OPINION
PER CURIAM.
In this asylum case, petitioner Najah Gorges Elias, a native of Iraq and Chaldean Christian, seeks reversal of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision dismissing his appeal from an oral decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”). For the following reasons, we grant the petition for review, vacate the decision of the BIA, and remand for a new hearing before another IJ.
I.
At the time of his removal hearing on October 20, 2004, petitioner was a thirty-one year old male citizen of Iraq who entered the United States on or about May 1, 2003, in or near Detroit, Michigan. He is an ethnic Chaldean who practices the Catholic religion. In addition to being identified as a “minority religion” in Iraq, there is evidence that Assyrian and Chaldean Christians are considered by other Iraqis to constitute a distinct non-Arab ethnic minority.
Petitioner entered the country on a visa that identified him as the fiancé of a United States citizen and allowed him to stay in the country until July 80, 2003. Petitioner and his fiancée decided not to get married, and petitioner stayed in the country beyond July 30, 2003. Petitioner conceded removeability, but sought relief from removal through an application for asylum, which is also considered an application for non-discretionary withholding of removal. Petitioner also applied for relief from withholding of removal pursuant to Article 3 of the United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).
At the removal hearing, the parties and the interpreter were all present in a courtroom in Detroit, Michigan; but the IJ sat in New York City, hearing the case through televideo connection. Petitioner claims that he began to be harassed at the age of 15 when he was forced to attend mandatory religion classes in Islam at his high school. He also testified that on December 12, 1990, he was arrested one day at school for distributing anti-religion and anti-government fliers, which he says he did not do. After this arrest, he was detained for about 33 days at various locations, beaten, and given little food. He was released and returned home, but did not seek any medical treatment. He returned to school on January 17, 1991,1 but he claims he was not allowed to return. His asylum application states that he completed high school in June 1991.
Petitioner testified that he was conscripted into the Iraqi Army in February 1991, and that he was detained for three months, from August 1992 until November 1992, when he was found reading the Bible in his barracks.
Petitioner testified that he left Iraq in November 1998 due to fear that he would be harmed by Baath Party members based on two incidents in November 1998. In the first incident, petitioner intervened when some Baath Party members began to harass female members of petitioner’s church as they left church on Sunday, November 1, 1998. He drove the harassers off, but petitioner claims that they [447]*447swore to get revenge on him. Petitioner became involved in another encounter with Baath Party officials on November 12, 1998, after they harassed his sister and her friend outside the store where he worked. An altercation ensued and a Baath Party member pulled a gun, but petitioner was not injured. Petitioner’s brother was arrested and detained.
After the second incident, petitioner’s family decided that petitioner needed to leave Iraq. A false passport was obtained, and petitioner testified that he left Iraq for Jordan on November 29, 1998. He remained in Jordan until March 2002. He then traveled to Malta where his family had arranged for him to marry a native-born United States citizen whose family was from Malta. Although he had spoken on the phone to the woman, this was the first time they met. He then traveled to the United States on a visa secured by his fiancée, and they planned to marry within a few months of his arrival. Once in the United States, petitioner said he and the woman decided not to marry because she was too “westernized.”
Petitioner’s application for the visa to come to the United States to marry a U.S. citizen stated that he had lived in Amman, Jordan since April 1997, not November 1998. Petitioner signed the application and attested to its truthfulness, but stated at the hearing that he had no idea what the visa application said and that his lawyer had filled it out.
The IJ issued an oral decision at the conclusion of the hearing and found petitioner lacked credibility on issues material to his claim. The judge cited the discrepancy between petitioner’s visa application that said he had been in Amman, Jordan from April 1997 to 2002, and petitioner’s hearing testimony that he was in Iraq until November 1998 when he then fled to Jordan after the altercation with the Baath party members. We acknowledge the confusion around this issue — with the visa application saying he left Iraq in April 1997, his passport bearing an issuance date of September 1998 and petitioner testifying that he did not request or receive the passport until November 1998.2 Based on these discrepancies, the IJ concluded that petitioner was not in Iraq in November 1998 and that he had fabricated the story about the altercation with Baath Party members in November 1998.
