Hernandez v. Brinker International, Inc.

285 S.W.3d 152, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 2434, 2009 WL 838148

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: March 31, 2009
• Docket: 14-07-00341-CV
• Status: Published

Opinions

PLURALITY OPINION

JEFFREY V. BROWN, Justice.

David Hernandez appeals from the trial court’s grant of Brinker International, Inc.’s summary-judgment motion based on Chapter 95 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. We reverse and remand.

Facts and Procedural History

At the time of the events giving rise to this lawsuit, Brinker International, Inc., owned and operated a Chili’s restaurant at 1040 W. Sam Houston Parkway in Houston. In early 2005, Brinker retained an air-conditioning contractor for routine maintenance and as-needed repairs to the restaurant’s air-conditioning system. On March 10, the contractor assigned its employee David Hernandez to replace a compressor motor in an air-conditioner located on the roof of the restaurant. Hernandez removed the original compressor and planned to carry it toward a point on the roof from which he could lower it to the ground. As he stepped away from the air-conditioner with the compressor in his arms, the roof collapsed and the right side of his body fell through the opening.¹

In October that same year, Hernandez filed the underlying lawsuit against Brink-er alleging that it failed to exercise ordinary care in maintaining the restaurant premises, specifically the roof. He claimed that as a result of his fall on March 10, he suffered injuries to his left leg, lower back, and right shoulder, foot, knee, and hip. Hernandez sought damages for physical impairment, medical expenses, past and future lost wages, mental anguish, and physical pain.

Discovery revealed that a few weeks before March 10, Brinker had scheduled replacement of the restaurant’s roof because it was leaking and had at least one “soft spot.” But the restaurant’s manager, an employee of Brinker, did not tell Hernandez before he started work that there were any problems with the roof. In his answers to interrogatories, Hernandez claims that when Hernandez reported his fall to the restaurant manager, the manager then told Hernandez there had been existing problems with the roof and that it was scheduled to be replaced.

In the trial court, Brinker filed a motion for summary judgment contending that Chapter 95 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code precluded Hernandez’s recovery against Brinker. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 95.001-.004 (Vernon 2005). Specifically, Brinker argued it could have no liability to Hernandez, the employee of a contractor, because Hernandez himself testified that Brinker exercised no control over his work on the air-conditioning unit. See id. § 95.003 (precluding property owner’s liability for injury to employee of a contractor unless owner exercises control over performance of the work and had actual knowledge, but failed adequately to warn, of the danger that resulted in injury).²

The trial court granted Brinker’s summary-judgment motion on March 21, 2007. Hernandez timely filed this appeal.

Standard of Review

We review issues of statutory construction de novo. Subaru of Am., Inc. v. David McDavid Nissan, Inc., 84 S.W.3d 212, 222 (Tex.2002). We are not required to resort to extrinsic aids to define the meaning of a clear and unambiguous statute. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hasp. v. Agbor, 952 S.W.2d 503, 505 (Tex.1997). When the meaning of statutory language is unambiguous, we adopt the interpretation of the statute supported by the plain meaning of the provision’s words. Id.

Analysis

Section 95.003 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides:

A property owner is not liable for personal injury, death, or property damage to a contractor, subcontractor, or an employee of a contractor or subcontractor who constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies an improvement to real property, including personal injury, death, or property damage arising from the failure to provide a safe workplace unless:

(1) the property owner exercises or retains some control over the manner in which the work is performed, other than the right to order the work to start or stop or to inspect progress or receive reports; and

(2) the property owner had actual knowledge of the danger or condition resulting in the personal injury, death, or property damage and failed to adequately warn.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003. Hernandez contends the trial court committed an error of law in granting summary judgment for Brinker because, even if the record contained conclusive proof that Brinker did not control the work or did not have actual knowledge of the danger (or knew but adequately warned), Chapter 95 does not apply to Hernandez’s claims.

According to Hernandez, Chapter 95 would apply only if his claim arose from the condition or use of the improvement he was repairing, the air-conditioning system. Because his claim arises from the condition of a different improvement, the roof, Hernandez argues Chapter 95 does not apply. He bases his argument on the language of section 95.002.

