LOKEN, Chief Judge.
Iowa inmate Napoleon Hartsfield alleged in his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint that five defendants were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs when they delayed referring him to an oral surgeon to have three teeth extracted while he was a pretrial detainee at the Scott County Jail. In a prior appeal, we reversed the grant of summary judgment in favor of four defendants and remanded for further proceedings. Hartsfield v. Colburn, 371 F.3d 454 (8th Cir.2004).
On remand, the magistrate judge1 conducted an evidentiary hearing. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B). During the hearing, one defendant was voluntarily dismissed. The remaining defendants are Nurse Janice Colburn, a full-time employee at the Jail, Dr. Scott Ludwig, a private physician hired to provide medical services at the Jail, and Captain Michael McGre-gor, who was responsible for transporting inmates to medical appointments. Following the hearing, the magistrate judge filed a Report and Recommendation that judgment be entered in favor of these three [396]*396defendants. The district court2 reviewed de novo the portions of the Report to which Hartsfíeld objected and adopted it in full. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Harts-field appeals. When an inmate challenges the conditions of his confinement and the evidence is gathered in this fashion, the hearing before the magistrate judge is the equivalent of a bench trial, and we review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error. See Choate v. Lockhart, 7 F.3d 1370, 1373 n. 1 (8th Cir.1993); Moody v. Proctor, 986 F.2d 239, 241 (8th Cir.1993). We affirm.
Hartsfíeld entered the Scott County Jail on October 4, 2001. Jail policy required inmates to submit sick call requests to receive medical treatment. On October 20, Hartsfíeld submitted a sick call request reciting, “Tooth need[s] pulling it hurts like mad and I’m in se[vere] pain.” Dr. Ludwig reviewed the request and prescribed ibuprofen, a pain-relieving medication. Dr. Ludwig testified that, because he is not a dentist, his standard response to non-emergency requests for dental care is to prescribe a pain reliever without examining the inmate and then to make an appointment for the inmate to see a dentist if the pain medication is not effective. The district court found that, after October 20, Hartsfíeld was allowed to purchase ibuprofen from the jail commissary whenever he requested.
In the following weeks, Nurse Colburn acknowledged that Hartsfíeld made “constant” complaints about continuing tooth pain, headaches, and problems eating and sleeping, and he regularly asked to see Dr. Ludwig. Colburn responded by instructing Hartsfíeld to submit another sick call request. She also reported his complaints to Dr. Ludwig “at least once a week.” Hartsfíeld testified that he also complained directly to Dr. Ludwig when they met by chance in a hallway. Ludwig, too, told Hartsfíeld to file another sick call request if he needed further medical attention. Ludwig did not recall this encounter.
On November 27, Hartsfíeld filed a second sick call request that stated, “I’ve put in slips to get my teeth pulled once in Oct. 2001 now I will file a lawsuit cause I’m in pain and can’t get medical treatment.” Colburn and Ludwig promptly scheduled an appointment and on December 5 Harts-fíeld was seen by Dr. David Anderson, a private oral surgeon who treats patients referred by the Jail. An x-ray of Harts-field’s mouth revealed long-standing decay in two molars causing an exposed root and inflammation around an adjacent impacted wisdom tooth. With Hartsfield’s consent, Anderson extracted the three teeth in a five-to-ten-minute procedure, using only local anesthetic. Hartsfíeld required no further dental treatment. This lawsuit concerns only the delay in scheduling the dental appointment with Dr. Anderson.
Deliberate indifference to an inmate’s serious medical needs violates the Eighth Amendment as applied to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment. Hartsfíeld was a pretrial detainee at the time in question, but it is now settled “that deliberate indifference is the appropriate standard of culpability for all claims that prison officials failed to provide pretrial detainees with adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and reasonable safety.” Butler v. Fletcher, 465 F.3d 340, 345 (8th Cir.2006), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 2128, 167 L.Ed.2d 863 (2007).