The judge also pointed to the discrepancy between the asylum application and petitioner’s testimony concerning when he left high school and joined the Army. Petitioner testified that he was expelled from high school and conscripted into the Army in February 1991, but his application states that he left high school in June 1991. The judge did not believe that petitioner joined the Army in February 1991, because petitioner did not know exactly when the first Gulf War ended and that local uprisings had occurred in Iraq in March and April of 1991. The judge found that if petitioner had been a soldier in the Iraqi Army during this time he would know this information.
The judge also did not believe petitioner’s testimony regarding the genuineness of his engagement to a U.S. citizen whom he had only just met. He found it difficult to believe that petitioner’s family had arranged his marriage to an American woman whose family came from Malta, stating that it looked like the proposed marriage was arranged simply so that petitioner could come to the United States. Despite [448]*448persistent questioning by the IJ, petitioner insisted that the engagement was not a sham, that arranged marriages were not uncommon in his culture, and that he did intend to marry his fiancée when he came to the United States, but that when they got to know each other better, they decided that marriage was not a good decision for them.
The IJ also found the petitioner’s asylum application frivolous, thereby barring a grant of asylum to petitioner forever. The judge also found petitioner was a “persecutor” of others based on some of his duties during his service in the Iraqi Army, which provides another basis to ban petitioner forever from asylum in this country.
As to petitioner’s fear of future persecution should he be returned to Iraq, the IJ noted that during the time of the Hussein regime, Christians were generally not bothered and were allowed to practice their religion freely.
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OPINION
PER CURIAM.
In this asylum case, petitioner Najah Gorges Elias, a native of Iraq and Chaldean Christian, seeks reversal of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision dismissing his appeal from an oral decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”). For the following reasons, we grant the petition for review, vacate the decision of the BIA, and remand for a new hearing before another IJ.
I.
At the time of his removal hearing on October 20, 2004, petitioner was a thirty-one year old male citizen of Iraq who entered the United States on or about May 1, 2003, in or near Detroit, Michigan. He is an ethnic Chaldean who practices the Catholic religion. In addition to being identified as a “minority religion” in Iraq, there is evidence that Assyrian and Chaldean Christians are considered by other Iraqis to constitute a distinct non-Arab ethnic minority.
Petitioner entered the country on a visa that identified him as the fiancé of a United States citizen and allowed him to stay in the country until July 80, 2003. Petitioner and his fiancée decided not to get married, and petitioner stayed in the country beyond July 30, 2003. Petitioner conceded removeability, but sought relief from removal through an application for asylum, which is also considered an application for non-discretionary withholding of removal. Petitioner also applied for relief from withholding of removal pursuant to Article 3 of the United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).
At the removal hearing, the parties and the interpreter were all present in a courtroom in Detroit, Michigan; but the IJ sat in New York City, hearing the case through televideo connection. Petitioner claims that he began to be harassed at the age of 15 when he was forced to attend mandatory religion classes in Islam at his high school. He also testified that on December 12, 1990, he was arrested one day at school for distributing anti-religion and anti-government fliers, which he says he did not do. After this arrest, he was detained for about 33 days at various locations, beaten, and given little food. He was released and returned home, but did not seek any medical treatment. He returned to school on January 17, 1991,1 but he claims he was not allowed to return. His asylum application states that he completed high school in June 1991.
Petitioner testified that he was conscripted into the Iraqi Army in February 1991, and that he was detained for three months, from August 1992 until November 1992, when he was found reading the Bible in his barracks.
Petitioner testified that he left Iraq in November 1998 due to fear that he would be harmed by Baath Party members based on two incidents in November 1998. In the first incident, petitioner intervened when some Baath Party members began to harass female members of petitioner’s church as they left church on Sunday, November 1, 1998. He drove the harassers off, but petitioner claims that they [447]*447swore to get revenge on him. Petitioner became involved in another encounter with Baath Party officials on November 12, 1998, after they harassed his sister and her friend outside the store where he worked. An altercation ensued and a Baath Party member pulled a gun, but petitioner was not injured. Petitioner’s brother was arrested and detained.
