MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
VAN SICKLE, District Judge.
I. FINDINGS OF FACT
On November 4,1991, the Defendant, Qua-lex, purchased the wholesale photofinishing business of the Plaintiff, Monarch Photo.
Ex. 1. The majority of the purchase price was for the obtaining of customer lists and contracts between Monarch and its wholesale customers.
Id.,
4. The parties also signed an “Ancillary Services Agreement” which was to take effect on January 2, 1992.
Ex. 3. In essence, the Ancillary Agreement sought to provide Monarch with a five-year income stream as it refocused the concentration of its business from wholesale photo processing to catering to the needs of the professional and serious amateur photographer. Monarch would have the opportunity to process the work it had been doing before the company was purchased and Qualex would gain by augmenting its client base
with many loyal customers.
In a matter of months, however, the Ancillary Agreement broke down. This document is at the heart of the dispute between the two parties.
On May 20, 1992, Monarch requested a price increase on the processing of 24 and 36 exposure rolls of 35 millimeter Ektachrome slide film.
There was to be a 60 percent increase in net profit on the 24 exposure roll and a 66 percent increase on the 36 exposure roll for Monarch.
Qualex acceded to Monarch’s request.
Monarch’s request and Qua-lex’s consent to amend its intercompany price schedule were clearly within the contemplation of the parties.
On September 3, 1992, Monarch informed Qualex that it desired price increases on a variety of Ancillary Services.
Again, this amounted to a request for an amendment of Qualex’s price schedule referred to in section two of the Ancillary Agreement. On September 15, Paul Hirchert, the General Manager of Qualex, notified Monarch’s Sales Manager, Steve Garten, that Qualex would not agree to price increases on the following items; (1) black and white prints, reprints, and enlargements from black and white negatives; (2) color copyprints; (3) direct enlarged or reduced copies; and, (4) color prints and enlargements from color slides.
Qualex, however, did agree to the price hikes in professional wide roll and wide roll negative development.
Qualex’s decision to raise some prices and keep others at previous levels was made pursuant to its authority under section two of the Ancillary Agreement.
Monarch also refused to provide both a lustre or matte finishing option on regular enlargements and a glossy choice on large, poster-size enlargements.
While Monarch had provided lustre finishing for regular enlargements in the past, it appears that it never had offered a lustre option on poster size enlargements.
After the September 1992 requested price increase situation had been resolved, it appears that Qualex expected to continue to send some work to Monarch.
Qualex, however, began to curtail the sending of jobs to Monarch in the last quarter of 1992. During the early portion of 1993, Qualex stopped sending any work to Monarch. One reason for this curtailment was the purchase of enlargement equipment by Qualex that made it unprofitable for Qualex to send enlargement orders to Monarch when they could be done cheaper and quicker in-house.
Another reason for the phase-out of work to Monarch was a new corporate policy of Qualex to send all video transfer jobs to a corporate-approved vendor in California.
After at least two attempts to contact Qua-lex, Bob Artz, the president of Monarch, formally protested the reduction in work on February 15, 1993.
Qualex responded on April 13, 1993, stating that Monarch had breached the Ancillary Agreement and that it considered the agreement terminated.
II. Liability
A. Applicable Law
The Plaintiff and Defendant make a variety of claims regarding the law that should apply in this matter. This Court holds that the law of divisible contracts, novation, and requirements contracts all are
not
applicable in this case.
1.Divisible Contract
The Defendant is correct in its claim that this was not a divisible contract.
In order for there to be a divisible contract, “the performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises can be apportioned into corresponding pairs of part
performances
so that the parts of each pair are properly regarded as agreed equivalents.”
Restatement (Second) of Contracts
§ 240. Courts have held that there is a presumption against divisibility unless it is expressly stated in the contract.
Stone Forest Indus., Inc. v. United States,
973 F.2d 1548, 1552 (Fed.Cir.1992). In this contract, there was no discussion of apportionment as the ancillary services were portrayed as a group of services rather than things which should be viewed as distinguishable parts for the purposes of the contract. Therefore, Monarch should not be able to separate the contract into the photofinishing it refused to do after Qualex rejected the price increase and the work that Monarch continued to do after the rejection under a divisible contract theoiy. Monarch may succeed in this vein under a straight contract law claim.
See infra.
