Mr. Justice VanValkenburgh
delivered the opinion of the court:
In the month of December, A. D. 1885, Henry Mann, the plaintiff in error, was indicted in Leon county for the murder of one Edmund Dubois. Mann was duly arraigned, pleaded not guilty and tried at a term of the court held in January, 1886. The jury found him guilty and recommended him “ to the mercy of the court.” The defendant entered a motion for a new trial upon the following grounds:
“ 1st. The verdict contrary to the evidence.
“ 2d. The verdict contrary to law.
“ 3d. The verdict contrary to the charge of the court.”
This motion was denied, and the defendant excepted to the judgment of the court. The court then, on the 16th of January, 1886, sentenced the defendant to imprisonment for life in the State prison.
From this judgment the defendant appeals and brings the case to this court by writ of error, on a bill of exceptions. The errors assigned are as follows :
1st. In overruling defendant’s objection to a certain question asked Emile Dubois as follows: “ Did you suspect Henry Mann, the defendant, of stealing your corn, and tell [604]*604him of your suspicion, or charge him with it, and at the time tell him that he was not to go into the crib unless you or your son were present ?”
2d. In allowing the introduction of plaster-paris casts of feet taken by J. L. Hugon, the prisoner not having been connected with them.
3d. In overruling defendant’s objection to the introduction of witnesses other than those upon the back of the indictment, the defendant having had no notice of an intention upon the part of the State to introduce witnesses other than those upon the back of the indictment.
4th. In charging the jury as to what would be the sentence of the court, should the jury recommend the prisoner to mercy, there being no extenuating facts for the jury to consider.
5th. In instructing the State’s Attorney to read the statute, in reference to a jury recommending to the mercy of the court, to the jury.
6th. In overruling defendant’s motion for a new trial.
The first assignment of error arises upon the evidence of Emile Dubois, which is in substance as follows: “ I, Emile Dubois, father of Edmund Debois, live in Leon county, Florida. Henry Mann, the defendant, has been for a long time my servant, and was so at the time of the death of my child. He was the only colored person so employed by me at that time. Mann lived in a house on my premises about three hundred yards from my residence. There were other colored persons living on the plantation as tenants. They had nothing to do about my yard. Mann’s duties involved the care and feeding of my mules and horses, the custody of my gear and harness, and required of him free access at all times to all parts of the premises immediately back of the house. The corn with which my mules were fed was kept in a log crib in the back yard. The door of this crib [605]*605opened to the south and into the yard. In the south gablo end there had for a long time been an open window aperture. Just before or a few days before the death of my son, I had caused him to close up this window, and I had charged him not to allow Henry Mann to enter the crib to feed, or for any other pnrpose, unless he (my son) or myself were present, and I then had the crib door locked and took the key to the house. My reasons for taking these precautions were that I had corn stolen from the crib.”
The State’s Attorney then asked the witness this question : “Did you suspect Henry Mann, the defendant, of stealing your corn, and tell him of your suspicion, or charge him with it, and at the time tell him he was not to go into the crib unless you or your son were present ?”
The defendant’s attorney objected to the question, because it was an attack upon the character of the defendant before he had himself put his character in issue. The court overruled the objection and permitted the witness to answer the question to which judgment of the court.an objection and exception was duly taken by defendant’s counsel. The witness answered and said: “Yes, I suspected him of having stolen corn, and told him not to go into the crib again, unless either I or my son was with him.” He further testified in substance that “ after which time my son almost invariably accompanied Mann to the crib when he fed. On Sundays the discipline of the place was somewhat relaxed. Mann came late in the morning to feed, and the family sleeping later the crib key was often passed out of the window to him, and during the day the key was usually left hanging on a uail on the outside of the crib and the door left unlocked.”