After the second incident, petitioner’s family decided that petitioner needed to leave Iraq. A false passport was obtained, and petitioner testified that he left Iraq for Jordan on November 29, 1998. He remained in Jordan until March 2002. He then traveled to Malta where his family had arranged for him to marry a native-born United States citizen whose family was from Malta. Although he had spoken on the phone to the woman, this was the first time they met. He then traveled to the United States on a visa secured by his fiancée, and they planned to marry within a few months of his arrival. Once in the United States, petitioner said he and the woman decided not to marry because she was too “westernized.”
Petitioner’s application for the visa to come to the United States to marry a U.S. citizen stated that he had lived in Amman, Jordan since April 1997, not November 1998. Petitioner signed the application and attested to its truthfulness, but stated at the hearing that he had no idea what the visa application said and that his lawyer had filled it out.
The IJ issued an oral decision at the conclusion of the hearing and found petitioner lacked credibility on issues material to his claim. The judge cited the discrepancy between petitioner’s visa application that said he had been in Amman, Jordan from April 1997 to 2002, and petitioner’s hearing testimony that he was in Iraq until November 1998 when he then fled to Jordan after the altercation with the Baath party members. We acknowledge the confusion around this issue — with the visa application saying he left Iraq in April 1997, his passport bearing an issuance date of September 1998 and petitioner testifying that he did not request or receive the passport until November 1998.2 Based on these discrepancies, the IJ concluded that petitioner was not in Iraq in November 1998 and that he had fabricated the story about the altercation with Baath Party members in November 1998.
The judge also pointed to the discrepancy between the asylum application and petitioner’s testimony concerning when he left high school and joined the Army. Petitioner testified that he was expelled from high school and conscripted into the Army in February 1991, but his application states that he left high school in June 1991. The judge did not believe that petitioner joined the Army in February 1991, because petitioner did not know exactly when the first Gulf War ended and that local uprisings had occurred in Iraq in March and April of 1991. The judge found that if petitioner had been a soldier in the Iraqi Army during this time he would know this information.
The judge also did not believe petitioner’s testimony regarding the genuineness of his engagement to a U.S. citizen whom he had only just met. He found it difficult to believe that petitioner’s family had arranged his marriage to an American woman whose family came from Malta, stating that it looked like the proposed marriage was arranged simply so that petitioner could come to the United States. Despite [448]*448persistent questioning by the IJ, petitioner insisted that the engagement was not a sham, that arranged marriages were not uncommon in his culture, and that he did intend to marry his fiancée when he came to the United States, but that when they got to know each other better, they decided that marriage was not a good decision for them.
The IJ also found the petitioner’s asylum application frivolous, thereby barring a grant of asylum to petitioner forever. The judge also found petitioner was a “persecutor” of others based on some of his duties during his service in the Iraqi Army, which provides another basis to ban petitioner forever from asylum in this country.
As to petitioner’s fear of future persecution should he be returned to Iraq, the IJ noted that during the time of the Hussein regime, Christians were generally not bothered and were allowed to practice their religion freely. In discussing the evidence submitted by petitioner concerning the documented increase in violence against Christians and “violent attacks” on churches since the fall of the Hussein regime, the judge dismissed it because “there is no systematic and organized persecution or systematic and organized practice of persecution in the Christian community there.” The judge also dismissed petitioner’s claim under the CAT in one paragraph, stating there was no evidence that any mistreatment rose to the level of torture and that any threat of torture came from individuals, not the government.
In its short opinion affirming the IJ, the BIA identified two bases for its decision to affirm the IJ. First, it found support in the record to defer to the IJ’s adverse credibility determination. Based on these alleged misrepresentations, the Board also upheld the IJ’s finding that petitioner filed a frivolous application. The BIA’s second rationale for affirming the IJ is that petitioner did not challenge on appeal the IJ’s finding that, while in the Iraqi Army, petitioner was involved in the persecution of others based on their political opinions, and he is therefore barred from a grant of asylum under § 208(b)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.
The Board, however, did not adopt and affirm the IJ’s “intemperate” description of an altercation between the petitioner and men who allegedly had harassed his sister and her friend. Although the Board acknowledged the IJ’s improper comments, it did not find that the IJ’s conduct deprived petitioner of a full and fair hearing. Board of Immigration Appeals decision, Case No. A95-575-407, Feb. 16, 2006, at 2.