2.Novation
A novation did not occur as the Defendant claims. A novation can be made by the “substitution of a new obligation between the same parties with intent to release the latter.”
N.D.C.C.
§ 9-13-10(1). For there to be a novation, the parties must intend to extinguish the old obligation, there must be mutual assent, and there must be sufficient consideration.
Schmitt v. Berwick Twp.,
488 N.W.2d 398, 400 (N.D.1992).
The Defendant, Qualex, believes that “Monarch’s acceptance of the substantially reduced workload with no protest or even an offer to sit down and talk over the problems” constitutes assent to the novation.
This Court holds, however, that mutual assent did not occur.
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MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
VAN SICKLE, District Judge.
I. FINDINGS OF FACT
On November 4,1991, the Defendant, Qua-lex, purchased the wholesale photofinishing business of the Plaintiff, Monarch Photo.
Ex. 1. The majority of the purchase price was for the obtaining of customer lists and contracts between Monarch and its wholesale customers.
Id.,
4. The parties also signed an “Ancillary Services Agreement” which was to take effect on January 2, 1992.
Ex. 3. In essence, the Ancillary Agreement sought to provide Monarch with a five-year income stream as it refocused the concentration of its business from wholesale photo processing to catering to the needs of the professional and serious amateur photographer. Monarch would have the opportunity to process the work it had been doing before the company was purchased and Qualex would gain by augmenting its client base
with many loyal customers.
In a matter of months, however, the Ancillary Agreement broke down. This document is at the heart of the dispute between the two parties.
On May 20, 1992, Monarch requested a price increase on the processing of 24 and 36 exposure rolls of 35 millimeter Ektachrome slide film.
There was to be a 60 percent increase in net profit on the 24 exposure roll and a 66 percent increase on the 36 exposure roll for Monarch.
Qualex acceded to Monarch’s request.
Monarch’s request and Qua-lex’s consent to amend its intercompany price schedule were clearly within the contemplation of the parties.
On September 3, 1992, Monarch informed Qualex that it desired price increases on a variety of Ancillary Services.
Again, this amounted to a request for an amendment of Qualex’s price schedule referred to in section two of the Ancillary Agreement. On September 15, Paul Hirchert, the General Manager of Qualex, notified Monarch’s Sales Manager, Steve Garten, that Qualex would not agree to price increases on the following items; (1) black and white prints, reprints, and enlargements from black and white negatives; (2) color copyprints; (3) direct enlarged or reduced copies; and, (4) color prints and enlargements from color slides.
Qualex, however, did agree to the price hikes in professional wide roll and wide roll negative development.
Qualex’s decision to raise some prices and keep others at previous levels was made pursuant to its authority under section two of the Ancillary Agreement.
Monarch also refused to provide both a lustre or matte finishing option on regular enlargements and a glossy choice on large, poster-size enlargements.
While Monarch had provided lustre finishing for regular enlargements in the past, it appears that it never had offered a lustre option on poster size enlargements.
After the September 1992 requested price increase situation had been resolved, it appears that Qualex expected to continue to send some work to Monarch.
Qualex, however, began to curtail the sending of jobs to Monarch in the last quarter of 1992. During the early portion of 1993, Qualex stopped sending any work to Monarch. One reason for this curtailment was the purchase of enlargement equipment by Qualex that made it unprofitable for Qualex to send enlargement orders to Monarch when they could be done cheaper and quicker in-house.
Another reason for the phase-out of work to Monarch was a new corporate policy of Qualex to send all video transfer jobs to a corporate-approved vendor in California.
After at least two attempts to contact Qua-lex, Bob Artz, the president of Monarch, formally protested the reduction in work on February 15, 1993.
Qualex responded on April 13, 1993, stating that Monarch had breached the Ancillary Agreement and that it considered the agreement terminated.
II. Liability
A. Applicable Law
The Plaintiff and Defendant make a variety of claims regarding the law that should apply in this matter. This Court holds that the law of divisible contracts, novation, and requirements contracts all are
not
applicable in this case.
1.Divisible Contract
The Defendant is correct in its claim that this was not a divisible contract.
In order for there to be a divisible contract, “the performances to be exchanged under an exchange of promises can be apportioned into corresponding pairs of part
performances
so that the parts of each pair are properly regarded as agreed equivalents.”
