Miller v. Holzmann

575 F. Supp. 2d 2

Opinion

(2008)

Richard F. MILLER, Plaintiff,
v.
Philipp HOLZMANN, et al., Defendants.

Civil Action No. 95-1231 (RCL).

United States District Court, District of Columbia.

August 12, 2008.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

ROYCE C. LAMBERTH, Chief Judge.

Winston Churchill prescribed magnanimity in victory. See Winston S. Churchill, THE SECOND WORLD WAR, VOLUME I: THE GATHERING STORM xiii (1948).

But Churchill, of course, spoke of war, not litigation.

On August 10, 2007, relator emerged victorious in this False Claims Act ("FCA") suit of epic duration when this Court entered judgment against six defendants^[1] for over $90 million.^[2] (See generally Judgment [883].) He now seeks another $20 million in attorneys' fees and costs.

Now before the Court are plaintiffs' bills of costs [928, 929, 933] and relator's motion for attorneys' fees, costs, and expenses [930]. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1) and Local Civil Rule 54.1, the United States asks the Court to tax its $54,437.87 in costs to defendants.^[3] Relator, in turn, requests reimbursement for $31,973.96 in costs.^[4] Separately, relator seeks $9,945,765.25 in attorneys' fees^[5] and $511,723.06 in associated costs and expenses.^[6] Finally, he proposes a 100 percent enhancement of his attorneys' fees based on exceptional quality of representation, thus raising his overall demand to $20,403,253.56. Defendants, naturally, oppose plaintiffs' requests.^[7] This Opinion first considers Anderson's argument that he shares liability only for the government's costs. It then examines defendants' challenges to plaintiffs' bills of costs, to relator's attorneys' fees, and to his expenses.

I. Anderson's Liability

Although the jury found for the government on its sole, live claim against Anderson, this Court dismissed relator's claims against Anderson as time-barred. (See Verdict Form [858] at 4, 7, 11; Mem. Op. of June 14, 2007[872] at 29.) In opposing relator's fee petition, Anderson contends the FCA permits only "prevailing parties" to recover fees and costs from a defendant, that relator is not a "prevailing party" as against him, and that accordingly, he is not liable to relator. (Anderson's Opp'n at 2-7.) Relator, however, insists the FCA does not limit fee and cost recovery to prevailing parties, and that because the government prevailed on its claim against Anderson, Anderson is jointly and severally liable with the other defendants for relator's fees and costs. (Reply to Anderson's Opp'n at 1.)

As the parties (at least, implicitly) concede, this issue is one of first impression. (See id. at 4; Anderson's Opp'n at 5.)

In incorporating a fee-shifting provision, the FCA is far from unique among federal statutes that create private, civil causes of action. Compare 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008) (qui tam relator may recover "expenses... necessarily incurred, plus reasonable attorneys' fees and costs," from the defendants), with 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b) (2008) (court has discretion to award "reasonable attorney's fee as part of [] costs" to successful civil rights plaintiffs).

Under many other fee-shifting schemes, a plaintiff may recover his attorneys' fees and expenses from the defendant only when he is a "prevailing party."^[8]See, e.g., Richlin Sec. Serv. Co. v. Chertoff, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. 2007, 2011, 170 L.Ed.2d 960 (2008) (Equal Access to Justice Act, 5 U.S.C. section 504(a)(1), "permits an eligible prevailing party to recover `fees and other expenses incurred by that party in connection with' a proceeding before an administrative agency"); Winkelman v. Parma City Sch. Dist., ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 1994, 2002, 167 L.Ed.2d 904 (2007) (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. section 1315(i)(3)(B)(i)(I), "allow[s] an award [of attorney's fees] `to a prevailing party who is the parent of a child with a disability'"); Farrar v. Hobby, 506 U.S. 103, 109, 113 S.Ct. 566, 121 L.Ed.2d 494 (1992) ("in order to qualify for attorney's fees under [the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act, 42 U.S.C.] § 1988, a plaintiff must be a `prevailing party'"). Cf. FED.R.CIV.P. 54.1(d) (providing for recovery of costs other than attorney's fees by "the prevailing party" in civil litigation).

The FCA does not expressly limit fee recovery to "prevailing" relators, but its description of which relators may recoup their fees is not exactly a model of clarity:

If the Government proceeds with an action brought by a [relator], such person shall . . . receive at least 15 percent but not more than 25 percent of the proceeds of the action or settlement of the claim.... Where the action is one which the court finds to be based primarily on disclosures of specific information (other than information provided by the person bringing the action) relating to allegations or transactions [that have been publicly disclosed] the court may award... no [ ] more than 10 percent of the proceeds. . . . Any payment to a person under the first or second sentence shall be made from the proceeds. Any such person shall also receive an amount for reasonable expenses ... necessarily incurred, plus reasonable attorneys' fees and costs. All such expenses, fees, and costs shall be awarded against the defendant.

31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008) (emphasis added).^[9]Cf. 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b) (2008) (court has discretion to award reasonable attorney's fee to "prevailing party" in suits brought pursuant to certain civil rights statutes).

To interpret the vague phrase "any such person," the Court must look to its context. See Davis v. Mich. Dep't of Treasury, 489 U.S. 803, 809, 109 S.Ct. 1500, 103 L.Ed.2d 891 (1989) ("It is a fundamental canon of statutory construction that the words of a statute must be read in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme."). In light of the immediately preceding sentence, "any such person" must mean any person who receives payment under the statute's first or second sentences. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008). Those two sentences merely establish the percentage bounty a relator should receive when the government intervenes in the action he has brought and ultimately secures payment for its damages. See id. The internal cross-reference thus suggests that whenever the government intervenes and obtains relief, no matter the circumstances, the relator should receive both a share of the government's proceeds and reasonable attorneys' fees.

This reading, however, would yield absurd results—at least some of which Congress clearly did not intend. For example, 31 U.S.C. section 3730(e) provides that no court shall have jurisdiction over certain actions, such as those "based upon the public disclosure of allegations or transactions. . . unless . . . the person bringing the action is an original source of the information"—that is, "an individual who has direct and independent knowledge of the information on which the allegations are based and [who] has voluntarily provided the information to the Government" before filing his qui tam complaint. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4) (2008). Logically, having erected a jurisdictional bar to these relators' claims, Congress could not have intended them to receive attorneys' fees. See Fed. Recovery Servs., Inc., 72 F.3d at 449-50, 453 (affirming district court's denial of attorneys' fees to relator whose claims were dismissed as barred under section 3730(e)(4)). Cf. United States ex rel. Merena v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 205 F.3d 97, 106 (3d Cir.2000) (Alito, J.) (reversing district court's award of relator's share to relator whose claims were subject to dismissal under section 3730(e)(4)). On the contrary, Congress has sought to prevent, not reward, "opportunistic suits by private persons who heard of fraud but played no part in exposing it." Cooper v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Fla., Inc., 19 F.3d 562, 565 (11th Cir.1994) (emphasis added) (discussing comprehensive 1986 FCA amendments).

The fee-shifting provision itself does not appear to draw this line—nor, for that matter, any other.^[10] Relator suggests the Court should interpret this inscrutable language in light of the FCA's goals, which he argues support awarding attorneys' fees to relators, like himself, whose claims are dismissed due to "procedural," vice jurisdictional, defects. (See Reply to Anderson's Opp'n at 4-5.) Courts rightly balk at engaging in this sort of arbitrary line-drawing. E.g., Colgrove v. Battin, 413 U.S. 149, 182, 93 S.Ct. 2448, 37 L.Ed.2d 522 (1973) (Marshall, J., dissenting) ("Normally, in our system we leave the inevitable process of arbitrary line drawing to the Legislative Branch, which is far better equipped to make ad hoc compromises.").

Happily, here, Congress left an additional, unambiguous clue to its intent in drafting the FCA attorneys' fees provision. In its report accompanying the 1986 amendments, the Senate Judiciary Committee characterized the FCA's fee-shifting scheme as applying to "prevailing qui tam relators." S.Rep. No. 99-345, at 29 (1986), as reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, 5294 (emphasis added). As explained above, the qualifier "prevailing" appears in numerous other federal fee-shifting provisions, and its meaning is well-established. See, e.g., Farrar, 506 U.S. at 109-11, 113 S.Ct. 566. Its application here would harmonize the fee-shifting provision with the jurisdictional exclusions in subsection (e) and with more fundamental jurisdictional concerns.^[11]See Fed. Recovery Servs., Inc., 72 F.3d at 450, 452 (government's intervention does not cure existing jurisdictional defect in relator's complaint so as to permit dismissed relator to recover attorneys' fees); United States ex rel. Taxpayers Against Fraud v. Gen. Elec. Co., 41 F.3d 1032, 1044 (6th Cir.1994) (despite government's intervention and settlement with defendant, if district court on remand determined co-relator lacked standing, it could not recoup attorneys' fees).

As the Supreme Court has observed, "[r]espect for ordinary language requires that a plaintiff receive at least some relief on the merits of his claim before he can be said to prevail." Hewitt v. Helms, 482 U.S. 755, 760, 107 S.Ct. 2672, 96 L.Ed.2d 654 (1987), overruled in part on other grounds by Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418 (1995). The Senate Report's "ordinary language" undercuts relator's contention that Anderson, against whom his claims garnered no relief whatever, should share liability for his attorneys' fees and costs.

Furthermore, contrary to relator's arguments, declining to assess relator's attorneys' fees against Anderson comports with the FCA's underlying purposes. Relator insists Congress enacted the FCA "to encourage the filing of this very kind of lawsuit," in which relator from the outset fingered Anderson as a ringleader in the fraud. (Reply to Anderson's Opp'n at 3-4.)

First, to answer relator's implicit proposition most directly, this Court is confident that potential relators will not be discouraged from filing meritorious FCA claims by a holding that 31 U.S.C. section 3730(d)(1) does not permit attorneys' fee awards against defendants who obtain judgment as a matter of law on the relator's claims.^[12]

Second, this Court has encapsulated the FCA's purposes as follows:

The False Claims Act seeks, first and foremost, to detect, punish, and deter the submission of false claims, while seeking to restore funds to the federal fisc. The qui tam provisions enlist private individuals, often motivated largely by self-interest, to report and prosecute alleged false claims. Those provisions seek to strike a balance between the interests of the government and the selfinterest of relators.

United States ex rel. Pogue v. Diabetes Treatment Ctrs. of Am., 474 F.Supp.2d 75, 87 (D.D.C.2007) (Lamberth, J.). "The [FCA's] statute of limitations," this Court reasoned, "advances those governmental interests." Id. Yet statutes of limitations, by their nature, also "facilitat[e] the administration of claims[ ] ... [and] promot[e] judicial efficiency." John R. Sand & Gravel Co. v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. 750, 753, 169 L.Ed.2d 591 (2008) (citations omitted). Thus, Congress clearly did not seek "to encourage the filing of this very kind of lawsuit" at the expense of these governmental interests and prudential considerations.^[13] Denying attorneys' fees to relators whose claims are time-barred strikes this balance.

Accordingly, the Court concludes that because relator's claims against Anderson were dismissed in their entirety, relator may not recover attorneys' fees, costs, or expenses from Anderson under the FCA. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1), only a "prevailing party" may recover costs, other than attorneys' fees, from a private defendant. FED.R.CIV.P. 54(d)(1). Because relator's legal relationship to Anderson remains wholly unchanged, he may not recover costs from Anderson under this Rule. See Tex. State Teachers Ass'n, 489 U.S. at 792-93, 109 S.Ct. 1486; Graham, 473 U.S. at 168, 105 S.Ct. 3099.

II. Plaintiffs' Taxable Costs

As stated above, Rule 54(d)(1) permits a "prevailing party" to recoup his costs, other than attorneys' fees, from a private defendant. FED.R.CIV.P. 54(d)(1). Cf. 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a) (U.S. may recover "the costs of a civil action" brought to recover FCA penalty or damages). While Rule 54(d)(1) affords the court some discretion in awarding costs, the Courts of Appeals have consistently treated the allowance as presumptive, holding "that a court may neither deny nor reduce a prevailing party's request for costs without first articulating some good reason for doing so." Baez v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 684 F.2d 999, 1004 (D.C.Cir.1982) (en banc) (per curiam). The unsuccessful party bears the burden of supplying this "good reason," and "trial judges have rarely denied costs to a prevailing party whose conduct has not been vexatious when the losing party has been capable of paying such costs." Id.; see, e.g., Bell v. Gonzales, No. 03-163, 2006 WL 6000485, **2-3, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69415, at *7-8 (D.D.C. Sept. 27, 2006) (Bates, J.) (sharply reducing government's "plainly inflated Bill of Costs," where costs were "not well supported factually or legally" and comprised "a punitive effort ... against an unsuccessful discrimination plaintiff").

In particular, by statute, a prevailing party may recover "[f]ees of the court reporter for all or any part of the stenographic transcript necessarily obtained for use in the case." 28 U.S.C. § 1920(2) (2008). This Court's local rules refine this allowance:

(6) the costs, at the reporter's standard rate, of the original and one copy of any deposition noticed by the prevailing party, and of one copy of any deposition noticed by any other party, if the deposition was used on the record, at a hearing or trial;

(7) the cost, at the reporter's standard rate, of the original and one copy of the reporter's transcript of a hearing or trial if the transcript: (i) is alleged by the prevailing party to have been necessary for the determination of an appeal within the meaning of Rule 39(e), Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, or (ii) was required by the court to be transcribed[.]

Local Civ. R. 54.1(d).

Defendants' sole objection to plaintiffs' bills of costs concerns allegedly duplicative charges for transcripts. Specifically, the United States and relator have each billed for an original and one copy of thirteen individuals' deposition transcripts.^[14] In some of these cases, it is clear that plaintiffs wish defendants to pay for four copies of exactly the same document.^[15] Further, the United States and relator each seek reimbursement for an original and one copy of each afternoon's trial transcript. (See Ex. 1 to U.S. Bill of Costs [928] at 3-4; Ex. 4 to Relator's Bill of Costs [929] at 1-2.) Again, they repeatedly paid for four copies of the same document, at a premium for expedited preparation.

Such expenditures hardly seem reasonable. The Court does not suggest that as co-plaintiffs, the United States and relator must necessarily have shared a single transcript, prepared according to the court reporter's regular schedule. But for each plaintiff to bill for two copies of an expedited transcript strikes the Court as possibly excessive.^[16]

Nevertheless, this practice does not fall outside the letter of Local Rule 54.1. The Rule refers to "[a] prevailing party," and its choice of article ("a" rather than "the") implies that any prevailing party, even if there is more than one, may invoke its provisions. Local Civ. R. 54.1(a). Further, the Rule specifically provides for reimbursement for an original and one copy of deposition and trial transcripts. Local Civ. R. 54.1(d). Defendants, who bear the burden of demonstrating a "good reason" for denying plaintiffs' costs, offer no authority and little argument for deviating from this presumptive allowance. See Baez, 684 F.2d at 1004. Moreover, plaintiffs' "conduct has not been vexatious," and it appears defendants are "capable of paying [these] costs." See id. Accordingly, the Court concludes defendants' meager opposition does not overcome the strong presumption in plaintiffs' favor.

Plaintiffs' bills of costs [928, 929] shall be granted in full.^[17]

III. Relator's Attorneys' Fees

Relator also seeks an award of "reasonable attorneys' fees" against defendants under the FCA. "The initial estimate of a reasonable attorney's fee is properly calculated by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation times a reasonable hourly rate." Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984).^[18] A strong presumption exists that the product of these two variables—the "lodestar figure"—represents a "reasonable fee." Pennsylvania v. Del. Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546, 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088, 92 L.Ed.2d 439 (1986). Upward adjustments of the lodestar are warranted only in "rare" and "exceptional" cases, where supported by "specific evidence" and detailed findings. Blum, 465 U.S. at 899-901, 104 S.Ct. 1541.

In calculating relator's fee award, the Court must thus make three separate determinations: (1) what constitutes a "reasonable hourly rate" for his counsel's services; (2) which among his counsel's claimed work hours were "reasonably expended on the litigation"; and (3) whether relator has offered "specific evidence" demonstrating this to be the "rare" case in which a lodestar enhancement is appropriate, and if so, in what amount. The Court considers each issue in turn.

A. Reasonable Rate

In calculating this component of the lodestar, the Court must resolve two contested issues: (1) which source(s) should supply the reasonable rate; and (2) whether current or historical rates should apply to work performed prior to 2007.^[19]

1. Established vs. Matrix-Derived Rates

In this Circuit, "an attorney's usual billing rate is presumptively the reasonable rate, provided that this rate is `in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience and reputation.'" Kattan by Thomas v. District of Columbia, 995 F.2d 274, 278 (D.C.Cir. 1993) (quoting Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541).

[W]hen fixed market rates already exist, there is no good reason to tolerate the substantial costs of turning every attorneys fee case into a major ratemaking proceeding. In almost every case, the firms' established billing rates will provide fair compensation. The established rates represent the opportunity cost of what the firm turned away in order to take the litigation; they represent the lawyers' own assessment of the value of their time.

Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 746 F.2d 4, 24 (D.C.Cir.1984) (emphasis in original), overruled on other grounds by Save Our Cumberland Mountains, Inc. v. Hodel, 857 F.2d 1516 (D.C.Cir.1988).^[20] "[T]he burden is on the fee applicant to produce satisfactory evidence—in addition to the attorney's own affidavits—that the requested rates" align with prevailing rates. Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541. See also Covington v. District of Columbia, 57 F.3d 1101, 1107 (D.C.Cir. 1995) ("a fee applicant's burden in establishing a reasonable hourly rate entails a showing of at least three elements: the attorneys' billing practices; the attorneys' skill, experience, and reputation; and the prevailing market rates in the relevant community").

a. Wilmer Hale

Relator asks that his attorneys be compensated at their standard billing rates, and he has submitted a declaration from his lead counsel, Robert Bell, that provides these standard rates for Wilmer Hale personnel. (See Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) As one might expect, Bell avows that the requested rates are within the range of prevailing market rates charged by large law firms in the District of Columbia for lawyers and paralegals of similar experience and qualifications. (See id. ¶¶ 104, 109.)

To supplement Bell's own assertions, relator offers declarations from two local attorneys. The first, Stephen L. Braga, now a partner at Baker Botts—like Wilmer Hale, a large, international law firm— has practiced complex, civil litigation in the District since 1982. (Braga Decl. ¶ 1, Ex. 3 to [930].) Since 1993, Braga has also instructed law students on the subject of attorneys' fees as an adjunct professor at the Georgetown University Law Center. (Id. ¶ 1(g).) Beyond arguing that "[u]nder basic economic principles," Wilmer Hale's standard rates must be considered competitive within the D.C. market, Braga compares rates for four Wilmer Hale partners with those charged by his own firm and other large, D.C. litigation firms for partners with similar backgrounds and litigation experience. (Id. ¶ 6.) He asserts that Robert Cultice, Jennifer O'Connor, and Jonathan Cedarbaum could command higher hourly rates, and that Robert Bell's rate "appears to be set right where it should be in the Washington legal market." (Id.) Braga concludes that Wilmer Hale's established rates "fall squarely within the prevailing market rates in the District of Columbia for experienced counsel to handle complex civil litigation." (Id.)

The second attorney declarant, Steven K. Davidson, currently a partner at Steptoe & Johnson—another large, international law firm—has practiced commercial litigation in the District since 1985. (Davidson Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 5 to [930].) As a member of his firm's Executive Committee, he has assisted with setting professionals' billing rates. (Id. ¶¶ 2, 16.) Davidson offers an opinion based not only on anecdotal knowledge of his and competitor firms' standard billing rates but also on two external sources. (Id. ¶¶ 19-21.) First, The National Law Journal's 2006 annual survey of billing rates indicates that Wilmer Hale's rates are comparable to those reported by other large firms with D.C. offices. (Id. ¶ 19; see id. Ex. A.) Second, Wilmer Hale's rates also align with those delineated in the Laffey matrix, as updated by relator's economist using the nationwide legal services component of the Consumer Price Index, a methodology approved in Salazar v. District of Columbia, 123 F.Supp.2d 8 (D.D.C.2000) (Kessler, J.).^[21] (Id. ¶ 20; see also Kavanaugh Decl. ¶¶ 9-15, Ex. 4 to [930].) Davidson thus concludes that Wilmer Hale's rates "are comparable to the prevailing market rates and [] well within the reasonable range of rates for a law firm such as WilmerHale undertaking matters of the magnitude and complexity of those involved here." (Davidson Decl. ¶ 16, Ex. 5 to [930].)

Relator's evidence demonstrates that Wilmer Hale's established billing rates— those charged to all litigation clients— align with the established rates of lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation in the D.C. legal community.^[22]See Kattan, 995 F.2d at 278. Thus, the Court will accord these rates a presumption of reasonableness. See Covington, 57 F.3d at 1110.

Defendants' rebuttal to this evidentiary showing rests on a single proposition. Under Blum, a reasonable rate must align with "those prevailing in the community for similar services . . . ." 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541. Whereas relator appears to define "similar services" in terms of complex, federal-court civil litigation, defendants insist "similar" must be construed more narrowly. (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 30-34.) In their view, the hourly rates typically charged by FCA relators' counsel are the benchmark against which this Court should evaluate relator's requested rates. (Id. at 32-33.)

This contention fails for three reasons. First, the authority on which defendants rely does not support their argument.^[23] Second, case law in this Circuit does not support the Balkanized approach to fee calculation that defendants advocate. In 1983, then-Chief Judge Aubrey Robinson adopted an hourly rates scheme for complex, federal litigation under which an attorney's years of experience determined his reasonable hourly rate. Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 572 F.Supp. 354, 371-75 (D.D.C.1983). In the ensuing twenty-five years, this scheme, the Laffey matrix, has achieved broad acceptance in this Circuit and has served as a guide in nearly every conceivable type of case. See, e.g., Hansson v. Norton, 411 F.3d 231, 236 (D.C.Cir.2005) (employment discrimination); Role Models Am., Inc. v. Brownlee, 353 F.3d 962, 970 (D.C.Cir.2004) (Administrative Procedures Act); Covington, 57 F.3d at 1110 (civil rights); Judicial Watch, Inc. v. BLM, 562 F.Supp.2d 159, 175 (D.D.C.2008) (Lamberth, J.) (Freedom of Information Act); MacClarence v. Johnson, 539 F.Supp.2d 155, 160 (D.D.C.2008) (Facciola, M.J.) (Clean Air Act). The generic matrix's use in such a diverse range of cases cuts against defendants' argument that reasonable rates can be derived only from data peculiar to a case's legal specialty area.

Third, and most critically, defendants have failed to demonstrate that for purposes of calculating a reasonable hourly rate, qui tam litigation differs in any meaningful way from other complex, civil litigation that occurs in federal court.^[24] Defendants contend that "FCA litigation, particularly for relator's counsel, is a specialized, niche practice that is distinct from other types of civil litigation, and certainly differs from the defense-oriented commercial litigation practiced by firms like WilmerHale." (HII's Opp'n [949] at 33.) If, as defendants suggest, qui tam litigation is a "niche" field because FCA-specific treatises and hornbooks, legal symposia, and professional organizations exist, then virtually every type of litigated case could be so characterized. The allegation that some attorneys "dedicate their entire practice to representing relators" is no more persuasive. (Id. at 34.) Defendants contend the rates charged by FCA specialists at Cincinnati's Helmer, Martins, Rice & Popham ("HMRP") establish the benchmark for reasonableness. (Id. at 35-38.) "[E]ven assuming, arguendo, the existence of [] a [FCA litigation] submarket," rates charged by a single, Ohio firm do not constitute "evidence that submarket rates are lower than the prevailing rates in the broader legal market." See Covington, 57 F.3d at 1111.

Defendants point out that HMRP's rates conform almost precisely to those outlined in the Laffey matrix, as updated by the U.S. Attorney's Office ("USAO"), and that using rates from either source would reduce relator's requested fee award by 38%. (HII's Opp'n [949] at 38-39.) This tremendous disparity gives the Court pause. But two factors overcome its skepticism.

First, simple reference to the Laffey matrix cannot defeat the presumption of reasonableness accorded relator's requested rates. Though it "serves as a useful starting point for determining prevailing market rates in the District of Columbia," Cobell, 407 F.Supp.2d at 170, the Laffey matrix is not the only acceptable starting point. Our Court of Appeals has never held that Laffey rates are the only rates that a court may consider reasonable. Instead, it has advised that "an attorney's usual billing rate is presumptively the reasonable rate, provided that this rate" aligns with prevailing community rates. Kattan by Thomas v. District of Columbia, 995 F.2d 274, 278 (D.C.Cir.1993). "[F]ee claimants must provide the court with specific evidence of the prevailing community rate." Jordan, 691 F.2d at 521. See also Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541 (fee applicant must "produce satisfactory evidence—in addition to the attorney's own affidavits—that the requested rates" align with prevailing rates). This evidence may include the Laffey matrix, in its original form and/or as updated by the USAO. See Covington, 57 F.3d at 1110. But it may also consist of comparable fee awards or affidavits from knowledgeable local practitioners, such as those relator has submitted here. See Jordan, 691 F.2d at 521. If non-conformity with updated USAO Laffey rates could doom a petitioner's request, this would moot the evidentiary showing envisioned by Blum.^[25]See 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541. It would effectively impose a ceiling on the rates courts can award pursuant to fee-shifting statutes—a ceiling never endorsed by Congress. Neither it nor the courts have ever "propose[d] ... that all attorneys be remunerated at the same rate, regardless of their competence, experience, and marketability." Save Our Cumberland Mountains, Inc. v. Hodel, 857 F.2d 1516, 1522 n. 4 (D.C.Cir.1988).

Second, the Supreme Court clarified in Blum that a reasonable hourly rate should ordinarily reflect the quality of counsel's representation. See 465 U.S. at 899, 104 S.Ct. 1541. Defendants balk at the "megalaw firm rates" relator seeks. (HII's Opp'n [949] at 30.) But these rates reflect counsel's "mega-law firm"-quality representation. Having observed more than a few attorneys in the past twenty years, this Court is well-suited to judge the quality of counsel's representation, both in the courtroom and in written submissions. By this Court's assessment, relator's counsel— particularly the more junior trial team members—acquitted themselves admirably. Their zealous, polished, and astute advocacy justifies, and is reflected in, their established billing rates. Further, according to government counsel,

[t]he availability of Relator's counsel from WilmerHale was essential in meeting the overwhelming demands of discovery and ultimately of the trial in this matter. Indeed, attorneys and support staff from WilmerHale played a vital role in getting this case ready for trial and ultimately in successfully trying it.

(Morgan Decl. ¶ 7, Ex. 1 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) During the discovery period alone, relator's counsel reviewed 665 boxes of documents, from which they culled over 97,000 documents with over 320,000 pages, attended 40 depositions, taking a leading role in some, and participated in two evidentiary hearings. (Bell Decl. ¶¶ 74-75, 78, 85, Ex. 2 to [930].) Had Wilmer Hale not been able to call on its "mega-law firm" resources, plaintiffs might have struggled to meet these "overwhelming demands." See Wilcox v. Sisson, No. 02-1455, 2006 WL 1443981, *2, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33404, at *8 (D.D.C. May 25, 2006) (Collyer, J.) ("The market generally accepts higher rates from attorneys at firms with more than 100 lawyers than from those at smaller firms—presumably because of their greater resources and investments....").

For all these reasons, the Court finds defendants have failed to rebut relator's evidentiary showing that the requested rates—Wilmer Hale's established rates— align "with those prevailing in [this] community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience and reputation." See Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541. Wilmer Hale's established billing scale will supply the reasonable hourly rates with which this Court will calculate the lodestar.^[26]

b. Wiley Rein

Relator also seeks compensation for work performed by four Wiley Rein attorneys (other than Bell) and two paralegals. (Bell Decl. ¶ 103, Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) Of these six individuals, only one, Michael Sturm, remains at Wiley Rein. (Id. ¶ 104.) In light of the Court's conclusion concerning Wilmer Hale's rates, Sturm's established billing rate is eminently reasonable.^[27]

For the other five professionals, however, relator has provided neither their current billing rates nor those of their Wiley Rein peers. Instead, he asks that their work be compensated at rates derived from economist Kavanaugh's Laffey matrix. (See id. ¶ 104.) Unlike the USAO's matrix, which calculates inflation based on the metropolitan D.C. Consumer Price Index ("CPI"), Kavanaugh's version relies on a legal services sub-component of the broader, national CPI. (See Kavanaugh Decl. ¶ 9, Ex. 4 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].)

Kavanaugh's alternative methodology has achieved only limited acceptance in this District.^[28] As he did in Salazar, Kavanaugh presents a well-reasoned, if condensed, economic argument for his index's superiority. (See id. ¶¶ 9-14.) Nevertheless, after reviewing his declarations, the Court is not convinced. Kavanaugh's matrix incorporates price inflation data specific to the market for legal services, while the USAO matrix relies on data specific to the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. (Id. ¶ 9.) Kavanaugh's matrix thus reflects national inflation trends, while the USAO matrix accounts for price inflation within the local community—a crucial distinction. As the Supreme Court and our Court of Appeals have both emphasized, rates used in calculating the lodestar should accord with those "prevailing in the community." Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541 (emphasis added); see also Covington v. District of Columbia, 57 F.3d 1101, 1108 (D.C.Cir.1995) ("plaintiff must produce data concerning the prevailing market rates in the relevant community") (emphasis added). Kavanaugh's matrix does not comply with this mandate for geographic specificity. Hence, with due respect to its colleagues, the Court declines to adopt Kavanaugh's methodology. It will thus award fees for the remaining five Wiley Rein professionals at USAO Laffey matrix rates.^[29]

2. Current vs. Historical Rates

The time entries included in relator's fee petition span a thirteen-year period: Wiley Rein personnel devoted time to this case from 1995-1999, and Wilmer Hale's involvement has stretched from 1999-2007. (See Exs. B-2, D-2, to Bell Decl., Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) Relator seeks to recover all fees at current billing rates, (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 12), while defendants favor using historical rates corresponding to the years when the work was performed, (see HII's Opp'n [949] at 40-43; BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 19-21.)

In 1911, Ambrose Bierce described litigation as "[a] machine which you go into as a pig and come out of as a sausage." AMBROSE BIERCE, THE DEVIL'S DICTIONARY 72 (1979 ed.). Since Bierce's day, the process has become, if anything, more drawn out and contentious. Recognizing that in many cases, an attorney may put in years of effort before realizing any tangible return, the Supreme Court has held that a "reasonable attorney's fee" awarded pursuant to a fee-shifting statute should account for delay in payment. See Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 282, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 105 L.Ed.2d 229 (1989).^[30] "Clearly, compensation received several years after the services were rendered—as it frequently is in complex [qui tam] litigation—is not equivalent to the same dollar amount received reasonably promptly as the legal services are performed. . . ." Id. at 283, 109 S.Ct. 2463. Thus, courts should make "an appropriate adjustment for delay in payment—whether by the application of current rather than historic hourly rates or otherwise." Id. at 284, 109 S.Ct. 2463.

Courts in this Circuit have frequently employed the Supreme Court's suggested method of adjustment. See, e.g., Murray v. Weinberger, 741 F.2d 1423, 1433 (D.C.Cir.1984) ("Current market rates have been used in numerous cases to calculate the lodestar figure when the legal services were provided over a multiple-year period and when use of the current rates does not result in a windfall for the attorneys."); Muldrow, 397 F.Supp.2d at 4 n. 4 ("Nor does the Court object to plaintiffs use of the Laffey rates for 2005-06 even though much of the litigation took place several years ago. The Supreme Court has held that it is acceptable to use current market rates, rather than historic rates, as a convenient method of compensating prevailing parties for a delay in receiving payment."). See also Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 893 n. 23 (D.C.Cir.1980) (en banc) (noting that lodestar may be "based on present hourly rates, rather than the lesser rates applicable to the time period in which the services were rendered," to reduce or eliminate "harm resulting from delay in payment").

Several observations are in order. First, though relator seeks compensation for 24,584.6 billable hours, spread over thirteen years, roughly half those hours were billed in 2007, the year for which relator has provided Wilmer Hale's standard billing rates. (See Exs. C-2, C-4 to Bell Supplemental Decl., Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Indeed, only 1,826.3 hours—7.4 percent of the total—were billed prior to 2006. (See id.) Thus, defendants' "windfall" objection, discussed below, pertains to only a small portion of relator's overall fee request.

Second, according to Robert Bell, Wilmer Hale's billing cycle averages 89 days. (See Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 23-24, Ex. 1 to [957].) By contrast, here, by the time Wilmer Hale receives payment pursuant to the instant fee award, at least a full year will have passed since it billed the last hours addressed therein.

Third, as relator's economist points out, accounting for delay by applying current rates across the board boasts distinct, practical advantages:

There may be other ways to compensate [for delay in payment]—that is, to restore the firm that provided the legal services to the level of wealth it could have obtained had it been paid at the time the service was performed—but the other compensation methods are more complex, have higher transaction costs, raise the specter of interest payments and may not be any better than simply using the current prevailing market rates.

(Kavanaugh Decl. ¶ 18, Ex. 5 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) See also Murray, 741 F.2d at 1433 ("Ease of administration is an important objective... because there is a pressing need for simple rules in attorney's fees cases."). Moreover, Kavanaugh's alternative proposed method of compensating for delay— using the historical prime rate to calculate the present value of a timely payment stream for the hours billed—produces a lodestar figure 1.6 percent higher than that requested by relator. (Kavanaugh Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 6-12, Ex. 4 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].)

Notwithstanding these various points, defendants oppose applying current rates to compensate for delay for two reasons.^[31] First, they contend that application of current rates will result in a forbidden "windfall" to relator's counsel. (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 40-41; BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 19-21.) They insist that fee awards must reflect lawyers' experience levels at the time they performed the work, lest they be afforded credit for experience— and the heightened skill, productivity, and efficiency that usually accompany it—they did not then possess. (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 40-41; BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 19-21.) This argument has some superficial appeal, but it misunderstands the rationale behind compensating for delay in payment. "[C]ompensation received several years after the services were rendered ... is not equivalent to the same dollar amount received reasonably promptly as the legal services are performed." Jenkins, 491 U.S. at 283, 109 S.Ct. 2463. Paying counsel at historical, or even current, rates based on their experience levels when they performed the work would not achieve this equivalence because it ignores the time value of money: one dollar received today is more valuable than it would be if received five years from now for two reasons—first, because it will buy more now than it will after five years of price inflation, and second, because of the interest that can be earned from it in the interim. Paying counsel at their current, established billing rates does not result in a windfall; it simply takes the this second factor into account.

Second, they contend that relator bears responsibility for the delay, and that consequently, he should not be rewarded with a fees adjustment therefor. (HII's Opp'n [949] at 42-43.) Both components of this argument are flawed. Responsibility for the first period of delay defendants cite— June 1995 to March 2001—can be laid at the government's feet, but not relator's. Under the FCA's qui tam provisions, once he files his complaint under seal, a relator must simply await the government's decision on intervention. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b) (2008). As this Court expressed in an earlier opinion in this case, the government's "unreasonable inaction" precipitated this first period of delay. (See Mem. Op. of June 14, 2007[872] at 30.) All parties contributed to the next, post-seal period of delay: defendants opposed plaintiffs' request to commence discovery in 2003, (see Joint Rule 16.3 Report of Nov. 13, 2003[148] at 2), and plaintiffs repeatedly amended their complaints, (e.g., Relator's Third Am. Compl. [233] (filed Mar. 9, 2006); Government's First Am. Compl. [237] (filed Mar. 9, 2006)).

Moreover, regardless of who caused what period of delay, defendants' authorities for denying the responsible party compensation for delay merely confirm that a court's decision to account for delay in awarding attorneys' fees is discretionary. See Sands v. Runyon, 28 F.3d 1323, 1334 (2d Cir.1994) (finding no abuse of discretion where district court refused to "apply multiplier to the basic hourly rate to account for the delay between the investment of time and the receipt of the fee award" because plaintiff had caused unnecessary delay); Paris v. Dallas Airmotive, Inc., No. 97-0208, 2004 WL 2100227, **11-12, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18893, at *35-36 (N.D.Tex. Sept. 21, 2004) (declining to exercise discretion to award fees at current market rates because, but for plaintiffs actions, case could have been concluded at least three years earlier).

Here, having concluded that no "windfall" will result, and in light of the practical advantages to be derived, the Court will exercise its discretion to compensate relator's counsel for delay in payment by applying current rates in calculating the lodestar.