The Board said nothing about the claim for asylum based on the current status of Chaldean Christians in Iraq or about the changed circumstances in Iraq since petitioner filed his application. It also did not mention petitioner’s claim under the CAT.
II.
To be eligible for asylum, an alien must prove that he is a “refugee,” i.e., a person who is “unable or unwilling to return to” his country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). An alien must establish that he was persecuted in the past or that he has a well-founded fear of being persecuted in the future before being deemed a refugee. Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 950 (6th Cir.2004); 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b). An applicant who establishes past persecution shall be presumed to have a well-founded fear of future persecution on the [449]*449basis of the original claim. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1). This presumption of future persecution can be rebutted if the IJ finds by a preponderance of the evidence that there has been “a fundamental change in circumstances such that the applicant no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution in the applicant’s country of nationality.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(l)(i)(A). Additionally, an asylum applicant can also prove a well-founded fear of future persecution by showing that he genuinely (subjectively) fears he will be persecuted based on a protected ground if returned to his native country, and that his fears are objectively reasonable. Jamal-Daoud v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 918, 922 (7th Cir.2005).
Where, as here, the BIA expressly adopts and affirms the IJ’s decision but adds comments of its own, we directly review the decision of the IJ while also considering the additional comments made by the Board. See Gilaj v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 283 (6th Cir.2005).
III.
We have concerns about the adverse credibility determination made by the IJ and affirmed by the Board. For example, the IJ questioned why petitioner’s passport was dated September 1998 when he did not leave the country until November 1998. Petitioner tried to explain that it would look suspicious if he had a passport dated at the time the authorities were looking for him, so it was backdated. The judge said petitioner’s explanation did not make any sense, but, in any event, we do not see how the apparent discrepancy is particularly relevant. The judge seemed to view this discrepancy of two months on the passport issue date as demonstrating a lack of credibility about the November 1998 altercation, but the passport was false anyway, and petitioner’s family purchased it so that he could get out of the country. The issuance date on a false passport is not particularly relevant to petitioner’s claim of persecution and does not demonstrate that he was not in the country in November 1998.
The judge also found that petitioner’s lack of knowledge about the end date of the first Gulf War and about the uprisings in the north and south of Iraq against the Hussein regime immediately after the war demonstrated a lack of credibility as to when he entered the military. The IJ questioned petitioner at length about the start and end dates of “the war,” and when petitioner’s recollection of those dates did not coincide with the judge’s, the judge interpreted this to mean that petitioner had not been in the Army in early 1991.3 Whether petitioner is familiar with the specifics of the war is of little matter here. His complaint is that he was persecuted while in the Army based on his religion, specifically noting a detention from August 1992 to November 1992, and whether he entered the Army in February 1991 or June 1991 does not seem material. The judge does not question that petitioner actually, served in the Army and was there in 1992, which seems to be the relevant issue.
The judge also found it incredible that petitioner did not seek medical treatment after being detained for 33 days in late 1990. He stated that petitioner should [450]*450have at least gone to a doctor here in the United States to look for remnants of the beatings petitioner claims took place during this detention, such as "bruises or scars." It is highly unlikely that there would be any physical evidence of beatings that occurred 11 years prior to petitioner's arrival in the United States-certainly any bruises would have long-since healed. Furthermore, petitioner never claimed that the beatings left any permanent injury or broke any bones-he testified only that he had been hung from a fan, beaten repeatedly, and deprived of food for 33 days.