In respect to this assigned error the defendant’s counsel insist that this evidence in regard to the witness’ suspicions was an attack upon the character of the defendant and [606]*606should have been excluded; that it was not relevant to the issue. It is a well settled rule of law that the prosecution cannot call witnesses to impeach the character of the defendant unless the defendant put it in issue. Particular acts of his, or commission of other crimes in no way related to the one on trial, cannot be proved against him. Evidence of the bad character of the defendant, as a foundation upon which to raise the presumption of guilt in the particular case, is not permitted. Every case must be tried on its own merits, and be determined by the circumstances connected with it, without reference to the character of the party charged, or the fact that he may be suspected of having been guilty of committing other crimes than the one charged. When a party is charged with a particular offence, he has notice of the nature and character of such alleged offence and has an opportunity to prepare to defend himself. He cannot be expected to be prepared to defend himself against a charge of which he has had no notice and which is first brought to his notice while on trial for another and distinct offence. We can readily see how the jurors might have been, and probably were, prejudiced by this evidence of the suspicion of the witness, and as all the evidence of the guilt of the defendant was circumstantial, it may have had the effect to produce the verdict of guilty. It was also immaterial whether the witness suspected defendant or not, and was irrelevant to the issue, and for that reason should not have been admitted. In the case of The State vs. Lapage, 57 N. H., 245, Cushing, Chief-Justice, in his opinion, says: “ Proceeding then to consider what has been settled in this matter, I think we may state the law in the following propositions:
“1. It is not permitted to the prosecution to attack the character of the prisoner, unless -he first puts that in issue by offering evidence of his good character.
[607]*607“2. It is not permitted to show the defendant’s bad character by showing particular acts.
“8. It is not permitted to show in the prisoner a tendency or disposition to commit the crime with which he is charged.
“4. It is not permitted to give in evidence other crimes of the prisoner, unless they are so connected by circumstances with the particular crime in issue as that the proof of one fact with its circumstances has some bearing upon the issue on trial other than such as is expressed in the foregoing three propositions.
“It is a maxim of our law, that every man is presumed to be innocent until he is proved to be guilty.
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Mr. Justice VanValkenburgh
delivered the opinion of the court:
In the month of December, A. D. 1885, Henry Mann, the plaintiff in error, was indicted in Leon county for the murder of one Edmund Dubois. Mann was duly arraigned, pleaded not guilty and tried at a term of the court held in January, 1886. The jury found him guilty and recommended him “ to the mercy of the court.” The defendant entered a motion for a new trial upon the following grounds:
“ 1st. The verdict contrary to the evidence.
“ 2d. The verdict contrary to law.
“ 3d. The verdict contrary to the charge of the court.”
This motion was denied, and the defendant excepted to the judgment of the court. The court then, on the 16th of January, 1886, sentenced the defendant to imprisonment for life in the State prison.
From this judgment the defendant appeals and brings the case to this court by writ of error, on a bill of exceptions. The errors assigned are as follows :
1st. In overruling defendant’s objection to a certain question asked Emile Dubois as follows: “ Did you suspect Henry Mann, the defendant, of stealing your corn, and tell [604]*604him of your suspicion, or charge him with it, and at the time tell him that he was not to go into the crib unless you or your son were present ?”
2d. In allowing the introduction of plaster-paris casts of feet taken by J. L. Hugon, the prisoner not having been connected with them.
3d. In overruling defendant’s objection to the introduction of witnesses other than those upon the back of the indictment, the defendant having had no notice of an intention upon the part of the State to introduce witnesses other than those upon the back of the indictment.
4th. In charging the jury as to what would be the sentence of the court, should the jury recommend the prisoner to mercy, there being no extenuating facts for the jury to consider.
5th. In instructing the State’s Attorney to read the statute, in reference to a jury recommending to the mercy of the court, to the jury.
6th. In overruling defendant’s motion for a new trial.
The first assignment of error arises upon the evidence of Emile Dubois, which is in substance as follows: “ I, Emile Dubois, father of Edmund Debois, live in Leon county, Florida. Henry Mann, the defendant, has been for a long time my servant, and was so at the time of the death of my child. He was the only colored person so employed by me at that time. Mann lived in a house on my premises about three hundred yards from my residence. There were other colored persons living on the plantation as tenants. They had nothing to do about my yard. Mann’s duties involved the care and feeding of my mules and horses, the custody of my gear and harness, and required of him free access at all times to all parts of the premises immediately back of the house. The corn with which my mules were fed was kept in a log crib in the back yard. The door of this crib [605]*605opened to the south and into the yard. In the south gablo end there had for a long time been an open window aperture. Just before or a few days before the death of my son, I had caused him to close up this window, and I had charged him not to allow Henry Mann to enter the crib to feed, or for any other pnrpose, unless he (my son) or myself were present, and I then had the crib door locked and took the key to the house. My reasons for taking these precautions were that I had corn stolen from the crib.”