Appendix I delineates the rates the Court will use for both Wiley Rein and Wilmer Hale professionals.

B. Reasonable Hours

Several principles govern the Court's calculation of this second component of the lodestar, "the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation." See Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983). First, the fee petitioner must submit evidence that justifies the hours he claims his counsel have worked. Id. "Where the documentation of hours is inadequate, the district court may reduce the award accordingly." Id. A "fee application need not present the exact number of minutes spent[,] nor the precise activity to which each hour was devoted[,] nor the specific attainments of each attorney." Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans v. Sec'y of Def., 675 F.2d 1319,1327 (D.C.Cir.1982) (internal quotation marks omitted). But where time entries "are so vaguely generic that the Court can not determine with certainty whether the activities they purport to describe were ... reasonable," the petitioner has not met his burden. Cobell v. Norton, 407 F.Supp.2d 140, 158 (D.D.C. 2005) (Lamberth, J.). Instead, "the application must be sufficiently detailed to permit the District Court to make an independent determination whether or not the hours claimed are justified." Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans., 675 F.2d at 1327.

Second, "[t]he hours reasonably expended are not necessarily equal to the hours actually expended." McKenzie v. Kennickell, 645 F.Supp. 437, 446 (D.D.C.1986) (Parker, J.). "Hours that are not properly billed to one's client also are not properly billed to one's adversary pursuant to statutory authority." Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 891 (D.C.Cir.1980) (en banc). See also Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 572 F.Supp. 354, 369 (D.D.C.1983) (Robinson, C.J.), reversed in part on other grounds by 740 F.2d 1071 (D.C.Cir.1984) ("Counsel is not free ... to exercise its judgment in a fashion that unnecessarily inflates the losing party's fee liability"). The petitioner should exercise billing judgment, making "a good-faith effort to exclude from [his] fee request hours that are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary, just as a lawyer in private practice ethically is obligated to exclude such hours from his fee submission." Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434, 103 S.Ct. 1933.^[32] As the Court of Appeals admonished in Copeland, however, a defendant "cannot litigate tenaciously and then be heard to complain about the time necessarily spent by the plaintiff in response." 641 F.2d at 904.

Third, "[c]ompensable time should not be limited to hours expended within the four corners of the litigation." Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1335. The petitioner need only show that the hours for which he seeks compensation were "expended in pursuit of a successful resolution of the case in which fees are being claimed." Id. While "no compensation should be paid for time spent litigating claims upon which the party seeking the fee did not ultimately prevail," a reduction in fee is appropriate only when the non-prevailing matters "`are truly fractionable.'" Copeland, 641 F.2d at 891-92 & n. 18 (quoting Lamphere v. Brown Univ., 610 F.2d 46, 47 (1st Cir.1979)).

With this guidance in mind, the Court will analyze relator's claimed hours along with defendants' objections to them. The latter fall into two categories. First, defendants contend that certain tasks for which relator's counsel have billed time in this case are per se non-compensable. Second, they cite several broader defects in relator's counsel's billing statements which they allege warrant across-theboard, percentage reductions in the fee award. The Court will address each category of complaints in turn.

1. Non-Compensable Tasks

Defendants allege a variety of tasks are non-compensable. The Court has grouped their contentions under the following six subheadings.^[33]

a. Criminal Case

After relator filed his qui tam complaint, the government delayed its prosecution of the civil case to pursue criminal, antitrust charges against Bilhar, Anderson, and others. (See generally Mem. Op. of June 14, 2007[872] at 18-26 (describing government's deplorable lack of diligence as reason multiple claims must be dismissed as untimely).) During this period, relator's counsel assisted him in securing immunity from criminal prosecution, in complying with obligations incurred as a result, and in responding to subpoenas in the criminal matter. (See Bell Decl. ¶¶ 12-19, Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930]; Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 2-15, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Defendants argue these efforts are not compensable because the civil and criminal cases were separate and distinct matters, and because relator's immunity deal, not his interest in the qui tam litigation, obliged him to cooperate with the Antitrust Division. (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 3-5; HII's Opp'n [949] at 4-7.)

On the contrary, most of this work is compensable. Relator likely had more than one motivation to appear for depositions, provide documents, and otherwise assist the government with the criminal case. Compliance with the immunity letter's terms was doubtless among them. He also had a strong financial incentive to cooperate: to ultimately secure his relator's share, he needed to maintain good relations with DOJ, with whom he would prosecute the civil case as co-plaintiff, and to assist it in developing evidence that could be used in that case. His motives, however, are irrelevant. The information relator provided to the Criminal Division materially aided its investigation, and the Civil Division later relied on that investigation's fruits in prosecuting the FCA case.^[34] (See Bell Decl. ¶¶ 24-27, Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) Relator's cooperation during this early period ultimately proved crucial to the "successful resolution of the case in which fees are [now] being claimed." See Nat'l Assoc. of Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1335. In other circumstances, courts have awarded attorneys' fees for hours expended on prior litigation if those efforts also advanced the instant case. See, e.g., Kulkarni v. Alexander, 662 F.2d 758, 766 (D.C.Cir. 1978) (legal services rendered in prior administrative proceedings and litigation pertaining to same claim were compensable because "holding of the first suit . . . [was] a necessary predicate for a large part of [plaintiffs] claim in the present action").^[35] This Court has no qualms about following suit and will compensate relator for time his counsel spent assisting him in complying with his immunity obligations and in responding to subpoenas in the criminal matter.

This logic does not extend to time spent securing the government's immunity grant, however. Bell now characterizes the immunity letter as "unnecessary" and insists relator would have aided the government regardless. (See Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 2, 14, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Thus, any work relator's counsel performed to negotiate or effectuate the immunity deal had no impact whatever on plaintiffs' subsequent success in the civil case and is therefore not compensable.

b. Personal Matters

Relator's counsel's billing statements include research and consultation concerning his personal, financial, and employment matters, and defendants contend these efforts in no way contributed to plaintiffs' successful resolution of the instant case. Conceding to some of defendants' objections, relator has excluded from his revised fee request time entries devoted to unrelated personal matters and preparation of counsel's fee agreement. (See Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶ 25, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) He has not, however, eliminated all challenged entries, and the Court will assess the remaining objections.

i. Relator's Attorney-Client Privilege

Even before relator filed his original complaint under seal, his counsel began researching how to protect relevant documents potentially protected by attorney client privilege or the work product doctrine. Relator claims his counsel were simply being proactive, and that this research "was [] designed primarily to prevent eventual disclosure to the civil defendants in this litigation." (Reply to HII's Opp'n [957] at 21.) He points out that defendants sought and failed to obtain certain privileged documents at trials and that his attorneys had an ethical obligation to preserve his privilege. (Id.) He does not, however, point to any evidence that supports his bald claim that his attorneys' research and discussions in 1995 were primarily directed to protecting his privilege in a case that remained under seal until 2001.

On reviewing the filings associated with defendants' failed motion to compel and the challenged time entries, however, the Court concludes these hours are compensable. In the civil case, the magistrate judge denied defendants discovery of certain privileged materials that relator had voluntarily disclosed to the government, holding that plaintiffs' common interest in the prosecution of common defendants in the then-existing civil case defeated waiver. (See Mem. Op. of Feb. 20, 2007[530] (denying motion to compel); Am. Mem. Op. of Mar. 27, 2007[750] (denying motion for reconsideration).) The subject matter of counsel's earlier research suggests they had anticipated this very issue and wanted to ensure the common interest doctrine would protect disclosed materials in the later qui tam litigation.^[36] Rationally, based on the results of these inquiries and discussions, counsel could limit the scope of relator's disclosures to prevent defendants from gaining a tactical advantage in the civil case. Because counsel's early research allowed them to formulate a disclosure strategy focused on the qui tam litigation, the Court concludes these hours were "expended in pursuit of a successful resolution of the case in which fees are being claimed." See Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1335.

ii. Relator's Ongoing Employment at Jones

Relator continued to work at J.A. Jones after filing his complaint under seal, which named his employer as a defendant. In connection with his continued employment at Jones, relator's counsel: (1) analyzed his potential liability for removing confidential and privileged documents from his employer's offices; (2) advised him on how to respond to an internal Jones investigation commenced after Jones received a grand jury subpoena; and (3) counseled him on how to effectuate his eventual resignation from Jones. Relator deems these tasks compensable because they are "related to representation of a whistleblower and the potential conflicts that arise from assisting the Government."^[37] (Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 8.)

"Related to representation of a whistleblower," however, is not the standard in this Circuit for compensable time. While the Court accepts that "[c]ompensable time should not be limited to hours expended within the four corners of the litigation," to hold that the hours challenged here were "expended in pursuit of a successful resolution" of the qui tam case would render this phrase meaningless. See Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1335. In analyzing his potential liability to his employer, relator's counsel sought to protect their client from a counterclaim in the qui tam action or a collateral lawsuit. This was diligent lawyering, but it had no effect on the qui tam claims.^[38] Further, the narratives in counsel's time records indicate they spent substantial time weighing whether relator should refuse to cooperate with his employer's internal investigation. Whatever their substantive advice may ultimately have been—and it appears relator resigned rather than cooperate—counsel's drawn out research and strategy development almost certainly hindered Jones' own investigation of the fraud and may consequently have prolonged this litigation unnecessarily.^[39] Finally, advice concerning relator's employment status lacks even a tenuous connection to the qui tam litigation. For example, relator does not attempt to explain, and the Court cannot surmise, how the "resignation script" his attorneys prepared for him could possibly have served to advance the qui tam litigation. (See 2/23/96 MLS.) Hence, the Court will not compensate relator for time his counsel expended on this set of tasks.

iii. Relator's Share and Attorneys' Fees

Even before relator filed his complaint, his counsel had begun estimating his potential bounty, and after DOJ prioritized the criminal case, counsel researched whether relator could claim a share of any criminal fines. When the Civil Division later settled with various defendants, relator's counsel lobbied heavily for his share and sought attorneys' fees from the settling defendants.^[40] Defendants object to time entries associated with each of these activities. Relator, of course, asserts that all are compensable.

Fortunately, other courts have weighed these issues before. The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has considered whether the FCA requires a liable defendant to pay attorneys' fees a prevailing relator incurs in pursuing his relator's share. See Taxpayers Against Fraud, 41 F.3d at 1045-46. Relator Miller offers, in essence, the same argument the court rejected in that case: "`that as between [him] and the wrongdoer [defendant], it is the wrongdoer who should bear the costs.'"^[41]See id. at 1046 (quoting Bigby v. City of Chicago, 927 F.2d 1426, 1428 (7th Cir.1991)) (second alteration in original). There, as here, the defendant had no "right to participate" in relator's share negotiations between the relator and the government, and "nothing suggest[ed] that [the defendant] prolonged the [] process or could have hastened its conclusion." Id. Thus, the court concluded, "the defendant [] should not be required to pay the costs incurred by the prevailing plaintiffs in the course of their collateral litigation." Id.^[42] This Court finds the Sixth Circuit's reasoning persuasive and will follow it here. Accordingly, hours relator's counsel devoted to recovery of a relator's share from the government are not compensable.^[43]

Authority from this Circuit speaks to the second issue presented here: whether a relator may recover attorneys' fees from non-settling defendants for time devoted to obtaining such fees from settling defendants. "It is well settled that hours reasonably devoted to negotiating and/or litigating a statutory fee award are compensable." Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 572 F.Supp. 354, 367 n. 21 (D.D.C. 1983), reversed in part on other grounds by 740 F.2d 1071 (D.C.Cir.1984). See also Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 896 (D.C.Cir.1980) (en banc) ("time spent litigating the fee request is itself compensable"). Thus, the only remaining question is whether liability for attorneys' fees under the FCA is joint and several, such that non-settling defendants share liability for fees incurred in obtaining fees from settling co-defendants.

Though never presented with the precise situation here, other courts have unanimously concluded that fee liability under the FCA is joint and several.^[44]See United States ex rel. Greendyke v. CNOS, P.C., No. 04-4105, 2007 WL 2908414, *7, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72987, at *21-22 (D.S.D. Sept. 27, 2007) (adhering to "general rule that co-defendants are to be held jointly and severally liable for costs and attorney's fees," where defendants failed to cite authority for departing from it); United States ex rel. Abbott-Burdick v. Univ. Med. Assocs., No. 96-1676, 2002 WL 34236885, **4-5, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26986, at *18-20 (D.S.C. May 23, 2002) (holding defendants jointly and severally liable for attorneys fees because FCA's "other provisions dictate a joint and several relationship among culpable parties," and due to "unequivocal congressional intent of encouraging qui tam suits and the unique pro-plaintiff structure of litigation under the [FCA]"); United States ex rel. Wiser v. Geriatric Psychological Servs., Inc., No. 96-2219, 2001 WL 286838, *3, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12930, at *11 (D.Md. Mar. 22, 2001) (holding that "attorneys fees awarded under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) should [not] be apportioned among defendants [because] all other recovery need not be").

Thus, under a scheme of joint and several liability for attorneys' fees, if hours devoted to obtaining fees are, themselves, compensable, then each and every defendant against whom relator prevails is liable for fees the relator incurred in obtaining fees from each and every other non-prevailing defendant. The hours relator's counsel spent attempting to recover attorneys' fees from settling co-defendants are thus compensable.^[45]

c. Settlement Efforts

Relator's petition also includes hours his counsel spent in settlement negotiations with various defendants, both successfully and unsuccessfully, and in court-ordered mediation. Contrary to defendants' protests, these tasks are uniformly compensable. The FCA's qui tam provisions make clear that a prevailing relator may recover fees when settlement efforts succeed. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008). Under the statute, a relator receives a share "of the proceeds of the action or settlement of the claim," and any person who receives such a share "shall also receive ... reasonable attorneys' fees and costs." Id. More broadly, settlement efforts, by their nature, are directed toward "successful resolution of the case." See Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1335. Here, pretrial settlements with some defendants narrowed the trial's scope and yielded cooperation from key players in the conspiracy, whose testimony significantly bolstered plaintiffs' case and doubtless contributed to the jury's verdict.^[46] Other settlement negotiations and courtordered mediation in this case did not produce such tangible results, but hours relator's counsel devoted to these efforts were no less "expended in pursuit of a successful resolution."^[47]See id. (emphasis added). Moreover, substantial authority supports relator's claim to compensation for his attorneys' pursuit of settlement, whatever the ultimate outcome.^[48]

d. Travel

In the course of this litigation, relator's counsel traveled throughout the United States and Europe to meet with Antitrust Division attorneys and to depose witnesses. Defendants contend this time is non-compensable "absent a showing that the time charges relate to work done in transit," and that in any event, productive travel time "is reimbursable at only half the regular rate." (HII's Opp'n [949] at 13.)

Our Court of Appeals has "not specifically addressed whether an attorney's fee award may include travel time." Cooper v. United States R.R. Retirement Bd., 24 F.3d 1414, 1417 (D.C.Cir.1994). In Cooper, the Court first observed that "[o]ther circuits allow payment for attorney travel time, although sometimes at a lower hourly rate," then somewhat cryptically "conclude[d] that travel time in this case will be compensated at half the base hourly rate." Id. (emphasis added). Seizing on the emphasized phrase, relator insists that because the attorney in Cooper billed for thirteen hours spent driving to and from oral argument, only unproductive travel time should be compensated at half the base hourly rate, and that to ensure counsel receive a fully compensatory fee, productive travel time must be compensated at the full rate.^[49] (Reply to HII's Opp'n [957] at 23 & n. 37.) Yet other courts in this Circuit have read Cooper as a more definitive statement. See, e.g., Doe v. Rumsfeld, 501 F.Supp.2d 186, 193 (D.D.C. 2007) (Sullivan, J.) ("Travel [ ] time is supposed to be compensated at half the attorney's hourly rate."); Blackman v. District of Columbia, 397 F.Supp.2d 12, 15 (D.D.C. 2005) (Friedman, J.) ("In this circuit, travel time generally is compensated at no more than half the attorney's appropriate hourly rate.").^[50] This Court will follow suit and will compensate travel time at half counsel's standard billing rates.^[51]

e. Clerical Work

At various times, relator's counsel and paralegals performed clerical tasks, and relator's fee petition includes some time entries embracing these tasks. A prevailing party entitled to "reasonable" attorneys' fees may not recoup fees for time professionals spend on purely clerical tasks because such tasks "ought to be considered part of normal administrative overhead." Michigan v. United States EPA, 254 F,3d 1087, 1095-96 (D.C.Cir. 2001). Cf. Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 288 n. 10, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 105 L.Ed.2d 229 (1989) ("Of course, purely clerical or secretarial tasks should not be billed at a paralegal rate, regardless of who performs them."). Though paralegals, like attorneys, should be compensated at their market rates, they may only recover fees for services that are legal in nature, Cobell, 407 F.Supp.2d at 156, such as "factual investigation, locating and interviewing witnesses; assistance with depositions, interrogatories and document production; compilation of statistical and financial data; checking legal citations; and drafting correspondence," Jenkins, 491 U.S. at 288 n. 10, 109 S.Ct. 2463.

Relator insists the clerical duties that appear in his counsel's billing statements are compensable because they "requir[ed] familiarity with the documents, case, and issues." (Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 11.) He points to a supplemental declaration from attorney Davidson, who claims that it is customary in the District of Columbia to bill clients for clerical tasks performed by paralegals, and that "much of the `clerical work' ... of which [defendants] complain[ ] is not clerical at all." (See Davidson Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 32-35, Ex. 2 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].)

Because the law in this Circuit is to the contrary, however, neither custom nor post-facto rationalizations will render clerical tasks compensable. The Court recognizes that certain seemingly clerical tasks—such as quality checking and otherwise preparing documents for production, (see, e.g., 5/24/2006 Tillotson, 5/25/2006 Tillotson, 6/1/2006 Tillotson)—necessarily involve, or are at least rendered more efficient by, an in-depth understanding of the underlying legal issues. But the Court simply cannot fathom how, for example, telephone calls to obtain corporate addresses can be deemed "legal" in nature.^[52] (See, e.g., 6/21/95 FHQ; 6/23/95 FHQ; 6/26/95 FHQ.) Similarly, the notion that filing a change of address notice constitutes substantive legal work strains credulity. (See 4/28/2006 MMB.) The Court will not award fees for such administrative housekeeping.

Defendants have not attempted to identify all time entries that include clerical tasks, and they argue that the Court should either require relator to expunge them from his petition or discount all paralegal fees by 50 percent. (BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 10.) Relator has declined the former invitation and insists the latter request is excessive. (Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 11-12.) Even if the Court were to examine counsel's time entries line by line, their practice of block billing would still obscure the true number of hours devoted to clerical work. In the course of preparing this Opinion, the Court has reviewed many of relator's time entries, and it is convinced that clerical tasks occupied only a very small portion of the hours billed by attorneys and a slightly larger portion of those billed by paralegals. Based on these observations, the Court will discount all attorney hours by one-half percent and all paralegal hours by five percent to ensure the fee award does not include compensation for clerical tasks.

f. Non-Prevailing Claims^[53]

While relator achieved a stunning victory on the claims litigated at trial, this Court had previously dismissed several other claims, which were not submitted to the jury.^[54] Specifically, it adopted Magistrate Judge Facciola's ruling that this Court had personal jurisdiction over HUK only as to Contract 20A, (Mem. & Order of Mar. 6, 2007[618]), and it dismissed all claims against Bill L. Harbert on statute of limitations grounds, (Order of May 4, 2007[854], at 3). Defendants assert that relator's fee petition improperly includes time devoted to pursuit of these failed claims. (BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 5-8.); see Copeland, 641 F.2d at 891-92 & n. 18 ("no compensation should be paid for time spent litigating claims upon which the party seeking the fee did not ultimately prevail").

Relator has acknowledged that his original fee petition did include some hours devoted solely to his claims against Bill Harbert, and Bell has itemized the time entries now conceded as non-compensable. (See Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 10; Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶ 25, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) To the extent defendants seek to exclude time spent on matters involving Bill Harbert and other defendants, the Court finds this time is compensable. Plaintiffs alleged an overarching conspiracy to rig bids on government contracts of which Harbert was a ringleader. (See, e.g., Order of Mar. 6, 2007[613] at 12.) Their claims against Harbert and against the present defendants were "part and parcel of one matter"—those against Harbert were by no means "fractionable." See Lamphere v. Brown Univ., 610 F.2d 46, 47 (1st Cir. 1979). To illustrate their objection, defendants describe counsel's preparation of discovery requests propounded to Harbert and others. (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 5-6.) Even leaving aside relator's claim that he sent "similar or identical written discovery [] to all parties," (see Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 10), Harbert's responses to relator's discovery demands almost certainly yielded material helpful to plaintiffs' case against the other defendants.^[55] Hence, the Court is satisfied with Bell's redactions.

As to relator's dismissed claims against HUK, defendants contend that discovery requests directed to HUK and time counsel expended on the personal jurisdiction issue should not be compensable in full. (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 7-8.) Defendants misapprehend the law. The Court of Appeals in Copeland v. Marshall did, at one point, state that "no compensation should be given for hours spent litigating issues on which plaintiff did not ultimately prevail." See 641 F.2d at 902 (emphasis added). But the opinion as a whole leaves the court's position quite clear: "no compensation should be paid for time spent litigating claims upon which the party seeking the fee did not ultimately prevail." Id. at 891-92 (emphasis added). A reduction in fee is appropriate only when the non-prevailing claims "`are truly fractionable.'" Id. at 892 n. 18 (quoting Lamphere v. Brown Univ., 610 F.2d 46, 47 (1st Cir.1979)). This interpretation accords with positions taken by other Circuits.^[56] It also accords with common sense: even efforts directed to non-prevailing issues may be "expended in pursuit of a successful resolution of the case." See Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1335.

The Supreme Court's language in Hensley echoes this standard. There, the Court indicated that the lodestar should be adjusted downward where the plaintiff "fail[s] to prevail on claims that were unrelated to the claims on which he succeeded." 461 U.S. at 434, 103 S.Ct. 1933 (emphasis added). It explained:

In some cases a plaintiff may present in one lawsuit distinctly different claims for relief that are based on different facts and legal theories. In such a suit, even where the claims are brought against the same defendants . . . counsel's work on one claim will be unrelated to his work on another claim. Accordingly, work on an unsuccessful claim cannot be deemed to have been "expended in pursuit of the ultimate result achieved."

Id. at 434-35, 103 S.Ct. 1933 (citation omitted). Here, plaintiffs alleged that HUK participated in an overarching conspiracy involving Contracts 20A, 29, and 07. (See, e.g., Order of Mar. 6, 2007[613].) The Contract 20A claims on which they succeeded were closely intertwined with the Contract 29 and 07 claims on which they failed. While these latter claims did involve some "different facts," plaintiffs developed and presented these same facts to the jury in pursuing claims against the other defendants, HUK's co-conspirators, as to Contracts 29 and 07.

Where, as here, a "plaintiff has obtained excellent results, his attorney should recover a fully compensatory fee," and the award "should not be reduced simply because the plaintiff failed to prevail on every contention raised in the lawsuit." Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435, 103 S.Ct. 1933. The Court will make no reductions based on the dismissal of relator's Contract 29 and 07 claims against HUK.

g. Summary

For the reasons explained above, the Court will not award fees for the following classes of time entries: hours devoted to securing immunity from prosecution for relator, tasks arising from his ongoing employment at J.A. Jones, research and other efforts to obtain his relator's share, and clerical tasks performed by attorneys and paralegals. For the first three classes, the Court has reviewed the parties' submissions and has made reasonable reductions. Appendix II to this Opinion itemizes these deductions. Percentage reductions for clerical tasks appear in Appendix III, along with other subtractions for broad defects in the fee petition.

2. Broader Defects

Defendants have also identified several pervasive flaws in relator's fee petition, on which basis they seek across-the-board, percentage reductions in the lodestar.^[57] (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 11-18; HII's Opp'n [949] at 16-30.)

a. Inadequate Records

As noted above, a fee petitioner must provide sufficient support for his claim to "permit the District Court to make an independent determination whether or not the hours claimed are justified." Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans., 675 F.2d at 1327. Defendants contend relator has failed at this endeavor in at least two respects: 1) counsel's time entries consistently refer to research, meetings, and telephone conferences without specifying their subject matter; and 2) counsel have followed the practice of block billing.^[58] (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 11-13; HII's Opp'n [949] at 23-27.)

i. Vague Descriptions

First, defendants cite several examples of time entries for which counsel's narrative descriptions are so vague as to preclude meaningful review. They point to two of Robert Bell's time entries from March 2001, in which he billed for "telcon Carolyn Mark" and "telcon Carolyn Mark re: tactics." (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 24 (citing 3/13/2001 RBB; 3/14/2001 RBB).) Even more egregiously meaningless are Michael Sturm's time entries for "review and analyze issues re development." (See id. (citing 11/2/1998 MLS; 11/3/1998 MLS; 5/27/1999 MLS).) Similarly, Jennifer O'Connor's time entry for November 8, 2006 includes the wholly uninformative phrases "confer with Mr. Bell, Mr. Connell re strategy questions" and "confer with Mr. Shapiro re same." (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 13 (citing 11/8/2006 JMO).)

As defendants observe, these entries and others in relator's petition are virtually identical to the sorts of descriptions this Court and others have repeatedly deemed inadequate:

For example, many of plaintiffs' time records "provide little or no reference to the substance of the work claimed." Entries such as: "research read cases; searched Westlaw"; "meet with attys"; "prepare for trial"; [and] "further trial preparation and document review" .. . are so vaguely generic that the Court can not determine with certainty whether the activities they purport to describe were ... reasonable.

. . . Other time records make, "no mention. . . of the subject matter of a meeting, telephone conference or the work performed during hours billed." Entries illustrative of this particular problem include: "conference call with Dennis & E. Worliss"; "telephone call to KH re: general update"; "call for Plaintiffs"; "background research for RD"; "confce call and follow-ups."

Similarly infirm are those time entries containing "vague and cryptic designations," such as: "rvw & respond to email inquiry from A. Jarett"; "confer w/RD"; "Discussed strategy w/Dennis, Thad, Bob & Keith"; "Met w/Keith & Bob re: strategy"; "conference with Elliott Levitas regarding strategy and legal issues"; "confer w/RD & RP re: legal strategy."

Cobell, 407 F.Supp.2d at 158-59 (citations omitted). See also Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437 n. 12, 103 S.Ct. 1933 ("at least counsel should identify the general subject matter of his time expenditures"); In re Meese, 907 F.2d 1192, 1204 (D.C.Cir. Spec.Div.1990) (time entries in which "no mention is made of the subject matter of a meeting, telephone conference or the work performed during hours billed" are "not adequately documented"); In re Olson, 884 F.2d 1415, 1428-29 (D.C.Cir. Spec.Div.1989) (decrying time entries "that wholly fail to state, or to make any reference to the subject discussed at a conference, meeting or telephone conference" as well as generic references to "strategy" conferences); Kennecott Corp. v. EPA, 804 F.2d 763, 767 (D.C.Cir.1986) (per curiam) (citing "[a]nalysis of final NSO regulations; first joint petition for review; research" as too generalized to meet fee applicant's burden). The resemblance is uncanny.

Relator characterizes defendants' examples as having been "cherry-picked" from among otherwise "sufficiently detailed" time entries.^[59] (See Reply to HII's Opp'n [957] at 13-14.) Had the Court not examined relator's counsel's time entries at some length, it might give credence to this argument. Instead, its review of the entire fee application confirms that counsel's time records are simply rife with ambiguous and nugatory entries.^[60] Michael Sturm, for example, has billed time for "review[ing] and analyz[ing] issues re strategy" no fewer than sixteen times, (See 6/26/1995 MLS; 8/14/1995 MLS; 8/30/1995 MLS; 9/8/1995 MLS; 1/19/1996 MLS; 2/14/1996 MLS; 2/28/1996 MLS; 6/25/1997 MLS; 2/26/1998 MLS; 5/7/1998 MLS; 2/25/1999 MLS; 5/28/1999 MLS; 6/15/1999 MLS; 6/24/2999 MLS; 9/8/1999 MLS; 9/13/1999 MLS.) Other gems include "reviewing and revising memorandum to file; research on bid-rigging cases," (1/7/2000 RBB), for which relator's counsel seek $650.00; "review indices, docs; confer with G. Reece," (6/20/2006 MMB), for which counsel billed $1,295.00; and "prepare for trial," (3/14/2007 CR; 3/15/2007 CR; 3/16/2007 CR; 3/17/2007 CR; 3/18/2007 CR), for which counsel charged $30,021.50.

The relevant question is not whether the lodestar should be reduced due to counsel's impenetrable narratives, but by how much. Not all counsel's time entries exhibits such flaws. Indeed, some far exceed the minimum level of detail needed for meaningful analysis. And as relator urges, certain vague descriptions acquire greater substance when considered in context. See Heard v. Dist. of Columbia, No. 02-296, 2006 WL 2568013, **14-16, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62912, at *44-46 (D.D.C. Sept. 5, 2006) (Kotelly, J.) (surrounding entries must be taken into account in reviewing allegedly vague time entries). Cf. Cobell, 407 F.Supp.2d at 159 (declining to "cross-reference each of plaintiffs' voluminous time entries to compensate for [counsel's] failure to more fully describe his activities in the first instance" because this "responsibility rests squarely with plaintiffs"). For example, on one of the five consecutive days for which Colin Rushing billed only "prepare for trial," (3/14/2007 CR), Bell's time record indicates he met for some period of time with Rushing and others to discuss "trimming [the] case," (3/14/2007 RBB), and Cedarbaum's entry for that day notes Rushing was present for a meeting regarding "demonstratives," (3/14/2007 JC). It seems unlikely, however, that these two meetings consumed the entire thirteen hours Rushing billed that day. Moreover, contextual analysis saves only a small portion of the problematic time entries.

Accordingly, the Court agrees with defendants that counsel's time entries' ambiguity warrants an across-the-board reduction. Based on the Court's review of the full fee application, it considers 10 percent to be reasonable and appropriate.^[61]

ii. Block Billing

Defendants also criticize counsel's use of block billing—that is, their time entries aggregate all tasks performed for this case on a given day, with no indication as to how much time counsel spent on each individual task.^[62] As our Court of Appeals has observed, block billing "make[s] it impossible for the court to determine, with any degree of exactitude, the amount of time billed for a discrete activity," leaving the court "to estimate the reduction to be made because of such insufficient documentation." In re Olson, 884 F.2d at 1428-29. See also Role Models Am., Inc., 353 F.3d at 971 (time records that "lump together multiple tasks[ ] mak[e] it impossible to evaluate their reasonableness"). In Cobell, this Court refused to "undertake the futile task of separating plaintiffs' block entries into their constituent tasks and apportioning a random amount of time to each." 407 F.Supp.2d at 160. Instead, it "exercise[d] the discretion accorded it by the Hensley Court and reduce[d] the time requested." Id. (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 n. 12, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983)).^[63]

Relator attempts to justify his counsel's block time entries by turning again to fellow attorneys' declarations: Davidson contends block billing is "[t]he most prevalent practice among firms in the Washington, D.C. marketplace," and Braga characterizes it as "standard fare in today's billing world." (Davidson Decl. ¶ 12, Ex. 5 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930]; Braga Supplemental Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 3 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Davidson also insists that more truly contemporaneous time-keeping would be "burdensome" and "disruptive to the flow of work involved." (Davidson Supplemental Decl. ¶8, Ex. 2 to [957].)

Such platitudes fail the common sense test. Wilmer Hale's time records clearly reveal a policy of billing in six-minute increments, while Wiley Rein's counsel seem to have billed in fifteen-minute increments. In several instances, an individual attorney performed only one task on this case in a given day and billed only six or fifteen minutes. (See, e.g., 6/30/2006 HS (0.10 hours billed for "confer with Ms. O'Connor"); 12/9/1998 RBB (0.25 hours billed for "telephone call with Mr. Dillon re status of investigation").) Thus, counsel were clearly able, under both firms' existing record-keeping systems, to document the time spent on individual tasks. The Court acknowledges that more consistently precise time-keeping might prove somewhat disruptive to work-flow, but in a fee-shifting case, it is necessary to facilitate subsequent judicial review. Most saliently, counsel's time entries are riddled with conferences, telephone calls, and meetings involving multiple professionals, but it is impossible to determine how long these conclaves lasted—or, as noted above, what subject matter they involved. Without such basic details, the Court simply cannot ascertain whether this time was reasonably expended.

Because relator's counsel's time records "lump together multiple tasks, making it impossible to evaluate their reasonableness," this Court finds that a wholesale reduction in the lodestar is appropriate. See Role Models Am., Inc., 353 F.3d at 971. It will thus reduce the tentative lodestar by a further 10 percent.^[64]

b. Unnecessary Work

Defendants next contend that relator's counsel engaged in unnecessary work, gratuitously inflating the fee petition. (BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 13-14.) Such superfluous time is not compensable. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434, 103 S.Ct. 1933 (requiring petitioner "to exclude from [his] fee request hours that are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary"); Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 572 F.Supp. 354, 369 (D.D.C.1983) (Robinson, C.J.) ("Counsel is not free ... to exercise its judgment in a fashion that unnecessarily inflates the losing party's fee liability").

Specifically, defendants claim that "[o]nce the government intervened, there was no need for the Relator to continue to amend his complaint, merely asserting the same claims as those contained in the government's complaints." (BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 13.) Hence, they argue, the Court should order relator's counsel to identify all time entries associated with these amendments and should exclude them from the fee award. (Id. at 14.)

This demand fails for two reasons. First, defendants again mistake the governing "reasonableness" standard for one of necessity. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933 (lodestar calculated based on "hours reasonably expended on the litigation"). Even an unnecessary amendment might yet be reasonable. Second, in each of the three instances in which relator amended his complaint after the government had intervened, Magistrate Judge Facciola or this Court authorized the amendment. (See Order of Mar. 9, 2006[232] (magistrate judge granted relator's motion for leave to file a third amended complaint); Scheduling Order of Apr. 10, 2006[253] (magistrate judge ordered that parties comply with April 24, 2006 deadline for filing amended complaints); Mem. Op. & Order of Mar. 6, 2007[620] (this Court granted relator's motion for leave to file fifth amended complaint).) The Court will not deny compensation for work it authorized. Cf. Wilkett v. ICC, 844 F.2d 867, 874 (D.C.Cir.1988) ("[a]ny work ordered by this Court is [ ] compensable").

c. Inefficiencies

Next, defendants point to sundry inefficiencies reflected in counsel's time records that fall into two broad categories. Their "too many lawyers" complaints include: (1) an excessive number of meetings and conference calls, many of uncertain duration, involving multiple senior personnel; (2) assignment of a per se unreasonable number of different time-keepers to the case; and (3) assignment of too many high-billing partners to the case. Their "too many hours" complaints include: (1) excessive time spent drafting relator's original complaint; (2) an unreasonable amount of time devoted to basic research; and (3) plaintiffs' continued agreements to seal. The Court will briefly examine each purported inefficiency and will then determine whether, in light of its findings, an across-theboard reduction for "excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary" hours is appropriate. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434, 103 S.Ct. 1933.

i. Too Many Lawyers

First, defendants highlight several "team meetings" that illustrate their concern over the innumerable, multi-participant meetings and conference calls that litter counsel's time records. On December 12, 2006, for example, no fewer than eleven people attended a "team meeting." (See 12/12/2006 MB; 12/12/2006 AB; 12/12/2006 RBB; 12/12/2006 MMB; 12/12/2006 JC; 12/12/2006 MG; 12/12/2006 AFM; 12/12/2006 JMO; 12/12/2006 GR; 12/12/2006 HS; 12/12/2006 STS.) Howard Shapiro's time entry indicates the meeting lasted 0.6 hours, and Stephen Smith's time entry reveals it pertained to that day's deposition of plaintiffs' expert, Terry Musika. (See 12/12/2006 HS; 12/12/2006 STS.) The price tag: $4,885.00.

Relator argues "such interactions and collaboration" were necessary in "a case as complex and fast-paced as this one." (Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 14.) Indeed, "conferences between attorneys to discuss strategy ... are an essential part of effective litigation" and facilitate "proper supervision and efficient staffing." McKenzie v. Kennickell, 645 F.Supp. 437, 450 (D.D.C.1986) (Parker, J.). This Court recognizes the value of information-sharing and dialogue^[65] but it agrees with defendants that "neither preparation for the defense of [Musika's] deposition nor debriefing after[ward] ... justifies" billing $5,000.00 for a thirty-six minute period.^[66] (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 15.)