The judge also expressed incredulity about petitioner’s arranged marriage to the United States woman whose family came from Malta, stating that it looked like the marriage was arranged simply so that petitioner could come to the United States. Petitioner insisted that the engagement was not a sham and that he did intend to marry his fiancée when he came to the United States. The judge appeared to base his finding that the engagement testimony lacked credibility first on the fact that petitioner would marry someone he had only just met. Arranged marriages are still common throughout the world, even if not in the United States. See, e.g., United States v. Anwar, 428 F.3d 1102, 1107 (8th Cir.2005) (“Saqib Chudarry (Chudarry), a native of Pakistan, testified Anwar stated he had arranged marriages -”), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1072, 126 S.Ct. 1806, 164 L.Ed.2d 520 (2006); Lata v. INS, 204 F.3d 1241, 1243 (9th Cir.2000) (“Lata testified that, as Hindus, ethnically Indian Fijian girls have arranged marriages. ...”); United States v. Sriyuth, 98 F.3d 739, 742 (3d Cir.1996) (referring to “the Laotian custom of arranged marriages”). Second, the judge found the testimony lacked credibility because petitioner said he and his fiancée planned a large wedding to take place shortly after petitioner arrived in the United States. The judge said that it was impossible to put together a "large" wedding in just a month or two and found this to demonstrate lack of credibility. We do not know how an immigration judge in New York has any idea how long it takes to plan a wedding of any size in Michigan-things may be different in Dearborn, Michigan, than they are in New York City. It may be entirely possible to plan a "large" wedding in a couple of months in the Dearborn community.
The IJ was clearly frustrated with what he saw as lack of responsiveness and evasiveness by petitioner during the teleconference hearing. The transcript demonstrates that petitioner was having a hard time understanding the judge. The cause for petitioner’s failure to understand may have been language problems, distance, or nervousness. As will be discussed below, the judge often berated petitioner during the hearing, and this approach exacerbated petitioner’s nervousness. What the IJ, hundreds of miles away in New York, took to be evasiveness and lack of responsiveness may have been fear or intimidation.
IV.
While we have stated our concerns about the IJ’s credibility determination, we are especially troubled by the conduct of the IJ during the hearing and its effect on the petitioner’s ability to testify accurately. We cannot conclude that the IJ’s adverse credibility determination is supported by substantial evidence due to the IJ’s behavior during the hearing. The record contains many instances of questioning and commentary by the IJ that lead us to believe that petitioner did not receive a fair hearing. This is the rare case where remand is required because of the IJ’s apparent bias and hostility toward Elias.
[451]*451An immigration judge has a responsibility to function as a neutral, impartial arbiter and must refrain from taking on the role of advocate for either party. During the course of the hearing, the IJ repeatedly addressed petitioner in an argumentative, sarcastic, and sometimes arguably insulting manner that went beyond fact-finding. “Even when, as here, an [IJ] firmly believes a petitioner is not truthful, repetitive verbally abusive comments and questions taint the proceeding and erode the appearance of fairness and call into question the results of the proceeding.” Islam v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 53, 55-56 (2d Cir.2006). The judge’s questioning and comments created an atmosphere in which it may have been difficult for Elias to advocate fully on his own behalf. In fact, the interpreter told the judge at one point when the judge was berating petitioner that he believed that petitioner was “afraid” of the judge. Because the IJ’s conduct at the hearing creates substantial uncertainty as to whether the record below was fairly and reliably developed, we find it necessary to remand for a new hearing. Several examples of this improper conduct follow.
When referring to dates, petitioner used the form common throughout much of the world: day-month-year. For example, February 15,1991, would be stated as “15-2-91.” The IJ seemed at first confused and then angered by this form of speech and accused the petitioner of trying to confuse him when there was nothing in the record to support that accusation. The petitioner tried to give dates in the form the judge wished, but he sometimes forgot or would get himself confused in trying to make the date clear. The judge showed little patience for this and in his opinion stated “[t]hat tended to be how he usually gave dates, not stating a month but merely rattling off numbers in that fashion.” (Emphasis added.) At the least, this demonstrates ignorance of the manner in which much of the world communicates dates.
In his oral decision, the judge derided petitioner’s explanation of how he verbally sparred with Baath Party members and raised a stick to them when they were armed -with guns. The judge likened petitioner’s conduct to the movie characters Indiana Jones or Jackie Chan, stating that the description seems “more like something out of an action adventure movie than anything akin to reality” and stated that he believed none of it.
The judge at one point- asked the interpreter if petitioner understood the interpreter, and the interpreter indicated that he thought so and said that he thought that petitioner was “just not comfortable.” The judge sarcastically replied, “He’s not comfortable. Well, can we get him a pillow or something?” The petitioner admitted later in the hearing in response to a question by the judge that he was not understanding the questions very well and that he was “afraid” of talking to the judge.