Section 95.002, entitled “Applicability,” provides:

This chapter applies only to a claim:

(1) against a property owner, contractor, or subcontractor for personal injury, death, or property damage to an owner, a contractor, or a subcontractor or an employee of a contractor or subcontractor; and

(2) that arises from the condition or use of an improvement to real property where the contractor or subcontractor constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies the improvement.

Id. § 95.002. “Claim” is defined, for purposes of Chapter 95, as “a claim for damages caused by negligence[.]” Id. § 95.001(1). Hernandez’s action, alleging negligence against Brinker and seeking damages caused by such negligence, is such a claim. There is no dispute that at the time of his fall, Hernandez was an employee of a contractor or that Brinker was the property owner. Thus, on a linear reading of section 95.002, through and including subsection (1), Hernandez’s action appears to satisfy the elements of the chapter’s applicability. On appeal, however, Hernandez’s focus is directed, and our analysis now turns, to subsection (2).

Under subsection (2), the claim must “arise[] from the condition or use of an improvement to real property where the contractor ... constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies the improvement.” Id. § 95.002(2). Hernandez insists this language requires the claim to arise from the condition or use of the particular improvement on which the contractor is working. Using the facts of this case, Hernandez reads the statute as: “This chapter applies only to a claim ... that arises from the condition or use of the roof where the contractor or subcontractor constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies the roof.” Hernandez maintains Chapter 95 does not apply because his claim arises from the condition or use of the roof where he was repairing the air-conditioner.

Brinker concedes that Hernandez was working to repair or modify the restaurant’s air-conditioning system and that his alleged damages arise from the condition or use of the roof. Brinker contends, however, that Hernandez misconstrues the meaning of the term “improvement” as used in the statute. According to Brinker, the entire restaurant building is the “improvement,” and the air-conditioner is a mere “fixture” to the building. Brinker relies on these definitions from Black’s Law Dictionary:

Improvement: A valuable addition made to property (usually real estate) or an amelioration in its condition, amounting to more than mere repairs or replacement, costing labor or capital, and intended to enhance its value, beauty, or utility or to adapt it for new or further purposes. Generally has reference to buildings, but may also include any permanent structure or other development such as a street, sidewalk, sewer utilities, etc.³

Fixture: An article in the nature of personal property which has been so annexed to the realty that it is regarded as part of the real property.... A thing is deemed to be affixed to real property when it is attached to it by its roots, imbedded in it, permanently resting upon it, or permanently attached to what is thus permanent, as by means of cement, plaster nails, bolts or screws. Goods are fixtures when they become so related to particular real estate that an interest arises in them under real estate law; e.g. a furnace attached to a house or other building; counters permanently affixed to a floor of a store, a sprinkler system installed in a building.⁴

Thus, in the context of this case, Brinker would read the statute as: “This chapter applies only to a claim ... that arises from the condition or use of the building where the contractor or subcontractor constructs, repairs, renovates, or modifies the building (including fixtures subsumed as part of the improvement).” Brinker contends section 95.002(2) makes Chapter 95 applicable here because Hernandez’s claim arises from the condition of the restaurant and Hernandez was repairing or modifying (a fixture to) the restaurant.

As Hernandez notes, however, Brinker’s dictionary-based, restricted construction of the term “improvement” finds no support in Texas jurisprudence. The Texas Supreme Court has stated:

To constitute an improvement there must be a joinder of personalty with realty. It is critical to distinguish among the three concepts involved in determining whether an object is an improvement — the personalty, the realty to which the personalty is annexed, and the result, the improvement. There can be no improvement without annexation to realty, and until personalty is annexed to realty, it by definition cannot be an improvement. Only upon annexation does the personalty lose its characteristics as personal property and become viewed as an improvement.