Similarly, the Court cannot condone counsel's June 2006 conference calls with BHIC's counsel. On June 23, four attorneys participated in a teleconference with June Ann Sauntry regarding follow-up questions to defendants' discovery responses. (6/23/2006 MMB; 6/23/2006 JC; 6/23/2006 JMO; 6/23/2006 GR.) Due to counsel's block time entries, the Court cannot ascertain how long this call lasted, but its hourly price tag was a whopping $1,740.00. Four days later, at this same, $1,740.00 per hour rate, these four attorneys conferred by phone again with Sauntry and then held a separate meeting amongst themselves. (6/27/2006 MMB; 6/26/2006 JC; 6/26/2006 JMO; 6/23/2006 GR.)

This troublesome pattern extends to counsel's written work product: seven different attorneys worked on relator's fifth amended complaint. (See, e.g., 1/30/2007 JC; 1/31/2007 JC; 1/31/2007 MB; 12/22/2006 AB; 1/30/2006 AB; 12/26/2006 RBB; 1/30/2006 RBB; 11/25/2006 MMB; 1/31/2007 MMB; 12/22/2006 MG; 1/30/2007 MG; 1/30/2007 JMO; 1/31/2007 JMO.) Relator claims seven lawyers' participation was reasonable "because, as the last Complaint filed before trial, various attorneys needed to review it before it was filed to ensure that facts they knew based on their particular areas of expertise on the case were incorporated." (Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [957] at 14.) This explanation contradicts his justification for the innumerable "team meetings" that occurred throughout the case: team members shared information so freely and regularly to ensure knowledge would not be compartmentalized. (See id.) Furthermore, this Court granted leave to amend "solely for the purpose of curing the 9(b) deficiency ... pertaining to [HC's] involvement in the alleged fraudulent conspiracy." (Mem. Op. & Order of Mar. 6, 2007[620] at 3.) Satisfying this limited mandate did not call for such excessive drafting manpower. Relator explains that he also sought to add additional facts, (see Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 14 n. 14), but given that relator had eleven years to prepare the factual allegations in his fourth amended complaint, the Court finds it difficult to believe seven different drafters were necessary to document any "new" facts. Moreover, while the Court accepts that others must review a drafter's work, drafting by committee is a recipe for inefficiency.

Relator's justification for dispatching three attorneys to certain depositions, also attended by government counsel, is similarly flawed. (See Ex. A to Bell Decl., Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) The Court does not dispute that the FCA "contemplates [] continued participation by a relator after the government intervenes in a qui tam action." United States ex rel. Abbott-Burdick v. Univ. Med. Assocs., No. 2:XX-XXXX-XX, 2002 WL 34236885, **14-15, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26986, at *47-48 (D.S.C. May 23, 2002). Given relator's status as coplaintiff with the United States, it was perfectly reasonable for his counsel to attend depositions, regardless of government counsel's presence. Further, while the Court questions its necessity, it cannot conclude that dispatching two Wilmer Hale attorneys to each deposition was wholly unreasonable. At three, however, it draws the line.^[67] More is not always better.

Having perused counsel's records in full, and having studied the examples defendants cite in detail, the Court concludes that too many attorneys were assigned to discrete tasks. In many circumstances, assigning more than one attorney to a task makes eminent good sense. The work may be burdensome and readily divisible, a deadline may be fast approaching, or as the maxim holds, two heads may prove better than one. But relator's counsel, quite simply, went overboard.

Second, HII contends it was per se unreasonable for Wilmer Hale to assign fiftytwo attorneys and thirty paralegals to this case.^[68] (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 19.) As they point out, relator's co-plaintiff, the United States, devoted only five attorneys to the case, and they managed to perform substantially the same volume and types of tasks—attending and defending depositions, responding to discovery requests, filing pleadings, and advocating at trial— for which Wilmer Hale needed more than ten times the staff. (See id. at 20-21.)

As relator notes, however, HII has not identified specific time entries it believes reflect duplication of effort. (See Reply to HII's Opp'n [957] at 13.) Furthermore, in calculating the lodestar, the Court's duty is to ascertain "the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation," not the number of lawyers reasonably assigned. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933; Donnell v. United States, 682 F.2d 240, 250 n. 27 (D.C.Cir.1982) ("The issue is not whether [petitioners] used too many attorneys, but whether the work performed was unnecessary.").

Moreover, defendants' attack on the number of Wilmer Hale attorneys who assisted the government with the "overwhelming[ly] demand[ing][] discovery" that occurred in this case, (see Morgan Decl. ¶ 7, Ex. 1 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930]), rings hollow, see Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 904 (D.C.Cir.1980) (en banc) (defendant "cannot litigate tenaciously and then be heard to complain about the time necessarily spent by the plaintiff in response"). Wilmer Hale's ability to leverage additional human resources as the case's demands changed may actually have rendered its representation more efficient. Moreover, both partners and associates frequently change firms or move between public and private practice; consequently, one would expect some turnover in assigned personnel over the course of twelve years. Hence, the Court cannot conclude Wilmer Hale's aggregate staffing was per se inefficient.

Third, and in the same vein, defendants contend Wilmer Hale's assignment of five different partners—none with prior FCA litigation experience—to the case was unreasonable reasonable, leading to inflated billings. (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 29-30.) In total, partners Robert Bell (1980 law graduate), Jonathan Cedarbaum (1996), Robert Cultice (1978), Jennifer O'Connor (1997), and Howard Shapiro (1985); billed 7,667.05—or about 31 percent—of the 24,626.5 hours listed in relator's original fee petition. (See Exs. B-1, D-1 to Bell Decl., Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) This equates to $4,310,980.00—or about 43 percent—of the $10,014,707.00 in fees sought in that petition. (See Exs. B-1, 1 to Bell Decl.)

Defendants style this objection as one concerning "duplication of work," (see HII's Opp'n [949] at 29), and indeed, Hensley prescribes exclusion of "redundant" efforts from a fee petition, 461 U.S. at 434, 103 S.Ct. 1933. Yet defendants do not identify any specific areas in which they believe Wilmer Hale's efforts, or those of an individual partner, were truly duplicative of others.^[69] Perhaps some of the work performed by the five partners—at $495 per hour and up—might have been delegated to associates with lower hourly rates, but defendants have neither made this argument explicitly nor endeavored to identify examples. The Court finds the previous paragraph's calculations rather troubling: despite the involvement of so many different attorneys and the assignment of associates to the "core" team, five partners' time accounts for nearly half the fees relator seeks. Nonetheless, without evidence of duplication, the Court will not speculatively second-guess Wilmer Hale's staffing decisions in the invited manner.

ii. Too Many Hours

Defendants' first "too many hours" objection concerns relator's original complaint: by their count, counsel devoted 141.50 hours to drafting, reviewing, and revising this document. (HII's Opp'n [949] at 27.) A single sentence encapsulates their argument: "After three years of being involved in the case, it is hard to imagine how Wiley Rein could spend 141.5 hours in drafting a Complaint which thereafter required five successive amendments...." (Id.) Relator's counsel's practice of block billing has inflated defendants' figure: attorney time entries listing work on the complaint also include other, unrelated tasks. (See, e.g. 6/21/1995 LD; 6/21/2005 CRY.) Further, counsel drafted a thirty-page, factually detailed confidential disclosure statement along with the complaint, preparation of which required document review and privilege considerations. (See, e.g., 6/21/2005 MLS; 6/21/2005 RBB.) Hence, the Court cannot conclude counsel devoted excessive time to drafting the complaint and accompanying disclosure statement. Cf. Cobell, 407 F.Supp.2d at 161 (finding excessive 20.7 hours spent "drafting a two-page filing containing no legal analysis or discussion," 122.33 hours spent "drafting a nine-page filing entitled Plaintiffs' Reply to Defendants' Opposition to Setting a Trial Date," and 852.47 hours spent "drafting Appellee's 66-page Response Brief").

Second, defendants contend relator's counsel spent 300.55 hours on "the most basic `getting up to speed'" research. (HII's Opp'n [949] at 27-28.) Again, this figure is inflated due to counsel's block time entries, and defendants' examples are ill-chosen. They highlight, for instance, that on June 13, 1995, Robert Bell reviewed an ABA publication on the False Claims Act. (Id. (citing 6/13/1995 RBB).) Yet the Court suspects that even an attorney with prior FCA experience would wish to ensure his familiarity with recent developments in the field. (Accord Braga Supp. Decl. ¶ 3, Ex. 3 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957] ("it is prudent for even the most expert counsel ... to perform additional research on topics they are otherwise familiar with in order either to confirm their beliefs in the state of the law or to ascertain any changes in the state of the law as a result of recent developments").) On June 12, 1995, Luis de la Torre—in addition to reviewing a memo from a colleague—researched cases interpreting the FCA's statute of limitations and drafted a memo on the subject. (6/12/1995 LD.) Given that timeliness proved a significant and fiercely contested issue in this case, this research seems entirely justified.

More broadly, the Court finds attorney declarant Davidson's pragmatic comments on this point particularly apt:

Experts in substantive practice areas are still required to conduct "research" (indeed, a lawyer would be negligent if he or she did not conduct "research") to determine the current state of the law[,] and no practitioner would be expected to know all answers to legal questions, even within the practitioner's area of expertise. Moreover, regardless of an attorney's level of expertise, the pertinent authorities need to be referenced and researched when briefing or considering the legal issues in the case. This time will be described as "research." Undertaking "research" does not mean that the attorney involved is undertaking basic research on the substantive law. In my opinion, and in my practice, it is customary for attorneys at all levels to review case law—to do "research"— as it becomes relevant for the task they are performing.

(Davidson Supplemental Decl. ¶29, Ex. 2 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Having reviewed the supposedly offensive time entries, (see Ex. 1 to HII's Opp'n [949]), the Court concludes defendants' objection to counsel's "basic" research is unfounded.

Finally, defendants argue plaintiffs' repeated agreements to extend the sealed period in this case were unreasonable because they unduly prolonged the litigation.^[70] (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 28-29.) This Court has stated, and still believes, that relator did himself a grave disservice by conceding to the government's numerous motions to extend the seal. (See Apr. 27, 2007 PM Tr. at 165-66; Mem. Op. [872] at 29.) Nevertheless, in each instance, the government sought, and a judge granted, the extension. The Court will not deny relator's counsel compensation for work it authorized.^[71]Cf. Wilkett v. ICC, 844 F.2d 867, 874 (D.C.Cir.1988) ("[a]ny work ordered by this Court is [] compensable").

iii. Inefficiencies Summary

To summarize, the Court has considered each alleged inefficiency identified by defendants and concludes that counsel's time records do evince one problematic trend. At least during the litigation's later stages, too many attorneys were assigned to discrete tasks. The Court does not propose to dictate law firms' staffing, and it acknowledges the benefits of a division of labor. But it is common knowledge that at some point, allocating portions of a task among group members ceases to raise productivity and instead begins to hinder it. As illustrated above, relator's counsel passed this equilibrium point. The Court finds the resulting inefficiency unreasonably inflated counsel's billing statements and thus warrants an across-the-board reduction of five percent.^[72]

C. Lodestar

Relator originally sought $599,351.00 as compensation for 1054.5 hours worked by Wiley Rein personnel. (See Ex. B-2 to Bell's Decl., Ex. 2 to Petition for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) His supporting documents reflect a slightly lesser total of 1054.25 hours. (See Ex. B-3 to Bell's Decl.) The time entry-specific deductions detailed in Appendix II, infra, along with relator's voluntary withdrawals for inadvertently included time, reduce the Wiley Rein total to 936.05 hours. At the rates set forth in Appendix I, infra, fees for these hours amount to $497,763.30— $3,875.00 for paralegal work, and $493,888.30 for attorney work.

For Wilmer Hale personnel, relator originally sought $9,415,356.00 as compensation for 23,572 hours' work. (See Ex. 2 to Bell's Decl.) After the Appendix II deductions and relator's voluntary withdrawals, Wilmer Hale's total compensable hours amount to 23,283 hours. At Appendix I rates, fees for this time run to $9,268,467.75—$677,748.75 for paralegal work, and $8,590,719.00 for attorney work.

As set forth in Appendix III, the Court has concluded that systematic defects in relator's fee petition warrant across-theboard reductions in these subtotals: ten percent for ambiguous time entries, ten percent for block billing, and five percent for inefficient staffing. Further, the Court will discount all attorney hours by one-half percent and all paralegal hours by five percent to omit compensation for clerical work. The Court will apply the total percentage reductions—25.5 percent of attorney fees and 30 percent of paralegal fees— to fees for compensable time, computed above, vice requested time. For Wiley Rein, these percentages translate to reductions of $1162.50 in paralegal fees and $125,941.52 in attorney fees. Subtracting these amounts from the fees for compensable hours, calculated above, yields lodestar values of $2,712.50 for Wiley Rein paralegals and $367,946.78 for Wiley Rein attorneys. For Wilmer Hale, these percentages translate to reductions of $203,324.62 in paralegal fees and $2,190,633.34 in attorney fees. Subtracting these amounts from the fees for compensable hours, calculated above, yields lodestar values of $474,424.13 for Wilmer Hale paralegals and $6,400,085.66 for Wilmer Hale attorneys.

The resulting lodestar sub-components appear in the table below:

                 Wiley Rein      Wilmer Hale
Attorney Fees           $367,946.78                $6,400,085.66
Paralegal Fees          $  2,712.50                $  474,424.13
Total Lodestar          $370,659.28                $6,874,509.79

The total lodestar value—"the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation times a reasonable hourly rate," Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984)—thus equals $7,245,169.07.

D. Enhancement

A "strong presumption" exists that the lodestar figure, without more, constitutes a reasonable fee award. City of Burlington v. Dague, 505 U.S. 557, 562,112 S.Ct. 2638, 120 L.Ed.2d 449 (1992). Yet in "rare" and "exceptional" cases, a fee applicant may rebut this strong presumption against upward adjustments to the lodestar by producing "specific evidence" that shows "an adjustment is necessary to the determination of a reasonable fee." Blunt, 465 U.S. at 898-99, 104 S.Ct. 1541 (emphasis added).

Relator must believe his case to be exceedingly rare, indeed: he claims his counsel's quality of representation and the "exceptional results" achieved "entitle[ ]" them to double the lodestar amount. (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 27.) He further suggests the FCA's incentive structure supports his eye-watering request. (Id. at 38-40.) The Court will evaluate each of these three proposed bases for a 100 percent lodestar enhancement in turn, but first, it will set out the applicable law.

In his fee petition, relator relies principally on Blum, one of the Supreme Court's early pronouncements on the subject of fee enhancements. (See Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 27-28.) There, the district court had granted a fifty percent enhancement for, inter alia, quality of representation and result obtained, and the Supreme Court deemed this an abuse of discretion. 465 U.S. at 891, 902, 104 S.Ct. 1541. It left the door open to lodestar multipliers, noting that "in some cases of exceptional success an enhanced award may be justified," but it instructed that the lodestar amount "is presumed to be the reasonable fee." Id. at 897, 104 S.Ct. 1541 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Of particular relevance here, it observed that

[t]he "quality of representation" . . . generally is reflected in the reasonable hourly rate. It, therefore, may justify an upward adjustment only in the rare case where the fee applicant offers specific evidence to show that the quality of service rendered was superior to that one reasonably should expect in light of the hourly rates charged and that the success was "exceptional."

Id. at 899, 104 S.Ct. 1541. Absent such "specific evidence," an enhancement for quality of representation would constitute "a clear example of double counting." Id. Additionally, though relevant, the result obtained "normally should not provide an independent basis for increasing the fee award." Id. at 900, 104 S.Ct. 1541. Indeed, as another court in this district has observed, these two factors are necessarily intertwined: "a review of [] exceptional results is integral to an analysis of the quality of representation." McKenzie v. Kennickell, 684 F.Supp. 1097, 1106 (D.D.C. 1988) (Parker, J.)

Two years later, the Court adopted an even less permissive stance with respect to lodestar enhancements. See Pennsylvania v. Del. Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546, 106 S.Ct. 3088, 92 L.Ed.2d 439 (1986). There, the Court elevated Blum's presumption that the lodestar represents the reasonable fee to a strong presumption, explaining that feeshifting statutes "were not designed as a form of economic relief to improve the financial lot of attorneys, nor were they intended to replicate exactly the fee an attorney could earn through a private fee arrangement with his client." Id. at 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088. To that end, both quality of representation and results obtained "are presumably fully reflected in the lodestar amount." Id. Fundamental ethical principles dictate this conclusion:

[W]hen an attorney first accepts a case and agrees to represent the client, he obligates himself to perform to the best of his ability and to produce the best possible results commensurate with his skill and his client's interests. Calculating the fee award in a manner that accounts for these factors, either in determining the reasonable number of hours expended on the litigation or in setting the reasonable hourly rate, thus adequately compensates the attorney, and leaves very little room for enhancing the award based on his post-engagement performance.

Id. at 565-66, 106 S.Ct. 3088. Thus, to avoid double counting, "the overall quality of performance ordinarily should not be used to adjust the lodestar." Id. at 566, 106 S.Ct. 3088. See also Donnell, 682 F.2d at 254 ("We have found it all too common for the district courts to adjust the lodestar upward to reflect what the courts view as a high ... quality of representation. This trend should stop.").

With these principles in mind, the Court will weigh relator's enhancement arguments.

1. Results Obtained

In this qui tam action, the jury returned a total verdict of $34.4 million against six defendants after several others agreed to pretrial settlements. Relator and his "experts" dwell effusively on its aggregate size. (See Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 28 ("this is one of the three largest jury verdicts in the almost 200-year history of the FCA, and the fourth largest U.S. jury verdict in 2007 at the time it was handed down"); Braga Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. 3 to [930] (calling verdict "historical"); Davidson Decl. ¶ 34, Ex. 5 to [930] ("this size of a verdict from a jury in the District of Columbia is rare and demonstrates exceptional success").) The Court does not dispute that $90 million—the trebled damages value—is a staggering sum.

But this result must also be placed in perspective. Plaintiffs sought up to $60.8 million in damages—nearly twice the jury's ultimate award. (See May 1, 2007 PM Tr. at 73 (seeking $42 million in damages on Contract 20A); Mar. 23, 2007 AM Tr. at 84 (original Contract 29 bid was $137.3 million); May 1, 2007 PM Tr. at 76 (arguing fair and reasonable Contract 29 bid would have been $120 million); id. (suggesting $1.5 million damages award on Contract 07).) Given the sum sought, the jury verdict's magnitude is far from astounding.

Relator also insists the criminal case's results—four guilty pleas, one conviction, and over $140 million in fines—are "highly relevant in awarding an enhancement." (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 28.) The Court fails to see how. As BHIC and HUK point out, relator cites no authority for awarding a fee enhancement to counsel in a civil action based on the outcome of other litigation.^[73] (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 22.) As discussed above, counsel will be compensated for their representation of relator throughout his assistance with the government's criminal investigation. See supra part III.B. 1.a. But the Court does not believe they deserve a bonus for Government counsel's success in translating the information relator provided into a full-fledged antitrust investigation that culminated in criminal penalties.^[74]

Next, relator emphasizes that the jury's damages award here "goes directly to benefit the public interest by compensating the Government for Defendants' proven fraud." (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 29.) Yet this is true of every damages award in False Claims actions: any recovery always goes to the government. By relator's logic, successful qui tam relators' counsel would receive lodestar enhancements in every case.^[75] The Supreme Court's admonition that the result obtained "normally should not provide an independent basis for increasing the fee award" forecloses this outcome. See Blum, 465 U.S. at 900, 104 S.Ct. 1541.

All in all, the Court finds the result obtained, while laudable, does not weigh strongly in favor of awarding a fee enhancement in this case.

2. Representation Quality

Relator next argues the quality of his counsel's performance merits a lodestar enhancement, and he identifies three separate facets of this performance as establishing its superiority: (1) his counsel's "essential" and "vital" role, and their coordination with the government, produced efficiencies not reflected in the lodestar; (2) Bell's cradle-to-grave involvement in the case also yielded such efficiencies; and (3) a small core of young lawyers who performed well beyond their seniority levels bore principal responsibility for relator's representation. (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 30, 32, 33.) Because relator's first two justifications both take aim at the strong presumption that the lodestar adequately reflects representation quality, Delaware Valley, 478 U.S. at 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088, the Court will address them together.

a. Unaccounted-for Efficiencies

To support his contention that the lodestar fails to capture certain efficiencies achieved by his counsel, relator turns to two sources: government counsel Keith Morgan's affidavit, and his "expert" declarations. (See Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 30-33.)

He begins with the proposition that

[b]ut for relator's counsel's active and integral participation in this suit, it would have been extremely difficult for the Government to prevail because it may not have been able to respond to the plethora of motions effectively, meet the highly intense demands of discovery, and present this case as effectively at trial.

(Id. at 30-31.) To support this characterization of his counsel's role, he relies on Morgan's declaration:

The availability of Relator's counsel from Wilmer Hale was essential in meeting the overwhelming demands of discovery and ultimately of the trial in this matter. Indeed, attorneys and support staff from Wilmer Hale played a vital role in getting this case ready for trial and ultimately successfully trying it. . . . Throughout this period counsel for the United States and Relator's counsel met regularly to coordinate our efforts to ensure that there was no duplication of efforts and that we worked as an integrated team.

(Morgan Decl. ¶¶ 7-8, Ex. 1 to [930].)

Relator and his attorney declarants cast this straightforward prose as effusive praise, repeatedly quoting the words "essential" and "vital" from Morgan's otherwise terse narration of the case's progress. (See Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 31; Braga Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. 3 to [930] ("The fact that the Civil Division of the United States Attorney's office is willing to recognize that Wilmer Hale's role in this case was both `essential' and `vital' to the successful preparation and trial of this `overwhelming' case speaks volumes"); Davidson Decl. ¶ 46, Ex. 5 to [930] ("The statements by the Government in support of Wilmer Hale's efforts are not at all typical and reflect the extraordinary contribution the Wilmer Hale team provided for the public benefit.").)

Read objectively, however, Morgan's two-page affidavit offers only faint praise. His first statement, concerning counsel's "availability," reveals nothing about the quality of counsel's performance—it merely suggests Wilmer Hale provided additional warm bodies to supplement the government's resources. His second statement does reflect significant credit on the Wilmer Hale team: their participation was "vital" to successful prosecution of the government's claims. But starting from relator's premise—that the government could not have handled this case without Wilmer Hale's assistance— counsel owed a duty to their client to offer up the additional resources needed to permit success, lest relator walk away with nothing. See Delaware Valley, 478 U.S. at 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088 ("When an attorney first accepts a case and agrees to represent the client, he obligates himself to perform to the best of his ability and to produce the best possible results commensurate with his skill and his client's interests."). The same logic applies to Morgan's third statement: that relator's counsel coordinated their efforts with the government to avoid duplication merely indicates they endeavored to avoid inefficiency; such conduct should serve as a baseline in client representation and does not justify a bonus.

Relator's arguments concerning Bell's continuous involvement are similarly unpersuasive. His attorney declarants' praise for Bell's loyalty to his client, "over a total of 16 years and across his shift in law firms," borders on hyperbole. (See Braga Decl. ¶ 6 (relator was "blessed to have complete continuity of his lead counsel, Robert Bell," and such long-term attorney-client relationships are "rare indeed in this modern legal world"); Davidson Decl. ¶ 42 (Bell's continuous involvement was "invaluable and result[ed] in substantial savings").) Likewise, where plaintiffs' lead counsel "remain[ed] at the helm" throughout fifteen years of litigation, another court in this district observed that "[s]uch continuity promotes tremendous efficiency and necessarily reduces the ultimate expenditure of hours." McKenzie v. Kennickell, 684 F.Supp. 1097, 1107 (D.D.C. 1988) (Parker, J.). See also Hartman v. Duffey, 973 F.Supp. 199, 202 (D.D.C.1997) (Robertson, J.) (awarding enhancement in part due to continuity of lawyers' efforts, which promoted efficiency and reduced overall time expenditure).

Ordinarily, this Court would concur. Here, however, the Court has already concluded that counsel's time records reveal substantial inefficiencies caused by assignment of too many attorneys to discrete tasks. See supra part III.B.2.c.i. Though nominally "lead counsel," Bell was one of five Wilmer Hale partners, and fifty-two attorneys total, to work on this case, and he did not represent relator at trial. Bell, who claims he "only added people to our team when necessary," managed the Wilmer Hale battalions, "set strategy for the team," and "supervise[d] and direct[ed][his] colleagues so that they could use their time more effectively." (Bell Decl. ¶ 66, Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) Bell, then, presumably bears responsibility for the staffing overkill.

This Court does not doubt that Bell's knowledge of the case history and his relationships with government counsel contributed to plaintiffs' win. But the Court believes the lodestar adequately accounts for Bell's lengthy involvement: he will be compensated at his standard, partner's billing rate of $650.00 for each of the 1,991.55 hours he reasonably expended. Presumably, he will also benefit from the contingency fee Wilmer Hale will receive once the government pays relator his bounty. (See Ex. 2 to Mot. for Leave to File Surreply [937] at 3.) But the Court will not reward him for phantom "efficiencies" belied by the record.^[76]

Consequently, the Court concludes neither efficiency for which relator alleges the lodestar fails to account overcomes the "strong presumption" against fee enhancements for quality of representation. See Delaware Valley, 478 U.S. at 565-66, 106 S.Ct. 3088.

b. Beyond-Paygrade Performance

Relator proposes one further basis for a lodestar enhancement based on quality of representation. Specifically, he contends that "young" lawyers comprised the bulk of the Wilmer Hale team, and that these attorneys performed "well beyond the standards expected of attorneys of similar experience."^[77] (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 33.) He offers that Gottlieb, Bunch, Baumgartner, and Reece "functioned in roles—sitting at counsel table, examining witnesses at trial, taking depositions, interviewing witnesses, and preparing witnesses—in which much more senior lawyers typically engage." (Id. at 34 (citing Bell Decl. ¶ 114, Ex. 2 to [930]).) Attorney declarant Braga emphasizes that

[o]rdinarily traditional law firm staffing would have involved a lesser number of junior associates and a greater number of senior associates.... Wilmer Hale's standard hourly rates for these junior associates do[] not fairly capture the degree of difficulty and level of responsibility at which they performed their services in this case.

(Braga Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. 3 to [930].) Similarly, relator contends that O'Connor and Cedarbaum, "both young partners," excelled beyond their paygrades. (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 34.) O'Connor served as lead counsel in discovery and other pretrial matters and played a major role at trial, while Cedarbaum served as "lead motions attorney." (Id.) Both were far junior to defendants' lead trial counsel. (Id.) At Wilmer Hale, more junior partners typically bill "at lockstep rates on the basis of seniority," so relator contends O'Connor and Cedarbaum's rates do not accurately reflect their superior skill levels. (Id. at 35.)

This Court heartily agrees that relator's counsel generally, and the more junior team members in particular, performed at a consistently high standard throughout this litigation. Nothing in this Opinion should be read as dismissing the Wilmer Hale associates' outstanding written and oral advocacy for their client. They are to be commended. Similarly, young partners O'Connor and Cedarbaum acquitted themselves creditably in their leadership roles. But as this Court observed above, Wilmer Hale's established billing rates are "reasonable" precisely because they align with those of other highly skilled attorneys in the District of Columbia legal community. See supra part III.A.1. Simply put, these superstars already bill at superstar rates.

Relator's declarations do not alter this assessment. His attorney declarants' pronouncements are too superficial to be of much evidentiary value. For example, Braga asserts that O'Connor and Cedarbaum "provided services at a level significantly above that contemplated by their standard hourly rates." (Braga Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. 3 to [930].) But he does not then explain what sort of services he believes a client can reasonably expect for $510 or $495 per hour. Nor does he indicate what rates would be reasonable for the level of service provided. Another assertion in relator's motion is equally bewildering: he declares that certain young Wilmer Hale associates "functioned in roles ... in which much more senior lawyers typically engage." (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 34 (citing Bell Decl. ¶ 114, Ex. 2 to [930]).) This implies that Wilmer Hale would not ordinarily permit a fourthyear associate and former U.S. Supreme Court clerk, such as Gottlieb, to sit at counsel table, take depositions, or examine, interview, or prepare witnesses. Relator does not, however, describe the tasks that would typically fall to Wilmer Hale associates of Gottlieb's seniority and credentials. In sum, relator's evidence that counsel's established billing rates do not adequately reflect the quality of their performance is simply too paltry to overcome the "strong presumption" against fee enhancements for quality of representation. Delaware Valley, 478 U.S. at 565-66, 106 S.Ct. 3088. Absent amplifying details, this "evidence" consists of nothing more than superlativeladen platitudes.^[78]

As the Supreme Court has cautioned, "the overall quality of performance ordinarily should not be used to adjust the lodestar." Id. at 566, 106 S.Ct. 3088. When they agreed to represent relator, Bell and his colleagues obligated themselves "to perform to the best of [their] abilit[ies] and to produce the best possible results commensurate with [their] skill and [their] client's interests." Id. at 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088. Their having fulfilled this duty to entitles them only to compensation at a reasonable rate for the hours they reasonably expended—no more.^[79]

3. Statutory Purpose

Finally, relator argues that awarding an enhancement here would "satisfy" the FCA's "incentive structure." (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 38.) Even if true, this contention would not provide an independent basis for awarding an enhancement absent other, recognized factors (such as quality of representation, discarded above) weighing in favor. Hence, the Court will treat it only briefly.

Relator begins with the uncontroversial proposition that Congress enacted the FCA's fee-shifting and relator's share provisions to encourage private citizens to expose fraud against the government through lawsuits on its behalf. (See id.) In particular, he argues, Congress wanted to enable prospective qui tam relators to retain private counsel whose assistance would prevent "resource mismatch" situations, in which "the Government's enforcement team is overmatched by the legal teams major contractors retain[]." See S. Rep. 99-345, at 8 (1986), as reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, 5273.^[80] Thus, relator reasons, "Congress's goal was for relators to be equally [ ] well-represented as FCA defendants, and therefore, the feeshifting provision is intended to attract counsel of the highest quality." (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 39.)

Here, relator's logic begins to break down. The Senate Report indicates Congress believed relators' counsel could supplement the government's efforts, ameliorating any resource disadvantage. Construed extremely liberally, it could be read to endorse resource parity between plaintiffs and defendants. But both the Report and the statutory text clearly view relator's efforts, and those of his counsel, as secondary to those of the federal government. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730 (2008) ("[i]f the Government proceeds with the action, it shall have the primary responsibility for prosecuting the action"); S. Rep. 99-345, at 8 (1986), 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, 5273 (qui tam relators and their counsel will "bolster[] the Government's fraud enforcement effort"). The fee-shifting provision thus aims to top up the government's formidable resources,^[81] not to bankroll relators' recruitment of private counsel of equal caliber to defendants' counsel.

Even were the Court to disregard this flaw in relator's reasoning, his ultimate conclusion rests on shaky factual ground. He contends that "[w]ithout an enhancement, large firms like Wilmer Hale—which are necessary to match talented defense counsel . . . —would have little reason to take on such contentious, long-running cases." (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 39; accord Davidson Decl. ¶ 36, Ex. 5 to [930].) First, while large law firms frequently offer high-quality representation, "mega-firm" attorneys are not the only lawyers equipped to "match talented defense counsel." More than a few talented attorneys have practiced before this Court, among them solo practitioners, government attorneys, and lawyers at small and medium-sized firms. Second, in this very case, Wilmer Hale accepted representation—and indeed, has continued it for nine years, with no guarantee of a fee enhancement. To the extent that relator suggests his counsel assumed from the beginning that they would receive a bonus—otherwise, they "would have [had] little reason to take on such [a] contentious, long-running case[]," (see Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 39)— this was foolishly presumptuous.

Furthermore, the Supreme Court's opinion in Delaware Valley forecloses this line of argument: "In short, the lodestar figure includes most, if not all, of the relevant factors constituting a `reasonable' attorney's fee, and it is unnecessary to enhance the fee ... in order to serve the statutory purpose of enabling plaintiffs to secure legal assistance." 478 U.S. at 566, 106 S.Ct. 3088 (emphasis added).^[82]

4. Enhancement Summary

For the reasons discussed above, the Court concludes no fee enhancement is warranted in this case. Without minimizing the significance of the result obtained, the Court does not find it so extraordinary as to justify a bonus for relator's counsel. Further, the FCA's incentive structure supports only compensation at a reasonable rate for hours reasonably expended— without any additional enhancement—in this case. Finally, though the Court commends counsel's performance—particularly that of the more junior attorneys—it concludes the lodestar, calculated using counsel's established billing rates, adequately reflects this superior quality of representation. In Donnell, our Court of Appeals lamented district courts' increasing predilection for "adjust[ing] the lodestar upward to reflect what the courts [subjectively] view as a high ... quality of representation," urging that "[t]his trend should stop." 682 F.2d at 254. It stops here.

IV. Relator's Litigation Expenses

In addition to attorneys' fees, the FCA entitles a prevailing relator to an award against the defendant of "an amount for reasonable expenses which the court finds to have been necessarily incurred." 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008). Relator seeks $511,723.06 under this provision. (See Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 26-28, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957]).

Defendants contend this award must be limited to costs and expenses reimbursable under the Equal Access to Justice Act ("EAJA"), because the FCA's wording is similar to the EAJA's. (BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 27-28.)

This argument is a non-starter. Having compared the statutes side-by-side, the Court sees no similarity whatsoever. The EAJA refers to "other expenses, in addition to any costs awarded pursuant to subsection (a), incurred ... in any civil action... unless the court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust." 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A) (2008). By contrast, the FCA refers to "reasonable expenses which the court finds to have been necessarily incurred." 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008). Cf. id. § 3730(g) (EAJA governs award of fees and expenses to prevailing defendant in FCA action). The FCA's statutory text requires the court to determine whether the expenses are "reasonable" and "necessarily incurred"—not whether defendants' position "was substantially justified," nor whether "special circumstances [exist that] make an award unjust." Compare 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008), with 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A) (2008).

Moreover, defendants have cited no precedent for applying the EAJA's limitations to a costs award under the FCA. Rather, as they explicitly recognize, courts commonly look to judicial interpretations of 42 U.S.C. section 1988 for guidance as to FCA expenses awards. See, e.g., United States ex rel. J. Cooper & Assocs., Inc. v. Bernard Hodes Group, Inc., 422 F.Supp.2d 225, 237-38 & n. 17 (D.D.C. 2006) (Urbina, J.); United States ex rel. Coughlin v. IBM, 992 F.Supp. 137, 145-46 (N.D.N.Y.1998). Cf. Neal v. Honeywell, Inc., 191 F.3d 827, 834 (7th Cir.1999) ("Having assimilated § 3730(h)[, FCA attorneys' fees and costs provision applicable in whistleblower retaliation cases,] to § 1988 on fee issues, we finish the job by assimilating it to § 1988 on cost issues.").