“To prevail on an Eighth Amendment claim of deliberate indifference to [397]*397serious medical needs, an inmate must prove that he suffered from one or more objectively serious medical needs, and that prison officials actually knew of but deliberately disregarded those needs.” Roberson v. Bradshaw, 198 F.3d 645, 647 (8th Cir.1999). Deliberate indifference is equivalent to the criminal law standard of recklessness — “a prison official must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Bender v. Regier, 385 F.3d 1133, 1137 (8th Cir.2004), quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994). Each step of this inquiry is fact-intensive. We review the district court’s factual conclusions for clear error. Jensen v. Clarke, 94 F.3d 1191, 1197-98 (8th Cir.1996).
Toothaches can be excruciatingly painful, and dental care is an important part of proper health care. Thus, a number of our decisions have reversed the grant of summary judgment in favor of prison officials and prison dentists who delayed three weeks or more in providing dental care for an inmate whose mouth showed obvious signs of serious infection, such as swelling, bleeding, or pus, and who complained of severe tooth pain. See Moore v. Jackson, 123 F.3d 1082, 1085-87 (8th Cir.1997); Boyd v. Knox, 47 F.3d 966, 969 (8th Cir.1995); Patterson v. Pearson, 19 F.3d 439, 440 (8th Cir.1994); Fields v. Gander, 734 F.2d 1313, 1315 (8th Cir.1984). Consistent with these decisions, we reversed the prior grant of summary judgment in this ease because Hartsfield presented evidence “that he suffered extreme pain from loose and infected teeth, which caused blood to seep from his gums, swelling, and difficulty sleeping and eating,” and some evidence that defendants may have delayed referring him to Dr. Anderson for non-medical reasons — Hartsfield’s prior misconduct or security issues in seeking care outside the Jail. 371 F.3d at 457.
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LOKEN, Chief Judge.
Iowa inmate Napoleon Hartsfield alleged in his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint that five defendants were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs when they delayed referring him to an oral surgeon to have three teeth extracted while he was a pretrial detainee at the Scott County Jail. In a prior appeal, we reversed the grant of summary judgment in favor of four defendants and remanded for further proceedings. Hartsfield v. Colburn, 371 F.3d 454 (8th Cir.2004).
On remand, the magistrate judge1 conducted an evidentiary hearing. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B). During the hearing, one defendant was voluntarily dismissed. The remaining defendants are Nurse Janice Colburn, a full-time employee at the Jail, Dr. Scott Ludwig, a private physician hired to provide medical services at the Jail, and Captain Michael McGre-gor, who was responsible for transporting inmates to medical appointments. Following the hearing, the magistrate judge filed a Report and Recommendation that judgment be entered in favor of these three [396]*396defendants. The district court2 reviewed de novo the portions of the Report to which Hartsfíeld objected and adopted it in full. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Harts-field appeals. When an inmate challenges the conditions of his confinement and the evidence is gathered in this fashion, the hearing before the magistrate judge is the equivalent of a bench trial, and we review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error. See Choate v. Lockhart, 7 F.3d 1370, 1373 n. 1 (8th Cir.1993); Moody v. Proctor, 986 F.2d 239, 241 (8th Cir.1993). We affirm.
Hartsfíeld entered the Scott County Jail on October 4, 2001. Jail policy required inmates to submit sick call requests to receive medical treatment. On October 20, Hartsfíeld submitted a sick call request reciting, “Tooth need[s] pulling it hurts like mad and I’m in se[vere] pain.” Dr. Ludwig reviewed the request and prescribed ibuprofen, a pain-relieving medication. Dr. Ludwig testified that, because he is not a dentist, his standard response to non-emergency requests for dental care is to prescribe a pain reliever without examining the inmate and then to make an appointment for the inmate to see a dentist if the pain medication is not effective. The district court found that, after October 20, Hartsfíeld was allowed to purchase ibuprofen from the jail commissary whenever he requested.
In the following weeks, Nurse Colburn acknowledged that Hartsfíeld made “constant” complaints about continuing tooth pain, headaches, and problems eating and sleeping, and he regularly asked to see Dr. Ludwig. Colburn responded by instructing Hartsfíeld to submit another sick call request. She also reported his complaints to Dr. Ludwig “at least once a week.” Hartsfíeld testified that he also complained directly to Dr. Ludwig when they met by chance in a hallway. Ludwig, too, told Hartsfíeld to file another sick call request if he needed further medical attention. Ludwig did not recall this encounter.
