Evans, P. J.
In response to questions propounded by tbe Court of Appeals we answer:
1. An assignment of error to tbe direction of a verdict for tbe defendant, that tbe evidence authorized tbe submission of the case to tbe jury, that tbe contract set up by tbe defendant was void, and that tbe verdict directed was contrary to the evidence, does not bring in question tbe lack of power of the court to direct a verdict because tbe statute creating the court did not confer on tbe judges thereof tbe power to direct a verdict in any case.
2. Tbe act creating the municipal court of Atlanta (Acts 1913, p. 145) provided for a system of courts having territorial jurisdiction over tbe City of Atlanta. Tbe court was divided into two sections, one having jurisdiction over so much of 'the county of DeKalb as lay in the City of Atlanta, and tbe other section was given jurisdiction of so much of the county of Fulton as was embraced in tbe city. The jurisdiction, procedure, and practice of the DeKalb section is the same as that prescribed for justices of tbe peace. The jurisdiction, procedure, and practice of the Pulton section are different from that of the DeKalb section. In the 38th section of the act it is provided “that [on] the trial of any civil action in the municipal court of Atlanta [limited to the Pulton county section by section 10], tbe mode of conducting the trial, tbe rules of evidence, and tbe examination and swearing of tbe jury, where a jury is used, shall be tbe same as now prevails in tbe [70]*70superior courts of this State.” One of the questions propounded by the Court of Appeals concerns the power of the presiding judge to grant a nonsuit or direct a verdict in a pending case. With respect to the DeKalb section, the practice is the same as that prescribed in a justice’s court, and the presiding judge can not direct a verdict nor grant a nonsuit. This is so because a justice of the peace has no such power. Favors v. Johnson, 79 Ga. 553 (4 S. E. 935); Gunn v. Wood, 99 Ga. 70 (34 S. E. 407); Georgia Railway & Electric Co. v. Knight, 122 Ga. 290 (50 S. E. 134). In the Fulton section, however, the mode of conducting the trial is expressly declared to be the same as prevails in the superior courts; and the powers of the presiding judge are more ample. We think the declaration of the statute that the mode of conducting a trial shall be the same in the Fulton county section as that which prevails in the superior courts implies that the power to grant a nonsuit and to direct a verdict inheres in the presiding judge of the municipal court of Atlanta. This implication becomes more apparent when we consider the rationale of the rule which forbids a justice of the peace to grant a nonsuit or direct a verdict. An appeal in a justice’s court is a de novo investigation, and, as was said in Favors v. Johnson, supra: “The jury in a justice’s court is designed to fill the magistrate’s place, or rather to succeed him, in judging of the sufficiency of the evidence.” This is not so in the procedure of the Fulton county section of the municipal court of Atlanta. The trial before a jury is one of first instance, and is not on appeal; and hence the reason for denying to the judge the exercise of powers usual to a trial in the superior court in the matter of granting nonsuits and directing verdicts is absent. We could further elaborate our position by an analysis of the statute creating the court, but forbear to do so, because we feel convinced of the accuracy of our construction, and for the further reason that since this case arose the General Assembly has settled the matter by enacting “that upon the trial of any civil case in the municipal court of Atlanta, the judge shall have the same power and authority to grant a non-suit, or direct a verdict, or order a mistrial as is now conferred - upon and exercised by the judges of the superior courts of this State.” Acts 1916, p. 303.
3. This court is further asked, if the statute be given the construction put upon it by us, is the statute unconstitutional as deny[71]*71ing a trial by jury? This question is answered in the negative. Tilley v. Cox, 119 Ga. 867 (2), 870 (47 S. E. 219); Price v. Central of Georgia Railway Co., 124 Ga. 899 (2) (53 S. E. 455).