Sonnier v. Chisholm-Ryder Co., Inc., 909 S.W.2d 475, 479 (Tex.1995).⁵ Under this definition of improvement, many articles seeming to fall within Brinker’s above-quoted definition of “fixtures” have been found to constitute an improvement. See, e.g., Sonnier, 909 S.W.2d at 479-83 (acknowledging jury finding that tomato chopper was an improvement when installed in commercial cannery); Reames v. Hawthorne-Seving, Inc., 949 S.W.2d 758, 761-62 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1997, pet. denied) (holding conveyor belt on wheels was an improvement although only constructively annexed to realty); Hernandez v. Koch Mach. Co., 16 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. App.Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied) (addressing statute-of-repose defense posed by manufacturer of steel-slitting machine, installed at plant, which all parties agreed was an improvement under Texas law); Citizens Nat’l Bank v. City of Rhome, 201 S.W.3d 254, 259-60 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2006, no pet.) (holding fuel dispensers, attached to concrete slab at gas station premises, are improvements to realty and not subject to sale as personalty pursuant to tax warrant); Brown & Root Inc. v. Shelton,—S.W.3d-,-,2003 WL 21771917 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2003, no pet.) (holding asbestos-containing fireproofing materials, applied to ceiling of plant, constitute an improvement to realty).⁶ Indeed, the permanent attachment that gives an article its “fixture” status under Brinker’s dictionary definition is a primary factor that makes the article an “improvement” under Texas law. See City of Rhome, 201 S.W.3d at 257-58 (citing Logan v. Mullis, 686 S.W.2d 605, 607-08 (Tex.1985), and holding that permanence is an “overriding element of consideration” in whether annexed personalty is an improvement); Reames, 949 S.W.2d at 761 (“although all improvements are not necessarily fixtures, any fixture, unless it is a trade fixture [that can be removed without injury to the property], is considered an improvement”).

The roof and the air-conditioning system are separate improvements to real property. Section 95.002(2) states that Chapter 95 applies only to a claim “that arises from the condition or use of an improvement to real property where the contractor or subcontractor [repairs or modifies] the improvement.” Therefore, pursuant to the plain language of section 95.002(2), Chapter 95 does not apply to a contractor’s employee’s claim against a property owner when the improvement the condition or use of which gives rise to the injury claim is not the same improvement the contraetor was at the premise to address at the time of injury.

The first judicial decision interpreting Chapter 95, which became effective in September of 1996, reached a seemingly contrary result. In Fisher v. Lee and Chang Partnership, 16 S.W.3d 198 (Tex.App.Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied), the employee of an air-conditioning contractor suffered personal injuries when he fell from a ladder-he was using to reach roof-mounted equipment. In the employee’s suit against the property owner and property manager, the trial court granted summary judgment for the defendants on the basis that section 95.003 shielded them from liability because there was no evidence they exercised or retained control over the contractor’s work or knew of the danger.

On appeal, the employee argued that the trial court erred because Chapter 95 would apply (and thus evidence of control and knowledge would be relevant) only if he had been injured by the air-conditioner, the improvement on which he was working. To address the employee’s argument, the court focused on language of section 95.003 stating that a property owner is not liable for “injury ... arising from the failure to provide a safe workplace.” Id. at 201 (quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003). The court declared that the ladder was an unsafe part of the employee’s workplace, that his injury thus arose from the defendants’ failure to provide a safe workplace, and that “[t]he statute does not require that the defective condition be the object of the contractor’s work.” Id. (footnote omitted). In conclusion, the court stated:

[Sections] 95.002 and 95.003 are consistent and may both be read to provide protection from liability if the injury arose from the contractor’s work on an improvement to real property. Here, it did. Appellant used the ladder to x-each the roof to perform his job, the repair of air conditioning units.

Id.

The court then addressed Chapter 95’s legislative history, quoting this statement, among others, from debates in the House of Representatives.

“If there is an incident that is not related to the work being done by the contractor and subcontractor, then this chapter does not apply to that. So if you have an explosion that’s not related to anything that the contractor and subcontractor are doing for their purpose of being there, then this chapter would not apply.” (Debate on S.B. 28, House of Representatives, 74th Leg., R.S. Trans. 11-157-58 (May 3, 1995) (statement of Rep. Junell).)

Id. at 201-02. Because Representative Ju-nell did not suggest, “as does appellant, that the injury-pi'oducing defect must be the object of the contractoi-’s work,” the court concluded “the statute would apply to injuries related to the contractor’s work.” Id. at 202 (emphasis added).

