PRITCHARD, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). [1] Among other things, it is contended by the defendant in error (who will hereinafter be referred to as defendant) that “there was no evidence that the decedent was a bachelor, or that he left no widow or child.” In view of the provisions of the statutes, it was necessary to allege and prove that the deceased left no widow or children surviving him in order to entitle plaintiff in this instance to recover. Garrett v. Louisville & N. R. Co., 197 Fed. 715, 117 C. C. A. 109; Michigan Central Railroad Co. v. Vreeland, 227 U. S. 59, 33 Sup. Ct. 192, 57 L. Ed. 417, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 176; American Railroad Co. v. Didricksen, 227 U. S. 145, 33 Sup. Ct. 224, 57 L. Ed. 456.
[2] While it is true that there was no direct evidence that the decedent was riot married and had no children, yet there was proof that he was about 21 years of age and resided with his mother; that his average wage was $53.27 per month. Plis stepfather, in testifying as to the contributions that he made to his mother after he became of age, among other things, said:
“ * * * He was always giving his mother; he was a mother’s boy, and always giving to her. At any and all times he had anything to give he would give it to his mother.”
[42]*42Counsel for defendant made the following admissions:
“ * * * That this young man was strong, able-bodied, and healthy, and in good health at the time of this occurrence; that he was an industrious and active man, and that he was of the age stated by his mother; that he was employed by the railroad company, commencing in September and running through September, October, November, and December, as will be shown by the record; and that he was a faithful and industrious man in his employment with the company.”
Defendant also made the following admissions:
“The defendant admits, as a matter of fact, as though proven in this case, that the decedent, Cecil Cain, was employed during the months of September, October, November, and December, 1910, at times, as an extra brakeman, and that the table and statement of wages, as shown on this paper now handed to the stenographer, is correct, as follows: September, $26.30; October, $77.10; November, $50.80; December, $58.90 — and an average for the four months of $58.27, and that the smaller number of dollars for these several months represent the smaller number of days for which he was actually employed in these months, and so as to the larger figures.”
As we have stated, the mother of the decedent testified that he always contributed to her support, and that he would give her the last dollar he had; further, that he spent very little for himself, and that he only paid his board, and that she did not know that he bought any clothes while working for the company, but that he gave his money to her. These things probably would not have happened if he had had a wife and children. Indeed, the record shows that the trial was conducted by counsel on both sides on the assumption that the father and the mother were the nearest relatives. In view of this evidence, it would be absurd to say that there were no facts from which the jury could reasonably infer that decedent had no wife or child. To deprive the decedent’s mother, in view of the evidence, of the privilege of having her rights passed upon by a jury on account of a technical slip of this kind, would be a manifest miscarriage of justice.
There is no proof that the father suffered any damages or had any reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit in the event the- decedent had not lost his life, and as to it also appears, as shown by pleas Nps.. 4 and 5, that the father had compromised with the defendant for a valuable consideration, to wit, the sum of $1,250, and had therefore released the defendant from all damages.
[3] It is also insisted that, in order to entitle the plaintiff to recover under the statute, it must be shown (1) that the mothér'was wholly dependent upon the son, and (2) that she would not be entitled to recover for any support which she might reasonably have expected from her son in the future. In the case of Dooley v. Seaboard Air Dine Railroad Company, 163 N. C. 454, 79 S. E. 970, Judge Allen, of the Supreme Court of that state, in referring to the questions presented in that case said:
“Tbe appeal presents two questions for decision: (1) Can an action be maintained for tbe benefit of tbe father under tbe federal Employers’ Liability Act for tbe wrongful death of an adult son, without alleging and proving that the father was dependent on tbe son? (2) If the action can be maintained, did his-honor instruct the jury correctly as to the measure of damages?”
[43]*43After an exhaustive review of the Cases of Vreeland, Didrickscn, and McGinnis, 228 U. S. 173, 33 Sup. Ct. 426, 57 L. Ed. 785, Judge Allen said:
“It would seem, then, that the construction placed upon the act by the Supreme Court of the United States is that the action may be maintained in behalf of the widow, or husband, or children, or parents upon proof of a reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit, and that, when it is for the benefit of others as next of kin, there must be proof of dependency. It may be doubted whether the courts should limit and qualify the right of action for the benefit of the widow, etc., when the statute does not do so, and when the effect is to narrow the scope of the act passed for the protection of employes, so that under this construction in most cases the amount of recovery will be greatly reduced, and in many it will be nominal; but, however this may be, the language will not permit the construction that the word ‘dependent’ relates to any of the beneficiaries except the next of kin. In the first section, after declaring the liability of the employer to the injured employs, it adds: ‘Or in the case of the death of such employe, to his or her personal representatives for the benefit of the surviving widow or husband and children of such employ®; and if none, then to such employe’s parents; and if none, then to the next of kin, dependent upon such employ®, for such injury or death,’ etc. The beneficiaries are divided into three classes, and it is only when there is no one belonging to the first and second classes that an action may be maintained in behalf of more remote relatives, next of kin, and they must be dependent. If, then, the parent may maintain an action for the wrongful death of his son, although not dependent, if he has a reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit from the continuance of his life, what is the meaning of this phrase, and how may the fact be proven? We follow the precedent set by Mr.
