The Chiee-Justice
delivered the opinion of the court.
1. In respect to the first error assigned, the discharging of the juror Hoke on the ground that he had declared in reference to this defendant and the case that as a juror he would not go for capital punishment, but thought it would be better to imprison Metzger for life, it is difficult to discover any violation of duty on the part of the court. The statute says, “ no person whose opinions are such as to preclude him from finding any defendant guilty of an offence punishable with death shall be compelled or allowed to serve as a juror on the trial of such an offence.” Laws 1868, p. 108, §12.
Hero is an express statute disqualifying those whose opinions are such as would prevent them from convicting persons of capital offences from setting on juries in such cases. Here two persons make oath in his presence that Hoke had said that if he were on the jury he toould not go for capital punishment, in other words, he would not be an instrument of inflicting the penalty of death, and he makes no denial of the charge that these were his opinions.
One of the best methods of ascertaining the opinions of men is “ by the expression of them.” If there is any bet[487]*487ter mode it has not been suggested.. The expression of his opinion here in effect is, that he would not find the accused guilty, even if guilt be proved, unless assured that the penalty would not be death.. The object.of the ¡statute is to prevent persons going upon a jury who would refuse from scruples of conscience to find a verdict of guilty* or. for some reason other than that of. a want of. sufficient proof,, and to procure juries who would be governed by their oaths to find according to evidence. See 2 Mason, 105.
There are cases where it has. been held that the .expression of the juror, that he “ would not like ” to have a man hung', was not sufficient to show him incompetent, or that he would not find a verdict upon the evidence. (Smith vs. The State, 55 Miss., 410.) But it- has heen held in most of the States that one who has conscientious scruples against capital punishment was incompetent as a juror in a capital case, upon the principle that the law will not compel a man to violate his conscientious convictions.
In this case the juror had been called, accepted and sworn, but the jury was not full when the objection was made, and there is nothing showing that the jury empanelled was. not a fair jury, or that there was not a fair trial.
The setting aside of the juror in this case was not the mere arbitrary exercise of power by the judge. Being present and obliged to exercise his judgment on the momentf, much should be allowed to his discreet judgment called discretion, and “ unless there is a departure from the exercise of a sound discretion by the court in the matter of excusing jurors this court cannot consider it error.” 16 Fla., 562; 2 Mason, 91; 8 Ala., 302. It is unnecessary to multiply authorities upon the general subject.
2. The admission of the testimony of Burnham to the conversations with the accused, called “ admissions ” or confessions,” is assigned for error. There was no confes[488]*488sion by him that he was guilty of the crime. His statements áre with reference to certain facts which may have been, and perhaps were, quite' as convincing of guilt as direct confessions of guilt.
The testimony of Burnham was a detail of his conversations with the accused, and the manner of the detail of such conversations and the circumstances under which they were had, showed sufficiently whether they were voluntary or induced by any improper influence. It clearly appeared from'the testimony of Burnham that, no undue influence had induced the accused to converse or answer questions. It is for the court to determine whether the circumstances attending such admissions or confessions arc such as that they should be received as the deliberate’and voluntary statements of an accused person. The usual practice is to make the inquiry before the admissions or statements are shown, but if this inquiry is not made in'ad vanee it may be made at any time, and if it shall appear that the statements were not voluntary, or were induced by improper influences, the testimony should be excluded from the consideration of the jury. The true rule is that the circumstances under which the declarations or admissions were made should be shown, and if they appear to have been voluntary to submit the evidence to the jury, and if otherwise to exclude it. , The question was sufficiently settled in Simon vs. The State, 5 Fla., 285, 295; Dixon vs. The State, 13 Fla., 636, 643-4, and citations ; King’s case, 40 Ala., 314; Bob’s case, 32 Ala., 560.