The State’s Attorney then asked the witness this question : “Did you suspect Henry Mann, the defendant, of stealing your corn, and tell him of your suspicion, or charge him with it, and at the time tell him he was not to go into the crib unless you or your son were present ?”
The defendant’s attorney objected to the question, because it was an attack upon the character of the defendant before he had himself put his character in issue. The court overruled the objection and permitted the witness to answer the question to which judgment of the court.an objection and exception was duly taken by defendant’s counsel. The witness answered and said: “Yes, I suspected him of having stolen corn, and told him not to go into the crib again, unless either I or my son was with him.” He further testified in substance that “ after which time my son almost invariably accompanied Mann to the crib when he fed. On Sundays the discipline of the place was somewhat relaxed. Mann came late in the morning to feed, and the family sleeping later the crib key was often passed out of the window to him, and during the day the key was usually left hanging on a uail on the outside of the crib and the door left unlocked.”
In respect to this assigned error the defendant’s counsel insist that this evidence in regard to the witness’ suspicions was an attack upon the character of the defendant and [606]*606should have been excluded; that it was not relevant to the issue. It is a well settled rule of law that the prosecution cannot call witnesses to impeach the character of the defendant unless the defendant put it in issue. Particular acts of his, or commission of other crimes in no way related to the one on trial, cannot be proved against him. Evidence of the bad character of the defendant, as a foundation upon which to raise the presumption of guilt in the particular case, is not permitted. Every case must be tried on its own merits, and be determined by the circumstances connected with it, without reference to the character of the party charged, or the fact that he may be suspected of having been guilty of committing other crimes than the one charged. When a party is charged with a particular offence, he has notice of the nature and character of such alleged offence and has an opportunity to prepare to defend himself. He cannot be expected to be prepared to defend himself against a charge of which he has had no notice and which is first brought to his notice while on trial for another and distinct offence. We can readily see how the jurors might have been, and probably were, prejudiced by this evidence of the suspicion of the witness, and as all the evidence of the guilt of the defendant was circumstantial, it may have had the effect to produce the verdict of guilty. It was also immaterial whether the witness suspected defendant or not, and was irrelevant to the issue, and for that reason should not have been admitted. In the case of The State vs. Lapage, 57 N. H., 245, Cushing, Chief-Justice, in his opinion, says: “ Proceeding then to consider what has been settled in this matter, I think we may state the law in the following propositions:
“1. It is not permitted to the prosecution to attack the character of the prisoner, unless -he first puts that in issue by offering evidence of his good character.
[607]*607“2. It is not permitted to show the defendant’s bad character by showing particular acts.
“8. It is not permitted to show in the prisoner a tendency or disposition to commit the crime with which he is charged.
“4. It is not permitted to give in evidence other crimes of the prisoner, unless they are so connected by circumstances with the particular crime in issue as that the proof of one fact with its circumstances has some bearing upon the issue on trial other than such as is expressed in the foregoing three propositions.
“It is a maxim of our law, that every man is presumed to be innocent until he is proved to be guilty. It is characteristic of the humanity of all the English speaking people that you cannot blacken the character of a party who is on tidal for alleged exime. Prisoners ordinarily come before the court and jury under manifest disadvantages. The very fact that a man is charged with a crime is sufficient to create in many minds a belief that he is guilty. It is quite inconsistent with that fairness of trial to which every man is entitled that the jury should be prejudiced against him by any evidence except what relates to the issue ; above all, should it not be permitted to blacken his character to show that he is worthless, to lighten the sense of responsibility which rests upon the jury, by showing that he is not worthy of painstaking and care.”