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PRITCHARD, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). [1] Among other things, it is contended by the defendant in error (who will hereinafter be referred to as defendant) that “there was no evidence that the decedent was a bachelor, or that he left no widow or child.” In view of the provisions of the statutes, it was necessary to allege and prove that the deceased left no widow or children surviving him in order to entitle plaintiff in this instance to recover. Garrett v. Louisville & N. R. Co., 197 Fed. 715, 117 C. C. A. 109; Michigan Central Railroad Co. v. Vreeland, 227 U. S. 59, 33 Sup. Ct. 192, 57 L. Ed. 417, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 176; American Railroad Co. v. Didricksen, 227 U. S. 145, 33 Sup. Ct. 224, 57 L. Ed. 456.
[2] While it is true that there was no direct evidence that the decedent was riot married and had no children, yet there was proof that he was about 21 years of age and resided with his mother; that his average wage was $53.27 per month. Plis stepfather, in testifying as to the contributions that he made to his mother after he became of age, among other things, said:
“ * * * He was always giving his mother; he was a mother’s boy, and always giving to her. At any and all times he had anything to give he would give it to his mother.”
[42]*42Counsel for defendant made the following admissions:
“ * * * That this young man was strong, able-bodied, and healthy, and in good health at the time of this occurrence; that he was an industrious and active man, and that he was of the age stated by his mother; that he was employed by the railroad company, commencing in September and running through September, October, November, and December, as will be shown by the record; and that he was a faithful and industrious man in his employment with the company.”
Defendant also made the following admissions:
“The defendant admits, as a matter of fact, as though proven in this case, that the decedent, Cecil Cain, was employed during the months of September, October, November, and December, 1910, at times, as an extra brakeman, and that the table and statement of wages, as shown on this paper now handed to the stenographer, is correct, as follows: September, $26.30; October, $77.10; November, $50.80; December, $58.90 — and an average for the four months of $58.27, and that the smaller number of dollars for these several months represent the smaller number of days for which he was actually employed in these months, and so as to the larger figures.”
As we have stated, the mother of the decedent testified that he always contributed to her support, and that he would give her the last dollar he had; further, that he spent very little for himself, and that he only paid his board, and that she did not know that he bought any clothes while working for the company, but that he gave his money to her. These things probably would not have happened if he had had a wife and children. Indeed, the record shows that the trial was conducted by counsel on both sides on the assumption that the father and the mother were the nearest relatives. In view of this evidence, it would be absurd to say that there were no facts from which the jury could reasonably infer that decedent had no wife or child. To deprive the decedent’s mother, in view of the evidence, of the privilege of having her rights passed upon by a jury on account of a technical slip of this kind, would be a manifest miscarriage of justice.
There is no proof that the father suffered any damages or had any reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit in the event the- decedent had not lost his life, and as to it also appears, as shown by pleas Nps.. 4 and 5, that the father had compromised with the defendant for a valuable consideration, to wit, the sum of $1,250, and had therefore released the defendant from all damages.
[3] It is also insisted that, in order to entitle the plaintiff to recover under the statute, it must be shown (1) that the mothér'was wholly dependent upon the son, and (2) that she would not be entitled to recover for any support which she might reasonably have expected from her son in the future. In the case of Dooley v. Seaboard Air Dine Railroad Company, 163 N. C. 454, 79 S. E. 970, Judge Allen, of the Supreme Court of that state, in referring to the questions presented in that case said:
“Tbe appeal presents two questions for decision: (1) Can an action be maintained for tbe benefit of tbe father under tbe federal Employers’ Liability Act for tbe wrongful death of an adult son, without alleging and proving that the father was dependent on tbe son? (2) If the action can be maintained, did his-honor instruct the jury correctly as to the measure of damages?”