Restatement (Second) of Contracts
§ 240. Courts have held that there is a presumption against divisibility unless it is expressly stated in the contract.
Stone Forest Indus., Inc. v. United States,
973 F.2d 1548, 1552 (Fed.Cir.1992). In this contract, there was no discussion of apportionment as the ancillary services were portrayed as a group of services rather than things which should be viewed as distinguishable parts for the purposes of the contract. Therefore, Monarch should not be able to separate the contract into the photofinishing it refused to do after Qualex rejected the price increase and the work that Monarch continued to do after the rejection under a divisible contract theoiy. Monarch may succeed in this vein under a straight contract law claim.
See infra.
2.Novation
A novation did not occur as the Defendant claims. A novation can be made by the “substitution of a new obligation between the same parties with intent to release the latter.”
N.D.C.C.
§ 9-13-10(1). For there to be a novation, the parties must intend to extinguish the old obligation, there must be mutual assent, and there must be sufficient consideration.
Schmitt v. Berwick Twp.,
488 N.W.2d 398, 400 (N.D.1992).
The Defendant, Qualex, believes that “Monarch’s acceptance of the substantially reduced workload with no protest or even an offer to sit down and talk over the problems” constitutes assent to the novation.
This Court holds, however, that mutual assent did not occur. The September, 1992 negotiations were confusing at best and nothing was reduced to writing. Moreover, Monarch cannot fall into a novation merely by failing to protest immediately a change in workload. For there to be mutual assent, there must be an objective manifestation of a meeting of the minds on all essential terms of the contract. 17A
Am.Jur.2d
Contracts § 26. Monarch’s decision to allow events to take their course for a few months in the interest of preserving a working relationship with Qualex does not equal an objective manifestation of agreement to a new contract. Therefore, the law of novation does not apply to this matter.
3.Requirements Contract
This is not a requirements contract as the Plaintiff claims. For there to be a requirements contract, the UCC must be applicable.
For the UCC to be applicable, there must be a sale of “goods” as defined in
the UCC.
The contract at bar involves both goods and services. In mixed goods and services cases, courts look to whether the goods or the services is the predominant factor, thrust, and purpose of the contract.
Air Heaters, Inc. v. Johnson Electric, Inc.,
258 N.W.2d 649, 652 (N.D.1977). The UCC sales provisions will be applied to a sale of an ongoing business only “if the essential element or nature of the contract is for the transfer of movable goods, and the transfer of items other than movable goods, such as goodwill or realty, and the performance of other acts ... are merely incidental or secondary elements under the contract.”
D.G. Porter, Inc. v. Fridley,
378 N.W.2d 917, 924 (N.D.1985).
In the case before this Court, the central issue involves services, not goods. Equipment and inventory only accounted for $250,-000 while service-related provisions, such as customer lists and a noncompetition agreement totaled one million dollars in the original contract.
In addition, the Ancillary Agreement on which this dispute centers primarily involves photofinishing services rather than goods.
The parties also did not state in the contract that the UCC should apply. Therefore, the UCC is not applicable and the law of requirements contracts does not apply in this matter.
B. Monarch’s Breach of Contract
North Dakota follows the general rule “that a material failure of performance by one party to a contract, not justified by the conduct of the other, discharges the latter’s duty to give the agreed exchange.”
United States v. American Employers’ Ins. Co.,
192 F.Supp. 873, 877 (D.N.D.1961).
See Restatement (Second) of Contracts
§ 253(2). An obligor repudiates the contract when he makes a statement indicating he will breach it or takes voluntary, affirmative action which renders him unable or apparently unable to perform the contract.
Restatement (Second) of Contracts
§ 250. To determine if the breach was material, the court must look at the totality of the events and circumstances.
Stone Forest Indus., Inc. v. United States,
973 F.2d 1548, 1552 (Fed.Cir.1992).
See Restatement (Second) of Contracts
§ 241 & cmt. a.
This Court finds that Monarch materially breached the Ancillary Agreement given the totality of the circumstances. By refusing to perform certain types of work without a price increase, Monarch was violating the very nature of the Ancillary Agreement. Monarch did not follow the procedures outlined in the Ancillary Agreement for termination.
The Ancillary Agreement could not function if the Plaintiff could pick and choose which services it decided to perform on a given day depending on the profit it was receiving.