Under section 1988, compensable expenses include "those reasonable out-ofpocket expenses incurred by the attorney which are normally charged to a fee-paying client, in the course of providing legal services." Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 746 F.2d 4, 30 (D.C.Cir.1984), overruled on other grounds by Save Our Cumberland Mountains, Inc. v. Hodel, 857 F.2d 1516 (D.C.Cir.1988). See also Salazar v. District of Columbia, 123 F.Supp.2d 8, 16-17 (D.D.C.2000) (Kessler, J.) (finding "out-of-pocket litigation expenses for postage, photocopying, telephone calls, facsimile transmissions, messengers, local travel, Westlaw, transcripts, medical records and miscellaneous [items] ... eminently reasonable in light of the extensive legal services performed"). Applying this standard in FCA cases, where the court must find the expenses to have been necessarily incurred, courts have held that "relators are under a duty to minimize their expenses," and that "those expenses incurred without proper documentation should be disallowed." United States ex rel. Abbott-Burdick v. Univ. Med. Assocs., No. 2:XX-XXXX-XX, 2002 WL 34236885, *23, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26986, at *75 (D.S.C. May 23, 2002) (citations omitted). Further, they have limited recovery to "those costs which are 'incidental and necessary' to the representation of the client." Coughlin, 992 F.Supp. at 145. "[C]osts are not allowed if they cannot be attached to the advancement of a specific claim, or if they are so general that they could be placed under the cost umbrella of overhead or office expense." Id. This Court will review relator's expenses according to these standards.^[83]

First, costs and expenses associated with time entries this Court has determined to be non-compensable are, likewise, non-compensable. Where hours were not "expended in pursuit of a successful resolution of the case in which fees are being claimed," Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans v. Sec'y of Def., 675 F.2d 1319, 1335 (D.C.Cir.1982), associated costs cannot have been "necessarily incurred," see 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008). Thus, the Court must exclude costs associated with efforts to secure immunity from prosecution for relator, tasks arising from his ongoing employment at J.A. Jones, and research and other efforts to obtain his relator's share.^[84]

The Court has cross-referenced the time entries including immunity-related work with relator's itemized expenses, and it finds that no expenses need be excluded on this basis. (Compare infra Appendix II, with Ex. C-2 to Bell Decl., Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) For expenses arising from relator's ongoing employment at Jones and efforts to secure his relator's share, Bell has proposed cost reductions the Court may apply should it conclude time associated with these activities is not compensable. (See Ex. F to Bell Supplemental Decl., Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Bell's proposed cost reductions correspond to his proposed fee reductions. (Id.) While the Court adopted Bell's proposals with respect to numerous time entries, it also deducted time from entries Bell did not address. (See infra Appendix II.) Rather than comb through counsel's cryptic expenses documentation and speculate about line items' purposes, the Court will adopt Bell's proposed deductions, with proportional adjustments.^[85] Of the 89.55 hours the Court deducted for relator's share recoupment efforts, Bell identified 65.80 hours, and the Court identified a further 23.75 hours. (See id.) Bell recommends a corresponding expenses reduction of $745.61, (Ex. F to Bell Supplemental Decl., Ex. 1 to [957]), which the Court will adjust proportionally to $1,014.73. Of the 67.35 hours the Court deducted as arising from relator's ongoing employment, Bell identified 47.00 hours, and the Court identified a further 20.35 hours. (See infra Appendix II.) Bell recommends a corresponding expenses reduction of $250.18, (Ex. F to Bell Supplemental Decl., Ex. 1 to [957]) which the Court will adjust proportionally to $358.50. The total reduction for these three categories sums to $1,373.23.

Second, defendants contend certain charges—for books and other publications, office supplies, and offsite storage—should be deemed non-compensable "overhead" expenses.^[86] (BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 32.) They do not, however, direct the Court to the specific line items they consider problematic. Moreover, in his declaration, Bell avers that Wiley Rein and Wilmer Hale "incurred . . . [the requested expenses] in connection with this litigation." (Bell Decl. ¶¶ 106, 116, Ex. 1 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) He further declares the costs he claims "are typical of the costs that law firms incur in this type of complex and protracted litigation, and typical of costs that law firms reasonably charge to their clients, separately, and not part of their overhead expenses." (Id. ¶ 116.) Defendants do not specifically rebut Bell's claims or cite to any relevant case law. Hence, the Court will take Bell at his word.

Finally, defendants argue that relator's expenses documentation is inadequate in two respects. (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 30-31.) First, they note that relator's records do not associate charges for computerized research, copying, freight, and courier services, with any particular subject matter. Second, and relatedly, many of these charges do not correspond to attorneys' time entries. In theory, one could look to an attorney's time entry for the day the cost was incurred to determine the subject matter of his research. But in several instances, relator has not billed any time, or time on the relevant days, for the attorney who conducted the research. (See, e.g., Ex. C-2 to Bell Decl., Ex. 2 to [930], at 2 ($55.88 Westlaw research charge for Sam Dickson on June 29, 1995); Ex. E-2 to Bell Decl., Ex. 2 to [930], at 11 ($633.00 Westlaw research charge for Michael Gottlieb on April 23, 2006).) Because these charges are so vaguely described, defendants argue, the Court cannot meaningfully assess whether they were "necessarily incurred" in pursuing this litigation. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008).

Relator defends his time entries in three ways: (1) as a matter of standard practice, law firms charge their clients for research and photocopies without identifying, or even keeping track of, their subject matter; (2) keeping more detailed records would be "unduly cumbersome and [would] waste valuable attorney time"; and (3) the discrepancies between research charges and time records stem from Bell's voluntary exclusions and from simple imprecision. (See Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 23-24.)

This last defense proves most compelling. Bell's original declaration explained that he had excluded time for twelve lawyers and six paralegals from Wiley Rein, and 34 lawyers and 27 paralegals from Wilmer Hale, "to avoid litigation over the reasonableness of [the firms'] hours." (Bell Decl. ¶¶ 105, 112, Ex. 2 to [930].) He did not, however, pledge that he had omitted any charges for expenses they incurred, so the presence of charges by mystery researchers is perfectly explicable. More broadly, lawyers regularly use research tools to perform substantive tasks, and some might reasonably have listed only the broader task, such as drafting a motion, without itemizing the computer and print-resource research, writing, and editing which that task entailed. Hence, the discrepancies defendants cite do not render counsel's expenses unreasonable.

Relator's other two justifications, however, lack equal logical force. Attorney declarant Davidson insists "[i]t is not customary to provide the details concerning every item of expense in a major litigation," nor "to identify each piece of paper copied." (Davidson Supplemental Decl. ¶ 39, Ex. 2 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Requiring a fee petitioner to identify each sheet of paper copied would, as relator suggests, be "unduly cumbersome." But the Court does not believe it would "waste valuable [] time" to briefly indicate that the copied documents were, for example, "motions in limine," "exhibits," or "research memos." The same logic applies to research charges. Some substantive information would permit the Court to ascertain that these expenses were "necessarily incurred." See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008). Relator's counsel's records list only "duplicating" or "photocopy—DC—for [date]," followed by the number of pages, or "computerized research Westlaw," followed by the researcher's name and the date. (See generally Ex. E-2 to Bell Decl., Ex. 2 to [930].) To, "find" that such vaguely described charges "were necessarily incurred," this Court would have to function as a rubber stamp. This, it will not do.^[87]

This Court imposed a ten percent across-the-board reduction on relator's billed hours due to generic and ambiguous narrative descriptions. See supra part III.B.2.a.i. Vague entries are scattered throughout relator's time records, but in their expense records, such entries are downright ubiquitous. Accordingly, the Court concludes a forty percent acrossthe-board reduction in compensable expenses is appropriate.

Relator seeks $511,723.06 in litigation expenses. (See Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 26-28, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957]). Subtracting non-compensable charges from this total, and accounting for the acknowledged duplication with relator's bill of costs, see supra note 17, leaves $478,375.87. Applying the forty percent wholesale reduction brings relator's total compensable expenses to $287,025.52.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Court shall grant in part and deny in part relator's motion for attorneys' fees, costs, and expenses [930]. Pursuant to 31 U.S.C. section 3730(d)(1), the Court shall order defendants BHIC, HUK, Bilhar, HII, and HC to pay relator $7,245,169.07 in reasonable attorneys' fees, and $287,025.52 in reasonable expenses, which this Court finds were necessarily incurred—in total, $7,532,194.59.

Further, the Court shall grant plaintiffs' bills of costs [928, 929]. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1) and Local Civil Rule 54. 1, the Court shall direct the Clerk to tax $54,437.87 in costs to all defendants, including Anderson, on the United States' behalf. It shall further direct the Clerk to tax $31,973.96 to defendants BHIC, HUK, Bilhar, HII, and HC on relator's behalf.

A separate order shall issue this date.

ORDER

The Court has considered plaintiffs' bills of costs [928, 929, 933], relator's motion for attorneys' fees, costs, and expenses [930], the entire record herein, and the applicable law. For the reasons set forth in the accompanying memorandum opinion, it is hereby:

ORDERED that the United States' initial and supplemental bills of costs [928, 933] are GRANTED. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1) and Local Civil Rule 54. 1, the Clerk is directed to tax $54,437.87 in costs to all defendants. It is further

ORDERED that relator's bill of costs [929] is GRANTED. The Clerk is directed to tax $31,973.96 to defendants BHIC, HUK, Bilhar, HII, and HC. It is further

ORDERED that relator's motion [930] is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Pursuant to 31 U.S.C. section 3730(d)(1), defendants BHIC, HUK, Bilhar, HII, and HC shall pay relator $7,245,169.07 in reasonable attorneys' fees, and $287,025.52 in reasonable expenses, which this Court finds were necessarily incurred—in total, $7,532,194.59.

SO ORDERED.

APPENDIX I

The following table lists the billing rates applied in calculating the lodestar, per the discussion in part III.A, supra.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Hourly
        Name              Firm           Rate                 Source
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yaa A. Apori           Wilmer Hale       $485        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Matthew Baumgartner    Wilmer Hale       $350        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ashley Baynham         Wilmer Hale       $350        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robert B. Bell         Wilmer Hale       $650        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
David Bowsher          Wilmer Hale       $485        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Monya M. Bunch         Wilmer Hale       $350        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mary Beth Caswell      Wilmer Hale       $210        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jonathan Cedarbaum     Wilmer Hale       $495        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annie L. Chelovitz     Wiley Rein        $125        USAO Laffey Matrix 2007-08[88]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robert Cultice         Wilmer Hale       $625        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Michael Gottlieb       Wilmer Hale       $385        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Keven C. Heffel        Wilmer Hale       $315        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Monika Moore           Wilmer Hale       $385        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allison F. Murphy      Wilmer Hale       $275        Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jennifer M. O'Connor   Wilmer Hale       $510      Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F.H. Quaynor           Wiley Rein        $125      USAO Laffey Matrix 2007-08
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gregory Reece          Wilmer Hale       $385      Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colin Rushing          Wilmer Hale       $485      Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Howard Shapiro         Wilmer Hale       $750      Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Milton R. Shook        Wilmer Hale       $210      Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stephen T. Smith       Wilmer Hale       $385      Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stanley R. Soya        Wiley Rein        $440      USAO Laffey Matrix 2007-08
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Michael L. Sturm       Wiley Rein        $495      Bell Decl. ¶ 104, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Laura K. Terry         Wilmer Hale       $485      Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nancy Tillotson        Wilmer Hale       $175      Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to [930]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Luis de la Torre       Wiley Rein        $390      USAO Laffey Matrix 2007-08
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chris R. Yukins        Wiley Rein        $390      USAO Laffey Matrix 2007-08
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX II

The tables below include all time entries from which the Court has deducted specific amounts of time spent on noncompensable tasks, as discussed in part III.B.1, supra. The far right column lists the reason for each reduction and its source—that is, whether the particular number of hours deducted was proposed by Bell, in the attachments to his supplemental declaration, or calculated by the Court. For certain travel-related reductions, the Court has applied Bell's estimates for travel to or from a particular city to entries for which Bell did not propose any reduction; for these entries, the source is listed as "Court/Bell." Finally, to the extent possible, the Court has attempted to highlight the non-compensable tasks listed in the "Narrative" column in boldface type.

A.     Wiley Rein
       Date     Attorney  Billed    Net                      Narrative                      Reduction    Reason for
                          Hours    Hours                                                                  Reduction
                                                                                                          (Source)
    06/16/1995  RBB       5.00    3.00      Review and revise complaint; meet with Mr.         2.00     Fee Agreement
                                            Soya re strategy; meet with team to review                  (Bell)
                                            and assign tasks; review and revise draft
                                            disclosure statement; revise fee agreement.

06/23/1995  LD        7.25    6.25      Review and edit latest versions complaint          1.00     Relator's Share
                                            and disclosure statement; research issue of                 (Court)
                                            relator's entitlement to share of recovery
                                            from defendant not named in relator's
                                            complaint; research issue of discoverability
                                            of disclosure statement; draft memo
                                            regarding these two issues; review messages
                                            from Mr. Yukins regarding business done by
                                            the various defendants in Washington, D.C.;
                                            review monograph regarding causes of action
                                            by companies being investigated or charged
                                            with fraud and discuss with Mr. Yukins;
                                            discuss complaint, disclosure statement, and
                                            jurisdictional issue with Mr. Bell, Mr. Sturm,
                                            and Mr. Yukins.
    06/24/1995  RBB       0.25    0.00      Read memorandum from de la Torre                   0.25     Relator's Share
                                            on whether relator can be awarded part of                   (Bell)
                                            recovery from a defendant not initially
                                            named in relators complaint.

06/25/1995  LD        8.25    7.25      Draft alphabetical list of relevant persons and    1.00     Fee Agreement
                                            entities; prepare chart showing profits on                  (Bell)
                                            international contracts of Jones Construction;
                                            review documents and information furnished
                                            by Mr. Miller for purposes of editing latest
                                            draft of complaint and disclosure statement
                                            and determining which exhibits to use for
                                            disclosure statement; leave messages for Mr.
                                            Sturm and Mr. Yukins regarding revisions to
                                            the disclosure statement; review proposed
                                            retention letter and correspondence with
                                            Mr. Miller
    06/28/1995  LD        5.50    5.25      Review disclosure statement and exhibits           0.25     Employment
                                            thereto for accuracy of citation to exhibits;               (Court)
                                            edit exhibit list; draft memo regarding
                                            proposed edits to complaint and disclosure
                                            statement; discuss finalizing and serving the
                                            complaint and disclosure statement, including
                                            possible counterclaims and privilege issues
                                            regarding exhibits, with Mr. Bell and Mr.
                                            Sturm; review recent False Claims Act
                                            cases involving counterclaims; review
                                            Federal Rules, local court rules, and confirm
                                            with clerks office information regarding
                                            forms, procedure, and fee required for filing
                                            complaint under seal.

06/29/1995  RBB       3.00    2.75      Prepare for meeting and meeting with Mr.           0.25     Immunity
                                            Klein and Mr. Spratling (DOJ); draft letter                 (Court)
                                            to Mr. Klein and letter to Mr. Hertz
    06/29/1995  MLS       2.50    2.25      Meeting at Antitrust Division; preparation         0.25     Immunity
                                            for same; telephone conference with Mr.                     (Court)
                                            Miller re same.
    07/07/1995  RBB       4.00    0.00      Review memorandum from Mr. Lab on                  4.00     Employment
                                            counterclaims in qui tam cases and read                     (Court)
                                            cases cited therein; review memorandum
                                            from Ms. Ben-David on possible common
                                            law claims J.A. Jones, Inc. might seek to
                                            assert against Mr. Miller; meet with Mr.
                                            Luh and Ms. Ben-David.
    07/20/1995  SRS       0.25    0.15      Telephone conference with Mr. Bell re                    0.10     Employment
                                            possible Government use of covert                                 (Court)
                                            investigative techniques in connection with
                                            anti-trust investigations and advice to Mr.
                                            Miller re possible questions from corporate
                                            management once the investigation
                                            becomes public.
    08/03/1995  RBB       9.00    8.00      Meet with Mr. Miller and Mr. Sturm; all day              1.00     Immunity
                                            meeting at DOJ with Messrs. Dillon, Kindred,                (Court)
                                            Morgan, and Ms. Mark; review leniency
                                            letter.
    08/03/1995  MLS       9.00    8.00      Meeting with Mr. Miller; meeting at DOJ;           1.00     Immunity
                                            review and analyze issues re outcome of                     (Court)
                                            same.

08/04/1995  RBB       0.75    0.25      Draft letter to Mr. Spratling; telephone call      0.50     Immunity
                                            with Mr. Miller re yesterday's meeting                      (Court
    08/04/1995  LD        0.25    0.15      Review and file correspondence regarding           0.10     Immunity
                                            Antitrust Division's investigation to date and              (Court)
                                            grant of leniency; review complaint and
                                            disclosure statement.
    08/29/1995  RBB       8.00    6.50      Review notes of prior meetings with DOJ:           1.50     Travel
                                            travel to Charlotte; meet with Mr. Miller;                  (Court/Bell)
                                            meet with DOJ
    08/29/1995  MLS       8.00    6.50      Prepare for and meet with Messrs. Miller,          1.50     Travel
                                            Dillon, and Kindled; prepare Mr. Miller for                 (Court/Bell)
                                            meeting; travel to Charlotte for meeting
    09/18/1995  MLS       0.75    0.00      Review and analyze issues re relators              0.75     Relator's Share
                                            entitlement to portion of criminal fine;                    (Bell)
                                            conferences with Ms. Faunce re same.
    09/19/1995  RBB       9.00    7.50      Travel to Charlotte; review memorandum             1.50     Travel (Bell)
                                            describing previous meeting; meet with Mr.
                                            Sturm; meet with Messrs. Dillon, Miller and
                                            Sturm, and Ms. Mueller; post-mortem with
                                            Mr. Miller, post-mortem with Mr. Sturm
    09/19/1995  MLS       8.50    7.00      Meeting with FBI, US Attorney's Office and         1.50      Travel (Bell)
                                            DOJ in Charlotte; prepare for same; travel to
                                            Charlotte for same.

09/20/1995  RBB       9.00    7.50      Meet with Mr. Dillon; meet with Messrs.            1.50      Travel (Bell)
                                            Miller and Dillon and Ms. Mueller, travel.
    09/20/1995  MLS       9.50    8.00      Meetings in Charlotte with DOJ and FBI;            1.50      Travel (Bell)
                                            lunch with Mr. Dillon; review and analyze
                                            complaint against Jones, et al.; return travel
                                            from Charlotte
    10/17/1995  RBB      13.00    9.00      Travel to and from Atlanta; meet with Mr.          4.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            Miller; meet with Messrs. Dillon, Kindred,
                                            and Miller; conference with Mr. Sturm
    10/17/1995  MLS      12.50    8.50      Prepare for meeting with Messrs. Dillon,           4.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            Miller, et al.; travel to Atlanta for meeting;
                                            meeting in Atlanta re document review;
                                            return travel from Atlanta
    11/07/1995  RBB      10.50    9.00      Review documents sent to me by Mr. Miller;         1.50     Travel (Bell)
                                            prepare exhibits to submit to the government;
                                            travel to Charlotte; meet with Messrs.
                                            Miller, Sturm, Dillon, Kindred, and Ms.
                                            Mueller; meet with Messrs. Miller and Sturm
    11/07/1995  MLS       8.50    7.00      Prepare for meeting and meet with Messrs          1.50     Travel (Bell)
                                            Miller, Dillon, and Kindred and Ms. Mueller;
                                            travel to Charlotte for same; conference
                                            with Mr. Bell re outcome of meeting

11/08/1995  RBB       4.00    2.50      Breakfast meeting with Messrs. Sturm,              1.50     Travel (Bell)
                                            Dillon, and Kindred; travel to Washington;
                                            attempt to reach Mr. Miller; meet with Mr.
                                            Sturm
    11/08/1995  MLS       4.50    3.00      Meeting with Messrs. Dillon and Kindred re         1.50     Travel (Bell)
                                            strategy; return travel from Charlotte;
                                            conference with Mr. Bell re status and
                                            strategy.
    11/09/1995  MLS       1.00    0.75      Telephone conference with Mr. Miller re            0.25     Relator's Share
                                            issues raised by DOJ; conference with Mr.                   (Court)
                                            Bell re same; review and analyze
                                            memorandum re qui tam awards
    01/14/1996  RBB       0.75    0.00      Telecon Rick Miller re: strategy                   0.75     Employment
                                            concerning possible interviews by company                   (Court)
                                            lawyers
    01/17/1996  RBB       2.75    0.00      Telephone call with Mr. Miller re request          2.75     Employment
                                            that he be interviewed by outside counsel;                  (Bell)
                                            meet with Mr. Sturm re same; separate
                                            meetings with Messrs. Brunner and
                                            Gordon, telephone call with Mr. Douglas,
                                            all re strategy for whether or not to
                                            cooperate with company investigation
    01/17/1996  MLS       0.50    0.00      Review and analyze issues and response to          0.50     Employment
                                            interview request; conference with Messrs.                  (Court)
                                            Bell and Gordon re same

01/18/1996  RBB       2.00    1.50      Finalize arrangements for meeting with Mr.         0.50     Employment
                                            Miller; conference with Mr. Soya re status                  (Court)
                                            of case; outline alternative strategies
    01/18/1996  SRS       0.50    0.00      Telephone conference with Mr. Bell re              0.50     Employment
                                            status and consideration of issues in                       (Bell)
                                            connection with the company's request to
                                            interview Mr. Miller
    01/19/1996  RBB       8.00    0.00      Prepare flip charts for meeting with Mr.           8.00     Employment
                                            Miller; dinner meeting with Messrs. De la                   (Bell)
                                            Torre, Gordon, Douglas, and Soya; lengthy
                                            meeting with Messrs. Miller, Sturm, de la
                                            Torre, Soya, Gordon, and Douglas to
                                            discuss whether to submit to interviews
                                            with company counsel, refuse to be
                                            interviewed, announce whistleblower
                                            status, or resign
    01/19/1996  LD        4.75    4.25      Review documents provided by Mr. Miller            0.50     Employment
                                            and qui tam disclosure statement and meet                   (Bell)
                                            with Mr. Miller, Mr. Bell, Mr. Gordon, Mr.
                                            Soya, and Mr. Douglas to discuss status of
                                            criminal investigation and its impact on Mr.
                                            Miller's employment, and handling of
                                            document issues; discuss status of case with
                                            Mr. Yukins

01/19/1996  SRS       4.00    0.00      Office conference with Mr. Miller and              4.00     Employment
                                            Messrs. Bell, Douglas, Gordon and Soya re.                  (Bell)
                                            strategy; review and analyze issues re
                                            same; telephone conference with Mr. Bell
                                            re same.
    01/23/1996  RBB       0.50    0.00      Telephone call with Mr. miller re                  0.50     Employment
                                            documents and re resignation plans                          (Bell)
    01/24/1996  RBB       0.25    0.00      Conference with Mr. Sturm re my                    0.25     Employment
                                            discussion last night with Mr. Miller                       (Court)
    01/24/1996  MLS       0.25    0.00      Conference with Mr. Bell re developments           0.25     Employment
                                                                                                        (Court)
    02/13/1996  RBB       1.00    0.50      Telephone call with Mr. Dillon re status;          0.50     Employment
                                            telephone call with Mr. Miller re outside                   (Bell)
                                            counsel seeking to interview him
    02/14/1996  RBB       4.00    3.00      Meet with Messrs. Sturm, Douglas,                  1.00     Employment
                                            Gordon, and de la Torre re strategy for                     (Bell)
                                            Mr. Miller resigning; telephone call with
                                            Mr. Dillon re grand jury subpoena to be
                                            served on Mr. Miller; lengthy telephone call
                                            with Mr. Miller re grand jury subpoena,
                                            strategy for resigning from company, and
                                            strategy for dealing with questions from
                                            lawyers and co-workers

02/14/1996  LD        2.25    0.50      Review notes of January 19 meeting with Mr.        1.75     Employment
                                            Miller and discuss status of criminal                       (Bell)
                                            investigation and of Jones Construction's
                                            in-house investigation, Mr. Miller's
                                            response thereto, and the impact of the
                                            investigations on Mr. Miller's employment
                                            with Mr. Bell, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Sturm,
                                            and Mr. Douglass
    02/14/1996  MLS       3.00    2.50      Conference with Bell, et al. re strategy;          0.50     Employment
                                            review and analyze issues re same;                                      (Court)
                                            conference with Mr. Bell re issues raised by
                                            Mr. Dillon; conference with Mr. Bell re
                                            subpoena
    02/19/1996  RBB       0.75    0.50      Telephone call with Mr. Miller re voice            0.25     Employment
                                            mail from Mr. Flexner and re grand jury                     (Court)
                                            subpoena
    02/20/1996  RBB       3.00    1.00      Telephone call with Mr. Flexner re his             2.00     Employment
                                            request to interview Mr. Miller; draft                      (Court)
                                            memorandum to file; conferences with
                                            Messrs. Sturm, Gordon, and Douglas re
                                            options; telephone call with Mr. Miller;
                                            telephone call with Ms. Mark re extending
                                            sealed period for qui tam action
    02/20/1996  MLS       1.50    0.75      Telephone conferences with Mr. Bell re             0.75     Employment
                                            service of subpoena, response to request for                (Court)
                                            interview and strategy

02/21/1996  RBB       2.25    0.00      Meet with Miller team re strategy; draft           2.25     Employment
                                            scripts for telephone calls with Mr.                        (Bell)
                                            Flexner; conference call with Messrs.
                                            Miller and Sturm; meet with Mr. Brunner
    02/21/1996  LD        3.25    1.25      Research and review recent False Claims Act        2.00     Employment
                                            decision regarding the qui tam provisions;                  (Bell)
                                            review memo to file prepared by Mr. Bell
                                            regarding Jones Construction's request for
                                            interview with Mr. Miller; discuss status of
                                            criminal investigation and of Jones in-house
                                            investigation and the impact of the
                                            investigations on Mr. Miller's employment
                                            with Mr. Bell, Mr. Gordon, Mr. Sturm,
                                            and Mr. Douglass; discuss status of case
                                            with Mr. Yukins
    02/21/1996  MLS       1.75    0.75      Telephone conference with Mr. Miller re            1.00     Employment
                                            developments and strategy; conferences with                 (Bell)
                                            Mr. Bell re approach from Jones counsel
    02/22/1996  RBB       4.50    2.00      Telephone calls with Mr. Flexner, Mr.              2.50     Employment
                                            Dillon, Ms. Mueller, and Mr. Gardner;                       (Bell)
                                            conferences with Messrs. Sturm, Douglas,
                                            and Gordon re strategy; lengthy telephone
                                            call with Mr. Miller a resignation

02/22/1996  MLS       2.00    0.50      Telephone conference with Ms. Mueller re           1.50    Employment
                                            progress of investigation; review and                       (Bell)
                                            analyze issues re response to request for
                                            interview; conferences with Mr. Bell re
                                            same
    02/23/1996  RBB       3.00    2.00      Two telephone calls with Mr. Flexner re           1.00     Employment
                                            Miller's resignation; telephone call with Ms.               (Bell)
                                            Mueller; telephone calls with Mr. Miller;
                                            telephone call with Mr. Gordon.
    02/23/1996  LD        2.25    0.00      Review draft letter and talking points             2.25     Employment
                                            regarding Mr. Miller's resignation                          (Bell)
                                            prepared by Mr. Bell; review reference
                                            materials regarding claims against
                                            employees for breach of duty of loyalty;
                                            discuss status of criminal investigation and
                                            of Jones in-house investigation, the impact
                                            of the investigations on Mr. Miller's
                                            employment, and potential resignation of
                                            Mr. Miller, with Mr. Bell, Mr. Gordon,
                                            Mr. Walker, Mr. Sturm, and Mr.
                                            Douglass.

02/23/1996  MLS       4.75    0.00      Review and revise resignation script and           4.75     Employment
                                            letter; conference with Mr. Bell, et al. re                 (Bell)
                                            same; telephone conference with Mr. Bell
                                            re developments; telephone conferences
                                            with Mr. Miller re resignation; final
                                            revision of documents; telephone
                                            conference with Ms. Mueller re resignation
    02/24/1996  LD        7.75    0.00      Research, review, and take notes on case           7.75     Employment
                                            law and journal articles regarding breach                   (Court)
                                            of duty of loyalty under North Carolina
                                            law
    02/26/1996  RBB       5.50    5.00      Telephone call with Mr. Dillon and Mr.             0.50     Employment
                                            Gordon re Miller's resignation and re his                   (Bell)
                                            discussion with Mr. Corley; telephone call
                                            with Mr. Miller; conference call with Messrs.
                                            Miller, Dillon, and Gordon re knowledge of
                                            four witnesses government will interview this
                                            week; draft memo to file
    02/26/1996  MLS       0.50    0.00      Telephone conference with Mr. Bell re              0.50     Employment
                                            resignation issues and developments                         (Bell)
    02/27/1996  MLS       0.50    0.00      Telephone conference with Mr. Miller re            0.50     Employment
                                            developments; review and analyze draft                      (Bell)
                                            file memorandum re telephone conference
                                            with Mr. Flexner; telephone conference
                                            with Mr. Bell re status

02/28/1996  RBB       3.00    1.50      Telephone call with Mr. Ashcraft (attorney         1.50     Employment
                                            for Fritz Beseecher); telephone call with Mr.               (Bell)
                                            Miller re status; telephone call with Mr.
                                            Flexner; draft memo to file re conversation
                                            with Mr. Flexner; telephone call with Mr.
                                            Miller re Flexner conversation
    02/29/1996  RBB       4.00    3.50      Telephone call with Mr. Dillon; draft letter       0.50     Employment
                                            to Messrs. Flexner and Burdette; telephone                  (Court)
                                            call with Mr. Burdette re Miller talking to
                                            Mr. Bowden about issues raised in
                                            February 23 letter; telephone call with Mr.
                                            Miller re meeting with Mr. Bowden;
                                            conferences with Messrs. Sturm and Gordon
    02/29/1996  LD        0.50    0.00      Review and take notes on memo to file              0.50     Employment
                                            prepared by Mr. Bell concerning Mr.                         (Bell)
                                            Flexner's requests for Information
                                            regarding any participation by Mr. Miller
                                            in government's investigation and Mr.
                                            Miller's resignation
    02/29/1996  MLS       1.25    0.00      Review and analyze issues re resignation;          1.25     Employment
                                            telephone conferences with Mr. Miller re                    (Bell)
                                            same; review and analyze memorandum re
                                            telephone conferences with Mr. Flexner;
                                            conference with Mr. Bell re same

03/01/1996  RBB       2.00    1.00      Telephone call with Mr. Miller re his              1.00     Employment
                                            meeting with Mr. Bowden; telephone calls                    (Court)
                                            with Ms. Mueller and Mr. Gordon; telephone
                                            call with Mr. Miller re grand jury appearance
    03/08/1996  RBB       1.00    0.00      Telephone call with Mr. Miller re strategy         1.00     Employment
                                            for his meetings today with Messrs.                         (Bell)
                                            Bowden and Davidson; telephone calls
                                            with Mr. Miller re outcome of his meeting
                                            with Mr. Bowden and re not saying
                                            anything to bankers that could harm
                                            Jones' business relationships
    03/12/1996  RBB       1.00    0.50      Telephone call with Mr. Dillon re Miller's         0.50     Employment
                                            last day; telephone call with Ms. Mueller;                  (Court
                                            telephone call with Mr. Miller
    05/31/1996  MLS       0.50    0.00      Review and analyze issues re responses to          0.50     Employment
                                            inquiries re job departure                                  (Bell)
    06/03/1996  RBB       1.50    0.00      Meet with Mr. Sturm; telephone call with           1.50     Employment
                                            Mr. Dillon re language to be used by Mr.                    (Bell)
                                            Miller; telephone call with Mr. Miller

06/03/1996  MLS       1.25    0.00      Review and analyze issues re responses to          1.25     Employment
                                            inquiries re job departure; review and                      (Bell)
                                            revise memorandum re same; telephone
                                            conferences with Messrs. Miller and Dillon
                                            re same and case status
    06/04/1996  RBB       0.75    0.00      Draft letter to Mr. Miller suggesting two          0.75     Employment
                                            responses to questions about resigning                      (Bell)
                                            from prior employment; telephone call
                                            with Mr. Miller
    06/04/1996  MLS       0.25    0.00      Review and revise letter to Mr. Miller re          0.25     Employment
                                            job inquiries                                               (Bell)
    09/04/1996  RBB       7.50    6.00      Travel to Charlotte, NC; lunch meeting with        1.50     Travel
                                            Mr. Miller; meet with Mr. Dillon and Mr.                    (Court/Bell)
                                            Gordon to answer their questions and prepare
                                            for grand jury appearance
    09/05/1996  RBB       8.00    6.50      Breakfast meeting with Mr. Miller re grand         1.50     Travel
                                            jury testimony; meet with Messrs. Dillon and               (Court/Bell)
                                            Gordon; wait for grand jury appearance;
                                            travel to D.C.
    02/26/1997  RBB       1.50    1.00      Telephone call with Mr. Miller re                  0.50     Employment
                                            consulting offer from Womble Carlyle;                       (Court)
                                            telephone call with Mr. Dillon re additional
                                            day of testimony and re various document
                                            issues; conference with Mr. Sturm re strategy

03/04/1997  RBB       13.00   11.50     Travel to Charlotte; meet with Messrs.             1.50     Travel
                                            Sturm, Dillon, and Baker to prepare for grand               (Court/Bell)
                                            jury appearance; post-meeting conference
                                            with Mr. Sturm
    03/04/1997  MLS       13.50   12.00     Meeting with Messrs. Miller and Dillon re          1.50     Travel
                                            grand jury testimony preparation; travel to                 (Court/Bell)
                                            Charlotte for same
    03/05/1997  RBB       10.00    8.50     Meet with Messrs. Sturm, Miller, Dillon, and       1.50     Travel (Bell)
                                            Baker to prepare for grand jury; meet
                                            privately with Mr. Miller to prepare; confer
                                            with Mr. Miller during breaks from grand
                                            jury testimony; meet with Mr. Miller after
                                            testimony; travel
    03/05/1997  MLS       10.00   8.50      Additional witness preparation; provide            1.50     Travel
                                            counsel for grand jury testimony; return                   (Court/Bell)
                                            travel to Washington
    03/12/1997  RBB        0.25   0.00      Telephone call with Mr. Flexner re his              0.25     Employment
                                            request to be briefed on Mr. Miller's grand                  (Bell)
                                            jury testimony
    07/10/1997  RBB       6.00    4.50      Travel to Charlotte; meet with Mr. Miller;         1.50     Travel
                                            meet with Messrs. Miller and Dillon to                      (Court/Bell)
                                            prepare for grand jury testimony
    07/11/1997  RBB       8.00    6.50      Represent Mr. Miller before grand jury;            1.50     Travel
                                            return travel                                               (Court/Bell)
    TOTAL                        223.55                                                       110.70

B.   Wilmer Hale
     Date   Attorney  Billed    Net Hours                  Narrative                   Reduction  Reason for
                          Hours                                                                    Reduction
                                                                                                          (Source)
    1/20/2000   RBB      2.00      1.00     TELECONS WITH RICK MILLER, BILL DILLON            1.00     Relator's Share
                                            RE FRUCON SETTLEMENT; JEFF GREEN RE                         (Bell)
                                            FRUCON SETTLEMENT; CAROLYN MARK RE
                                            RELATORS SHARE.
    1/22/2000   RBB      1.00      0.00     BEGIN DRAFTING LETTER TO CAROLYN                   1.00    Relator's Share
                                            MARK RE WHY RELATOR SHOULD                                  (Bell)
                                            RECEIVE 25% SHARE.
    1/25/2000   RBB      3.00      0.00     DRAFTING LENGTHY LETTER TO CAROLYN                 3.00     Relator's Share
                                            MARK DESCRIBING WHY MILLER SHOULD                           (Bell)
                                            RECEIVE 25% SHARE.
    1/26/2000   RBB      0.50      0.00     REVISING LETTER TO CAROLYN MARK;                   0.50     Relator's Share
                                            TELECON WITH RICK MILLER RE SAME.                           (Bell)
    1/28/2000   RBB      0.40      0.00     TELECON WITH RICK MILLER RE HIS                    0.40     Relator's Share
                                            COMMENTS ON LETTER TO CAROLYN                               (Bell)
                                            MARK.
    1/31/2000   RBB      0.20      0.00     TELECON WITH CAROLYN MARK;                         0.20     Relator's Share
                                            FINALIZING LETTER TO CAROLYN MARK.                          (Bell)
    2/4/2000    RBB      0.20      0.00     TELECON WITH MILLER; SENDING COPY                  0.20     Relator's Share
                                            OF LETTER TO CAROLYN MARK TO JIM                            (Bell)
                                            GRIFFIN (ANTITRUST DIVISION).