The court further noted that the legislators discussed a hypothetical situation similar to that pi-esented in Fisher. In the hypothetical situation, a contractor was injured when scaffolding collapsed as he was using it to i'each his work site. Representative Combs declai'ed that the property owner would be hable only if it had exercised control over the conti'actor’s work and knew the scaffolding was defective. Id. (citing Debate on S.B. 28, House of Repx-esentatives, 74th Leg., R.S. Trans. 11-153 (May 3, 1995) (statement of Rep. Combs)). Noting that the ladder from which Fisher fell was like the scaffolding discussed in the hypothetical situation, and that in both scenai'ios that claimed injuxies arose from “the failure to provide a safe workplace,” the court concluded Chapter 95 applies even when the premises defect does not exist within the specific object the contractor is repairing. Id.

In its conclusion, the Fisher court stated,

The legislative history supports the conclusion that section 95.003 protects ap-pellees. The scaffolding example, used by the legislators in discussing the applicability of the statute, described a tool used for construction, not' an improvement that was being repaired or modified itself. The ladder here is like the scaffold in the legislative history. It provided appellant a means to reach his work site. It was not the object of his work. Nevertheless, appellant’s injuries arose from “the failure to provide a safe workplace.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003.

We conclude that both the plain language and the legislative history of Chapter 95 are contrary to appellant’s contention that the premises defect must exist within the specific object the contractor is repairing.

Id. at 202. Because there was no evidence that the owner exercised control over the contractor’s work or that the owner had actual knowledge of a danger, the court affirmed the summary judgment for the owner.

In affirming the summary judgment, it appears that the Fisher court’s analysis overly extended Chapter 95’s reach. The court relied on Representative Combs’s statement that the statute would apply when scaffolding, a workplace tool, caused injury, see id., rather than relying on the express language in section 95.002 that Chapter 95 applies only where a claim arises from “a condition or use of an improvement.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.002 (emphasis added). The court again eschewed the relevant language in section 95.002 when it instead relied on Representative Junell’s statement that Chapter 95 would apply if the injury-producing defect “relates to” a contractor’s work. Id,. The Code Construction Act permits consideration of legislative history, see Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.023(3) (Vernon 2005), but it does not permit elevating legislative debate statements over unambiguous statutory language. See Canal Ins. Co. v. Hopkins, 238 S.W.3d 549, 563 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2007, pet. denied) (stating that “isolated statements by individual legislators must be weighed against the clear language” of a statute) (citing Fleming Foods of Tex., Inc. v. Rylander, 6 S.W.3d 278, 284 (Tex.1999)). Finally, although the Fisher court stated, “Secftion] 95.002 clarifies the scope of sec[tion] 95.003,” Fisher, 16 S.W.3d at 201, it gave overriding effect to section 95.003. Id. at 202 (relying on phrase “failure to provide a safe workplace” in section 95.003 in holding Chapter 95 applied to claim involving fall from ladder at workplace).

Relying on Fisher, several courts have applied section 95.003’s protection to property owners sued by employees of contractors and subcontractors that were injured by the condition or use of an improvement that the employee was not repairing or modifying. See, e.g., Clark v. Ron Bassinger, Inc., No. 07-03-0291-CV, 2006 WL 229901, at *2-3 (Tex.App.-Amarillo, Jan. 31, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (affirming summary judgment when plumbing employee fell through roof skylight that had been hidden with tar paper by a roofing contractor); Phillips v. Dow Chem. Co., 186 S.W.3d 121, 131-32 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (affirming summary judgment for plant owner in action to recover for death of subcontractor’s employee who fell from scaffolding as she was leaving the site of her work on a large vessel under repair by the subcontractor); Kelly v. LIN Television of Tex., L.P., 27 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2000, pet. denied) (affirming summary judgment for owner of television tower in action arising from contractor’s employees’ deaths in tower’s collapse during contractor’s replacement of tower’s broadcasting antenna). In fact, since Chapter 95 became effective, there has not been a reported case against a property owner to which the statute has been found not to apply.⁷ Hernandez writes in his brief, “Although the Texas courts maintain the fiction that there exist claims to which Chapter 95 does not apply, since Fisher, they have never identified a single one. Instead, they have moved steadily to a situation in which a premises owner can effectively booby-trap his own property yet escape liability for his actions under Chapter 95.”