On November 27, Hartsfíeld filed a second sick call request that stated, “I’ve put in slips to get my teeth pulled once in Oct. 2001 now I will file a lawsuit cause I’m in pain and can’t get medical treatment.” Colburn and Ludwig promptly scheduled an appointment and on December 5 Harts-fíeld was seen by Dr. David Anderson, a private oral surgeon who treats patients referred by the Jail. An x-ray of Harts-field’s mouth revealed long-standing decay in two molars causing an exposed root and inflammation around an adjacent impacted wisdom tooth. With Hartsfield’s consent, Anderson extracted the three teeth in a five-to-ten-minute procedure, using only local anesthetic. Hartsfíeld required no further dental treatment. This lawsuit concerns only the delay in scheduling the dental appointment with Dr. Anderson.
Deliberate indifference to an inmate’s serious medical needs violates the Eighth Amendment as applied to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment. Hartsfíeld was a pretrial detainee at the time in question, but it is now settled “that deliberate indifference is the appropriate standard of culpability for all claims that prison officials failed to provide pretrial detainees with adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and reasonable safety.” Butler v. Fletcher, 465 F.3d 340, 345 (8th Cir.2006), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 2128, 167 L.Ed.2d 863 (2007).
“To prevail on an Eighth Amendment claim of deliberate indifference to [397]*397serious medical needs, an inmate must prove that he suffered from one or more objectively serious medical needs, and that prison officials actually knew of but deliberately disregarded those needs.” Roberson v. Bradshaw, 198 F.3d 645, 647 (8th Cir.1999). Deliberate indifference is equivalent to the criminal law standard of recklessness — “a prison official must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Bender v. Regier, 385 F.3d 1133, 1137 (8th Cir.2004), quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994). Each step of this inquiry is fact-intensive. We review the district court’s factual conclusions for clear error. Jensen v. Clarke, 94 F.3d 1191, 1197-98 (8th Cir.1996).
Toothaches can be excruciatingly painful, and dental care is an important part of proper health care. Thus, a number of our decisions have reversed the grant of summary judgment in favor of prison officials and prison dentists who delayed three weeks or more in providing dental care for an inmate whose mouth showed obvious signs of serious infection, such as swelling, bleeding, or pus, and who complained of severe tooth pain. See Moore v. Jackson, 123 F.3d 1082, 1085-87 (8th Cir.1997); Boyd v. Knox, 47 F.3d 966, 969 (8th Cir.1995); Patterson v. Pearson, 19 F.3d 439, 440 (8th Cir.1994); Fields v. Gander, 734 F.2d 1313, 1315 (8th Cir.1984). Consistent with these decisions, we reversed the prior grant of summary judgment in this ease because Hartsfield presented evidence “that he suffered extreme pain from loose and infected teeth, which caused blood to seep from his gums, swelling, and difficulty sleeping and eating,” and some evidence that defendants may have delayed referring him to Dr. Anderson for non-medical reasons — Hartsfield’s prior misconduct or security issues in seeking care outside the Jail. 371 F.3d at 457.
These issues were thoroughly explored at the evidentiary hearing. The district court found that Nurse Colburn “did not see, or otherwise know, that Hartsfield had bleeding or swelling,” a finding supported not only by Colburn’s testimony, but also by Dr. Anderson’s description of Hartsfield’s condition at the time of the December 5 surgery. Therefore, the court found, Colburn did not have actual knowledge of a serious medical need. In addition, Colburn responded reasonably to Hartsfield’s continuing complaints of pain and discomfort by reporting those complaints to Dr. Ludwig,3 and her instruction to Hartsfield to submit a second sick call request when he continued complaining after October 20 was consistent with procedures set forth in the Scott County inmate manual. Although the question of Harts-field’s serious medical need is not an issue on appeal, the following testimony by Dr. Anderson, the only dentist who testified, is relevant to these deliberate indifference issues:
Q [by Hartsfield’s attorney]. And you would agree that Mr. Hartsfield had a serious medical condition; correct? Or a serious dental medical condition?