The testimony was properly submitted to-the jury, it appearing that the declarations were made without, any improper influence having been exerted to induce it.:
3. ;The fifth error assigned relates to that portion of the charge excepted to. It is insisted, that in this the court charged not alone “ upon the law of the ease, that is upon [489]*489some point or points of law or exceptioñs to evidence arising upon tbe trial of said cause,”' (Laws 1877, Ch. 2096,) but upon the character and-bearing of the evidence, and indicated that the evidence tended to prove the guilt of the accused.
The Judge commenced the paragraph excepted to with these words: “ In this case there is no conflicting evidence.” It is difficult to say that this is not a plain declaration that the testimony is harmonious in that, there is no conflict in the facts shown, or, contradiction by witnesses of the testimony of each other, or of any other fact appearing in evidence. If there were contradictory statements of witnesses it would be error to charge the jury that there were none, because it is with the jury to determine whether there were conflicting statements, and to try to reconcile them, and to determine the truth. The statement to the jury that the testimony of witnesses does not conflict is therefore assuming the province of the jury, and this is precisely what the law- forbids. The question then is, whether this is an error which operates to the prejudice of the defendant ? for if not it is not an error that should affect the judgment.
The act of 1848, Ch. 138., Sec. 8, provided that charges made by Judges to-juries in all criminal cases “shall be exclusively on points of law, and that any violation of this section shall be deemed and construed to be error, from which a writ of error may be prayed as of right.” Under this section it is clear that the foregoing portion of the charge would be deemed error and result in reversing the judgment.
The act of 1877, however, repeals the eighth section of the act of 1848, and in re-enacting • the requirement that the charge shall be confined to points of law has omitted the words “any violation of this section shall be construed [490]*490to be error,” &o., so that the error of the Judge will not affect the judgment, unless as in other cases the error is material, affecting injuriously the rights of the accused; This was held in Brown vs. The State, 18 Fla., (decided at the present term) and cases there cited. -
Looking through the testimony given fully and at length in the record, we do not find that there was the least contradictory or conflicting testimony whatever. The defendant adduced no testimony and, made no statement on his oath of the facts of the case.
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The Chiee-Justice
delivered the opinion of the court.
1. In respect to the first error assigned, the discharging of the juror Hoke on the ground that he had declared in reference to this defendant and the case that as a juror he would not go for capital punishment, but thought it would be better to imprison Metzger for life, it is difficult to discover any violation of duty on the part of the court. The statute says, “ no person whose opinions are such as to preclude him from finding any defendant guilty of an offence punishable with death shall be compelled or allowed to serve as a juror on the trial of such an offence.” Laws 1868, p. 108, §12.
Hero is an express statute disqualifying those whose opinions are such as would prevent them from convicting persons of capital offences from setting on juries in such cases. Here two persons make oath in his presence that Hoke had said that if he were on the jury he toould not go for capital punishment, in other words, he would not be an instrument of inflicting the penalty of death, and he makes no denial of the charge that these were his opinions.
One of the best methods of ascertaining the opinions of men is “ by the expression of them.” If there is any bet[487]*487ter mode it has not been suggested.. The expression of his opinion here in effect is, that he would not find the accused guilty, even if guilt be proved, unless assured that the penalty would not be death.. The object.of the ¡statute is to prevent persons going upon a jury who would refuse from scruples of conscience to find a verdict of guilty* or. for some reason other than that of. a want of. sufficient proof,, and to procure juries who would be governed by their oaths to find according to evidence. See 2 Mason, 105.
There are cases where it has. been held that the .expression of the juror, that he “ would not like ” to have a man hung', was not sufficient to show him incompetent, or that he would not find a verdict upon the evidence. (Smith vs. The State, 55 Miss., 410.) But it- has heen held in most of the States that one who has conscientious scruples against capital punishment was incompetent as a juror in a capital case, upon the principle that the law will not compel a man to violate his conscientious convictions.
In this case the juror had been called, accepted and sworn, but the jury was not full when the objection was made, and there is nothing showing that the jury empanelled was. not a fair jury, or that there was not a fair trial.