■ C. Qualex’s Continuation of Performance
It is well settled in American contract law that:
“Where there has been a material breach which does not indicate an intention to repudiate the remainder of the contract, the injured party has an election of continuing performance, or of ceasing to perform, or of repudiating the contract. Any act by the injured party indicating an intent to continue will operate as a conclusive election, not depriving him of his right of action for the breach which has already taken place, but depriving him of any excuse for ceasing performance on his own part ... a party may waive a breach by the other party and be liable for his own subsequent breach.” 17A
Am.Jur.2d
Contracts § 731.
Under North Dakota law, a contract in writing may be altered by an executed oral agreement.
N.D.C.C.
9-09-06. An oral agreement is executed “whenever the party performing has incurred a detriment which he was not obligated by the original contract
to incur.”
Id.
Legal detriment is defined as giving up something which the promisee was entitled to do or doing something that the promisee was privileged not to do.
Mitchell v. Barnes,
354 N.W.2d 680, 682 (N.D.1984).
This court holds that Qualex elected to continue performance of the Ancillary Agreement after Monarch’s September 1992 breach. Qualex expected the relationship between the two companies to remain and continued to send work to Monarch’s Fargo facility after the breach occurred.
Qualex also did not follow the termination procedures outlined within section five of the Ancillary Agreement.
This court also holds that Qualex suffered a legal detriment. By electing not to abandon its duties under the Ancillary Agreement and by not repudiating the contract, Qualex gave up something which it was entitled to do. Therefore, Qua-lex did not have the right to curtail the forwarding of work to Monarch once it had agreed to continue the Ancillary Agreement in some form after the September 1992 pricing discussions.
III. Damages
A. Period of Calculation
The Ancillary Agreement allowed three possible rationales for Qualex’s termination of the agreement. Qualex could terminate the Agreement immediately upon written request if, in its reasonable judgment,:
1. the quality of Monarch’s work was unsatisfactory;
2. the service time of Monarch’s performance was unsatisfactory;
3. the percentage of orders rejected by the seller is unsatisfactory.
There is no dispute that the quality of Monarch’s work was as good, if not superior, to that of Qualex. There is, however, disagreement between the litigants over service times and the percentage of orders rejected.
This Court finds that the service time of Monarch was satisfactory. Qualex faults Monarch for the latter’s failure to produce enlargements on a next-day turnaround.
Yet, the Ancillary Agreement plainly states that “[t]he parties anticipate the service time required by Buyer for any given order will generally be between two and three days for each type of Ancillary Service to be performed on that order.”
The service time problem was created by Qualex due to national competition and the purchase by the company of enlarging equipment.
That it would be more profitable for Qualex to do its enlargements in-house is not enough for this Court to find that Qualex could have reasonably concluded that Monarch’s service time was unsatisfactory.
Qualex’s claim that Monarch’s rejection rate was unsatisfactory is stronger. Qualex fulfilled the written request requirement stated in the Ancillary Agreement
by its letter of April 13, 1993.
The reason stated for the termination was Monarch’s “failure to provide the agreed upon services at the agreed upon prices.”
Evidence of the impact of Monarch’s decision to refuse the categories of work to which Qualex did not agree to a price increase in September of 1992 is apparent from the fact that there was a 71 percent drop in volume from the month before Monarch turned down categories of work (September 1992) to the month after (October 1992).
Qualex also had problems sorting the work that Monarch would accept from the categories that Monarch refused. Qualex could have had no expectation of
these sorting problems nor of Monarch’s future denial of parts of the Ancillary Agreement when it signed the document. Even assuming that Monarch was in the right with regard to enlargements, the amount of work refused by Monarch in September of 1992 was substantial.
Therefore, this Court finds that Qualex could have reasonably believed that the percentage of orders rejected by Monarch was unsatisfactory. Qualex satisfactorily performed the termination procedure outlined in section five of the Ancillary Agreement on April 13,1993 by stating, in writing, that the agreement was terminated due to Monarch’s refusal to perform a substantial portion of the work specified within the Ancillary Agreement. Therefore, this Court holds that Monarch is entitled to receive damages incurred only from October 2,1992 to April 13, 1993.