7/6/2000    RHO      2.00      1.50      TELCON MILLER RE: STATUS AND RE;                   0.50     Relator's Share
                                             EXTENSION OF TIME; LEAVING MESSAGE FOR                      (Bell)
                                             MORGAN RE: AGREEMENT TO THREE MONTH
                                             EXTENSION OF TIME, TELCON DILLON,
                                             TELCON MARK RE: RELATOR'S SHARE.
    9/20/2000   ROB      0.50      0.00      TELCON CAROLYN MARK RE: RELATOR'S                  0.50     Relator's Share
                                             SHARE; TELCON MILLER RE: SAME.                              (Bell)
    10/19/2000  RBB      2.50      0.50      MEETING WITH KEITH MORGAN AND                      2.00     Relator's Share
                                             CAROLYN MARK TO DISCUSS RELATOR'S                            (Bell)
                                             SHARE; TELCONS RICK. MILLER, BILL DILLON
                                             AND WALTER KINDRED.
    10/25/2000  RBB      0.30      0.00      TELCON JIM GRIFFIN RE: RELATORS'                   0.30     Relator's Share
                                             SHARE; TELCON FROM KEITH MORGAN                             (Bell)
                                             RE: SAME.
    10/26/2000  RBB      0.80      0.00      TELCONS MIKE STURM, BILL DILLON AND                0.80     Relator's Share
                                            RICK MILLER RE: RELATOR'S SHARE.                            (Bell)
    10/31/2000  RBB      2.10      0.00      RESEARCH ON RELATORS SHARE AND ON                  2.10     Relator's Share
                                            RELATOR'S AWARD THROUGH AN                                  (Bell)
                                            ALTERNATE REMEDY; TELCON MILLER.
    11/2/2000   RBB      2.10      0.00      READING CASES ON RELATOR'S SHARE                   2.10     Relator's Share
                                            AND ALTERNATE REMEDIES.                                     (Bell)
    11/6/2000   RBB      2.00      0.00      MEETING WITH KEITH MORGAN AND                      2.00     Relator's Share
                                            CAROLYN MARK RE: RELATOR'S SHARE                            (Bell)
                                            AND LITIGATION STRATEGY.

11/7/2000   RBB      1.70      0.00      RESEARCH ON DAMAGES ISSUES; TELCON                 1.70     Relator's Share
                                            RICK MILLER RE; YESTERDAY'S MEETING                         (Bell)
                                            WITH DOJ; TELCON MICHAEL STURM.
    11/14/2000  RBB      0.40      0.00      REVIEWING GE CASE AND OUTLINING                    0.40     Relator's Share
                                            ARGUMENT ON RELATOR'S SHARE.                                (Bell)
    11/17/2000  RBB      1.50      0.50      TELCON RICK MILLER; TELCON CAROLYN                 1.00     Relator's Share
                                             MARK TO NEGOTIATE RELATOR'S SHARE,                          (Bell)
                                             TELCON LARRY GONDELMAN.
    11/30/2000  RBB      0.90      0.00      TELCONS KEITH MORGAN, BILL DILLON,                 0.90     Relator's Share
                                             AND RICK MILLER RE: SETTLEMENT ON                           (Bell)
                                             RELATOR'S SHARE OF AICI AND B+B
                                             SETTLEMENTS.
    12/7/2000   RBB      4.30      0.00      REVIEW TIME RECORDS SINCE INCEPTION                4.30     Relator's Share
                                             OF CASE; DRAFT LETTER TO CAROLYN                            (Bell)
                                             MARK RE MILLER'S CONTRIBUTION;
                                             TELECONS WITH MILLER RE LETTER;
                                             TELECON WITH MARK.
    12/8/2000   RBB      2.00      0.00      FINAL REVISIONS TO LETTER TO CAROLYN               2.00     Relator's Share
                                             MARK; SEND LETTER TO MARK; TELECONS                         (Bell)
                                             WITH MARK; TELECON WITH MILLER.
    12/11/2000  RBB      0.60      0.00      TELCONS CAROLYN MARK, RICK MILLER                  0.60     Relator's Share
                                             RE: RELATOR'S SHARE.                                        (Bell)

12/12/2000  RBB       1.50    0.00      TELCONS DILLON, KINDRED, GREEN, AND                1.50     Relator's Share
                                            MILLER RE: B+B SETTLEMENT AND ITS                           (Bell)
                                            RELATIONSHIP TO REALTOR'S SHARE.
    12/13/2000  RBB       3.20    2.00      DRAFTING SETTLEMENT AND RELEASE                    1.20     Relator's Share
                                            AMONG B+B, FRUCON AND MILLER; TELCON                        (Bell)
                                            JEFF GREEN RE: TERMS OF RELEASE;
                                            REVIEWING DRAFT AGREEMENT BETWEEN
                                            DOJ AND MILLER ON RELATOR'S SHARE;
                                            TELCONS MORGAN AND MARK RE: STATUS
                                            OF RELATOR'S SHARE APPROVALS, TELCON
                                            MORGANRE; DAMAGES EXPERT; TELCON
                                            MILLER.
    12/14/2000  RBB       3.00    2.00      NEGOTIATING TERMS OF B+B RELEASE WITH              1.00     Relator's Share
                                            JEFF GREEN, REVISING RELEASE, TELCONS            (Bell)
                                            CAROLYN MARK RE: RELATOR'S SHARE;
                                            TELCON RICK MILLER RE: CONFIRMATION
                                            OF 22% SHARE; TELCON KEITH MORGAN RE:
                                            CONSTRUCTION EXPERT.
    12/15/2000  RBB       1.50    1.00      REVISING B+B AGREEMENT; REVIEWING                  0.50     Relator's Share
                                            RELATOR'S SHARE AGREEMENT AND                               (Bell)
                                            NEGOTIATING ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE
                                            WITH CAROLYN MARK; EXECUTING BOTH
                                            AGREEMENTS; TELCON KEITH MORGAN RE:
                                            TWO ADDITIONAL EXPERTS; TELCON MILLER
                                            RE: STATUS.

12/21/2000  RBB       0.20    0.00      TELCON CAROLYN MARK RE: STATUS OF                  0.20     Relator's Share
                                            PAYMENT; LEAVING MESSAGE FOR RICK                           (Bell)
                                            MILLER.
    12/29/2000  RBB       0.20    0.00      TELCON RICK MILLER RE: RECEIPT OF                  0.20     Relator's Share
                                            FUNDS                                                       (Bell)
    3/16/2001   RBB       4.00    1.00      LEGAL RESEARCH ON ISSUE OF WHETHER                 3.00     Relator's Share
                                            MILLER IS ENTITLED TO SHARE OF                              (Bell)
                                            SETTLEMENT PROCEEDS FROM ABB;
                                            TELCONS WALTER KINDRED AND KEITH
                                            MORGAN; CONFERENCE RICK MILLER.
    3/17/2001   RBB       2.00    0.00      ADDITIONAL RESEARCH ON MILLER'S                    2.00     Relator's Share
                                            ENTITLEMENT TO ABB SETTLEMENT.                              (Bell)
    3/18/2001   RBB       3.00    0.00      DRAFTING MEMORANDUM TO FILE ON                     3.00     Relator's Share
                                            MILLER'S ENTITLEMENT TO SHARE OF                            (Bell)
                                            ABB SETTLEMENT.
    3/19/2001   RBB       2.50    0.00      REVISING MEMORANDUM ON                             2.50     Relator's Share
                                            ENTITLEMENT TO ABB SETTLEMENT;                              (Bell)
                                            DRAFTING LETTER TO MARK AND
                                            MORGAN RE: ENTITLEMENT; TELCON
                                            MILLER.
    3/22/2001   RBB       1.30    1.10      MEETING WITH SCOTT HAMMOND (DOJ);                  0.20     Solely BLH
                                            TELCON BRIAN LEVINE (ATTORNEY FOR                           (Bell)
                                            HARBERT).
    4/10/2001   RBB       0.70    0.00      TELCON RICK MILLER RE: STATUS OF ABB               0.70     Relator's Share
                                            SETTLEMENT.                                                 (Bell)

4/13/2001   RBB       4.00    0.00      PREPARING FOR MEETING; MEETING WITH                4.00     Relator's Share
                                            CAROLYN MARK RE: RELATOR'S SHARE OF                         (Bell)
                                            ABR SETTLEMENT, TELCONS RICK MILLER,
                                            TELCON BILL DILLON.
    4/16/2001   RBB       2.00    0.00      RESEARCH ON ARGUMENT THAT RELATOR                  2.00     Relator's Share
                                            IS ENTITLED TO RECOVER ALL DAMAGES                          (Bell)
                                            ATTRIBUTABLE TO CONSPIRACY HE
                                            REVEALED.
    4/18/2001   RBB       3.00    0.00      RESEARCH ON CONSPIRACY LAW, TELCON                 3.00     0.20 Solely
                                            BRYAN LAVINE RE: EXTENSION OF TIME;                         BLH + 2.80
                                            RESEARCH ON CONSPIRACY ISSUES; TELCON                       Relator's Share
                                            CAROLYN MARK RE: RELATOR'S SHARE.                           (Bell)
    5/1/2001    RBB       0.40    0.00      TELCON CAROLYN MARK RE: HER                        0.40     Relator's Share
                                            MEETINGS WITH B+B ON DAMAGES AND                            (Bell)
                                            RELATOR'S SHARE.
    5/11/2001   RBB       0.50    0.00      TELCON MILLER RE: RELATOR'S SHARE;                 0.50     Relator's Share
                                            TELCON MILLER RE: SAME.                                     (Bell)
    5/14/2001   RBB       0.30    0.00      TELCON CAROLYN MARK RE: RELATOR'S                  0.30     Relator's Share
                                            SHARE.                                                      (Bell)
    5/15/2001   RBB       0.30    0.00      TELCON RICK MILLER RE: NEGOTIATING                 0.30     Relator's Share
                                            STRATEGY; LEAVING MESSAGE FOR                               (Bell)
                                            CAROLYN MARK.
    5/16/2001   RBB       1.20    0.60      LENGTHY TELCON MARK AND MORGAN                     0.60     Relator's Share
                                            RE; SETTLEMENT STRATEGY AND                                 (Court)
                                            RELATOR'S SHARE; TELCON MILLER.

7/27/2001   RBB       4.00    3.50      MEETING WITH JIM GRIFFITH, SCOTT                   0.50     Relater's Share
                                            HAMMOND, BILL DILLON (BY PHONE) AND                         (Court)
                                            JOHN ORR (BY PHONE); TELCON CAORLYN
                                            MARK RE: MOTION FOR STAY AND ABB
                                            SHARE; LENGTHY TELCON RICK MILLER RE:
                                            ABB STRATEGY.
    8/28/2001   RBB       5.70    0.70      TELCON RICK MILLER; DRAFTING                       5.00     Relator's Share
                                            PRESENTATION ON SHARE OF ABB                                (Court)
                                            SETTLEMENT.
    8/29/2001   RBB       7.10    0.00      REVISING PRESENTATION TO CIVIL                     7.10     Relates Share
                                            DIVISION ON ABB; REVIEWING CASES AND                        (Court)
                                            ADDING NEW SECTIONS TO
                                            PRESENTATION.
    9/10/2001   RBB       3.00    2.50      TELCON CAROLYN MARK RE: MOVING FOR                 0.50     Relator's Share
                                            STAY, JOINT DEFENSE AGREEMENT,                              (Bell)
                                            NEGOTIATIONS WITH HOLZMANN, AND
                                            RELATOR'S SHARE; REVIEWING CASE CITED
                                            BY MARK (SEAL V. SEAL); TELCON RICK
                                            MILLER.
    9/11/2001   RBB       2.00    0.00      REVIEWING SEAL V. SEAL; RESEARCH ON                2.00     Relator's Share
                                            JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY,                                (Court)
                                            PREPARING NEW SLIDES FOR
                                            PRESENTATION.
    9/12/2001   RBB       2.50    0.00      REVISING AND ADDING TO PRESENTATION.               2.50     Relator's Share
                                                                                                        (Court)

9/13/2001   RBB       0.60    0.00      TELCON CAROLYN MARK RE: STAY,                      0.60     Relator's Share
                                            HOLZMANN NEGOTIATIONS, AND MEETING                          (Bell)
                                            WITH HERTZ ON RELATOR'S SHARE;
                                            REVISING RELATOR'S SHARE PRESENTATION.
    11/1/2001   RBB       3.10    0.60      TELCON MICHAEL HERTZ RE: ABB                       2.50     Relator's Share
                                            RELATOR'S SHARE; TELCON BILL DILLON                         (Bell)
                                            RE: TRIAL STATUS AND RE: RESPONSES TO
                                            MOTIONS; CONFERENCE ROGER WITTEN,
                                            BEGINNING OUTLINE OF LETTER TO
                                            HERTZ, ET AL.
    11/2/2001   RBB       0.60    0.00      TELCON BILL DILLON; TELCON RICK                    0.60     Relator's Share
                                            MILLER RE: ABB RELATORS SHARE.                              (Bell)
    11/14/2001  RBB       0.40    0.10      TELECON CAROLYN MARK RE COMMON                     0.30     Relator's Share
                                            INTEREST AGREEMENT AND RE                                   (Bell)
                                            AGREEMENT THAT GOVERNMENT WILL
                                            NOT OBJECT TO POSTPONING ABB
                                            RELATOR'S SHARE MOTION UNTIL AFTER
                                            CRIMINAL TRIAL; TELECON MILLER.

12/7/2001   RBB       3.10    1.60      DRAFTING AND FINALIZING LETTER TO                  1.50     Relator's Share
                                            CAROLYN MARK MEMORIALIZING                                  (Bell)
                                            CONVERSATION THAT GOVERNMENT WILL
                                            NOT OBJECT TO TIMING OF MOTION TO
                                            RECOVER RELATOR'S SHARE FROM ABB
                                            SETTLEMENT IF MOTION IS FILED AFTER
                                            CRIMINAL TRIAL; REVIEWING PROPOSED
                                            COMMON INTEREST AGREEMENT; DRAFTING
                                            LETTER TO CAROLYN MARK RE: REVISIONS
                                            NEEDED IN COMMON INTEREST AGREEMENT,

8/14/2002   RBB       7.90    3.70      PREPARING FOR MEETING WITH STEVE                   4.20     Relator's Share
                                            ALTMAN TO NEGOTIATE RELATOR'S                               (Bell)
                                            SHARE BY REVIEWING PRESENTATION ON
                                            ABB RELATOR'S SHARE AND LETTERS
                                            SENT TO CAROLYN MARK RE: RELATOR'S
                                            SHARE (1.7); MEETING WITH STEVE
                                            ALTMAN AND EILEEN ZIMMER TO REVIEW
                                            DOCUMENTS ABOUT JONES' FINANCES AND
                                            DISCUSS REASONABLENESS OF
                                            SETTLEMENT (2.1); SEPARATE MEETING
                                            WITH ALTMAN TO NEGOTIATE RELATOR'S
                                            SHARE (.4); REVIEWING TIME ENTRIES;
                                            DRAFTING LETTER TO ALAN GOURLEY RE:
                                            HOURLY RATES; DRAFTING
                                            CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT;
                                            ASSEMBLING PACKAGE FOR GOURLEY TO
                                            REVIEW AND MEETING WITH VERONICA
                                            KAYNE RE: SAME.

8/17/2002   RBB       5.90    4.90      REVIEWING CASES ON APPORTIONMENT OF                1.00     Relator's Share
                                            FEES AMONG MULTIPLE DEFENDANTS;                             (Bell)
                                            TELCON MILLER RE: SETTLEMENT
                                            STRATEGY; OUTLINING REASONING BEHIND
                                            $315,000 COUNTEROFFER; LENGTHY TELCON
                                            GOURLEY RE: ATTORNEYS FEES; FAXING
                                            DRAFT AGREEMENTS TO MILLER; TELCON
                                            MILLER RE: DRAFT AGREEMENTS; TELCON
                                            MILLER RE: $180,000 COUNTEROFFER FROM
                                            GOURLEY; TELCON GOURLEY RE: $275.000
                                            MILLER COUNTEROFFER; REVISING DRAFT
                                            RELATOR'S SHARE AGREEMENT; DRAFTING
                                            ATTORNEYS FEE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT
                                            AMONG MILLER, JONES AND HOLZMANN.

8/19/2002   RBB       3.70    2.00      REVIEWING JONES' DRAFT OF SETTLEMENT               1.70     Relator's Share
                                            AGREEMENT ON ATTORNEYS FEES; REVISING                       (Court)
                                            DRAFT; TELCON GOURLEY TO NEGOTIATE
                                            CHANGES; REVIEWING REVISED DOCUMENT
                                            INCORPORATING NEGOTIATED CHANGES;
                                            REVIEWING STEVE ALTMAN'S REVISIONS
                                            TO MY CHANGES TO RELATOR'S SHARE
                                            AGREEMENT; REVISING RELATOR'S SHARE
                                            AGREEMENT; TELCONS ALTMAN AND
                                            CAROLYN MARK TO NEGOTIATE
                                            CHANGES; REVIEWING DOCUMENT WITH
                                            NEGOTIATED CHANGES; REVIEWING
                                            THREE-WAY SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT;
                                            MEETING AT DOJ WITH ALTMAN, MARK,
                                            MORGAN AND GOURLEY TO EXECUTE ALL
                                            AGREEMENTS, TELCON MILLER RE: FINAL
                                            TERMS OF DOCUMENTS.
    11/13/2002  YAA       1.50    0.00      REVIEW PLEADINGS.                                  1.50     Transitioning
                                                                                                        onto case
                                                                                                        (Bell)
    11/14/2002  YAA       4.20    0.00      REVIEW NOTES AND PLEADINGS; DRAFT                  4.20     Transitioning
                                            QUESTIONS FOR BELL                                          onto case
                                                                                                        (Bell)

11/15/2002  YAA       5.40    0.00      REVIEW NOTES AND PLEADINGS; DRAFT                  5.40     Transitioning
                                            QUESTIONS FOR BELL                                          onto case
                                                                                                        (Bell)
    11/22/2002  YAA       3.10    0.00      REVIEW FALSE CLAIMS ACT TREATISE RE                3.10     Transitioning
                                            PROCEDURE; REVIEW FRCP 9(B) STANDARD;                       onto case
                                            REVIEW WRIGHT AND MILLER DISCUSSION                         (Bell)
                                            OF 9(B) CLAIMS AND NOTED CASES
    11/23/2002  YAA       2.20    0.00      REVIEW TREATISE ON FALSE CLAIMS ACT;               2.20     Transitioning
                                            REVIEW WRIGHT AND MILLER NOTES ON                           onto case
                                            FRCP 12; REVIEW CITED CASES                                 (Bell)
    5/23/2006   RBB       3.90    3.60      REVIEW CURRENT DRAFT OF                            0.30     Relator's Share
                                            INTERROGATORY ANSWERS; MEETING WITH                         (Court)
                                            O'CONNOR, TERRY, REECE, AND MILLER (BY
                                            PHONE) TO REVIEW INTERROGATORY
                                            ANSWERS; VOICEMAIL FROM SAUNTRY RE:
                                            SERVICE ON BILHAR AND EXTENSION OF
                                            TIME; TELECON FROM MILLER RE: LETTER
                                            TO DOJ SEEKING SHARE OF CRIMINAL
                                            PROCEEDS; TELECON SAUNTRY RE: SERVICE
                                            ON BILHAR AND EXTENSION OF TIME;
                                            CONFERENCES O'CONNOR RE: DISCOVERY OF
                                            ISSUES.

7/5/2006    MMB       11.80   0.00      RESEARCH RE RELEVANCE OF BILL HARBERT             11.80     Solely BLH
                                            BANK RECORDS TO PROVING CONSPIRACY,                         (Bell)
                                            AND TO ESTABLISHING ABILITY TO SATISFY
                                            DAMAGES; DRAFT MOTION TO COMPEL
                                            RELATED INTERROGATORY ANSWER AND
                                            DOCUMENT PRODUCTION; CONFER WITH MR.
                                            GOTTLIEB AND G. REECE RE TASKS
                                            RELATING TO DRAFTING MOTIONS TO
                                            COMPEL.
    7/24/2006   MMB       13.80   11.80     TRAVEL TO ATLANTA; REVIEW DOJ                      2.00     Travel
                                            ANTITRUST DOCS; PREP SPREADSHEET FOR                        (Court/Bell)
                                            DOCS REVIEWED; CONFER WITH DOJ RE
                                            STRATEGY, REVIEW, SIGNIFICANT DOCS;
                                            CONFER WITH MS. O'CONNOR, MR.
                                            CEDARBAUM, G. REECE RE REVIEW PROCESS.
    7/24/2006   JC        10.80   6.00      TRAVEL TO AND FROM ATLANTA (4.8);                 4.80     Travel (Bell
                                            REVIEW DOCUMENT INDEXES; REVIEW
                                            DOCUMENTS (6.0)

7/24/2006   GR        13.50   11.50     TRAVEL TO ATLANTA: REVIEW DOCUMENTS               2.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            AT DOJ ANTITRUST DIVISION OFFICES IN
                                            ATLANTA; DISCUSS COPYING SERVICE JOB
                                            WITH VENDOR; PREPARE SPREADSHEET FOR
                                            KEEPING TRACK OF DOCUMENT REVIEW
                                            PROGRESS; INPUT RESULTS OF DAY'S
                                            DOCUMENT REVIEW PROGRESS INTO INDEX.
    7/27/2006   MMB       15.70   13.70     REVIEW DOJ ANTITRUST DOCS; UPDATE                  2.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            SPREADSHEET FOR DOCS REVIEWED;
                                            CONFER WITH MS. O'CONNOR, MR.
                                            CEDARBAUM, G. REECE RE REVIEW
                                            PROCESS; TRAVEL BACK TO D.C.
    7/27/2006   GR        15.70   13.70     REVIEW DOCUMENTS AT DOJ ANTITRUST                  2.00     Travel (Hell)
                                            DIVISION OFFICES IN ATLANTA; CONFER
                                            WITH MS. O'CONNOR AND MR. CEDARBAUM
                                            RE: PROGRESS OF DOCUMENT REVIEW;
                                            UPDATE DOCUMENT REVIEW TRACKING
                                            SPREADSHEET; TRAVEL BACK TO
                                            WASHINGTON, D.C. FROM ATLANTA.

7/28/2006   JC        4.20    2.20      MEET WITH MS. O'CONNOR RE: OVERALL                 2.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            PLANNING; TELEPHONE CALL WITH BELL RE:
                                            CONFERENCE CALL WITH DILLON;
                                            CONFERENCE CALL WITH MS. O'CONNOR
                                            AND MS. MARK RE: COORDINATION; EMAIL
                                            EXCHANGES RE: DISCOVERY; BILHAR
                                            MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS;
                                            TRIP TO BIRMINGHAM; DRAFT OUTLINE
                                            FOR CONFERENCE CALL WITH DILLON;
                                            DRAFT "MAP" OF CASE
    8/1/2006    NT        0.50    0.00      REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.50     Solely BLH
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; TELEPHONE                                   (Bell)
                                            CONFERENCE FROM/TO MS. BUNCH/MS.
                                            TILLOTSON REGARDING RESEARCH OF
                                            DEADLINE TO RESPOND TO BILL HARBERT
                                            PETITION TO UNSEAL GRAND JURY
                                            TESTIMONY FILED WITH ELEVENTH CIRCUIT;
                                            REVIEW ELEVENTH CIRCUIT COURT WEBSITE
                                            REGARDING SAME
    8/8/2006    JC        7.00    5.00      REVIEW AICI DOCUMENTS AT AKIN GUMP;                2.00     Travel
                                            EMAIL EXCHANGES RE: VARIOUS                                 (Court/Bell)
                                            DOCUMENTSS, WITNESS CONTACT INFO;
                                            MEET WITH MR. REECE RE: DRAFT
                                            OPPOSITION TO BILHAR MOTION FOR
                                            JUDGMENT ON PLEADINGS; TEAM MEETING;
                                            TRAVEL TO BIRMINGHAM FOR HC/HII
                                            DOCUMENT REVIEW

8/8/2006    MG        17.00   14.50     PREPARE FOR AICI DOCUMENT REVIEW;                   2.50     2.00 Travel
                                            REVIEW AICI DOCUMENTS AT AKIN GUMP;                         (Bell) + 0.50
                                            TRAVEL FROM AKIN GUMP TO WILMER;                            Local Travel
                                            ATTEND WEEKLY MILLER MEETING; FINISH                        (Court)
                                            DRAFTING FORMER TESTIMONY MEMO; FAX
                                            MEMO TO BIRMINGHAM; TRAVEL TO
                                            NATIONAL AIRPORT; TRAVEL DCA — CLT —
                                            BHM; REVISE FORMER TESTIMONY MEMO;
                                            REVIEW MASTER DOCUMENT MEMO TO
                                            PREPARE FOR HARBERT DOC REVIEW;
                                            TRAVEL FROM BHM AIRPORT TO
                                            SHERATON; PRINT AND SEND FORMER
                                            TESTIMONY MEMO TO MR. CEDARBAUM.
    8/10/2006   JC        6.50    4.50      REVIEW HC/HII DOCUMENTS; RETURN                    2.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            TRAVEL FROM BIRMINGHAM; REVIEW
                                            REVISED OPPOSITION TO BILHAR MOTION
                                            FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS
    8/10/2006   MG        11.20   8.70      COMPLETE HARBERT DOCUMENT REVIEW;                  2.50     2.00 Travel
                                            TRAVEL TO AIRPORT; TRAVEL FROM BHM                          (Bell) + 0.50
                                            TO CLT TO DCA; TRAVEL FROM AIRPORT                          Local Travel
                                            HOME; WHILE TRAVELING, REVIEW, CLEAN                        (Court)
                                            UP, REVISE NOTES / REPORT FROM
                                            DOCUMENT REVIEW; RESEARCH
                                            ADDITIONAL CASE LAW ON
                                            AUTHENTICATION OF PRIOR TRIAL EXHIBITS
                                            QUESTION.

8/25/2006   MG        11.50   10.50     PREPARE FOR AICI DEPOSITION; TRAVEL TO             1.00     Local Tray
                                            AND FROM AND ATTEND AICI DEPOSITION;             (Bell)
                                            DISCUSS DEPOSITION WITH MR. CEDARBAUM
                                            AND MS. O'CONNOR; PROOFREAD REVISED
                                            MOTION FOR PROTECTIVE ORDER REPLY;
                                            ASSIST IN FILING OF REPLY; WRITE COVER
                                            LETTER AND SEND COPIES OF RECENT
                                            FILINGS TO COMPLY WITH SERVICE
                                            REQUIREMENTS
    9/14/2006   MMB       18.70   14.00     TRAVEL TO ATLANTA; REVIEW BHIC                     4.00     Travel
                                            DOCUMENTS; TRAVEL TO DC; REVIEW                             (Court/Bell)
                                            CONTRACT 29 DOCUMENTS AND OUTLINE
                                            FOR MEETING WITH GORDON LANG
    9/14/2006   JC        11.50   9.50      TRAVEL TO ATLANTA TO REVIEW                        2.00     Travel
                                            DOCUMENTS AT TROUTMAN SANDERS;                                         (Court/Bell)
                                            REVIEW DOCUMENTS; CONE CALL WITH MS.
                                            O'CONNOR, MR. GOTTLIEB RE: NICHOLS
                                            DEPOSITION

9/14/2006   JMO       7.90    7.00      MEETING WITH MR. REECE ET AL RE FRUCON            0.90     Relator's Share
                                            DEPOSITIONS; CONFER WITH MR.                                (Court)
                                            CEDARBAUM RE DOCS IN ATLANTA AND
                                            OTHER ISSUES; REVIEW MR. MINER'S
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; EMAILS TO MR. MORGAN
                                            AND MS. MARK RE SAME; MESSAGES TO
                                            DRINKER BIDDLE RE VARIOUS ISSUES;
                                            CONFER WITH EXPERT RE EXPERT ISSUES;
                                            REVIEW NEW DISCOVERY ORDER, EMAILS RE
                                            SAME AND RE APPEAL OF SAME; REVIEW
                                            MR. MINER'S CORRESPONDENCE RE
                                            RELATOR'S SHARE; EMAILS WITH TEAM
                                            RE SAME; EMAIL WITH CO-COUNSEL RE
                                            SAME; CONFER WITH MR. GOTTLIEB RE
                                            NICHOLS DEPOSITION; CONFER WITH MR.
                                            CEDARBAUM RE NICHOLS DEPOSITION AND
                                            STAFFING ISSUES; CONFER WITH MR. REECE
                                            RE FILING NOTICE OF DISMISSAL; CONFER
                                            AND EMAILS MR. LANG RE NOTICE OF
                                            DISMISSAL; EMAILS MS. MARK RE LANG
                                            MEETING; EDIT NOTICE OF DISMISSAL;
                                            PREPARE FOR LANG MEETING.

9/15/2006   JC        9.00    7.00      REVIEW DOCUMENTS AT TROUTMAN                       2.00     Travel
                                            SANDERS; REVISE, OVERSEE SERVICE OF                         (Court/Bell)
                                            BILHAR 30(B)(6) NOTICE; CONF CALL WITH
                                            MS. O'CONNOR, MR. MORGAN, MS. MARK RE:
                                            NICHOLS DEPOSITION, WITNESS INTERVIEWS;
                                            MEET WITH MS. SAUNTRY RE: DOCUMENT
                                            REVIEW; TRAVEL BACK FROM ATLANTA
    9/16/2006   RBB       0.10    0.00      EMAILS TO AND FROM MS. O'CONNOR                    0.10     Relator's Share
                                            REGARDING DOCUMENTS SHOWING                                 (Court)
                                            RELATORS SHARE
    9/16/2006   JMO       4.50    4.20      EMAILS WITH MR REECE ET AL RE                      0.30     Relator's Share
                                            TRANSCRIPTS, FRUCON ISSUES, EMAILS                          (Court)
                                            WITH MR. CEDARBAUM ET AL RE
                                            RELATOR'S SHARE REQUESTS BY
                                            DEFENDANTS, EMAILS WITH MR. BELL AND
                                            MR. SHAPIRO RE DOJ STAFFING ISSUES,
                                            PREPARE FOR FRUCON DEPOSITIONS.

9/17/2006   GR        9.80    9.30      REVIEW DOCUMENTS AND PREPARE                       0.50     Relator's Share
                                            SUMMARIES OF ANTITRUST SIGNIFICANT                          (Court)
                                            DOCUMENTS; REVIEW R. BELL'S FILES FOR
                                            DOCUMENTS RE: RELATOR'S SHARE; SEND
                                            E-MAIL SUMMARIZING CONVERSATION WITH
                                            WITNESS F; RESPOND TO E-MAIL QUESTIONS
                                            FROM OTHER TEAM MEMBERS; PREPARE
                                            INSTRUCTIONS FOR SCANNING OF
                                            KWAJALIEN PROCEEDING TRANSCRIPTS;
                                            SEARCH FOR MISSING PLEADINGS.
    9/18/2006   JMO       14.80   10.30     TRAVEL TO LONDON AND LOCAL TRAVEL                  4.50     4.00 Travel
                                            RE SAME FOR FRUCON DEPOSITIONS;                                        (Bell) + 0.50
                                            PREPARE FOR DEPOSITIONS ON PLANE;                                      Local Travel
                                            CONFER WITH MS. MARK AND MR. MORGAN                                    (Court)
                                            AND MR. GREEN RE LOGISTICS; CONFER
                                            WITH MR. REECE AND MS. MOORE RE
                                            FRUCON DOCUMENTS; CONFER WITH MR.
                                            CEDARBAUM RE VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTS.

9/18/2006   GR        9.00    8.00      ARRANGE FOR SCANNING OF TRANSCRIPTS;               1.00     Relater's Share
                                            ARRANGE FOR REVIEW OF USAID HOT                             (Court)
                                            DOCUMENTS FOR REFERENCES TO
                                            UPCOMING DEPONENTS; DRAFT SUMMARIES
                                            OF DOCUMENTS, SUPERVISE K. KENYON IN
                                            COMPLETION OF DOCUMENTS BINDERS;
                                            ATTEND CONFERENCE CALL WITH EXPERT
                                            RE: B+B DEPOSITION ISSUES; REVIEW
                                            DOCUMENTS RE: RELATOR'S SHARE AND E-MAIL
                                            TO TEAM MEMBERS WITH SUMMARY
                                            OF DOCUMENTS; SEARCH DATABASE FOR
                                            DOCUMENTS TO PROVIDE TO EXPERTS.
    9/19/2006   JMO      14.80    14.30     MEETINGS WITH MR. MORGAN AND MS.                   0.50     Local Travel
                                            MARK; PREPARE FOR FRUCON WITNESS                            (Court)
                                            INTERVIEWS, PREPARE FOR FRUCON
                                            DEPOSITIONS, LOCAL TRAVEL, MEETING
                                            WITH MR. GREEN RE FRUCON DEPOSITIONS,
                                            CONFER WITH MR. KLEIN RE APPEALING
                                            MOTION TO COMPEL ORDER, CONFER WITH
                                            MR. MORGAN AND MR. BELL RE MBI CASE.
    9/21/2006   JMO       17.30   12.80     PREPARATION FOR KAUS DEPOSITION;                   4.50     4.00 Travel
                                            PARTICIPATE IN KAUS DEPOSITION;                             (Court/Bell +
                                            MEETINGS WITH KAUS ATTORNEYS;                               0.50 Local
                                            MEETINGS WITH DOJ ATTORNEYS; LOCAL               Travel (Court)
                                            TRAVEL TO AND FLIGHT BACK TO DC

9/25/2006   NT        10.00   9.50      REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.50     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; TELEPHONE                                   (Court)
                                            CONFERENCE WITH MR. CEDARBAUM
                                            REGARDING REQUEST FOR DRAFTS OF
                                            NOTICE OF DEPOSITIONS AND SUBPOENAS
                                            FROM GOV., TO HALL, HILL, LALOR AND
                                            HOOVER; REVIEW AND EDIT NOTICE OF
                                            DEPOSITION AND SUBPOENA TO WITNESS D
                                            TO REFLECT IT BEING SERVED BY GOV.;
                                            MEET AND CONFER WITH MS. O'CONNOR TO
                                            OBTAIN SIGNATURE ON SAME; TELEPHONE
                                            CONFERENCE WITH CAPITAL PROCESS
                                            SERVERS REQUESTING PICK UP OF JONES
                                            SUBPOENA (CANCELLED REQUEST),
                                            TELEPHONE CONFERENCE WITH MS. HENIFIN
                                            AND MS. TREACY FROM BUCHANAN
                                            INGERSOLL REQUESTING CONFERENCE
                                            ROOM SET UP FOR HEMLER INTERVIEW WITH
                                            WCPHD AND US. GOV.: ATTEND TEAM
                                            MEETING; TRAVEL TO/FROM USAID OFFICE
                                            TO MEET AND CONFER WITH MR. NICHOLS
                                            REGARDING GOULD INTERVIEW DOCUMENTS

9/26/2006   MMB       22.40   20.40     TRIAL BOOK PREP; HEMLER INTERVIEW                  2.00     Travel (Court)
                                            PREP; CONFER WITH MS. O'CONNOR RE SAME;
                                            PARTICIPATE IN HEMLER INTERVIEW; EDIT
                                            LANG SUMMARY MEMO; TRAVEL TO
                                            PRINCETON, N.J.; TRAVEL TO
                                            WASHINGTON, D.C.
    9/26/2006   JMO       11.40   9.40      CONFER WITH MR. SHAPIRO AND MR. BELL               2.00     Travel (Court)
                                            STRATEGIC ISSUES, PREPARE FOR
                                            HEMLER INTERVIEW, TRAVEL TO AND
                                            FROM HEMLER INTERVIEW AND WORK ON
                                            TRAIN ON PREPARING FOR INTERVIEW AND
                                            CONFERENCE WITH MS. MARK, CONFER WITH
                                            MR. LANG RE SCHEDULING WITNESSES,
                                            INTERVIEW MR. HEMLER, CONFER WITH MR.
                                            CEDARBAUM RE PASKAR DEPOSITION,
                                            EMAILS WITH TEAM RE DISCOVERY ISSUES,
                                            REVIEW TRIAL BOOK DRAFT AND COMMENT
                                            ON SAME AND EMAIL QUESTIONS RE SAME
                                            TO TEAM, EDIT BILHAR MOTION TO COMPEL,
                                            EDIT LETTER TO EWERT, EDIT LETTER TO
                                            MURPHY, SCHEDULE TEAM MEETING,
                                            CONFER WITH MR. CEDARBAUM RE
                                            DEVELOPMENTS.