Other courts have been perplexed by Fisher. In Spears v. Crown Central Petroleum Corp., 133 Fed.Appx. 129 (5th Cir.2005) (per curiam), the Fifth Circuit contemplated the applicability of Chapter 95 to the claim of an independent contractor’s employee who tripped on steel-braided hoses as he walked from the refinery unit at which he worked to a tool shed in a separate part of the refinery premises. The employee contended that Chapter 95 did not apply to protect the refinery owner, because his injury, caused by his tripping on the hoses in his path, did not arise from the condition or use of the improvement on which he worked. Addressing the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the owner, the court stated:

Although [the owner] points to an abundance of Texas cases concluding that any injury relating to the work done on the premises is covered under chapter 95, “relating to” is a much broader proposition than is “arising from the condition or use of the improvement.”

This case is illustrative. The injury undoubtedly was related to the work [the employee] was doing, because it occurred while he was leaving his work site. Nevertheless, the alleged cause of the injury (i.e., the hoses) was neither a condition nor a use of the heat exchanger, which was the improvement on which [the employee] worked.

Id. at 130-31 (footnote omitted). The court was obviously troubled by the disconnect between section 95.002 and Texas intermediate courts’ conclusions that any injury “relating to work done on the premises” is covered under Chapter 95. But, in the absence of Texas Supreme Court authority, the Fifth Circuit, sitting in diversity jurisdiction, was compelled to respect those decisions. It thus affirmed the summary judgment in the refinery owner’s favor. Id. at 131.

This court has addressed Chapter 95 in only a handful of cases. Most recently, in Vanderbeek v. San Jacinto Methodist Hospital, 246 S.W.3d 346 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.), we affirmed a summary judgment against a plumbing contractor’s employee who suffered chemical burns from a caustic substance contained in a pipe he removed as part of his plumbing work. In Dyall v. Simpson Pasadena Paper Co., 152 S.W.3d 688 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. denied), this court, sitting en banc, affirmed a take-nothing summary judgment for a paper-mill owner in an action by a pipe-repair company’s employees for injuries relating to the inhalation of toxic gases dripping from the pipes. In Ellwood Texas Forge Corp. v. Jones, 214 S.W.3d 693 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied), we reversed the trial court and rendered judgment against an air-conditioning contractor’s employee who was injured in a fall while performing his work at a steel plant. In Bishop v. Nabisco, Inc., No. 14-03-00639-CV, 2004 WL 832916 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 20, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.), we modified and affirmed a take-nothing judgment in favor of a bakery owner and against a demolition contractor’s employee who fell from an upper floor of the bakery through the cover of a large hole created when the contractor dismantled certain mixing equipment. And we affirmed a summary judgment in favor of a refinery owner sued by a subcontractor’s employee who tripped on a gasket he had removed from a heat exchanger in Ashabranner v. HydroChem Industrial Services, Inc., No. 14-03-00762-CV, 2004 WL 613026 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 30, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.).

In only one of these cases did we expressly address section 95.002 and the applicability of Chapter 95. The injured party in Vanderbeek v. San Jacinto Methodist Hospital argued that Chapter 95 applies only when the property owner’s liability is based on the negligence of another party, such as an independent contractor other than the one employing the plaintiff, rather than on the owner’s afffrmative independent negligence. Vanderbeek claimed that the hospital committed an independent act of negligence by pouring a caustic substance into a sink the contractor had marked “out of order,” and that Chapter 95 thus did not apply to preclude the owner’s liability. We rejected Vanderbeek’s argument, finding nothing in the statutory language, or legislative history, to support application of Chapter 95 only to cases involving allegations of passive or vicarious liability. Vanderbeek, 246 S.W.3d at 351-52.

