dissent, while conceding that these context-specific provisions do not govern the instant dispute, argues these more protective provisions counsel a more “functional approach.”60
We believe these provisions cut the other way, demonstrating if anything that policymakers are adept at adopting different definitions for different purposes. The Legislature is certainly free to put a proposed amendment before Texas voters to delete “thereon” and “on the land” and expand our Constitution’s current land-based homestead exemption to cover boats explicitly.61 Indeed, amending the Texas Constitution is no Sisyphean task, having been done 439 times since its adoption in 1876, making our Constitution one of the nation’s longest.62 But the authority to overhaul Texas homestead law and shield boats from bankruptcy creditors is not ours.63 This is a quintessential policy judgment, and our confined role is determining what Texas law is, not what it should be. If houseboat-homesteads are in Texas’s future, it should be because Texas voters have amended our laws to say so, not this Court.64
[859] III. Conclusion
Unless and until Texas law changes, a boat can be a home, but it cannot be a homestead. Our realty-focused constitution and laws frame a homestead in terms of tracts, parcels, acres, and lots together with any land-based improvements.
In order to qualify as a homestead, a residence must rest on the land and have a requisite degree of physical permanency, immobility, and attachment to fixed realty. A dock-based umbilical cord providing water, electricity, and phone service may help make a boat habitable, but the attachment to land is too slight to warrant homestead protection.
Accordingly, Norris’s yacht does not qualify as an exempt homestead under article XVI, sections 50 and 51 of the Texas Constitution, and we answer the certified question, “No.”
Justice O’NEILL delivered a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice WAINWRIGHT, Justice BRISTER, and Justice MEDINA.