It was clear throughout the hearing that petitioner and the IJ did not always understand each other, especially when they were discussing numbers and time frames. For example, after going back and forth for a couple of minutes concerning petitioner’s detention in late 1990, the IJ asked petitioner to tell him how long he was detained. Petitioner tried to explain that he was first held for three days at a Baath Party office and then he was transferred to Mosul, where he remained for about one month. The judge interrupted him and said,
Q: Sir, listen. Don’t talk, listen. Nobody asked you to speak. You were asked how long you were detained, [452]*452period, in total. You said three days. Sir—
I’m sorry, I didn’t understand. <1
I didn’t ask you to speak. I asked you to listen. Every time you speak we’ll start over again. So, for the third time, you were asked how long you were detained in total. You answered three days. You answered three days. &
Your honor? i>
Huh? <C>
You want me to answer Your Hon- or? í>
[to interpreter] He is not to speak. Did he answer? <£>
Q: .. .■ Okay, we’re going off the record. Maybe [petitioner’s attorney] should explain to you what it means not to speak, OK?
When they went back on the record, the judge accused petitioner of either making up his own questions and then answering them or having a prepared response and told petitioner that he “would lose his case for sure” if he continued to answer the questions in a manner the judge did not like. Despite the judge’s confusion about the time frame of petitioner’s detention in 1990, a review of the transcript shows that petitioner was always clear that the detention was for 33 days and that he only mentioned the three days in response to a question about where he was held — which was two different places for two different amounts of time totaling 33 days. The judge frequently cut off petitioner’s attempts to explain, thereby prohibiting petitioner from fully answering the question and resulting in confusion on both sides.
This is not the first case in which the conduct of this IJ has raised substantial questions as to his bias and hostility toward a petitioner. We agree with the BIA that his manner was “intemperate,” and he was inappropriately sarcastic with petitioner and appeared at times to badger petitioner — likely making petitioner more nervous and affecting his testimony.
Since the admonishment by the BIA in this case, the IJ has been removed from the bench. His inappropriate conduct had been noted in at least ten opinions or orders issued by the Second Circuit since 2005. Chen v. Gonzales, No. 06-1940-ag (summary order) (2d Cir. Jan. 30, 2007); Islam v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 53 (2d Cir.2006); Yu Hua Xiao v. Gonzales, No. 04-5736-ag (summary order), 202 Fed.Appx. 483 (2d Cir. Oct. 26, 2006); Ti Wu Gao v. Gonzales, No. 05-0012-ag (summary order), 200 Fed.Appx. 31 (2d Cir. Sept. 29, 2006); Qiu Hui Liu v. United States Dep’t of Justice, No. 05-3181-ag (summary order) (2d Cir. Aug. 1, 2006); Huang v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 142 (2d Cir.2006); Jin Yong Chen v. Gonzales, No. 04-5826 (summary order) (2d Cir. Apr. 28, 2006); Liu v. Board of Immigration Appeals, No. 05-0903-ag (summary order) (2d Cir. Feb. 17, 2006); Hajderasi v. Gonzales, No. 04-2784-ag (summary order), 166 Fed.Appx. 580 (2d Cir. Feb 13, 2006); You-Mei Ding v. CIS, No. 034915 (summary order), 140 Fed.Appx. 306 (2d Cir. Aug. 8, 2005). Before his removal, the Second Circuit, in a highly unusual move, requested that a Justice Department appeals board review all immigration cases on appeal involving this IJ.4 Ba v. Gonzales, No. 05-5043-ag (summary order) (2d Cir. Feb. 21, 2007), 2007 WL 1113886.
Based on the removal of the IJ from the bench and the request of the Second Circuit to review all his pending cases, as well as our own review of the record in this case, we must vacate and remand. Peti[453]*453tioner was entitled to a fair hearing, but did not receive one. Where such displays of hostility or bias have occurred, we have remanded for reconsideration before a different immigration judge. See Mece v. Gonzales, 415 F.3d 562, 578 (6th Cir.2005).
V.
The BIA’s decision is vacated and the case is remanded to the Board with instructions that it be assigned to a different IJ for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.