9/29/2006   JMO       13.40   11.40     TRAVEL TO AND FROM TOLEDO TO MEET                  2.00     Travel (Court)
                                            WITH MR. NAGEL, INTERVIEW MR. NAGEL,
                                            DRAFT MEMO RE INTERVIEW, CONFER WITH
                                            MS. MARK, MR. MORGAN ET AL RE NAGEL
                                            INTERVIEW AND OTHER TASKS, CONFER
                                            WITH MR. SHAPIRO RE NAGEL INTERVIEW
                                            AND OTHER TASKS, CONFER WITH MR. REECE
                                            AND MS. BUNCH RE VARIOUS ISSUES, EMAILS
                                            WITH MR. GOTTLIEB RE OUTLINES FOR NEXT
                                            WEEK.
    10/2/2006   MG        4.00    3.75      REVIEW D LIGHT DOCUMENTS FOR LIGHT                 0.25     Local Travel
                                            PREP SESSION; TRAVEL TO DOJ; ATTEND                         (Court)
                                            PREPARATION SESSION FOR LIGHT
                                            DEPOSITION; DRAFT SUMMARY OF PREP
                                            SESSION TO TEAM
    10/7/2006   JMO       1.30    0.00      EMAILS WITH MSRS. CEDARBAUM, REECE,                1.30     Solely BLH
                                            BELL AND MS. BUNCH RE HII DEPOSITION,                       (Bell)
                                            WITNESS D INTERVIEW, MILLER AND
                                            KITCHENS' DEPOSITIONS, HEMLER
                                            DEPOSITION, BILL HARBERT DEPOSITION
                                            AND ATLANTA DOCUMENTS ISSUES; CONFER
                                            WITH MR. REECE RE MILLER DEPOSITION
                                            AND RESEARCH ISSUES.

10/10/2006  JC        9.00    7.00      TEAM MEETING; TELECON WITH MS. EWERT               2.00     Travel
                                            RE: WINDLE DEPO; MEET WITH MS.                              (Court/Bell)
                                            O'CONNOR, MR. REECE RE: VARIOUS
                                            DISCOVERY ISSUES; FINALIZE PREP FOR HC
                                            30(B)(6) DEPO; TRAVEL TO BIRMINGHAM
                                            FOR 4 DEPOS
    10/12/2006  JC        13.00   11.00     TAKE, ATTEND C MILLER, R HARBERT DEPOS;            2.00     Travel
                                            TRAVEL BACK FROM ATLANTA; TELECONS                          (Court/Bell)
                                            WITH MS. O'CONNOR RE: VARIOUS
                                            DISCOVERY ISSUES; VISIT CLERK'S OFFICE
                                            RE: ANDERSON GRAND JURY PETITION; MEET
                                            WITH MS, MARK RE: DISCOVERY ISSUES;
                                            EMAIL EXCHANGES RE: SAME
    10/15/2006  RBB       7.80    5.80      PREPARE FOR OLLIS DEPOSITION;                      2.00     Travel (Court)
                                            CONFERENCE BUNCH RE; OLLIS DEPOSITION
                                            DOCUMENTS; TRAVEL TO ASHEVILLE, NC
    10/15/2006  MMB       10.10   8.10      OLLIS DEPO PREP; REVIEW DOJ DOCS                   2.00     Travel (Court)
                                            RECEIVED BY CAROLYN MARK; TRAVEL
                                            FROM WASHINGTON, DC TO ASHEVILLE,
                                            NC; CONFER WITH R. BELL, MR. CEDARBAUM,
                                            G. REECE
    10/16/2006  RBB       13.50   11.50     DEPOSE JOHN OLLIS; TELECON O'CONNOR RE:            2.00     Travel (Court)
                                            KITCHENS DEPOSITION; REVIEW LANG
                                            INTERVIEW MEMO, HEMLER INTERVIEW
                                            MEMO, AND HEMLER DOCUMENTS; RETURN
                                            TRAVEL

10/16/2006  MMB       15.50   13.50     ATTEND OLLIS DEPO; TRAVEL FROM                     2.00     Travel (Court)
                                            ASHEVILLE, NC TO WASHINGTON, DC; PREP
                                            FOR HEMLER DEPO; CONFER WITH R. BELL RE
                                            SAME
    10/16/2006  JMO       16.30   14.30     PREPARATION FOR KITCHENS DEPOSITION,               2.00     Travel (Court)
                                            TRAVEL TO SAME, CONFER WITH TEAM AND
                                            CO-COUNSEL RE VARIOUS DEPOSITIONS AND
                                            OUTLINES; CONFER WITH WITNESS E;
                                            MEETING WITH KENT GARDINER RE WITNESS
                                            D AND DAVIDSON AND CONFER WITH TEAM
                                            RE SAME AND REVIEW OF DOCUMENTS RE
                                            SAME; CONFER WITH KITCHENS' ATTORNEY;
                                            REVIEW OF RESPONSE TO ANDERSON
                                            MOTION; EDIT WENDORFF MOTION; EMAILS
                                            AND CONFER RE OLLIS DEPOSITION; EMAILS
                                            AND CONFER RE WITNESS E
                                            CORRESPONDENCE
    10/16/2006  GR        13.70   11.70     PREPARE TOMMY KITCHENS DEPOSITION                  2.00     Travel (Court)
                                            OUTLINE; PREPARE OTHER MATERIALS TO
                                            TAKE TO ORLANDO; TRAVEL TO ORLANDO
                                            FOR TOMMY KITCHENS DEPOSITION

10/17/2006  MB        11.60    8.60     TERRY WINDLE DEPOSITION PREP.;TOMMY               3.00     Solely BLH
                                            KITCHENS' DEPOSITION PREP.; BHIC 30(B)(6)                  (Bell)
                                            DEPOSITION PREP.; REVIEW TOMMY
                                            KITCHENS' NOTES FOR EVIDENCE OF
                                            CHARLIE DAVIDSON AND JOHNNY JONES'
                                            CONFRONTATION OF BILL HARBERT ABOUT
                                            RIGGED BIDS
    10/18/2006  JC        12.00   10.00     PREPARE FOR BHIC 30(B)(6) AND ALAN HALL            2.00     Travel
                                            DEPOSITIONS; REVISE LETTER RE: WITNESS E                    (Court/Bell)
                                            SUBPOENA; TELECONS WITH MS. O'CONNOR,
                                            MR. SHAPIRIO RE: SAME; WORK ON OTHER
                                            DISCOVERY MATTERS; TRAVEL TO
                                            BIRMINGHAM FOR DEPOSITIONS; FINISH
                                            PREPARATIONS FOR BHIC 30(B)(6)
                                            DEPOSITION
    10/18/2006  MG        16.00   11.00     TRAVEL FROM WILMER — BWI — BHM —                   5.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            OPELEIKA, ALABAMA; COMPLETE VAN
                                            HOOVER OUTLINE; PREPARE FOR WINDLE
                                            DEPOSITION; DRAFT CORRESPONDENCE;
                                            CONFER WITH TEAM RE DEPOSITIONS AND
                                            DISCOVERY MATTERS; CONFER WITH MR.
                                            BAUMGARTNER RE: MOTIONS; REVIEW
                                            DRAFT MOTIONS

10/18/2006  JMO       18.20   13.20     PREPARE FOR AND TAKE KITCHENS                      5.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            DEPOSITION, TRAVEL ORLANDO TO
                                            OPELIKA, CONFER AND EMAILS CO-COUNSEL
                                            RE DEPOSITIONS, EDIT
                                            CORRESPONDENCE TO OPPOSING COUNSEL
                                            MEET AND CONFER OPPOSING COUNSEL RE
                                            VARIOUS MOTIONS AND ISSUES
    10/18/2006  GR        15.00   13.00     PREPARE FOR TOMMY KITCHENS                         2.00     Travel (Court)
                                            DEPOSITION; ATTEND TOMMY KITCHENS
                                            DEPOSITION; TRAVEL BACK TO
                                            WASHINGTON, DC FROM ORLANDO
    10/19/2006  JMO       16.30   14.30     PREPARE FOR WINDLE DEPOSITION; WINDLE              2.00     Travel
                                            DEPOSITION; TRAVEL TO BIRMINGHAM;                           (Court/Bell)
                                            PREPARE FOR VAN HOOVER DEPOSITION;
                                            CONFER WITH JUDGE ACKER'S CLERK;
                                            PREPARE FOR ORAL ARGUMENT; CONFER
                                            WITH CO-COUNSEL RE VARIOUS ISSUES;
                                            CONFER WITH OPPOSING COUNSEL RE
                                            VARIOUS ISSUES; MEET AND CONFER LEEPER
                                            RE ADDITIONAL EXHIBITS TO RELATOR'S
                                            STATEMENT

10/20/2006  JC        12.00   10.00     ATTEND HEARING ON MOTION TO QUASH                  2.00     Travel
                                            BILLY HARBERT SUBPOENA; ATTEND VAN                          (Court/Bell)
                                            HOOVER DEPOSITION; PREPARE FOR, TAKE
                                            BILLY HARBERT DEPOSITION, WORK ON
                                            OTHER DISCOVERY MATTERS; MEET WITH
                                            MS. O'CONNOR, MR. GOTTLIEB, MR. KLEIN RE:
                                            SAME, TELECONS, EMAIL EXCHANGES RE:
                                            SAME; TRAVEL BACK TO D.C. FROM
                                            BIRMINGHAM
    10/20/2006  JMO       11.00   9.00      PREPARE FOR ORAL ARGUMENT AND VAN                  2.00     Travel
                                            HOOVER DEPOSITIONS, VAN HOOVER                              (Court/Bell)
                                            DEPOSITION, BILLY HARBERT DEPOSITION,
                                            CONFER WITH CO-COUNSEL RE VARIOUS
                                            ISSUES, CONFER WITH OPPOSING COUNSEL
                                            RE VARIOUS ISSUES, TRAVEL FROM
                                            BIRMINGHAM TO DC
    10/21/2006  RBB       16.20   10.20     DEPOSE IATROU; RETURN TRAVEL FROM                  6.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            LONDON TO DC, REVIEW EMAILS RE:
                                            HOOVER AND LALOR DEPOSITIONS
    10/22/2006  MMB       16.00   9.00      PREP FOR SMILIE ANDERSON DEPO; TRAVEL              7.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            FROM D.C. TO BOISE, IDAHO
    10/23/2006  MMB       17.00   10.00     ATTEND SMILIE ANDERSON DEPO; TRAVEL                7.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            FROM BOISE, IDAHO TO D.C.

10/23/2006  MG        16.20   12.70     PREPARE FOR BARNES DEPOSITION; TRAVEL              3.50     Travel
                                            TO SAN FRANCISCO; CORRESPOND WITH                           (Court/Be 1)
                                            TEAM; DISCUSS HILL AND BARNES
                                            DEPOSITIONS WITH MR. REECE AND MS.
                                            O'CONNOR
    10/23/2006  JMO       15.20   13.20     CONFER WITH CO-COUNSEL AND OPPOSING                2.00     Travel
                                            COUNSEL RE DISCOVERY MATTERS, REVIEW                        (Court/Bell)
                                            DRAFT BRIEFS, PREPARE FOR HILL
                                            DEPOSITION, TRAVEL TO BIRMINGHAM,
                                            CONFER WITH MR GOTTLIEB TO PREPARE
                                            FOR BARNES DEPOSITION
    10/23/2006  GR        15.50   13.50     REVIEW AND PREPARE MATERIALS FOR ALF               2.00     Travel
                                            HILL DEPOSITION; REVISE ALF HILL                            (Court/Bell)
                                            DEPOSITION OUTLINE; DISCUSS ALF HILL
                                            DEPOSITION WITH MS. O'CONNOR; TRAVEL
                                            TO BIRMINGHAM FOR ALF HILL DEPOSITION
    10/24/2006  MG        13.00   9.50      PREPARE FOR BARNES DEPOSITION; TAKE                3.50     Travel (Belt)
                                            BARNES DEPOSITION; RETURN TRAVEL
                                            FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO DC; REVIEW
                                            NOTES AND DRAFT SUMMARY OF
                                            DEPOSITION

10/24/2006  JMO       16.00   14.00     FOR HILL DEPOSITION, TAKE HILL                     2.00     Travel
                                            DEPOSITION, CONFER WITH MS MARK AND                         (Court/Bell)
                                            MR. REECE RE SAME. CONFER AND EMAILS
                                            WITH MR GOTTLIEB RE BARNES DEPOSITION,
                                            TRAVEL FROM BIRMINGHAM TO DC.
    10/24/2006  GR        16.00   14.00     REVISE OUTLINE FOR ALF HILL DEPOSITION;            2.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            DISCUSS ISSUES RELATED TO ALF HILL
                                            DEPOSITION; ATTEND ALF HILL DEPOSITION
                                            WITH O'CONNOR; TRAVEL BACK TO D.C.
                                            FROM BIRMINGHAM
    10/25/2006  MB        10.80   8.80      PREPARE FOR FRANK KIMBALL DEPOSITION;              2.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            REVIEW DOCUMENTS AND PREPARE
                                            POTENTIAL QUESTIONS; FRANK KIMBALL
                                            DEPOSITION PREPARATION SESSION;
                                            TRAVEL FROM D.C.TO HILTON HEAD, SC
    10/26/2006  MB        9.30    7.30      FINALIZE FRANK KIMBALL DEPOSITION                  2.00     Travel
                                            OUTLINE; TAKE FRANK KIMBALL                                 (Court/Bell)
                                            DEPOSITION; WRITE SUMMARY OF SAME;
                                            TRAVEL FROM HILTON HEAD BACK TO D.C.

11/2/2006   GR        15.80   13.80     PREPARE AND COLLECT DOCUMENTS FOR.                 2.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            FINANCIAL EXPERT; REVIEW DEPOSITIONS
                                            FOR FINANCIAL EXPERT; REVIEW MORRISON-KNUDSEN
                                            DOCUMENTS; PREPARE OUTLINE
                                            FOR DEPOSITION OF BRIEN GOODALE;
                                            DISCUSS DEPOSITION OUTLINE WITH MS.
                                            O'CONNOR AND MR. CEDARBAUM; TRAVEL
                                            TO NASHVILLE; REVIEW TRIAL TRANSCRIPT
                                            OF BRIEN GOODALE AND SMILEY ANDERSON;
                                            REVIEW GRAND JURY TRANSCRIPT OF ROY
                                            ANDERSON
    11/3/2006   GR        16.50   14.50     PREPARE DEPOSITION OUTLINE FOR BRIEN               2.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            GOODALE; ATTEND AND TAKE DEPOSITION
                                            OF BRIEN GOODALE; TRAVEL FROM
                                            NASHVILLE TO D.C.; REVIEW DEPOSITION
                                            TRANSCRIPT OF RICK MILLER AND
                                            SUMMARIZE RELEVANT PAGES FOR
                                            EXPERTS; PREPARE SUMMARY OF BRIEN
                                            GOODALE DEPOSITION AND E-MAIL TO TEAM

11/7/2006   MT        14.00   13.50     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.50     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE AND RESPOND                                  (Court)
                                            ACCORDINGLY; MEET AND CONFER WITH MS.
                                            KENYON REGARDING DELIVERY AND
                                            QUALITY CHECKING OF DUPLICATED EXPERT
                                            EXHIBIT MATERIAL; TELEPHONE CALLS TO
                                            LANGUAGE INNOVATIONS TO INQUIRE
                                            ABOUT GERMAN TRANSLATIONS, FOLLOW
                                            UP TELEPHONE CONFERENCE WITH MR.
                                            REECE REGARDING SAME; TELEPHONE
                                            CONFERENCE WITH MR. CEDARBAUM
                                            REGARDING DELIVERY OF DOCUMENTS TO
                                            BE TRANSLATED; MEET AND CONFER WITH
                                            MR. REECE REGARDING ADDITIONAL EXPERT
                                            EXHIBITS AND COMPARISON OF EXPERT
                                            INDEX TO TEAM INDEX; TRAVEL TO, FROM
                                            LANGUAGE INNOVATIONS FOR MEET AND
                                            CONFER WITH MARIELA BUTLER REGARDING
                                            HAND OVER OF DOCUMENTS TO BE
                                            TRANSLATED, MEET AND CONFER WITH MR.
                                            REECE REGARDING SAME; ATTEND TEAM
                                            MEETING REGARDING EXPERT REPORTS;
                                            FINALIZE PRODUCTION OF EXPERT REPORTS
                                            AND EXHIBITS THERETO TO CASE PARTIES

11/20/2006  JMO       14.30   8.30      TRAVEL TO/FROM ST. LOUIS; INTERVIEW                6.00     Travel (Bell)
                                            WITNESS J; CATCH UP ON
                                            READING/RESPONDING TO TEAM EMAILS.
    12/7/2006   JMO       12.10   11.60     PREPARE FOR, TRAVEL TO/FROM AND                    0.50     Local Travel
                                            PARTICIPATE IN HEARING.                                     (Court)
    12/19/2006  MG        9.80    9.30      PREPARE FOR NEWMAN DEPOSITION;                     0.50     Local Travel
                                            TRAVEL TO/FROM AND CONDUCT NEWMAN                           (Court)
                                            DEPOSITION; REVIEW FILINGS AND EMAILS;
                                            DISCUSS HARBERT U.K. HEARING.
    1/23/2007   JMO       11.20   7.20      SET UP MEETINGS RE MOTIONS TO COMPEL               4.00     Travel (Court)
                                            BHIC AND HII; SET UP CONFERENCE RE
                                            AMENDMENT COMPLAINT; EMAIL SCHUBERT
                                            RE MEETING; EMAILS RE DOCUMENT
                                            TRANSLATIONS; CONFER W/MR. GOTTLIEB
                                            RE AMENDED COMPLAINT; CONFER W/MR.
                                            SMITH RE C&L DOCUMENT; CONFER W/MR.
                                            REECE AND MR. BAUMGARTNER RE
                                            WENDORFF DEPOSITION AND DOCUMENTS;
                                            PREPARE FOR WENDORFF DEPOSITION;
                                            EMAILS RE FACCIOLA; EMAILS AND
                                            MESSAGES RE PWC WITNESSES; CONFER W/
                                            MR. ZANE RE WENDORFF DOCUMENTS;
                                            EMAIL GOVERNMENT RE WITNESS F;
                                            TRAVEL TO GERMANY FOR WENDORFF
                                            DEPOSITION.

1/24/2007   RBB       10.00   8.50      REVIEW DOCUMENTS RELATED TO KRINGS                 1.50     Travel (Court)
                                            AND ICON; DRAFT LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR
                                            CRANDALL; INTERVIEW CRANDALL;
                                            CONFERENCES SMITH RE: INTERVIEW AND
                                            INTERVIEW MEMO; RETURN TRAVEL.
    1/24/2007   JMO       16.10   11.60     TRAVEL TO GERMANY FOR DEPOSITION;                  4.50     4.00 Travel +
                                            LOCAL TRAVEL; MEET WITH USAID AGENTS;                       0.50 Local
                                            MEET WITH GERMAN ATTORNEYS; CONFER                               Travel (Court)
                                            W/ MR. ZANE RE WENDORFF DOCUMENTS;
                                            PREPARE FOR DEPOSITION; CONFER W/ TOM
                                            FINNEGAN, PWC.
    1/24/2007   STS       10.10   8.60      TRAVEL TO METROPARK, NJ WITH MR.                   1.50     Travel (Court)
                                            BELL TO CONDUCT INTERVIEW OF BRIAN
                                            CRANDALL (ICON); PREPARE ROUGH DRAFT
                                            OF IMPORTANT NOTES FROM MEETING WITH
                                            BRIAN CRANDALL; COORDINATE WITH
                                            PARALEGAL STAFF RE: PREPARATION OF
                                            C&I. DOCS FOR REVIEW WITH MR. GOTTLIEB

1/25/2007   JMO       15.40   15.15     TRAVEL TO AND TAKE AND DEFEND                      0.25     Local Travel
                                            WENDORFF DEPOSITION; PREPARE FOR SAME                       (Court)
                                            AND PREPARE FOR NEXT DAY; CONFER W/
                                            LOCAL COUNSEL AND USAID AGENTS;
                                            CONFER WITH MR. CEDARBAUM AND MR.
                                            BELL RE VARIOUS ISSUES; EMAILS W/ MR.
                                            SCHUBERT RE UPDATE; EMAILS W/ USAID
                                            AGENTS RE WITNESS SEARCHES.
    1/26/2007   JMO       12.10   11.85     LOCAL TRAVEL. AND TAKE AND DEFEND                  0.25     Local Travel
                                            WENDORFF DEPOSITION; EMAIL MR. ZANE RE                      (Court)
                                            SAME.
    1/27/2007   JMO       11.10   6.60      LOCAL TRAVEL AND TRAVEL TO US; EMAIL               4.50     4.00 Travel +
                                            RE CRANDALL.                                                0.50 Local
                                                                                                        Travel (Bell)

1/31/2007   JMO       8.90    8.65      PREPARE FOR STATUS CONFERENCE;                     0.25     Local Travel
                                            TRAVEL TO STATUS CONFERENCE; STATUS                         (Court)
                                            CONFERENCE; TRAVEL RETURN; CONFER
                                            WITH MS. WIGMORE RE PLANNING; CONFER
                                            W/ MR. SHAPIRO RE FLAWING; CONFER W/
                                            MR. CEDARBAUM RE PLANNING; REVIEW
                                            LOCAL RULES AND DEPOSITION
                                            DESIGNATION MATERIALS; EDIT AND
                                            CONFER RE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND
                                            MOTION TO FILE SAME; EDIT TALKING
                                            POINTS; CONFER W/ MR. REECE, MR.
                                            BAUMGARTNER AND MR. GOTTLIEB RE
                                            SCHEDULE.

2/6/2007    NT        11.00   10.75     CONTINUE DRAFTING PRETRIAL STATEMENT               0.25     Local Travel
                                            PLAINTIFFS WITNESS LIST; REVIEW                             (Court)
                                            DEPOSITIONS, NOTICES AND SUBPOENAS FOR
                                            DEPONENT RESIDENCY INFORMATION,
                                            ELECTRONIC CORRESPONDENCE WITH MR.
                                            CEDARBAUM REGARDING SAME; MEET,
                                            CONFER AND SUPERVISE MS. PRICE WITH
                                            REVIEWING TRANSCRIPTS FOR EXHIBITS
                                            HELD AND ORDERING COPIES OF SAME FROM
                                            COURT REPORTERS; FORWARD DRAFT OF
                                            PRETRIAL STATEMENT PLAINTIFFS' WITNESS
                                            LIST, WITNESS INTERVIEW LIST AND
                                            DEPOSITION DESIGNATION LIST TO MS.
                                            O'CONNOR, MR. CEDARBAUM AND MR.
                                            SHOOK; ELECTRONIC CORRESPONDENCE
                                            WITH MS. CARRINGTON AND MR. SHOOK
                                            REGARDING MS. CARRINGTON'S REQUEST
                                            FOR DEPOSITION TRANSCRIPTS
                                            INFORMATION AND FORWARDING OF
                                            TOWSEY AND BILLY HARBERT, JR.
                                            TRANSCRIPTS TO MS. BARRY, DO)
                                            PARALEGAL; TRAVEL TO FROM AND TIME
                                            SPENT AT FEDERAL FINGERPRINTING
                                            CENTER FOR GOVERNMENT SECURITY
                                            CLEARANCE; EDIT WITNESS LIST AND
                                            PRETRIAL STATEMENT PLAINTIFFS' WITNESS
                                            LIST

2/19/2007   JMO       15.20   11.20     TRAVEL TO/FROM TOLEDO; INTERVIEW MR.               4.00     Travel (Court)
                                            NAGEL; PREPARE FOR NAGEL MEETING;
                                            CONFER W/ MR. SHAPIRO RE STRATEGY AND
                                            PRETRIAL STATEMENTS; REVIEW
                                            DEPOSITION EXCERPTS; PREPARE FOR
                                            ECKERT CALL RE BRINKMANN DEPOSITION;
                                            WORK ON PRETRIAL STATEMENTS.
    2/19/2007   HS        11.20   7.20      PREPARE FOR AND CONDUCT INTERVIEW OF               4.00     Travel (Court)
                                            MR. NAGEL; REVIEW DRAFT VERDICT FORM
                                            AND JURY INSTRUCTIONS; TRAVEL
                                            TO/FROM TOLEDO; EMAIL TO MR. MORGAN
    3/15/2007   MG        14.30   14.15     PARTICIPATE IN VARIOUS WITNESS                     0.15     Local Travel
                                            PREPARATION SESSIONS; REVISE PROOF                          (Court)
                                            OUTLINES; REVIEW DIRECT EXAMINATION
                                            OUTLINES; REVIEW EXHIBIT DESIGNATIONS;
                                            REVIEW AND REVISE GRAPHICS; TRAVEL TO
                                            DOJ AND PARTICIPATE IN
                                            VIDEOCONFERENCE INTERVIEW OF DAVID
                                            WILLIAMS; OTHER MISCELLANEOUS TRIAL
                                            PREPARATION

3/17/2007    NT       13.00   12.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; BEGIN GATHERING OF                          (Court)
                                            DOCUMENTS AND DRAFTING OF INDEX FOR
                                            MILLER TRIAL PREPARATION BINDERS IN
                                            PREPARATION FOR CLIENT MEETING PER MR.
                                            BELL'S REQUEST; TRAVEL TO COURT
                                            HOUSE AND ASSIST WITH WORK ROOM SET
                                            UP; SUPERVISE PROJECT ASSISTANTS WITH
                                            WORKLOAD; MEET AND CONFER wan MR.
                                            REECE REGARDING MILLER RESPONSES TO
                                            DEFENDANTS INTERROGATORIES; MEET AND
                                            CONFER WITH MS. CASWELL REGARDING
                                            PENDING WORK ASSIGNMENTS
    3/19/2007   MG        16.60   16.50     PREPARE DOCUMENT BINDERS FOR JURY                  0.10     Local Travel
                                            SELECTION; PREPARE TO ARGUE MOTIONS IN                      (Court)
                                            LIMINE; TRAVEL TO COURT; ATTEND FIRST
                                            DAY OF TRIAL; PREPARE WITNESSES;
                                            REVIEW DEMONSTRATIVES; RESEARCH
                                            CONSPIRACY ADMISSIONS CASE LAW;
                                            PREPARE TALKING POINTS AND BINDER FOR
                                            MS. O'CONNOR RE: DEFENSE
                                            DEMONSTRATIVES AND CONSPIRACY
                                            ADMISSIONS ARGUMENT

3/22/2007   NT        11.00   10.80     REVIEW AND MONITOR TEAM ELECTRONIC                 0.20     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; TRAVEL TO — FROM                            (Court)
                                            COURT HOUSE TO ASSIST WITH WORK ROOM
                                            CLEAN UP; TELEPHONE CONFERENCES WITH
                                            MS. BAYNHAM REGARDING READING OF
                                            GRESELIN AND PENDING TRIAL EXHIBITS TO
                                            BE USED; MEET AND CONFER WITH MS.
                                            BUNCH REGARDING HEMLER TRIAL
                                            EXHIBITS; MEET, CONFER AND ELECTRONIC
                                            CORRESPONDENCE WITH MR. BYRDSONG
                                            REGARDING LOADING OF HEMLER
                                            DOCUMENTS INTO TRIAL DIRECTORY,
                                            UPDATE MASTER LIST OF EXHIBITS
                                            ADMITTED INTO EVIDENCE; MEET AND
                                            CONFER WITH MS. CASWELL REGARDING
                                            PENDING ASSIGNMENTS

3/27/2007   NT        12.00   11.80     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.20     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; PREPARE SABBIA                              (Court)
                                            STIPULATION COPIES AND PDF SAME PER MR.
                                            CEDARBAUM'S REQUEST; TRAVEL TO AND
                                            FROM DISTRICT COURT AND ASSIST TEAM
                                            WITH TRIAL ROOM SETUP, PREPARE WORK
                                            ROOM FOR AFTERNOON BREAK; REVIEW PDX
                                            DEMONSTRATIVE EXHIBITS FOR NEXT
                                            NUMBER AVAILABLE PER MR. RUSHING;
                                            UPDATE OF MASTER EXHIBITS ADMITTED
                                            LIST; MEET WITH AND SUPERVISION OF
                                            PROJECT ASSISTANTS; MEET AND CONFER
                                            WITH MS. DAVIS REGARDING TRIAL
                                            TRANSCRIPTS

3/28/2007   NT        15.00   14.80     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.20     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; PREPARE EXHIBITS AND                        (Court)
                                            GATHER WITNESS DOCUMENTS; TRAVEL TO
                                            AND SET UP OF COURT WORK ROOM; ASSIST
                                            TRIAL TEAM WITH COURT ROOM SET UP;
                                            EDIT BRINKMANN DESIGNATIONS TO ADD
                                            HC/HII COUNTER DESIGNATIONS,
                                            ELECTRONIC CORRESPONDENCE WITH MR.
                                            RUSHING AND MR. BAUMGARTNER
                                            REGARDING SAME; MEET AND CONFER WITH
                                            MR. SMITH REGARDING BOOTH DOCUMENTS;
                                            MEET AND CONFER WITH MR. REECE
                                            REGARDING MILLER DIRECT EXAMINATION
                                            EXHIBITS; TRAVEL TO COURT HOUSE FOR
                                            AFTERNOON DELIVERY OF EXHIBITS TO BE
                                            USED; MEET AND CONFER WITH PROJECT
                                            ASSISTANTS REGARDING TOWSEY
                                            DESIGNATION COPIES NEEDED IN COURT PER
                                            MS. O'CONNOR'S REQUEST; ASSIST TRIAL
                                            TEAM WITH COURT ROOM AND COURT WORK
                                            ROOM CLEAN UP; REVIEW AND EDIT MASTER
                                            EXHIBITS ADMITTED LIST; MEET AND
                                            CONFER WITH MS. CASWELL, MR. RUSHING
                                            AND MR. CULTICE REGARDING PENDING
                                            WITNESS PREPARATION; MEET AND CONFER
                                            WITH MR. CEDARBAUM REGARDING
                                            WENDORFF

3/29/2007   NT        15.00   14.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; PREPARE DOCUMENTS                           (Court)
                                            FOR COURT; TRAVEL TO AND ASSIST WITH
                                            COURT ROOM AND COURT WORK ROOM SET
                                            UP; ATTEND TRIAL AND ASSIST TRIAL TEAM
                                            AT COURT; MONITOR ELECTRONIC
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; PREPARE HOOVER
                                            EXHIBITS FOR PENDING HOOVER DIRECT;
                                            UPDATE MASTER EXHIBITS ADMITTED LIST;
                                            MEET AND CONFER WITH TEAM MEMBERS
                                            REGARDING UPDATES TO WITNESS FILES;
                                            SUPERVISE PA STAFF WITH CASE PROTECTS;
                                            MEET AND CONFER WITH MS. CASWELL
                                            REGARDING PENDING ASSIGNMENTS
    4/3/2007    NT        12.00   11.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; PREPARE DAILY COURT                         (Court)
                                            DOCUMENTS FOR COURT; TRAVEL TO AND
                                            SET UP OF COURT WORK ROOM AND COURT
                                            ROOM; ATTEND TRIAL AND ASSIST TRIAL
                                            TEAM; PACK UP COURT ROOM; UPDATE
                                            MASTER EXHIBITS ADMITTED LIST AND
                                            FORWARD TO TEAM; MEET AND CONFER
                                            WITH MR. RUSHING REGARDING TOWSEY
                                            AND MASHBURN EXHIBITS; SUPERVISE
                                            PROJECT ASSISTANTS

4/4/2007    NT        13.00   12.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; PREPARE FURTHER                             (Court)
                                            EXHIBITS FOR MASHBURN TESTIMONY;
                                            REVIEW AND PRINT OUT MASTER ADMITTED
                                            EXHIBIT LIST FOR COURT; TRAVEL TO AND
                                            ASSIST WITH COURT ROOM SET UP; ASSIST
                                            AND ATTEND TO TRIAL TEAM AT COURT;
                                            ASSIST WITH PACK UP OF COURT ROOM;
                                            ATTEND TEAM MEETING; UPDATE MASTER
                                            ADMITTED EXHIBIT LIST AND DISTRIBUTE TO
                                            TEAM; PREPARE MASHBURN EXHIBITS FOR
                                            REDIRECT; ELECTRONIC CORRESPONDENCE
                                            WITH MR. RUSHING REGARDING PENDING
                                            PROJECTS; MONITOR OF TEAM ELECTRONIC
                                            CORRESPONDENCE

4/5/2007    NT        12.00   11.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; TRAVEL TO AND                               (Court)
                                            PREPARE TRIAL TEAM AND COURT ROOM;
                                            ATTEND AND ASSIST TRIAL TEAM DURING
                                            TRIAL; PACK UP OF COURT ROOM AND TRIAL
                                            TEAM MATERIAL; PREPARE PENDING
                                            EXHIBITS; SUPERVISE PROJECT ASSISTANTS
                                            ON CREATION OF CROSS WITNESS BINDERS;
                                            MEET AND CONFERS WITH MS. CASWELL
                                            AND MR. RUSHING REGARDING PENDING
                                            PROJECTS; MONITOR TEAM ELECTRONIC
                                            CORRESPONDENCE
    4/6/2007    GR        14.80   10.80     REVISE OUTLINE AND PREPARE DOCUMENTS               4.00     Travel
                                            FOR MIKE GWYN INTERVIEW; TRAVEL TO                          (Court/Bell)
                                            AND FROM CHARLOTTE FOR GWYN
                                            INTERVIEW; DRAFT MEMORANDUM RE:
                                            INTERVIEW OF MIKE GWYN; RESEARCH
                                            ISSUE RE: ALF HILL.