[43]*43After an exhaustive review of the Cases of Vreeland, Didrickscn, and McGinnis, 228 U. S. 173, 33 Sup. Ct. 426, 57 L. Ed. 785, Judge Allen said:
“It would seem, then, that the construction placed upon the act by the Supreme Court of the United States is that the action may be maintained in behalf of the widow, or husband, or children, or parents upon proof of a reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit, and that, when it is for the benefit of others as next of kin, there must be proof of dependency. It may be doubted whether the courts should limit and qualify the right of action for the benefit of the widow, etc., when the statute does not do so, and when the effect is to narrow the scope of the act passed for the protection of employes, so that under this construction in most cases the amount of recovery will be greatly reduced, and in many it will be nominal; but, however this may be, the language will not permit the construction that the word ‘dependent’ relates to any of the beneficiaries except the next of kin. In the first section, after declaring the liability of the employer to the injured employs, it adds: ‘Or in the case of the death of such employe, to his or her personal representatives for the benefit of the surviving widow or husband and children of such employ®; and if none, then to such employe’s parents; and if none, then to the next of kin, dependent upon such employ®, for such injury or death,’ etc. The beneficiaries are divided into three classes, and it is only when there is no one belonging to the first and second classes that an action may be maintained in behalf of more remote relatives, next of kin, and they must be dependent. If, then, the parent may maintain an action for the wrongful death of his son, although not dependent, if he has a reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit from the continuance of his life, what is the meaning of this phrase, and how may the fact be proven? We follow the precedent set by Mr. Justice Lurlon, who said in the Vreeland Case: ‘The statute in giving an action for the benefit of certain members of the family of the decedent is essentially identical with the first act, which ever provided for a cause of action arising out of the death of a human being, that of 9 & 10 Victoria, known as Lord Campbell’s Act,’ and who had recourse to the decisions upon the English statute and upon like statutes in different states to ascertain the meaning of the federal statute.”
After a careful review of the English and American cases, Judge Allen, as to the law applicable to the same, said:
“The evidence meets fully this rule of the English and American courts (requiring proof of a reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit to the father from a continuance of the life of decedent). The deceased was, according to the evidence, strong, healthy, intelligent, and industrious, and he was a young man of good habits and good character. He had helped the father and was so disposed to him that he would give him his last cent if the father needed it, and the father was growing old, and while not actually dependent on the son for support at' the time of death, he did not know how soon he might be. This furnishes sufficient evidence to sustain a finding that the father had a reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit from the continuance of the life of the son, and the motion for judgment of nonsuit was therefore properly denied.”
In view of the rule announced in the cases to which we have referred, we are of opinion that it was only necessary for the plaintiff to prove that she had a reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit from a continuance of decedent’s life in order to entitle her to recover, and the evidence which we have quoted is sufficient to have justified the jury in finding in favor of the plaintiff in this issue if it had been submitted to them by the court below.
[4] The only material difference between the facts in Dooley v. Seaboard Air Dine Railroad Co., supra, and the case at bar, is that in that case the beneficiary was the father, and in the case at bar the [44]*44beneficiary is the mother. The evidence in this case, as we have stated, establishes the fact that the mother was to some extent dependent upon her son for support during his lifetime, and that she had a reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit if her son had not lost his life. The mother, in response to an inquiry as to what dependency she had upon her son for support, said:
“Well, of course, I was only partly dependent upon him for my support; I looked to him, and expected money from him always.”
It is provided by sections 2 and 9 of the federal Employers’ Liability Act that, where the death of an employé is caused by the negligence of a common carrier, such common carrier shall be liable in damages to the personal representative of the deceased employé, who may institute suit of one of three distinct classes of beneficiaries, to wit: First, the surviving widow or husband and widow of such decedent; second, the parents of decedent; third, the next of kin dependent upon such decedent.
The court below in directing a verdict for the defendant manifestly acted upon the theory that the mother was not entitled to recover, inasmuch as it was shown that she was married and that her husband was living and able and willing to support her; in other words, that unless she could show that she was wholly dependent upon her son for support and maintenance she would not be entitled to recover. This is tantamount to holding that the language “next of kin dependent upon such employé” applies to the first and second classes. We think that this language is limited to the third class, and therefore does not relate to the first and second classes.
It appears that the party for whose benefit this suit was instituted was in the second class. It further appears that plaintiff not only offered evidence tending to show that the mother was to some extent dependent upon her son for maintenance and support during his lifetime — which he generously furnished her — but that she had a reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit from a continuance of decedent’s life. This evidence raised a question of fact pertinent to the issues presented by the pleading, and the same should have been submitted to the jury 'for its determination.
[5] It is contended by the plaintiff that the mother is entitled to recover, not only the direct damages suffered'by her from the loss of her son, but that under the amendment to the statute of 1910 she is entitled to recover also for all the suffering which her son himself would have suffered had he survived. This doubtful construction of the statute is sustained in Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. Maerkl, 198 Fed. 1, 117 C. C. A. 237. Even if it be assumed that this construction is'correct, we do not think it should be extended in its application to a case like this, where the suffering of the deceased previous to his death could not rest on anything but conjecture, since his death was instantaneous.
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the lower court is reversed, and the case will be remanded, with instructions to proceed in accordance with the views herein expressed.
Reversed.