A. Well, I don’t know that I agree that it is serious.... He didn’t have an acute swelling, he didn’t have an area that needed to be drained, he didn’t come in unable to open his mouth.... I don’t know that having a tooth extracted is a — you know, a serious problem. It’s done as an outpatient, it’s done with local anesthesia, and it’s done with hopefully minimal discomfort....
[398]*398In dental care cases where we reversed the grant of summary judgment, the record contained evidence that prison officials knew the inmate suffered from one or more of the serious conditions described by Dr. Anderson, as did the summary judgment record in this case. But the evidence introduced at trial failed to persuade the fact-finder that these allegations were credible.
Again supported by Dr. Anderson’s testimony, the district court further found that Dr. Ludwig followed his standard protocol and acted in accordance with recognized medical standards of care in prescribing ibuprofen and waiting to see if that medication would resolve the problem before referring Hartsfield to a dentist. The Court credited Ludwig’s testimony that this was strictly a medical judgment, that Hartsfield’s treatment was not based “on security or financial concerns, or anything other than the recognized standards of medical care.” As Dr. Ludwig saw no complaint of bleeding or swelling on the sick call requests, and received no report of visible bleeding or swelling from Nurse Colburn, the court found that Ludwig’s decision not to personally examine Harts-field was not deliberate indifference. Thus, the court found, “there was no deliberate indifference for failing to schedule an appointment with the dentist without first trying the ibuprofen.”
On appeal, Hartsfield argues that, in response to his initial sick call request, Dr. Ludwig prescribed a two-step course of treatment—ibuprofen followed by referral to a dentist. Therefore, when his continuing complaints demonstrated that ibuprofen was not solving the problem, defendants were guilty of deliberate indifference in requiring him to submit a second sick call request before referring him to a dentist. The district court found that Colburn and Ludwig acted reasonably in requiring a second sick call request and that most of the delay resulted when Hartsfield unreasonably failed or refused to submit one. These findings are not clearly erroneous. Dr. Anderson testified that pain caused by decayed molars and long-impacted wisdom teeth is unpredictable. “Sometimes they can cause a lot of discomfort, a lot of pain, and then it goes away and it may be quiescent for a while.” Sick call requests were Jail policy, and it was not unreasonable for medical staff to tell Hartsfield how to request more medical attention and expect him to comply.
Finally, the district court found that if the treatment delay was caused in part by Colburn and Ludwig not adequately communicating their response to Harts-field’s October 20 sick call request, this is evidence of negligence that does not rise to unconstitutional deliberate indifference. We agree. It is undisputed that Dr. Ludwig followed his standard protocol by immediately scheduling an appointment with Dr. Anderson when Hartsfield submitted a second sick call request. Whether Ludwig should have acted sooner, instead of waiting for Hartsfield to submit that request, is at most a question of negligence. As we said in Logan v. Clarke, 119 F.3d 647, 650 (8th Cir.1997), “[although the prison doctors may not have proceeded from their initial diagnosis to their referral to a specialist as quickly as hindsight perhaps allows us to think they should have, their actions were not deliberately indifferent.” See also Bryan v. Endell, 141 F.3d 1290, 1291 (8th Cir.1998) (some delay in treating an inmate’s broken hand, even if negligent, did not amount to deliberate indifference).
The third defendant, Captain McGregor, testified that his role was limited to arranging secure transportation for Hartsfield’s December 5 appointment with Dr. Anderson after the medical staff [399]*399scheduled that appointment. The district court found that McGregor did not deny or delay Hartsfield’s dental treatment by interfering with or overriding any medical staff decisions to schedule an earlier appointment. On appeal, Hartsfield broadly contends that “defendants” were deliberately indifferent but develops no argument specific to Captain McGregor. In any event, the district court’s findings regarding Captain McGregor are not clearly erroneous.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.