The setting aside of the juror in this case was not the mere arbitrary exercise of power by the judge. Being present and obliged to exercise his judgment on the momentf, much should be allowed to his discreet judgment called discretion, and “ unless there is a departure from the exercise of a sound discretion by the court in the matter of excusing jurors this court cannot consider it error.” 16 Fla., 562; 2 Mason, 91; 8 Ala., 302. It is unnecessary to multiply authorities upon the general subject.
2. The admission of the testimony of Burnham to the conversations with the accused, called “ admissions ” or confessions,” is assigned for error. There was no confes[488]*488sion by him that he was guilty of the crime. His statements áre with reference to certain facts which may have been, and perhaps were, quite' as convincing of guilt as direct confessions of guilt.
The testimony of Burnham was a detail of his conversations with the accused, and the manner of the detail of such conversations and the circumstances under which they were had, showed sufficiently whether they were voluntary or induced by any improper influence. It clearly appeared from'the testimony of Burnham that, no undue influence had induced the accused to converse or answer questions. It is for the court to determine whether the circumstances attending such admissions or confessions arc such as that they should be received as the deliberate’and voluntary statements of an accused person. The usual practice is to make the inquiry before the admissions or statements are shown, but if this inquiry is not made in'ad vanee it may be made at any time, and if it shall appear that the statements were not voluntary, or were induced by improper influences, the testimony should be excluded from the consideration of the jury. The true rule is that the circumstances under which the declarations or admissions were made should be shown, and if they appear to have been voluntary to submit the evidence to the jury, and if otherwise to exclude it. , The question was sufficiently settled in Simon vs. The State, 5 Fla., 285, 295; Dixon vs. The State, 13 Fla., 636, 643-4, and citations ; King’s case, 40 Ala., 314; Bob’s case, 32 Ala., 560.
The testimony was properly submitted to-the jury, it appearing that the declarations were made without, any improper influence having been exerted to induce it.:
3. ;The fifth error assigned relates to that portion of the charge excepted to. It is insisted, that in this the court charged not alone “ upon the law of the ease, that is upon [489]*489some point or points of law or exceptioñs to evidence arising upon tbe trial of said cause,”' (Laws 1877, Ch. 2096,) but upon the character and-bearing of the evidence, and indicated that the evidence tended to prove the guilt of the accused.
The Judge commenced the paragraph excepted to with these words: “ In this case there is no conflicting evidence.” It is difficult to say that this is not a plain declaration that the testimony is harmonious in that, there is no conflict in the facts shown, or, contradiction by witnesses of the testimony of each other, or of any other fact appearing in evidence. If there were contradictory statements of witnesses it would be error to charge the jury that there were none, because it is with the jury to determine whether there were conflicting statements, and to try to reconcile them, and to determine the truth. The statement to the jury that the testimony of witnesses does not conflict is therefore assuming the province of the jury, and this is precisely what the law- forbids. The question then is, whether this is an error which operates to the prejudice of the defendant ? for if not it is not an error that should affect the judgment.
The act of 1848, Ch. 138., Sec. 8, provided that charges made by Judges to-juries in all criminal cases “shall be exclusively on points of law, and that any violation of this section shall be deemed and construed to be error, from which a writ of error may be prayed as of right.” Under this section it is clear that the foregoing portion of the charge would be deemed error and result in reversing the judgment.
The act of 1877, however, repeals the eighth section of the act of 1848, and in re-enacting • the requirement that the charge shall be confined to points of law has omitted the words “any violation of this section shall be construed [490]*490to be error,” &o., so that the error of the Judge will not affect the judgment, unless as in other cases the error is material, affecting injuriously the rights of the accused; This was held in Brown vs. The State, 18 Fla., (decided at the present term) and cases there cited. -
Looking through the testimony given fully and at length in the record, we do not find that there was the least contradictory or conflicting testimony whatever. The defendant adduced no testimony and, made no statement on his oath of the facts of the case.
There was, therefore, nothing in this part of the charge which could operate to his prejudice or affect the verdict. Northing further -was said by the Judge to the jury which can be held to be contrary to the spirit or letter of the statute in relation to the testimony.