4/9/2007    NT        10.00   9.90      MONITOR OF ELECTRONIC                              0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; PREPARE DOCUMENTS                           (Court)
                                            FOR COURT: TRAVEL TO COURT AND ASSIST
                                            WITH PACKING OF COURT MATERIAL; MEET
                                            AND CONFER WITH MS. CASWELL
                                            REGARDING PROJECT ASSISTANT
                                            WORKLOAD; MEET AND CONFER WITH MR.
                                            RUSHING REGARDING PENDING
                                            ASSIGNMENTS; REVIEW AND UPDATE
                                            MASTER ADMITTED EXHIBITS LIST,
                                            FORWARD SAME TO TEAM; SUPERVISE
                                            PROJECT ASSISTANTS WITH PENDING
                                            WITNESS BINDERS
    4/10/2007   NT        12.00   11.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE, PREPARE DOCUMENTS                           (Court)
                                            FOR COURT SESSION; TRAVEL TO AND
                                            ASSIST WITH COURT ROOM SET UP; PREPARE
                                            HILL PHOTO EXHIBITS AND SUPERVISE
                                            PROJECT ASSISTANTS REGARDING SAME;
                                            TRAVEL TO AND FROM COURT TO ASSIST
                                            WITH AFTERNOON SESSION; REVIEW
                                            PLAINTIFF'S TRIAL EXHIBIT LIST; UPDATE
                                            MASTER ADMITTED EXHIBIT LIST; MONITOR
                                            OF TEAM ELECTRONIC CORRESPONDENCE

4/11/2007   NT        12.00   11.80     PREPARE DOCUMENTS FOR TODAYS COURT                 0.20     Local Travel
                                            SESSION; TRAVEL TO AND ASSIST WITH                          (Court)
                                            COURT ROOM SET UP; TELEPHONE
                                            CONFERENCES, MEET AND CONFERS WITH
                                            MR. HEFFEL REGARDING BOUTWELL AND
                                            INSURANCE DOCUMENT RESEARCH IN
                                            CPORT; REVIEW TRIAL TRANSCRIPTS VIA
                                            LIVENOTE; TRAVEL TO AND ASSIST WITH
                                            PACK UP OF COURT ROOM AND WORK ROOM
                                            SPACE; ATTEND TEAM MEETING; MEET AND
                                            CONFER WITH MR. GOTTLIEB REGARDING
                                            REDACTION OF HII'S RESPONSES TO
                                            RELATORS FIRST SET OF INTERROGATORIES,
                                            MEET AND CONFER WITH MS. BROWN
                                            REGARDING SAME; SUPERVISE PROJECT
                                            ASSISTANTS AND TEMPORARY ASSISTANTS
                                            REGARDING PENDING WITNESS
                                            PREPARATION MATERIAL; UPDATE MASTER
                                            ADMITTED EXHIBITS LIST; MEET AND
                                            CONFER WITH MR. RUSHING REGARDING
                                            BURLES EXHIBITS AND PENDING WITNESS
                                            PREPARATION

4/12/2007   NT        12.00   11.90     PREPARE COURT DOCUMENTS FOR TODAYS                 0.10     Local Travel
                                            COURT SESSION; TRAVEL TO AND ASSIST                         (Court)
                                            WITH COURT ROOM SET UP; REVIEW AND
                                            ORGANIZE BURLES EXHIBITS; REVIEW APRIL
                                            11, 2007 TRIAL TRANSCRIPT AND COMPARE
                                            NOTED EXHIBITS TO MASTER ADMITTED
                                            EXHIBITS LIST; TRAVEL TO COURT HOUSE
                                            AND ASSIST WITH REMOVAL OF COURT
                                            DOCUMENTS AND CLEAN UP OF WORK
                                            ROOM; MEET AND CONFER WITH MR.
                                            RUSHING REGARDING PROJECT ASSISTANT
                                            WORKLOAD AND SCHEDULING; UPDATE
                                            MASTER ADMITTED EXHIBITS LIST;
                                            ELECTRONIC CORRESPONDENCE TO AM
                                            COURT REPORTER REGARDING
                                            DISCREPANCIES FOUND ON APRIL 11, 2007 AM
                                            TRIAL TRANSCRIPT; SUPERVISE PROJECT
                                            ASSISTANTS REGARDING WITNESS
                                            PREPARATION MATERIALS; MEET AND
                                            CONFER WITH MS. CASWELL REGARDING
                                            TODAYS COURT SESSION; MONITOR TEAM
                                            ELECTRONIC CORRESPONDENCE

4/13/2007   NT        11.50   11.40     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE. PREPARE EXHIBIT LISTS                       (Court)
                                            AND TRANSCRIPTS FOR TODAYS COURT
                                            SESSION TRAVEL TO AND ASSIST WITH
                                            COURT ROOM SET UP; DELIVER DOCUMENTS
                                            TO COURT ROOM ON DAILY BASIS; REVIEW
                                            TRANSCRIPTS IN LIVENOTE; REVIEW AND
                                            EDIT ADMITTED EXHIBIT LIST; SUPERVISE
                                            PROJECT ASSISTANT TEAM; MEET AND
                                            CONFER AND ELECTRONIC
                                            CORRESPONDENCE WITH MS. CASWELL
                                            REGARDING UPDATES OF DOCUMENT
                                            REQUESTS FROM COURT; ORGANIZE
                                            PLEADING DOCUMENTS AT COURT HOUSE
                                            WORK ROOM; ATTEND TRIAL AND ASSIST
                                            WITH COURT ROOM CLEAN UP; MONITOR
                                            TEAM ELECTRONIC CORRESPONDENCE

4/18/2007   NT        12.00   11.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; ASSIST MR. GOTTLIEB                         (Court)
                                            WITH WILLIAMS EXHIBIT DOCUMENTS;
                                            TRAVEL TO AND ASSIST WITH SET UP OF
                                            COURT ROOM; ATTEND TRIAL AND ASSIST
                                            TRIAL TEAM; PACK UP COURT ROOM;
                                            SUPERVISE PROJECT ASSISTANTS
                                            REGARDING ATTORNEY REQUESTS; REVIEW
                                            PLAINTIFFS AND DEFENDANTS EXHIBIT LISTS
                                            AND UPDATE ADMITTED EXHIBIT LIST;
                                            MONITOR TEAM ELECTRONIC
                                            CORRESPONDENCE AND RESPOND
                                            ACCORDINGLY
    4/19/2007   NT        12.00   11.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; ASSIST WITH                                 (Court)
                                            PREPARATION OF MCCUE CROSS EXHIBITS;
                                            TRAVEL TO AND ASSIST WITH COURT ROOM
                                            SET UP; ATTEND TRIAL AND ASSIST TRIAL
                                            TEAM; ASSIST WITH PACK UP AND
                                            UNLOADING OF COURT PRODUCTION;
                                            REVIEW ADMITTED EXHIBIT LIST; SUPERVISE
                                            PROJECT ASSISTANTS REGARDING
                                            ATTORNEY REQUESTS; MONITOR TEAM
                                            ELECTRONIC CORRESPONDENCE AND
                                            RESPOND ACCORDINGLY

4/20/2007   NT        12.00   11.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; ASSIST WITH PASKAR                          (Court)
                                            AND PLEADING PRINT OUTS FOR TRIAL TEAM
                                            REVIEW; TRAVEL TO AND SET UP OF COURT
                                            ROOM; ATTEND TRIAL AND ASSIST TRIAL
                                            TEAM; MEET AND CONFER WITH COURT
                                            DEPUTY CLERK REGARDING FORMAT OF
                                            PLAINTIFFS EXHIBITS TO BE USED BY JUDGE
                                            AND JURY DURING DELIBERATIONS
    4/30/2007   NT        14.00   13.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; PREPARE DOCUMENTS                           (Court)
                                            FOR COURT; TRAVEL TO AND ASSIST TEAM
                                            DURING TRIAL; PACK UP OF COURT
                                            MATERIAL; DOWNLOAD DEFENDANTS'
                                            CLOSING DEMONSTRATIVES TO L DRIVE;
                                            REVIEW AND PRINT OUT PARTIES CLOSING
                                            DEMONSTRATIVES IN PREPARATION FOR
                                            COURT; MONITOR ELECTRONIC
                                            CORRESPONDENCE
    5/1/2007    NT        12.00   11.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; TRAVEL TO ATTEND                            (Court)
                                            AND ASSIST TRIAL TEAM DURING CLOSING
                                            ARGUMENTS; MEET AND CONFER WITH MR.
                                            RUSHING REGARDING PENDING CASE
                                            ASSIGNMENTS

5/2/2007    NT        12.00   11.90     REVIEW TEAM ELECTRONIC                             0.10     Local Travel
                                            CORRESPONDENCE; ASSIST MR. CEDARBAUM                        (Court)
                                            WITH CD COPY REQUESTS OF PROPOSED
                                            JURY INSTRUCTIONS AND PLAINTIFFS
                                            OPPOSITIONS TO DEFENDANTS JURY
                                            INSTRUCTIONS; TRAVEL TO AND ASSIST
                                            WITH COURT ROOM SET UP; ASSIST TRIAL
                                            TEAM; PACK UP OF COURT ROOM
    5/4/2007    MG        4.40    4.30      RESEARCH VERDICT FORM LAW; TRAVEL TO               0.10     Local Travel
                                            AND ATTEND FINAL DAY OF TRIAL; DISCUSS                      (Court)
                                            POST-TRIAL WORK
    5/7/2007    MG        2.00    1.80      TRAVEL TO/FROM COURT TO ATTEND                     0.20     Local Travel
                                            SESSION FOR JUROR QUESTION ANSWER                           (Court)
    5/14/2007   MG        4.50    4.30      REVIEW COUNTERCLAIM INSTRUCTIONS AND               0.20     Local Travel
                                            MTD; TRAVEL TO/FROM COURT FOR                               (Court)
                                            VERDICT; ATTEND COURT SESSION RE:
                                            VERDICT
    5/14/2007   JMO       1.80    1.60      TRAVEL TO AND FROM AND ATTEND COURT                0.20     Local Travel
                                            FOR VERDICT.                                                (Court)
    TOTAL                         1.047.00                                                     288.50

APPENDIX III

The Court has determined the following, comprehensive reductions are necessary to exclude time dedicated to non-compensable tasks and to counter unreasonable and/or excessive billing:

Clerical Tasks (non-compensable)
         Attorney Hours        0.5%
         Paralegal Hours       5.0%
Ambiguous Time Entries        10.0%
Block Billing                 10.0%
Inefficient Staffing           5.0%

NOTES

[1] They are: individual defendant E. Roy Anderson ("Anderson"); and corporate defendants Harbert Corporation ("HC"), Harbert International, Inc. ("HII"), Bill Harbert International Construction, Inc. ("BHIC"), Bilhar International Establishment f/k/a Harbert International Establishment ("Bilhar"), and Harbert Construction Services (U.K.) Ltd. ("HUK").

[2] The jury set total damages at $34,346,029.22. (See Verdict Form [858] at 9, 10, 12.) The Court then trebled the damages award in accordance with 31 U.S.C. section 3729(a) and set off the $13.7 million the government had received from settling codefendants. (Mem. Op. of Aug. 10, 2007[882] at 10-11.) It further determined the appropriate civil penalty to be $10,000 per false claim, yielding a total penalty of $1,100,000.00. (Id. at 7-9, 11.) The Court calculated total liability in this case—the sum of the trebled damages and civil penalties—as $90,438,087.66. (Id. at 11.) It also adjudged defendants liable for plaintiffs' costs and for relator Richard F. Miller's reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses. (Id. at 2-3.)

[3] Initially, the government requested reimbursement in the amount of $50,702.25— $838.65 for service of summons and subpoena, $23,706.10 for trial and hearing transcripts, and $26,157.50 for deposition transcripts. (See U.S. Bill of Costs [928] at 1.) Due to an unanticipated closure of the courthouse, the government was unable to timely confirm certain information necessary to compute its witness fees pursuant to 28 U.S.C. section 1821, (id. at 2), so it later requested an additional $3,735.62, (see U.S. Supplemental Bill of Costs [933] at 1).

[4] Relator seeks $587.00 for clerk's fees, $345.00 for service of summons and complaint, $19,271.60 for deposition transcripts, $9,323.09 for trial and hearing transcripts, $299.85 for other copying, $1,974.92 for statutory witness fees, and $172.00 for subpoena service. (See Relator's Bill of Costs [929] at 2.)

[5] Relator's original fee petition sought $9,989,707 in fees. (See Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 1.) Based on criticisms raised in defendants' oppositions, relator subtracted certain time that had been inadvertently included in his original request and reduced the amount sought by $18,941.75. (See Ex. B to Bell Supplemental Decl., Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Relator also concedes the requested amount must be offset by $25,000 in attorney's fees received from AICI, a settling co-defendant. (See Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 1, n. 1.)

[6] While the original petition sought $522,851.04, (see Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 1), relator subsequently lowered this amount by $11,127.98, (see Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 26-28, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957]).

[7] Where appropriate, the Court will indicate which defendant(s) make(s) which arguments, but although they have filed five separate oppositions, defendants have largely adopted one another's objections. (See Anderson's Opp'n [946] at 1 ("[t]o the extent they are applicable and not inconsistent with []his response," adopting arguments in BHIC, Bilhar, HII, and HC's oppositions); BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 1 n. 1 (adopting all arguments in HII, HC, and Anderson's oppositions, to the extent they apply); HII's Opp'n [949] at 44 (referring the Court to HC's Opposition for arguments against fee enhancement); HC's Opp'n [950] at 1 (incorporating by reference all arguments in HII's Opposition); Bilhar's Revised Opp'n [951] at 1 (adopting "the grounds set forth in all codefendants' oppositions"); HII and HC's Notice of Joinder [952] (adopting arguments in BHIC and HUK and Anderson's Oppositions).)

[8] Under these analogous statutes, a prevailing party is one who "succeed[s] on any significant issue in litigation which achieves some of the benefit the parties sought in bringing suit." Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983). "The touchstone of the prevailing party inquiry must be the material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties." Tex. State Teachers Ass'n v. Garland Independent Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 792-93, 109 S.Ct. 1486, 103 L.Ed.2d 866 (1989). In this Circuit, a prevailing party must demonstrate: (1) "a courtordered change in the legal relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant"; (2) that it is "a party in whose favor a judgment is rendered, regardless of the amount of damages awarded"; and (3) that it has done more than "having acquired a judicial pronouncement unaccompanied by judicial relief." Select Milk Producers, Inc. v. Johanns, 400 F.3d 939, 946-47 (D.C.Cir.2005). Moreover, "[t]hat a plaintiff has prevailed against one party does not entitle him to fees from another party." Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 168, 105 S.Ct. 3099, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985). Relator appears to concede that he did not "prevail" against Anderson under this definition.

[9] Notwithstanding the statutory language, courts have frequently described the FCA's fee-shifting provision as applying only to "prevailing parties," but never under the precise circumstances presented here. See, e.g., Fed. Recovery Servs., Inc. v. United States, 72 F.3d 447, 449-50, 453 (5th Cir.1995) (affirming district court's denial of attorneys' fees to relator whose claims were dismissed for lack of jurisdiction); United States ex rel. ATC Distrib. Group, Inc. v. Ready-Built Transmissions, Inc., No. 03 Civ. 2150, 2007 WL 2522638, *1, *9, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65963, at *1, *25 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 7, 2007) (awarding attorney's fees to relator who was party to settlement between defendants and United States); United States ex rel. Averback v. Pastor Med. Assocs. P.C., 224 F.Supp.2d 342, 344-45, 348 (D.Mass.2002) (awarding attorney's fees to relator after government settled with defendants where "[t]he fact that [relator] is entitled to attorney's fees is not in dispute"); United States ex rel. Butler v. Magellan Health Servs., Inc., 74 F.Supp.2d 1201, 1205, 1217 (M.D.Fla.1999) (noting that "the FCA Amendments of 1986 authorize awards of attorney's fees to prevailing qui tam plaintiffs" before granting defendant's motion to dismiss relator's amended complaint); United States ex rel. Stinson, Lyons, Gerlin & Bustamante, P.A. v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Ga., Inc., 755 F.Supp. 1040, 1044 (S.D.Ga.1990) (noting that "the FCA Amendments of 1986 now authorize awards of attorney's fees to prevailing qui tam plaintiffs" before denying defendant's motion to dismiss relator's complaint).

[10] The reading deduced above would, for example, afford a relator's share and attorneys' fees where, while investigating spurious allegations in a qui tam complaint, the government stumbled upon wholly separate fraud by the defendant, of which the lucky relator knew nothing.

[11] The Court would ordinarily hesitate to stake its interpretation of the fee-shifting provision's eligibility criteria on a single statement in the provision's legislative history. See IBEW, Local Union No. 474 v. NLRB, 814 F.2d 697, 712 (D.C.Cir.1987) ("a cardinal principle of the judicial function of statutory interpretation is that courts have no authority to enforce principles gleaned solely from legislative history that have no statutory reference point"). Here, however, crediting this statement avoids dissonance among the statute's various provisions. And where statutory language is unclear, resort to the legislative tea leaves is a well-accepted interpretative step. See, e.g., Green v. Bock Laundry Mach. Co., 490 U.S. 504, 511, 109 S.Ct. 1981, 104 L.Ed.2d 557 (1989) ("[b]ecause the plain text does not resolve these issues, we must examine the history leading to [Federal Rule of Evidence 609's] enactment"); Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 563-65, 108 S.Ct. 2541, 101 L.Ed.2d 490 (1988) (looking to Congressional report for "elaborat[ion] on the meaning of the phrase ... `substantially justified'"); Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 893-94, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984) (relying on Senate Report in interpreting feeshifting statute to permit calculation of fee awards "according to prevailing market rates").

[12] Moreover, the Court observes that relator will be "rewarded with both a relator's share and attorneys fees" from the other defendants, against whom he obtained judgment, even if he receives nothing from Anderson. (See Reply to Anderson's Opp'n at 4.) The others contest only the amount of fees demanded, not relator's entitlement to them.

[13] When it dismissed relator's claims against Anderson, the Court laid responsibility at the government's feet, citing its "failure to exercise due diligence in investigating the civil claims against" Anderson. (See Mem. Op. of June 14, 2007[872] at 29.) But it was relator, in the first instance, who failed to name Anderson as a defendant until he filed his Second Amended Complaint on December 28, 2000, when the six-year limitations period on which he might otherwise have relied had already expired. (See id. at 3-4 n. 4.) This delay is virtually inexplicable given that the Confidential Disclosure Statement relator provided to the government in 1995 described Anderson's leading role and extensive involvement in the bid-rigging conspiracy. (See Ex. 1 to Reply to HC's Opp'n, at 2, 11, 14, 20-21.)

[14] These individuals are: Clarence Anderson, Allen Hall, Evangeline Hoover, William Lalor, Alfred Hill, Michael Gould, Dieter Kadenbach, Werner Hoffmeister, Wolfgang Eric Kaus, Thomas Kitchens, Richard Miller, Scott Nichols, and Robert Hemler. (See Ex. 2 to U.S. Bill of Costs [928]; Ex. 3 to Relator's Bill of Costs [929].)

[15] Unlike the United States, relator has not attached copies of the court reporters' invoices. He has provided some supporting data—such as the court reporting service name, invoice number, invoice date, and/or hearing or deposition date—for each individual expenditure, however, and scrutiny yields some obvious conclusions.

For example, each plaintiff seeks reimbursement for precisely $1,282.00 for two transcripts of Kadenbach, Hoffmeister, and Kaus's depositions, provided by Anglo-American Court Reporters. (See Ex. 3 to U.S. Bill of Costs [928] at 11; Ex. 3 to Relator's Bill of Costs [929] at 2.) Relator's chart lists a single deposition date of September 20, 2006, while the government's invoice indicates the depositions occurred on September 20-21, 2006. Relator indicates that his invoice, # 11976, was dated October 19, 2006; the government received invoice # 11978, dated October 9, 2006. Clearly, plaintiffs collectively seek to be paid for four copies of the same thing.

Similarly, both plaintiffs paid Hedrick Court Reporting for two copies of Clarence Anderson's October 23, 2006 deposition transcript. (See Ex. 3 to U.S. Bill of Costs [928] at 1; Ex. 3 to Relator's Bill of Costs [929] at 2.) The details plaintiffs provide for the deposition transcripts of Nichols, Gould, Hemler, Kitchens, Hill, and Miller are likewise sufficiently similar that it is clear to the Court they paid for four separate copies.

[16] The Court strongly suspects that Xeroxing a single, expedited transcript for trial team members who needed to promptly review it might have proven far less costly than purchasing a second hard-copy from the court reporter at $2.25 per page.

[17] As relator notes, his fee petition seeks these same costs. (See Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 40 n. 18.) Thus, the Court will reduce any FCA expenses award by this amount to prevent a double recovery.

[18] Blum involved efforts to recoup attorneys' fees pursuant to 42 U.S.C. section 1988, not the FCA. 465 U.S. at 888, 104 S.Ct. 1541. But case law construing what constitutes a "reasonable" fee applies uniformly across federal fee-shifting statutes that employ this language, including the FCA. See, e.g., City of Burlington v. Dague, 505 U.S. 557, 562, 112 S.Ct. 2638, 120 L.Ed.2d 449 (1992) (applying Blum and its progeny to fee awards under Solid Waste Disposal Act and Federal Water Pollution Control Act); Shaw v. AAA Eng'g & Drafting, Inc., 213 F.3d 538, 542-44 (10th Cir.2000) (applying section 1988 case law to fee awards under FCA).

[19] Relator's fee petition includes hours billed by five Wiley Rein attorneys and two paralegals, from 1995-1999, while relator's principal counsel, Robert Bell, was a partner at that firm. (See Bell Decl. ¶¶ 102-03 & Ex. B-2, Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) Hours for Wilmer Hale, billed by eighteen attorneys and three paralegals, stretch from September 1999 through July 2007. (Id. ¶¶ 107-08 & Ex. D-2.)

[20] See also Wilcox v. Sisson, No. 02-1455, 2006 WL 1443981, *2, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33404, at *8 (D.D.C. May 25, 2006) (Collyer, J.) ("The rates charged by counsel for the winning party are presumptively reasonable if they are the same rates that counsel customarily charge other fee-paying clients for similar work."); Adolph Coors Co. v. Truck Ins. Exchange, 383 F.Supp.2d 93, 98 (D.D.C.2005) (Facciola, M.J.) ("the most fundamental economic analysis indicates that, all things considered, the rate that [a firm] charges its clients is the market rate"); Cobell v. Norton, 231 F.Supp.2d 295, 302-03 (D.D.C.2002) (Lamberth, J.) ("`There is no better indication of what the market will bear than what the lawyer in fact charges for his services and what his clients pay.'") (quoting Griffin v. Wash. Convention Ctr., 172 F.Supp.2d 193, 197 (D.D.C.2001)) (Facciola, M.J.); Allen v. Utley, 129 F.R.D. 1, 7 (D.D.C.1990) (Richey, J.) ("when an attorney has a customary billing rate, that rate is the presumptively reasonable rate to be used in computing a fee award").

[21] The Court merely notes that Davidson finds Wilmer Hale's rates' correspondence with this matrix persuasive. As set forth more fully below, the Court does not adopt this methodology. See infra part III.A. l.b.

[22] Relator also bears an evidentiary burden with respect to his "attorneys' skill, experience, and reputation." Covington, 57 F.3d at 1108. Accordingly, he has set forth their impressive credentials in his fee petition. (See Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 14-17.) Defendants' only challenge to this showing—they advocate a 20% across-theboard reduction in fees based on relator's counsel's near-total lack of prior experience with qui tam litigation—cites no authority whatever, (HII's Opp'n [949] at 39-40), so the Court need not dwell on it here. A few highlights will convey how formidable a team relator's counsel assembled. For example, Bell and Cultice, the two senior partners most involved in the case, each boast over twentyfive years' experience as litigators. (See Bell Decl. ¶ 5, Ex. 2 to [930]; Cultice Decl. ¶ 3-6, Ex. 6 to [930].) Though more junior, O'Connor has represented corporate and individual clients in a wide range of federal cases across the country. (See O'Connor Decl. ¶¶ 5-6, Ex. 7 to [930].) Cedarbaum, a former Supreme Court clerk and Bristow Fellow in the Office of the Solicitor General, made partner during the pendency of this case, and his litigation experience is concentrated in the antitrust field. (See Cedarbaum Decl. ¶ 4-5, Ex. 8 to [930].) The Wilmer Hale associates who assisted with this case are, almost uniformly, graduates of prestigious law schools and/or former judicial clerks. (See Bell Decl. ¶ 114, Ex. 2 to [930].) Similarly, the paralegals for whose time relator seeks compensation had substantial prior experience in litigation and formal training. (Id. ¶ 115.)

[23] In one case, this Court declined to award "market rates" set out in a Pricewaterhouse-Coopers Survey commissioned by the plaintiffs and relied instead on an updated Laffey matrix. See Cobell v. Norton, 407 F.Supp.2d 140, 170 (D.D.C.2005) (Lamberth, J.). But in Cobell, the plaintiffs presented no evidence that these "market" rates were either comparable to their counsel's established billing rates or—as required by Blum—"in line with those prevailing in the community." See id. ("PwC Survey suggests plaintiffs be compensated [at] a rate greater than permitted by Laffey . . . without any supporting affidavit by an attorney or law firm knowledgeable in the activities litigated by plaintiffs."). Thus, this Court relied on the U.S. Attorney's Office ("USAO") Laffey matrix to supply the "prevailing market rates in the District of Columbia." Id. Here, however, relator has complied with his evidentiary burden by submitting affidavits from attorneys with knowledge of counsel's performance in this case, their standard billing rates, and—crucially— the prevailing rates in the community.. Hence, Cobell is inapposite.

Defendants' other two authorities from this Circuit lend them no support whatever. Indeed, one appears to bolster relator's case. See Jordan v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 691 F.2d 514, 521 (D.C.Cir.1982) ("affidavit[] attesting to the prevailing market rate," such as that offered to support instant fee claim, suffices as "specific evidence of the prevailing community rate" so long as "affiant avows that the quoted rate is based upon `personal knowledge about specific rates charged by other lawyers' ") (quoting Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans v. Sec'y of Def., 675 F.2d 1319, 1325 (D.C.Cir.1982)). In the other case, this Court awarded relator's counsel his requested rates because the defendants did not contest them, and they were below the prevailing market rate in the community. (See Mem. Op. & Order of May 18, 2004[951] in In re Columbia/HCA Health v. Lead Defendants, No. 01-mc-50-RCL (MDL).)

[24] At least one other district court has implicitly reached a contrary conclusion, requiring relators seeking attorneys' fees under the FCA to submit evidence of prevailing rates for "comparable qui tam litigation" in the relevant market. See United States ex rel. Abbott-Burdick v. Un, *8, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26986, at *30 (D.S.C. May 23, 2002). That court relied solely on a lone Fourth Circuit precedent, which, in turn, points only to an Eleventh Circuit case. See id.; Buffington v. Baltimore County, 913 F.2d 113, 129 (4th Cir.1990). In this latter case, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals observed that "[t]he market rate for federal civil litigation [was] too over-inclusive to be relevant" to civil rights plaintiffs' fee petition. Perkins v. Mobile Housing Bd., 847 F.2d 735, 737 (11th Cir.1988). Read in context, however, this comment is attributable to the evidentiary record then before the court:

The fee application in this case is inadequate. It provides the trial judge with no guidance as to the market rate for attorneys of similar skill representing similar clients in similar cases in the Mobile area.... The record in this case demonstrates that rates vary from $50 to more than $120 per hour for federal civil litigation without any consideration of skill, client, or type of case. The typical rate within the range can be artificially raised or lowered with the inclusion of quotes for work for government authorities or work of great complexity involving sophisticated legal problems.

Id. at 737-38. Here, however, relator has offered evidence of the prevailing market rates for complex federal litigation charged by attorneys of comparable skill and experience. Further, his evidence reflects that in the D.C. legal market, attorneys at large, international law firms such as Wilmer Hale typically charge a standard rate for litigation matters, regardless of the "client[] or type of case." Hence, relator's evidence does not suffer the same deficiencies that rendered the Perkins fee application "inadequate." Moreover, this Circuit's Court of Appeals has repeatedly endorsed a method of determining "reasonable rates" (the Laffey matrix) that is not subject-matter specific. See, e.g., Hansson, 411 F.3d at 236; Role Models Am., Inc., 353 F.3d at 970. Cf. Laffey, 572 F.Supp. at 374 (finding that "the relevant legal market in this action is complex employment discrimination litigation [but] that this market is subject to the same hourly rates that prevail in other complex federal litigation").

[25] That one Ohio FCA specialist firm's rates do happen to correspond to thpse in the up-dated Laffey matrix is equally unpersuasive.

[26] Four Wilmer Hale associates for whose time relator requests fees have left the firm. (See Bell Decl. ¶ 108, Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) Relator proposes that compensation for these individuals' time be paid at the established billing rates of current Wilmer Hale associates who graduated law school in the same years. (Id.) This request does not strike the Court as unreasonable, and it boasts the virtue of simplicity. Given that defendants do not specifically object, the Court will thus order these four individuals' time reimbursed at their peers' standard billing rates.

[27] Sturm, a 1987 law graduate and Wiley Rein litigation partner, bills $495 per hour, (Bell Decl. ¶ 104, Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930]), while O'Connor, a Wilmer Hale litigation partner who finished law school ten years after Sturm, bills $510 per hour, (see id. Ex. D-1).

[28] Compare Smith v. District of Columbia, 466 F.Supp.2d 151, 156 (D.D.C.2006) (Kessler, J.) (approving), and Salazar v. District of Columbia, 123 F.Supp.2d 8, 13-14 (D.D.C.2000) (Kessler, J.) (same), with Yazdani v. Access ATM, 474 F.Supp.2d 134, 138 (D.D.C.2007) (Facciola, M.J.) (declining to adopt); Am. Lands Alliance v. Norton, 525 F.Supp.2d 135, 148-49 (D.D.C.2007) (Walton J.) (same); and Muldrow v. Re-Direct, Inc., 397 F.Supp.2d 1, 3-4 & n. 3 (D.D.C.2005) (Huvelle, J.) (same).

[29] Due to its widespread acceptance, this matrix has been aptly described as "the benchmark for reasonable fees in this Court." Pleasants v. Ridge, 424 F.Supp.2d 67, 71 n. 2 (D.D.C.2006) (Facciola, M.J.). Like its colleagues, this Court has frequently employed the USAO matrix in calculating fee awards. See, e.g., Judicial Watch, Inc. v. BLM, 562 F.Supp.2d 159, 175 (D.D.C.2008) (Lamberth, J.); Bynum v. District of Columbia, 412 F.Supp.2d 73, 85 (D.D.C.2006) (Lamberth, J.); Cobell, 407 F.Supp.2d at 170 (D.D.C. 2005) (Lamberth, J.).

[30] As defendants point out, another court in this district has read Jenkins as contemplating an award of historical fees at current market rates only when delay is "substantial." See Salazar, 123 F.Supp.2d at 15. On this basis, Judge Kessler rejected payment at 1999 rates for hours worked during the previous calendar year. Id. Defendants would extend this rationale to Wilmer Hale's 2005 and 2006 hours, which they contend should be reimbursed at historic rates. (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 19.) But circumstances here differ noticeably from those in Salazar. This fee award will issue in 2008. If the parties' behavior in this case to date is any guide, it will surely snowball into the second "major ratemaking proceeding" envisioned with horror by the Court of Appeals in Laffey. See 746 F.2d at 24. Relator's counsel would be exceedingly fortunate to receive their fees this year. Moreover, our Court of Appeals has held that even a brief delay may merit an adjustment in the fee award. See EDF v. EPA, 672 F.2d 42, 60 (D.C.Cir. 1982) (awarding fees at current market rates and increasing lodestar by 17 percent due to "public benefit and delay in receipt of payments," where suit was filed less than three years earlier, and court characterized "actual period of delay" as "no more than six months"). This Court agrees with relator that the two and three-year delays in payment for hours worked in 2006 and 2005, respectively—as well as the much longer delays applicable to counsel's other pre-2007 hours— warrant such an adjustment.

[31] Defendants also complain that relator has offered no, evidence of hardship to justify an adjustment for delay in payment. (HII's Opp'n [949] at 42 (citing Covington v. District of Columbia, 839 F.Supp. 894, 902 (D.D.C. 1993) (Lamberth, J.) ("Generally, to collect current rates [a fee petitioner] must show that the delay in fee payment has produced some degree of hardship such that an award of current rates does not produce a windfall.")).) This argument is specious. Kavanaugh's original declaration offers a rationale for compensating for delay in this case. (See Kavanaugh Decl. ¶¶ 6-18, Ex. 5 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) Further, in his supplemental declaration, Bell explains that Wilmer Hale's billing cycle averages 89 days—far less than even the shortest delay period here. (See Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 23-24, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957]; see also Kavanaugh Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 13-16, Ex. 4 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957] (describing how Wilmer Hale's reliance on combined debt-equity financing magnifies the detriment it suffers from long-delayed payment for its services).) Finally, all involved are well aware that relator's counsel have worked on this case for twelve years, presumably largely without compensation. The hardship caused by delay is self-evident.

[32] According to relator's fee petition, his counsel have made a first effort at exercising the required billing judgment. (See Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 24-27.) First, relator has attempted to exclude all hours attributable solely to his claims against Bill Harbert, who was dismissed from the case. (See Bell Decl. ¶ 111, Ex. 2 to [930]; Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶ 25, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Second, he has excluded all time for individuals who worked fewer than 65 hours. (See Bell Decl. ¶ 112, Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) Finally, he has excluded time dedicated to a variety of other, miscellaneous tasks deemed tangential to the case. (See id. ¶¶ 105, 113; Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶ 25, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].)

[33] For the most part, BHIC and HUK have not specifically identified which time entries they challenge. Their arguments largely pertain to the same subject areas as HII's, however, so the Court will consider them with respect to the time entries cited by HII's Opposition. As an additional note, unless its analysis of defendants' objections clearly points to uncited time entries as non-compensable, the Court will evaluate only those time entries which defendants have specifically challenged. See Donnell v. United States, 682 F.2d 240, 250 (D.C.Cir.1982) ("We emphasize that the party challenging an application for fees should frame its objections with specificity. The district court cannot inquire into the reasonableness of every action taken and every hour spent by counsel, and it will consider objections to filed hours only where it has been presented with a reasonable basis for believing the filing is excessive.").

[34] For example, plaintiffs were able to estop Bilhar from contesting its liability on Contracts 20A and 29 based on its guilty plea in the prior, criminal case, and the Court admitted Bilhar's plea agreement and Rule 11 memorandum against all defendants in the civil case. (See Mem. Op. & Order of Mar. 14, 2007[713] at 5-6; Mem. Op. & Order of Mar. 20, 2007[738] at 1-2.)

[35] See also Armstrong v. Davis, 318 F.3d 965, 971-72 (9th Cir.2003) (work in separate case was compensable because it was "important to the preservation of the[se][] Plaintiffs' rights, and because their counsel performed the work in order to protect their interests"); McDonald v. Armontrout, 860 F.2d 1456, 1462 (8th Cir. 1988) (services rendered in prior habeas action making same claims were compensable because work in "habeas action `obviated the need for comparable work in' this proceeding, and `contributed directly to [its] successful outcome'") (quoting Webb v. County Bd. of Educ., 471 U.S. 234, 249-50, 105 S.Ct. 1923, 85 L.Ed.2d 233 (1985) (Brennan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (alteration in original)); Perkins v. Cross, 728 F.2d 1099, 1100 (8th Cir.1984) (time spent on "research or investigation done in connection with [prior] proceeding" is compensable if it "proved directly relevant to the [instant proceeding's] successful prosecution").

On closer examination, defendants' authorities are not to the contrary. See Loranger v. Stierheim, 10 F.3d 776 (11th Cir.1994); Schrader v. Idaho Dep't of Health & Welfare, 631 F.Supp. 1426 (D.Idaho 1986). In Loranger, where an attorney submitted a voluminous fee petition that listed hours expended on multiple state, federal, and other matters, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals declared that "[t]ime expended independent of the relevant federal litigation [was] not compensable." 10 F.3d at 782. Yet the examples it cited demonstrate that its definition of "independent" matters would not reach hours relator's counsel spent assisting the government in the criminal case. See id. at 782 n. 7 (citing as non-compensable time devoted to defending case against petitioner's mother in state court and time spent on state court claims that were voluntarily dismissed). In Schrader, the district court declined to hold one defendant liable for hours expended by the prevailing plaintiff's attorneys before that defendant was joined, but it did so without any explanation of its reasoning leaving its conclusion devoid of persuasive value. See 631 F.Supp. at 1430.

[36] (See, e.g., 6/21/95 LD ("review reference materials and court decisions in case raising issues of privileged ... documents relied upon by qui tam plaintiff") (emphasis added); 10/25/1995 RBB ("Meet with Mr. Sturm and Ms. Hebert re Hebert's research on common interest doctrine") (emphasis added); 12/15/95 LD ("Research and review Jencks Act and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e)," which limit discovery of privileged matter disclosed by potential prosecution witness to the government).)

[37] The Court does not consider relator's single, out-of-circuit district court precedent for this proposition as even "persuasive" authority: that court concluded that 9.15 hours "related to [defendant's] placement of [co-relator] on administrative leave, representing the time researching the approach and negotiating the arrangement," were "reasonable," but it did so without any hint as to why it reached this conclusion. See United States ex rel. Doe v. Pa. Blue Shield, 54 F.Supp.2d 410, 417, 419 (M.D.Pa.1999).

[38] For example, Luis de la Torre spent 7.75 hours in one day researching Jones' potential cause of action against Miller for breach of duty of loyalty under North Carolina law. (See 2/24/96 LD.) This research had no application to plaintiffs' pending FCA claims.

[39] The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has implicitly suggested that time devoted to such obstructionism is not compensable. See United States ex rel. Taxpayers Against Fraud v. Gen. Elec. Co., 41 F.3d 1032, 1044 (6th Cir. 1994) (reversing as unsupported by evidence the district court's determination that virtually all relators' attorneys' fees were reasonable, and remanding for consideration of, inter aha, whether relator unfairly denied GE an opportunity to conduct an internal corporate investigation, thereby unduly extending the subsequent litigation process).

[40] Defendants further complain that relator has attempted to bill them for time spent negotiating his own fee agreement with Wilmer Hale. (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 11.) Relator concedes this time is not compensable and has withdrawn it. (See Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶ 25, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Cf. Role Models Am., Inc. v. Brownlee, 353 F.3d 962, 973 (D.C.Cir.2004) (government should not have to pay for "time spent drafting and revising [] firm's engagement letter with [prevailing plaintiff]").

[41] He also finds meaning in Congress's consolidation of the fee-shifting and relator's share provisions into the same statutory subsection. (Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 8.) But the Sixth Circuit read this statutory subsection rather differently, declining to find Congressional intent implied in the text:

The text of the qui tam attorneys' fees provision does not address the question of who pays for the relators' legal fees and expenses incurred during the course of a Relators'-Share Litigation. Indeed, although the statutory text explicitly states that the relator is to receive between 15% and 25% of the proceeds, in a case in which the government intervenes, it fails to contemplate that a collateral litigation process may ensue between the government and the relator.

Taxpayers Against Fraud, 41 F.3d at 1045 (citation omitted). This Court agrees that nothing in the statutory text supports charging the defendants for fees incurred in such collateral proceedings. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d) (2008).