B. Compensatory Damages
Both litigants have presented comprehensive determinations of damage calculations. This court finds that, on the whole, the Defendant’s calculations to be more credible. First, Qualex uses actual figures for its calculations. While this Court is aware that these numbers may not be entirely accurate, this Court finds that Qualex’s use of actual numbers by the Monthly Sales Analysis Statements is more dependable that Monarch’s reliance on estimates. Second, Qualex’s interpretation of the mix of orders and revenue per order appears to be more realistic than Monarch’s estimations. Third, the Ancillary Agreement discusses only the transference of orders from Qualex’s Fargo plant to Monarch.
Thus, Monarch’s attempt to add damages relating to Qualex’s Eagan, Minnesota plant is misguided. Fourth, Qualex concentrates on the products listed as being part of the Ancillary Agreement, while Monarch has attempted to add too many product categories that lie outside the scope of the Agreement. Finally, this Court believes that the Defendant’s accounting expert, Robert Roel, presented evidence of the credibility of Defendant’s methods that was not effectively refuted by the Plaintiff. Therefore, this Court will use Qualex’s figures for the lost gross revenue determination.
This Court, however, will employ Monarch’s direct labor and material percentages. Qualex’s contention that the lost gross revenue shall be reduced by approximately 75 percent results in too great a deduction. First, Monarch, and not an outside company as in Qualex, is likely to come up with a more accurate calculation of its internal profit structure. Second, general operational expenses are not to be included in determining the cost of performance.
It appears that Qualex may have taken some general operation expenses into account when it determined Monarch’s fixed costs. Finally, this Court finds Monarch’s direct cost computations to be more accurate in their preparation
Therefore, the lost revenue will be reduced by Monarch’s 28.3 percent figure in order to determine the net compensatory damages.
To determine the gross damages, this Court first added the orders for October 1992 through March 1993 per each general category. As the period of damages ended on April 13, 1993, the Court halved the orders for April 1993 and added them into the calculation. The Court then multiplied the October 1992 through April 1993 orders per each general category by the percentage of specific orders in each subcategory that Qua-lex determined to be within the Ancillary Agreement. Next, the Court multiplied that order by Qualex’s revenue per order determination. The result is $11,856.73 in lost
revenue for Monarch.
Finally, the Court subtracted 28.3 percent in.fixed costs from $11,856.73 to figure out Monarch’s net damage total of $8,501.28.
Therefore, this Court finds that Monarch is entitled to $8,501.28 in compensatory damages.
C. Prejudgment Interest
The awarding of prejudgment interest rests in the discretion of the district court.
Cargill, Inc. v. Taylor Towing Service, Inc.,
642 F.2d 239, 241 (8th Cir.1981). The purpose of prejudgment interest is to make sure that the damages received by the wronged party are adequate to compensate that party for its economic losses.
See Weber v. Logan County Home for the Aged,
623 F.Supp. 711, 715 (D.N.D.1985),
aff'd,
804 F.2d 1058 (8th Cir.1986). The North Dakota Supreme Court has held that prejudgment interest is proper in a breach of contract case.
Troutman v. Pierce, Inc.,
402 N.W.2d 920, 924 (N.D.1987). The applicable rate in the matter before this court is six percent per annum.
N.D.C.C.
47-14-05;
Bismarck Realty Co. v. Folden,
354 N.W.2d 636, 641-42 (N.D.1984).
This Court finds that prejudgment interest is appropriate in the ease at bar. Interest will be computed from October 2, 1992, the date Qualex elected to continue performance of the Ancillary Agreement despite Monarch’s breach. Therefore, Monarch is entitled to prejudgment interest in the amount of $1877.01.
D. Attorney’s Fees
While Monarch would be entitled to attorney’s fees if it had not also been at fault, that is not the ease before the Court. Qualex did not breach the Ancillary Agreement, but merely elected to continue performance after Monarch’s breach of the Agreement. If Monarch was to receive attorney’s fees in this matter, it would be receiving an added bonus from having breached a contract. Therefore, as Monarch initially breached the Ancillary Agreement, it is not entitled to attorney’s fees.
IV. Conclusion
The Plaintiff, Monarch Photo, is entitled to compensatory damages of $8501.28 and pre
judgment interest of $1877.01. THEREFORE IT IS ORDERED that judgment be entered in favor of the Plaintiff, Monarch Photo, in the amount of $10,378.29.
LET THE JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.