He says : “ In addition to the circumstantial evidence offered in this case is also what is said to be the confession of the accused in relation to his connection with the murder of Samuel Moore. Admissions or confessions are strong evidence against a party, and more so when unexplained or not denied.”
This it is insisted by the plaintiff in error is erroneous, in that it charges that certain facts are proved, &c. Vedo not so understand it. The Judge speaks of circumstantial evidence in the case. This is true, there was circumstantial evidence, and the counsel desired a charge upon it as such. The Judge then says, “ there is what is said to he the confession of the accused,” &c. The Judge does not say it is a “ confession,” but speaks of it as what is so called ; .a very appropriate method of calling attention to the testimony which relates to the conversations with the accused in relation to the crime alleged against him.
Ve can discover no violation of the rule in the language used, and certainly nothing which could in any way influence the verdict.
[491]*491Then it is complained that the Judge added, in connection with the circumstantial character of the evidence and the déclarations of the accused, “ admissions or confessions are strong evidence against a party when unexplained or not denied.” It is due to the Judge that the further language used by him in this connection be given as elucidating his position, viz: “ Observing that in circumstantial evidence there must be clear connection with1 the event or fact charged, and the circumstances connecting the person with the event, and that confessions must have been made without any effort to obtain such, either from fear or promises of reward in any manner, in other words, it must be freely made without inducement or threat.”
These are correct propositions, and clearly indicate that the court did'not intend the jury to understand him as instructing them upon the construction of facts proved or conclusions of fact to be drawn from such proof, beyond the application of rules of law to the facts.
"While it is true- that admissions and confessions of accused persons should' be received and weighed with great caution as to the motives which induced them and the condition of the accused, yet when such admissions are shown to be entirely voluntary they are, in connection with circumstances corroborating them, “ strong evidence.” The principle upon which the confessions of prisoners are received in evidence is based upon the presumption that a person w¥ill not make an untrue statement against his own-interest. 1 Phil. Ev., 9th Ed., 397; Roscoe Cr. Ev., 7 Am. Ed. 38, et seq.
We, therefore, find no error in tbe charge to which exception was taken.
4. The sixth error is assigned upon the refusal of the Judge to give the instructions prayed by defendant. In examining these voluminous instructions wé find that the [492]*492Judge gave in his general charge everything contained in them which is material to the case, and to have given them again would be but an unnecessary repetition, and there was no error in refusing such - repetition. There were embodied in these instructions some propositions that were manifestly erroneous. Eor instance: “ The confession of a person made before he is arrested, or any charge made against him which has come to his knowledge, * * * is under the most favorable circumstances very weak and worthless evidence.” The “confession” in the present ease was not shown to have been made under the circumstances mentioned,- and if it had been it was very strong and convincing in- connection with other, circumstances proved. The exception was to the. refusal of the Judge to give the whole of these instructions, and if there was an unsound proposition in them it was not error to refuse so to give them.
5. The last proposition of these instructions .was that the court should instruct the jury that “a majority of the jury may recommend the prisoner to the mercy of the court, which reduces the extreme penalty, in case of a verdict, of guilty of murder in the first degr.ee, to imprisonment for life.”
While it would be well for the Judge in all cases to inform the jury to this effect by reading to them if requested the act .of 1872, Ch. 1877,-it might prejudice the accused in some instances to give such an instruction in his charge, because the jury; might well infer that in the opinion of the court the crime had been committed, and that he deemed it néeessary to instruct them as to the penalty'which might be regulated by the jury in the form or contents of their verdict of guilty of murder in -the first degree. •
But the Judge is not required bylaw to give any instruction to-.th.e jury,on.the subject, and therefore no error [493]*493would have occurred by his refusal. Counsel may read the act to the court and jury if they desire to do so, and the Judge may give it to the jury if desired.
The foregoing covers all the points made upon the motion for a new trial, except that the verdict was contrary ■to the evidence. Upon reading the whole testimony we are satisfied that the verdict of the jury, is right. ■
The judgment is affirmed.