In four of our Chapter 95 decisions, the facts could not support the argument Hernandez makes here, because the employee’s injury was caused by a condition or the use of the improvement he was repairing or modifying. See Vanderbeek, 246 S.W.3d at 348-49 (involving plumbing contractor injured by caustic substance in plumbing pipes); Dyall, 152 S.W.3d at 695-96 (involving injury to pipe-repair subcontractor’s employees from substance leaking from pipes); Bishop, 2004 WL 832916 at *1 (addressing demolition contractor’s injury from fall through hole in floor resulting from demolition); Asha-branner, 2004 WL 613026, at *1 (involving subcontractor’s fall over piece of equipment he had removed from heat exchanger). Ellwood Texas Forge is our sole decision involving a claim that at least arguably arose from the condition or use of one improvement while the plaintiff was constructing, repairing, renovating, or modifying a different improvement. See 214 S.W.3d at 695-96. The Ellwood plaintiff, however, failed to raise and brief the argument presented here.

Conclusion

Hernandez’s claim arises from the condition of the roof, but Hernandez did not repair or modify the roof. Hernandez repaired the air-conditioning system. Thus, under the plain language of section 95.002(2), Chapter 95 does not apply to Hernandez’s claims. Brinker is not entitled to summary judgment by proving its lack of control or its lack of actual knowledge, the elements of section 95.003. We reverse the summary judgment in Brink-er’s favor and remand to the trial court for further proceedings.

ANDERSON, J., concurring.

YATES, J., dissenting.

1 . Hernandez gave conflicting descriptions of the event in his trial-court pleadings and his brief to this court. It is not material for purposes of our review whether at the time he fell Hernandez was moving away from the air-conditioning unit and carrying the original compressor, as alleged in his brief to this court, or toward the unit and carrying the replacement compressor, as alleged in his trial-court pleadings.

2 . Without admitting it had actual knowledge that the roof was dangerous, Brinker also argued it was entitled to summary judgment because Hernandez admitted Brinker warned him before March 10 that the roof was dangerous. To support its argument, Brinker attached Hernandez's response to an interrogatory requesting the factual basis for any contention by Hernandez that Brinker had actual knowledge of the alleged dangerous condition of the roof. Hernandez responded: "The facility and restaurant managers knew of the potential danger since the restaurant manager told me of the dangers several weeks prior to the work performed. The restaurant manager also informed [Hernandezj’s safety manager of such dangers when [Hernandez] arrived at the job site.” Brinker argued this response is proof that it warned Hernandez before he undertook the work in question, so as to satisfy the warning as well as the control prongs of section 95.003. However, Hernandez amended his "inartful” interrogatory response to read, "The facility and restaurant managers knew of the potential danger since the restaurant manager told me after I was injured that he was aware of the dangers several weeks prior to the work performed. The restaurant manager also informed my safety manager after I was injured that he was aware of such dangers when I arrived at the job site.” Indeed, in his deposition, the restaurant manager confirmed that he had not told Hernandez or anyone else with the air-conditioning contractor of any danger with the roof, either before or on March 10.

3 . Black's Law Dictionary 757 (6th ed. 1990).

4 . Black's Law Dictionary 638 (6th ed. 1990).

5 . In Sonnier, responding to a certified question from the Fifth Circuit, the Supreme Court concluded that a manufacturer whose product is annexed to realty by another party does not “construct” an improvement to real property so as to entitle the manufacturer to repose protection for persons who construct or repair improvements to real property. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.009 (Vernon 2002). The court thus reaffirmed that the product is an improvement when annexed to realty, but clarified that the manufacturer "constructs” the improvement, and is entitled to repose, only if it also participates in the annexation.

6 . Decisions pre-dating Sonnier reach similar results. See First Nat’l Bank v. Whirlpool Corp., 517 S.W.2d 262, 266-67 (Tex.1974) (holding garbage disposal and dishwasher are improvements to real property); Dedmon v. Stewart-Warner Corp., 950 F.2d 244, 249-50 (5th Cir.1992) (holding furnace, installed in residence, is an improvement under Texas law).

7 . Some courts may have focused on Fisher's pronouncement that an owner is protected if the injury-producing condition “relates to” the injured contractor's work. This would also explain how property owners have received protection under Chapter 95 when the employee’s injury resulted from use of a tool or other instrumentality that is unquestionably not an improvement (as required by the statute). See Admire v. H.E. Butt Grocery Co., No. 01-02-00060-CV, 2003 WL 203514 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 30, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding property owner was protected from liability when air-conditioning contractor's employee fell from ladder after completing work on roof).