Ladd, J., in same case, says: “ It is a fundamental principle of law that evidence that the defendant committed one offence, cannot be received to px’ove that he committed another and distinct offence.”
If such is the law in respect to the introduction of evidence*by the prosecution as to the character of the defendant,^how much stx’onger would it be in a case where the prosecution attempted to introduce evidence of suspicions [608]*608which, could only have the effect to prejudice the jury against the defendant. We are of the opinion that the admission of the evidence of the witness so objected to was error. State vs. Lapage, 57 N. H., 245 ; State vs. Goetz et al., 34 Mo., 85 ; State vs. Creson, 38 Ib., 372 ; 3d Greenleaf Ev., §25; Wharton Crim. Ev., §57, &c.; State vs. O’Neal, 7 Iredell, 251; 1 Bishop on Crim. Procd., §1062 ; State vs. Turtell, 29 Kansas, 148 ; State vs. Walker, 1 Leigh, 574, marginal; State vs. Barlow, 18 Ohio, 221; Com. vs. Webster, 5 Cush., 296; People vs. White, 14 Wend., 112 ; People vs. Fair, 43 Cal., 137 ; Selph vs. The State, 22 Fla., 537.
The next error alleged is in allowing the introduction of plaster-paris casts taken by J. L. Hugon, the prisoner not having been connected with them. The witness testified in regal’d to those casts in substance as follows : At the request of Mr. Dubois he went with him and Mr. Long to examine the premises where his son was found dead ; it was just one week after he found his son. He made a plan of the whole place. The crib is about 30 yards from the house; back of the crib is a vineyard. The crib is between the vineyard and the house. A part of the vineyard had been recently plowed. He examined the ground and found upon the newly plowed ground foot prints leading from the crib. The foot prints were exactly one week old. He knew the foot prints were just a week old from the appearance of the ground and the grass growing in the tracks. He took plaster-paris easts of the foot prints, four m number, and about one hundred feet from the crib. The prosecution then offered to produce by the said witness the casts but the defendant’s counsel objected “ because the defendant had not been in any way connected with them.” The judge overruled the objection and the casts were admitted. The counsel excepted to the ruling of the court. The witness [609]*609then said, “ these are the casts that I took of some of the foot prints found by me in the vineyard. There is a fence adjoining the back of the crib, and there is a hole in this fence leading into the vineyard large enough to admit a man’s passing through. These tracks were made in such a way that any one in the dwelling house could not have seen the person making them. The chimney of the kitchen and the crib were in the line with the person making the tracks.” We can see no error in the court’s receiving this evidence. The easts were made just one week subsequent to the commission of the alleged crime, and the proof subsequently given showing that the casts, when compared with the barefooted track of the defendant, corresponded in size, shape and general appearance. It was a circumstance connected with the case to be taken into" consideration by the jury. Wharton Criminal Evidence, §796; State vs. Reitz, 83 N. C., 634; State vs. Morris, 84 N. C., 756.
The third error assigned is in overruling objections to the introduction of witnesses other than those upon the baekof the indictment. It would be proper for the court on application by the defendant, before trial of the cause, to cause the prosecution to submit to him the names of other witnesses than those upon the indictment. In this case it does not appear that any application of that kind was made either to the court, or State’s Attorney, and we know no rule of law that compels it.
The fourth and fifth assignments of error refer to the charge of the court with reference to their recommendation for mercy. We can see no error here, The court first repeated to the jury in substance the language of the statute and then instructed the State’s Attorney to read the statute to them, which he did. This question has been frequently decided by this court. Keech vs. State, 15 Fla., 591; Metz[610]*610ger vs. State, 18 Fla., 481; Newton vs. State, 21 Fla., 53 ; Denham vs. State, 22 Fla., —.
The fifth and last error assigned is in the court’s overruling the motion for a new trial.
This motion was based upon the usual and stereotyped grounds that the verdict was contrary to evidence, law and the charge of the court. The evidence was entirely circumstantial, and inasmuch as a new trial must be had we -deem it improper at this time to give an opinion upon its weight.
Let the case be remanded and a new trial had.