Relator also claims that if he cannot recoup these attorneys' fees from the defendant, "it would permit the Government to force a relator to take a lower share under a threat of protracted litigation." (Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 8.) The potential for hard bargaining by the government may weigh against requiring a relator to bear the cost of efforts to obtain his share, but it does not necessarily follow that the defendant should be required to protect him against governmental parsimony. Moreover, to paraphrase Chief Judge Sentelle of our Court of Appeals at a recent oral argument, before attempting to "parade horribles," relator should make sure they are, in fact, horrible. In the scenario relator describes, the relator would still receive at least 15% of the take, and the government would be more fully compensated for its damages.

[42] See also United States ex rel. Poulton v. Anesthesia Assocs. of Burlington, Inc., 87 F.Supp.2d 351, 358 (D.Vt.2000) ("The time counsel spent on negotiation of the Relator's share is not appropriately billed to the defendants in this case."). Contra United States v. Stern, 818 F.Supp. 1521, 1523 (M.D.Fla. 1993), as modified by 932 F.Supp. 277, 278 (1993) (defendants must compensate relator for attorneys' fees incurred in connection with relator's share litigation).

[43] Cf. Shaw v. AAA Eng'g & Drafting, Inc., 213 F.3d 538, 544-45 (10th Cir.2000) (where government did not intervene in qui tam action, prevailing relator who initiated execution of judgment and garnishment proceedings on government's behalf could recover "attorneys' fees for time spent in post-judgment collection activities").

[44] This conclusion also disposes of defendants' argument that relator waived his entitlement to attorneys' fees incurred in pursuing or settling claims against Bilfinger & Berger and ABB SUSA by consenting to the Civil Division's settlements with those defendants, absent any provision for such fees in the settlements' terms. (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 12.)

[45] The FCA's qui tam provisions offer two incentives to prospective whistleblowers—a guaranteed share of any recovery, and reimbursement for attorneys' fees—and it may seem odd that hours a relator's counsel spends securing the latter for his client are compensable, while hours devoted to obtaining the former are not. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)(1) (2008). One factual distinction between these two tasks justifies their differential treatment: a relator seeks his attorneys' fees from the defendant, who can choose to prolong litigation over the fees or simply cut his losses, but the relator must obtain his share from the government. As the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals observed in Taxpayers Against Fraud, qui tam defendants typically have no involvement in this latter process. See 41 F.3d at 1046. They can neither hasten nor delay nor prevent the relator's receipt of his share. See id. Of course, in Taxpayers Against Fraud, the defendant had settled with the government before trial to "minimize its losses," whereas these defendants lost at trial. See id. But here, as there, defendants had no control over whether, when, and under what circumstances the government would award relator a share. In principle, it would seem inequitable to hold defendants accountable for fees incurred due to governmental intransigence. Moreover, even preliminary research—such as Luis de la Torre's memorandum on "whether relator can be awarded part of recovery from a defendant not initially named in relator[']s complaint," (6/24/95 RBB)—would be non-compensable under National Association of Concerned Veterans because such research is not directed toward "a successful resolution of the case." See 675 F.2d at 1335.

Relator has responded to HII's itemized list of allegedly non-compensable time entries with explanations and recommended deductions. (See Ex. E-4 to Bell's Supplemental Decl., Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Bell classifies these entries, which HII characterizes as efforts to secure a relator's share and/or attorneys' fees, as, inter alia, "relator's share," "successful settlement," "unsuccessful settlement," "preservation of ability to collection judgment," and "Jones fee claim." (See id.) Rather than speculate as to counsel's primary motivation for activities such as "review[] extensive research on financial condition of Philipp Holzmann," (10/1/99 RBB), the Court will accept Bell's classifications as having been made in good faith and will adopt them in reducing the challenged time entries.

[46] In 1997 and 1998, relator's counsel advised him concerning his role in a potential government contract debarment proceeding against J.A. Jones, and defendants contend they should not be compensated for work related to this "completely collateral" matter. (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 13.) Relator represents that the government considered debarment as a means to pressure Jones to settle, (see Reply to HII's Opp'n [957] at 22), and there is some support for this position in the record, (see, e.g., 6/25/97 RBB (Antitrust Division attorney requested that relator testify at AID debarment hearing)). Because this time was thus "expended in pursuit of a successful resolution" of the case against J.A. Jones, which resolution greatly advanced the civil case against these defendants, it is compensable. See Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1335. See also Chrapliwy v. Uniroyal, Inc., 670 F.2d 760, 766-67 (7th Cir. 1982) (awarding attorneys' fees to Title VII plaintiffs for "efforts to persuade the government to debar the defendant from its federal contracts [that] ... caused the defendant to settle the Title VII action").

[47] Furthermore, it would be anomalous to withhold compensation for fees relator incurred in connection with mediation ordered by this Court. Cf. Wilkett v. ICC, 844 F.2d 867, 874 (D.C.Cir.1988) (awarding fees for work on court-ordered supplemental brief because "[a]ny work ordered by this Court is [] compensable").

[48] See, e.g., Hite v. Vermeer Mfg. Co., 361 F.Supp.2d 935, 952 (S.D.Iowa 2005) (awarding attorneys' fees to FMLA plaintiff who prevailed at trial for time devoted to unsuccessful settlement negotiations); Lintz v. Am. Gen. Fin., Inc., 87 F.Supp.2d 1161, 1163, 1168-69 (D.Kan.2000) (awarding attorneys' fees to Title VII plaintiff who prevailed at trial for time "spent on matters relating to mediation and settlement efforts" because "[t]o hold otherwise might discourage counsel for plaintiffs from exploring settlement possibilities"); United States ex rel. Poulton v. Anesthesia Assocs. of Burlington, Inc., 87 F.Supp.2d 351, 354, 357, 359 (D.Vt.2000) (awarding attorneys' fees to FCA relator for all relator's requested hours, including successful settlement efforts); Davis v. Catholic Univ. of Am., No. 99-1153, 1999 WL 813663, *6, 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15654, at *18-19 (D.D.C. Aug. 31, 1999) (Urbina, J.) (awarding attorneys fees to civil rights plaintiff for time spent on successful settlement efforts). Cf. Cobell v. Norton, 407 F.Supp.2d 140, 156 (D.D.C.2005) (Lamberth, J.) (refusing to compensate plaintiffs in interim fee award for unsuccessful settlement and court-ordered mediation efforts).

[49] Cooper forecloses relator's reliance on Environmental Defense Fund. (See Reply to HII's Opp'n [957] at 23.) The Court of Appeals read this earlier decision as having "apparently" included travel time in a fee award without actually deciding the issue. 24 F.3d at 1417.

[50] Cf. In re Segal (Segal Fee Application), 145 F.3d 1348, 1353 (D.C.Cir., Spec.Div.1998) (in fee application under Ethics in Government Act, travel expenses not reimbursable absent showing that use of local counsel to accomplish task was not feasible); Cobell v. Babbitt, 188 F.R.D. 122, 127 (D.D.C.1999) (Lamberth, J.) (refusing to include travel time in sanctions award of reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses incurred due to defendants' failure to obey court's orders).

[51] Due to relator's counsel's practice of block billing, the Court cannot perform this calculation with precision. In his supplemental declaration, Bell proposes reductions the Court may use should it choose to compensate travel time at 50% of hourly rates. (See Bell Supplemental Decl. ¶ 21 & Ex. E-7, Ex. 1 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) Though Bell has not addressed all time entries involving travel, his calculations appear reasonable given the destinations involved, and the Court will apply them consistently to entries involving travel to those destinations. For local travel and for destinations for which Bell has not proposed travel time reductions, the Court will make reasonable calculations.

[52] Cf. United States ex rel. LeFan v. Gen. Elec. Co., 00-222, 2008 WL 152091, **3-4, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3020, at * 12 (W.D.Ky. Jan. 15, 2008) ("While some of the billed tasks, such as reviewing and organizing documents and preparing binders for witness interviews may appear clerical, the Court accepts the Relators' argument that these tasks had to be performed by an attorney or paralegal familiar with facts and law of the case.").

[53] Defendants cite Copeland v. Marshall for the proposition that "no compensation should be given for hours spent litigating issues on which plaintiff did not ultimately prevail," see 641 F.2d at 902 (emphasis added), and on this basis, they argue that hours devoted to relator's unsuccessful pursuit of grand jury materials protected by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) are not compensable. (HII's Opp'n [949] at 14-15.) Elsewhere in its decision, however, the Court of Appeals made clear that only non-prevailing claims are noncompensable. See 641 F.2d at 891-92 & n. 18 ("no compensation should be paid for time spent litigating claims upon which the party seeking the fee did not ultimately prevail") (emphasis added). This reading is in harmony with the Court of Appeals' subsequent holding that a petitioner may seek fees for hours "expended in pursuit of a successful resolution of the case in which fees are being claimed." See Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1335.

Parties often proceed under more than one legal theory, or seek to acquire supporting evidence from more than one source. See Copeland, 641 F.2d at 892 n. 18. Generally, some efforts succeed, while others fail, but all are clearly "expended in pursuit of a successful resolution of the case." See Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans, 675 F.2d at 1335. Relator failed to secure a modification of the protective order that would have allowed him to use grand jury testimony adduced in the prior criminal case, but his counsel's efforts in this vein were directed toward successful resolution of the qui tam action. Accordingly, they are compensable.

[54] HII also argues that no work performed in connection with relator's claims on Contracts 29 and 07 is compensable because: 1) this Court lacked jurisdiction to hear them, as relator was not the original source of the information on which they were based; and 2) these claims did not relate back to the date of relator's original complaint and thus were time-barred. (HII's Opp'n [949] at 15-16.)

This Court has previously weighed and rejected both these arguments—repeatedly. (See Mem. Op. & Order of Mar. 14, 2007[715] (denying HII and HC's motion in limine to preclude relator from participating in all phases of trial concerning contracts 07 and 29); Order of May 4, 2007[854] (denying HII and HC's motion to dismiss relator's claims on Contracts 07 and 29 due to lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for reconsideration of ruling on relator's status as an original source); Mem. Op. & Order of Mar. 6, 2007 (sustaining relator's objection to magistrate judge's recommendation that his Contract 07 and 29 claims were time-barred); Mem. Op. of June 23, 2008[964] (denying HII's motion for judgment as a matter of law, based on statute of limitations, as to relator's Contract 07 and 29 claims).)

HII now raises these issues yet again in a rather unusual procedural context—its opposition to relator's fee petition. Even if these questions are properly before the Court, which it doubts, the Court sees no infirmity in the reasoning of its previous rulings on them. Time expended litigating relator's Contract 07 and 29 claims is compensable.

[55] Defendants also claim that "a review of the deposition of Billy Harbert demonstrates that it clearly was taken solely with respect to issues related to Bill Harbert." (BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 7.) They have not affixed this deposition to their opposition, however, and do not point to its location elsewhere in the record, so the Court cannot review the deposition for itself. Without doing so, it can only reason that issues "related to Bill Harbert" are not necessarily unrelated to other defendants—particularly in a conspiracy case such as this one. Moreover, relator insists the younger Harbert was deposed "to determine if he knew anything about the conspiracy," and to learn details of "meetings he may have had with co-conspirators and other witnesses beyond his father." (Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 10.) This explanation is perfectly reasonable, and the Court will compensate relator's counsel for time devoted to preparing for and taking the deposition.

[56] See, e.g., Uniroyal v. Goodrich Tire Co. v. Mut. Trading Corp., 63 F.3d 516, 526 (7th Cir.1995) ("we are not prepared to link our definition of `reasonable' to whether the fees are incurred in pursuit of a successful task"); Grant v. Martinez, 973 F.2d 96, 99 (2d Cir. 1992) ("[t]he relevant issue ... is not whether hindsight vindicates an attorney's time expenditures, but whether, at the time the work was performed, a reasonable attorney would have engaged in similar time expenditures"); Blum v. Witco Chem. Corp., 829 F.2d 367, 378 (3d Cir.1987) ("mere failure of certain motions or the failure to use depositions is insufficient to warrant a fee reduction under Hensley").

[57] Comprehensive deductions are a well-accepted remedy for the widespread defects defendants allege. See, e.g., Role Models Am., Inc. v. Brownlee, 353 F.3d 962, 973-74 (D.C.Cir.2004) ("A fixed reduction is appropriate given the large number of entries that suffer from one or more of the deficiencies we have described."); Cobell v. Norton, 407 F.Supp.2d 140, 166 (D.D.C.2005) (Lamberth, J.) (collecting cases).

[58] BHIC and HUK also object to counsel's use of labels, e.g., "Witness A," to identify individuals in their time records. Relator explains in his reply that these labels are designed to protect attorney-client privilege and/or attorney work product. (Reply to HII's Opp'n [957] at 15.) The Court finds this claim plausible, and in any event, the problematic labels appear so infrequently that their impact on the Court's ability to subject the records to meaningful review is negligible.

Further, defendants contend that counsel's time records are internally inconsistent: where one attorney bills time for a conference with another, his supposed conversation partner's time entry for the day fails to mention this discussion. (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 11-12.) Given counsel's consistent practice of block-billing, such discrepancies would be unsurprising. Yet defendants' marquee example is ill-chosen. They cite Howard Shapiro's time entry for May 25, 2006, which lists "meet with Ms. O'Connor," but the quoted language to which they refer— "confer with O'Connor"—appears in the subsequent.time entry, for May 30. (Id.; see 5/26/2006 HS; 5/30/2006 HS.) O'Connor's time entries for those days reflect a "conference with team re various issues" which Shapiro may well have attended, (5/26/2006 JMO), and a "confer[ence] with Ms. Terry and Mr. Shapiro re various issues," (5/30/2006 JMO). These entries are impenetrably vague, but they do match up. To the extent the other examples defendants relegate to a footnote fail to correspond, the Court considers this inconsistency an outgrowth of block billing, addressed below, that does not require separate discussion.

[59] To bolster this rebuttal, he relies on declarations from attorneys Braga and Davidson. (See Davidson Supplemental Decl. ¶¶ 7-8 and Braga Supplemental Decl. ¶ 2, Exs. 2, 3 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957].) But Davidson's assertion that "courts [do not] routinely expect more detail than that provided" is demonstrably incorrect. (See Davidson Supplemental Decl. ¶ 8.) His assurance that "[u]nder these circumstances . . . the Court ... would know precisely what activities counsel have undertaken" does not render counsel's cryptic time entries more intelligible to this Court. (See id. ¶ 7.) Braga's declaration is similarly unpersuasive.

[60] Cf. United States ex rel. Abbott-Burdick v. Univ. Med. Assocs., No. 96-1676, 2002 WL 34236885, *16, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26986, at *50 (D.S.C. May 23, 2002) ("while the fee application may contain some vague entries, the Court's review of the entire fee application gives it ample information to determine the reasonableness of the request").

[61] Cf. Role Models Am., Inc., 353 F.3d at 973 (reducing compensation by 50 percent due to "inadequate documentation, failure to justify the number of hours sought, inconsistencies, and improper billing entries").

[62] For example, on October 2, 2006, Jennifer O'Connor billed 13.8 hours in this case. Her time entry reads:

Prepare for Anderson prep session, participate in same; prepare for light prep session, participate in same; conf Ms. Mark et al. re various strategic issues, emails Mr. Reece and Ms. Moore re Nagel issues, review correspondence from defendants re discovery issues, email Mr. Lang re Hemler interview or deposition, finalize and send letter to Mr. Murphy, emails Mr. Cedarbaum re Bilhar motion to compel, emails to Archer deposition, review Wendorff letters of request, review draft protective order and correspondence re same, review email to Ms. Mark re coordination.

(10/2/2006 JMO.)

[63] Another court in this district has looked on block billing with a more friendly eye. See Smith v. District of Columbia, 466 F.Supp.2d 151 (D.D.C.2006) (Kessler, J.) In Smith, Judge Kessler observed that "[n]one of the factors examined and relied upon [by our Court of Appeals in issuing its `stinging criticism' of block-billing] in Role Models exist in this case." Id. at 157. Unlike Role Models, and much like the instant case, Smith was exceedingly complex, involving "a very substantial motion to dismiss," "a substantial summary judgment motion, and post-trial motions," as well as "extremely significant" discovery. Id. More critically, however, Judge Kessler compared the underlying fee petitions:

While there is no question that block billing does, as the Court of Appeals emphasized in Role Models, make it difficult to determine the accuracy and reasonableness of billing entries, the use of such entries in this case was not unduly excessive[,] nor did the entries in this case[] suffer from the inadequate description concerns voiced in Role Models ....

Id. at 158. By contrast, counsel here routinely documented their time in daily blocks, and as explained above, see supra part III.B.2.a.i, their time entries most certainly "suffer from [] inadequate description concerns," see 466 F.Supp.2d at 158. Thus, Role Models offers far more apt guidance in the instant case than it did in Smith.

This Court heartily agrees with Judge Kessler that "[i]n examining the fee petition and evaluating the reasonableness of the hours claimed, it is essential for the trial Court to be practical and realistic about how lawyers actually operate in their day-to-day practice." Id. Indeed, like Judge Kessler, it does not propose that "[w]hen a lawyer writes, for example, that she spent six or eight hours in one day `researching and drafting' a brief[,]" she should be required to "itemize every case she looked up or every paragraph she labored over." Id. But where during that six or eight hours, the lawyer also attends a meeting, makes telephone calls, reviews (unidentified) documents, and responds to and drafts emails, this Court believes she can and should distinguish how much time she spent on these various, disparate tasks. Judge Kessler predicted "two undesirable results"—"fee petitions will be higher, and [ ] lawyers will [ ] waste precious time doing menial clerical tasks"—would follow from more detailed time-keeping. Id. This Court, however, is sanguine that existing technology and a little training can forestall both.

[64] Cf. Role Models Am., Inc., 353 F.3d at 973 (reducing compensation by 50 percent due to "inadequate documentation, failure to justify the number of hours sought, inconsistencies, and improper billing entries"); Reyes v. Nations Title Agency of Ill., Inc., No. 00-7763, 2001 WL 687451, *2, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8446, at *6 (N.D. Ill. June 19, 2001) (reducing block-billed entries by 10 percent); Oberdorfer v. Glickman, No. 98-1588, 2001 WL 34045732, *6, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14677, at *18 (D.Or. Sept. 14, 2001) (declining to allow fees for block-billed entries).

[65] On this same note, attorney Davidson deems such conferences reasonable "because it is not at all uncommon on tight discovery schedules to divide work among different attorneys, necessitating their participation in group discussions to share their knowledge." (Davidson Supplemental Decl. ¶ 11, Ex. 2 to Reply to HII's Opp'n [957] at 6.) Division of labor, however, does not necessarily require that each participant have complete knowledge of each stage in the overall process. This defeats the very purpose of dividing work—improving efficiency through specialization. Assigning eleven different attorneys to work on one deposition, however crucial the witness, can hardly be characterized as efficient.

[66] Cf. In re North (Reagan Fee Application), 94 F.3d 685, 691 (D.C.Cir.Spec.Div.1996) ("Because of the number of attorneys involved, the fees for these meetings aggregate to well over $1,000 per hour. While it may be reasonable for a client facing serious charges to pay the additional costs of having a highly staffed case ... this does not mean that a petitioner has established the reasonableness of billing such duplication of effort to the public fisc."); In re North (Bush Fee Application), 59 F.3d 184, 191-92 (D.C.Cir. Spec.Div.1995) (deducting hours for "multiple attendance at the same conferences, or production of the same documents").

[67] For example, Jonathan Cedarbaum's presence at Evangeline Hoover's deposition appears to have been superfluous. His time records reveal no advance preparation, and he appears to have concentrated on the depositions of Alan Hall and BHIC's corporate representative, which he conducted on the same trip to Birmingham. (See 10/15-10/20/2006 JC.)

[68] Exercising "billing judgment," Bell limited the fee petition to hours billed by 18 lawyers and 3 paralegals. (See Bell Decl. ¶¶ 108, 112, Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].)

[69] They somewhat confuse the issue by pointing to government counsel's allegedly superior FCA litigation skills, downplaying relator's merely "supporting role" in the litigation, and spotting supposed logical fallacies in Bell's laudatory description of his own value to the case. (See HII's Opp'n [949] at 29-30.) Defendants utterly fail to tether any of these cavils to the law, so the Court will not address them.

[70] HII also argues that relator and the government are "solely responsible" for the eleven-year delay in bringing this case to trial and that as a result, "a substantial portion of the attorney hours expended was unreasonable." (HII's Opp'n [949] at 19.) As the Court has already explained, HII's initial proposition is inaccurate. See supra part III.A.2. While relator does share some responsibility for this case's protracted duration, defendants have identified no evidence of bad faith. Cf. United States ex rel. Taxpayers Against Fraud v. Gen. Elec. Co., 41 F.3d 1032, 1044 (6th Cir.1994) (remanding to district court for further factfinding where some evidence supported defendant's allegation that relators and their counsel hatched a "deliberate scheme to delay filing an action, systematically `running up' attorneys' fees and trebling the relators'share bounty"). Relator Miller's suspicions were aroused in November 1990, and he immediately reported them to his superiors, who purportedly conducted an investigation that found nothing amiss. (See Apr. 28, 2007 PM Tr. at 88-108.) Two months later, when unusual financial transactions caught his eye, he tipped the previous investigator. (See Apr. 29, 2007 AM Tr. at 24.) In April 1991, he recommended an independent audit, and when his supervisor directed him to destroy the memo embodying this recommendation, he moved up the food chain, sending a memo to company president Johnie Jones. (Id. at 25-33.) Management rebuffed relator's repeated attempts to draw attention to what he believed were suspicious financial transactions, and until June 1995, relator made no effort to raise the alarm outside the company. Though he learned of the FCA in 1992, he waited three years to contact the government out of concern that he would render himself unemployable just when his children were reaching college-age. (See Apr. 29, 2007 AM Tr. at 49-53.) Thus, the only evidence concerning the reason for this delay suggests relator quailed when confronted with a difficult choice. Defendants must offer more than innuendo to persuade the Court that relator engaged in calculated stalling for which his counsel's fees should be reduced.

[71] Notably, the particular time entries defendants have challenged, which total only 37.45 hours, also include other, unrelated tasks, (see, e.g., 2/20/1996 RBB), as well as mandatory attendance at court hearings, (see, e.g., 4/11/1997 MLS).

[72] Cf. Role Models Am., Inc., 353 F.3d at 973 (reducing compensation by 50 percent due to "inadequate documentation, failure to justify the number of hours sought, inconsistencies, and improper billing entries"); Okla. Aerotronics, Inc. v. United States, 943 F.2d 1344, 1347 (D.C.Cir.1991) (upholding district court's reduction of chargeable hours by 40 percent due to excessive time spent on specific tasks).

[73] In neither of the two decisions he cites for this proposition—one of which has been vacated—did the court reward counsel for other attorneys' conduct of other litigation. See Hyatt v. Apfel, 195 F.3d 188, 192 (4th Cir. 1999) (approving lodestar enhancement where plaintiffs brought "about fundamental change to a recalcitrant agency" and "recover[ed] several hundred million dollars in disability benefits to which they are lawfully entitled" after years of proceedings before the Social Security Administration and in federal court); United States ex rel. Garibaldi v. Orleans Parish Sch. Bd., 46 F.Supp.2d 546, 571 (E.D.La.1999), vacated by 244 F.3d 486 (5th Cir.2001) (awarding lodestar enhancement where, because government declined to intervene, "relators' lawyers earned an enormous, multi-million dollar verdict for the United States government, for which the United States paid not one penny").

[74] HC denigrates relator's assistance to the criminal investigation at length. (See HC's Opp'n [950] at 6-9.) In response, relator first explains that his counsel's contribution, not his contribution, is relevant to the enhancement issue, then proceeds to tout his efforts in furthering the government's criminal case. (Reply to HC's Opp'n [959] at 13-16.) Relator's initial point is accurate. This Court must review the result as part of its "analysis of the quality of [counsel's] representation." See McKenzie, 684 F.Supp. at 1106. Relator's individual role in that result is immaterial to an assessment of counsel's performance.

HC's attempts to rebut relator's claim that he was "directly responsible for the information underlying [the civil] victory," (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 1), are equally irrelevant. (HC's Opp'n [950] at 9-11.) Again, the pertinent issues are the nature of the result achieved and its causal connection to counsel's professional performance.

[75] Helpfully, relator has identified two examples of the truly extraordinary circumstances in which vindication of the public interest militates in favor of adjusting the lodestar upward. See Ill. Congressional Dists. Reapportionment Cases, 704 F.2d 380, 381, 383 (7th Cir.1983) (plaintiff brought successful challenge to state's failure to reapportion congressional districts after 1980 census, thus protecting all state citizens' voting rights); Louis v. Nelson, 646 F.Supp. 1300, 1304-05, 1318 (S.D.Fla.1986) (human rights activists sought to free Haitian refugees who had been unlawfully imprisoned pending adjudication of their political asylum applications and to stop mass exclusion hearings being held without counsel).

[76] Indeed, it agrees with Judge Carnes of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals that "bad and excessive billing is inconsistent with superb lawyering." Kenny A. v. Perdue, 532 F.3d 1209, 1229 (11th Cir.2008) (citing Delaware Valley, 478 U.S. at 567, 106 S.Ct. 3088). Analogously, routinely devoting excessive manpower to tasks is inconsistent with efficient case management.

[77] Relatedly, relator also declares that "Wilmer Hale went to great lengths to limit the number of lawyers on [this] matter." (Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930] at 35.) This purportedly small cadre of young lawyers notched some impressive numerical records. During the discovery period alone, relator's counsel reviewed 665 boxes of documents, from which they culled over 97,000 documents with over 320,000 pages, attended 40 depositions, taking a leading role in some, and participated in two evidentiary hearings. (Bell Decl. ¶¶ 74-75, 78, 85, Ex. 2 to [930].) In total, the parties filed 260 motions, many of them substantive, prompting roughly 165 court orders. (Id. ¶ 10.) During the thirty-two day trial, counsel examined 31 live witnesses, whose testimony was supplemented by ten others' deposition transcripts, and dealt with 539 exhibits. (Id. ¶ 96.)

Attorney declarant Davidson can scarcely find sufficient adjectives to praise this work:

To gear up a case to this level in this short period is very impressive, even for a firm with the resources of Wilmer Hale. There was a staggering amount of work to do. The ability of the firm to commit the talented and tireless human resources to this case to meet the extremely rigorous schedule set by the court is extraordinary.

(Davidson Decl. ¶ 26, Ex. 5 to [930].) Braga declares that when this Court set "an expedited schedule which compressed discovery, pretrial and trial proceedings into an eleven-month schedule, all-out litigation hell began. What followed from Wilmer Hale's attorneys was far more than standard hourly rate legal service in the face of such difficulties. . . ." (Braga Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. 3 to [930].)

Three points are in order. First, to paraphrase HC's Opposition, by no rational definition of the term do fifty-two attorneys constitute a "small" team of lawyers.

Second, counsel had eleven years to contemplate their strategy and gather information before this Court set the "expedited schedule" to which Braga refers, and the "compressed discovery" period was entirely reasonable given that the government had (in essence) tried this case once before. The Court recognizes that a criminal antitrust conspiracy trial and a civil FCA conspiracy trial differ in many respects. (See Reply to HC's Opp'n [959] at 16-18.) But evidence the government compiled in pursuing its criminal case against Anderson and Bilhar would necessarily be probative to proving their civil liability for the same conduct, giving plaintiffs' counsel in this case a significant head start.

Third, like our Court of Appeals in Role Models, this Court does not believe that, "[p]roducing high-quality work on a short deadline" requires "specialized skills or knowledge beyond what lawyers use on a regular basis." See 353 F.3d at 969. Further, its "experience with the work of many large firms convinces [this Court] that [relator's] lawyers were far from the only ones who could have achieved [this] result under the same time pressure." Id. Indeed, as the Court explained above, one factor influencing its decision to use Wilmer Hale's established "mega-law firm" billing rates in calculating the lodestar was Wilmer Hale's ability to leverage "mega-law firm" resources to meet the "overwhelming demands" of litigating this case. See supra part III.A.1.a. To enhance the lodestar for the same reason would result in "double counting." See Delaware Valley, 478 U.S. at 566, 106 S.Ct. 3088.

Thus, neither the size of relator's litigation team, nor the schedule according to which they worked, justifies a lodestar enhancement.

[78] The Court must evaluate the record before it, and factually analogous precedents thus offer limited guidance. For that reason, the sole relevant precedent cited in relator's petition is easily distinguishable. In McKenzie, Judge Parker—on a different record—awarded an enhancement for quality of representation based in part on the exceptional performance of two young associates. 684 F.Supp. at 1107. He noted that the two junior associates had performed "[t]he majority of the work during the early stages of this proceeding" and had "remained actively involved in this litigation for fifteen years." Id. Indeed, one "acted as lead counsel throughout." Id. Moreover, Judge Parker appears to have relied heavily on his own observations, "stat[ing] without hesitation, that counsel's efforts were well above the quality of attorneys appearing before this Court in similar and comparable litigation." Id. Here, by contrast, the more junior Wilmer Hale attorneys' involvement began only a year or two before trial, and while this Court commends their performance, it was consistent with what this Court expects from major law firm associates with comparable credentials and experience levels.

[79] In their filings, the parties battle over whether and to what extent relator's counsel may take credit for various tasks performed in preparation for trial. (BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 23-25; Reply to BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [960] at 18-20; HC's Opp'n [950] at 11-13; Reply to HC's Opp'n [959] at 8-18.) The Court agrees with relator that his "counsel plainly made major contributions to the success of Plaintiffs' case and the size of the award achieved." (Reply to HC's Opp'n [959] at 18.) But if "major contributions to the success" of one's client's case warranted a bonus, then virtually every prevailing plaintiff's counsel would be entitled to a fee enhancement under any fee-shifting statute. On the contrary, enhancements are appropriate only in "rare" and "exceptional" cases. See Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 899, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984).

[80] In full, the relevant portion of the Report reads:

An additional problem noted by hearing witnesses[] exists when large, profitable corporations are the subject of a fraud investigation and able to devote many times the manpower and resources available to the Government. This resource mismatch was recognized by DOD Inspector General Joseph Sherick who said that in far too many instances the Government's enforcement team is overmatched by the legal teams major contractors retain[ ].

The Committee believes that the amendments in S. 1562 which allow and encourage assistance from the private citizenry can make a significant impact on bolstering the Government's fraud enforcement effort.

S. Rep. 99-345, at 8 (1986), as reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, 5273.

[81] As defendants observe, DOJ "Civil Division attorneys have for years ably represented the government's interests in FCA cases where defendants are represented by large national law firms." (HC's Opp'n [950] at 18.) The government regularly litigates cases of this size and complexity.

[82] Relator relies on two, out-of-Circuit cases in which specific facts persuaded courts that an enhancement was necessary to enable plaintiffs to secure legal counsel. See Knop v. Johnson, 712 F.Supp. 571 (W.D.Mich.1989); Allen v. Freeman, 694 F.Supp. 1554 (S.D.Fla. 1988). These factually distinct cases merely illustrate the "rare" circumstances in which fee enhancements remain appropriate.

In Knop, a "major prison conditions case" brought by the American Civil Liberties Union ("ACLU") on Michigan prisoners' behalf, the ACLU tried and failed "to find private attorneys willing to handle more than one aspect of the case" due to "the complexity of the issues involved, the potential for protracted litigation and the massive expenses which counsel would have to advance in order to properly litigate this case." 712 F.Supp. at 585. Here, by contrast, there is no evidence relator had any difficulty whatsoever in finding counsel. Further, the Knop court's reasoning suggests no fee multiplier is necessary here: "In order to convince counsel in private practice to accept cases of this nature, the fee awards must ... be sufficient to convince them to forego fees they would have earned from their regular clients...." Id. In a competitive marketplace, Wilmer Hale's established billing rates necessarily represent the prices at which its attorneys are willing to forego other representation. Thus, Knop does not support an enhancement here.

In Allen, a civil rights action brought against a county sheriff and two police officers, the court awarded a lodestar enhancement for several reasons. See 694 F.Supp. at 1556. First, it noted, "[t]he quality of representation was superior to that which the plaintiff could have expected to receive in light of the rates claimed." Id. Here, by contrast, counsel's outstanding performance was in line with what relator could reasonably have expected in light of their established billing rates. Second, the Allen court, pointed to "the undesirability of suing the police in the relatively small community of Monroe County," noting that plaintiffs' counsel risked an adverse economic impact on his future practice. Id. Here, if anything, relator's victory will generate more business for Wilmer Hale. Third, by accepting Allen's case, his attorney "limited his small firm's ability to accept other employment." Id. Here, Wilmer Hale's 1000+ other attorneys continued to accept other employment throughout the case, and while at least one associate (Reece) was apparently fully dedicated to this case, this was true only for a limited period (2006). (See Ex. D-2 to Bell's Decl., Ex. 2 to Mot. for Fees, Costs, and Expenses [930].) Thus, Allen, like Knop, is inapposite.

Like Judge Carnes of the Eleventh Circuit, this Court believes an enhancement would likely be entirely appropriate in cases such as Allen and Knop, where "an attorney's representation vindicates the federal rights of an unpopular client and as a result that attorney suffers a loss of standing in the community which damages his practice and income." Kenny A. v. Perdue, 532 F.3d at 1232-33 (11th Cir.2008). As examples, Judge Carnes cited "an attorney who represents a pedophile attacking a sexual offender registration law on Due Process grounds, or perhaps [] an attorney in a small Bible Belt town who succeeds in having a popular public religious practice enjoined as contrary to the Establishment Clause." Id. at 1234. This Court agrees that when a lawyer risks permanent harm to his career to defend fundamental, if unpopular, legal principles, the lodestar may be inadequate to fully compensate him for this extraordinary sacrifice.

[83] This conclusion disposes of defendant' argument that certain categories of expenses— such as travel, long-distance telephone calls, and courier service—are per se non-compensable under the EAJA. (See BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 29.)

[84] Because the Court has concluded that time spent assisting the government's criminal case is compensable, see supra part III.B. 1.a, it rejects defendants' objections to associated expenses, (see BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 29-30).

[85] Defendants' list of proposed expense deductions appears to bear no relationship to the excluded time entries. (See Ex. 2 to HII's Opp'n [949].) For example, they wish to exclude a $368.72 charge for Bell's Westlaw research from November 30 through December 14, 1999, as associated with efforts to secure relator's share or counsel's fees. (See id.) But the Court did not reduce any of Bell's time entries for that period for any reason. Similarly, they seek to exclude three photocopying charges from February 25, 2004, which sum to $142.40. (See id.) They attribute these charges to Bowsher, (id.) though nothing in relator's fee petition associates the charges with him (or anyone else), (see Ex. E-2 to Bell Decl., Ex. 1 to [930] at 7), and this Court did not deduct any hours from Bowsher's time entry for that day, (see infra Appendix II).

Defendants have not offered the Court a viable alternative to Bell's proposals.

[86] In their final substantive paragraph, defendants challenge several miscellaneous charges as "clearly for the convenience of the Wilmer-Hale lawyers." (BHIC and HUK's Opp'n [948] at 32.) They object, for example, to paying for a long-distance conference call involving O'Connor because she "chose to attend the Judicial Conference, rather than being at the office where she could meet in person." (Id.) Carried to its logical conclusion, this reasoning would bar payment for any telephone call, because the lawyer could choose to meet with her client in person; for any means of transportation, because the lawyer could always walk; or for any computerized research charge, given that the lawyer could simply visit the local law library. This would be clearly absurd. This Court considers the challenged expenses wholly reasonable and finds they were necessarily incurred.

[87] In reviewing fee petitions under the Ethics and Government Act, our Court of Appeals has required a similarly reasonable, minimal level of detail:

As the OIC points out, however, the expense pages contain multiple entries for "Taxi" cab rides, "Photocopying," "Courier Service," and "Computer Legal Research," all of which are not otherwise explained.... The court has in the past made deductions for comparable expenses because of a lack of supporting documentation and should do so here....

In re Cisneros (Finkelstein Fee Application), 454 F.3d 342, 350 (D.C.Cir.Spec.Div.2006) (citations omitted). Accord In re Cisneros (Needle Fee Application), 454 F.3d 334, 341-42 (D.C.Cir.Spec.Div.2006); In re Madison Guar. Sav. & Loan (Marceca Fee Application), 366 F.3d 922, 929 (D.C.Cir.Spec.Div.2004) (per curiam).

[88] See U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia, Laffey Matrix 1992-2003, available at http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/dc /Divisions/Civil_Division/Laffey_Matrix_7.html.