4. Two eases are named in the caption of the certified question, having no relation to each other. One of the questions'propounded is as follows: “If the judge of the municipal court of Atlanta was empowered, under the law, to direct a verdict, was the verdict properly directed under the pleadings and evidence in each of these cases?” The cleavage of jurisdiction between the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals is well defined. Within the sphere of their respective jurisdictions each court is a court of last resort. The decisions of the Supreme Court are binding as precedents on the Court of Appeals. Where there are two courts of last resort in a State, every safeguard should be used to avoid conflicts of decision. With a view of preserving uniformity of decision, the constitution provides for the certifying of constitutional questions to the Supreme Court, and further provides that “The Court of Appeals may at any time certify to the Supreme Court any other question of law concerning which it desires the instruction of the Supreme Court for proper decision; and thereupon the Supreme Court shall give its instruction on the question certified to it, which shall be binding on the Court of Appeals in such case. The manner of certifying questions to. the Supreme Court by the - Court of Appeals, and the subsequent proceedings in regard to the same in the Supreme Court, shall be as the Supreme Court shall by its rules, prescribe, until otherwise provided by law.” Constitution of Georgia, art. 6, sec. 2, par. 9 (Civil Code of 1910, § 6506). Two features stand prominent in this constitutional provision: one is that the question certified is to be one of law; and the other is that the purpose of the certification is to settle the question of law for application by the Court of Appeals in a “proper decision” of the case by them. There can be no doubt that the words, “question of law,” as used in the constitution, considered abstractly or in connection with the context, were not intended to embrace questions of fact, or mixed questions of law and fact; the manifest object being to submit to the Supreme Court a definite question of law. The propriety of granting a nonsuit or of "directing a verdict depends upon the effect to be given the evidence. Hardly in any case, and certainly in no case where there is doubt whether [72]*72a particular ultimate conclusion of fact is demanded by the evidence, do all of the criteria necessary for decision appear to rest upon such facts only as are expressly proved as distinct occurrences, events, or things. Many of the constituent facts which are proved authorize inferences and oftentimes cross-inferences. The Civil Code of 1910, § 5936, declares that a verdict can not be directed unless the evidence introduced, with all reasonable deductions or inferences therefrom, demands a particular verdict. In order to test the propriety of directing a verdict the court must go through the process of analyzing the evidence and draw all reasonable deductions therefrom. "We do not think it was ever intended that the burden of doing this in cases pending before the Court of Appeals should be transferred to the Supreme Court.
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Evans, P. J.
In response to questions propounded by tbe Court of Appeals we answer:
1. An assignment of error to tbe direction of a verdict for tbe defendant, that tbe evidence authorized tbe submission of the case to tbe jury, that tbe contract set up by tbe defendant was void, and that tbe verdict directed was contrary to the evidence, does not bring in question tbe lack of power of the court to direct a verdict because tbe statute creating the court did not confer on tbe judges thereof tbe power to direct a verdict in any case.
2. Tbe act creating the municipal court of Atlanta (Acts 1913, p. 145) provided for a system of courts having territorial jurisdiction over tbe City of Atlanta. Tbe court was divided into two sections, one having jurisdiction over so much of 'the county of DeKalb as lay in the City of Atlanta, and tbe other section was given jurisdiction of so much of the county of Fulton as was embraced in tbe city. The jurisdiction, procedure, and practice of the DeKalb section is the same as that prescribed for justices of tbe peace. The jurisdiction, procedure, and practice of the Pulton section are different from that of the DeKalb section. In the 38th section of the act it is provided “that [on] the trial of any civil action in the municipal court of Atlanta [limited to the Pulton county section by section 10], tbe mode of conducting the trial, tbe rules of evidence, and tbe examination and swearing of tbe jury, where a jury is used, shall be tbe same as now prevails in tbe [70]*70superior courts of this State.” One of the questions propounded by the Court of Appeals concerns the power of the presiding judge to grant a nonsuit or direct a verdict in a pending case. With respect to the DeKalb section, the practice is the same as that prescribed in a justice’s court, and the presiding judge can not direct a verdict nor grant a nonsuit. This is so because a justice of the peace has no such power. Favors v. Johnson, 79 Ga. 553 (4 S. E. 935); Gunn v. Wood, 99 Ga. 70 (34 S. E. 407); Georgia Railway & Electric Co. v. Knight, 122 Ga. 290 (50 S. E. 134). In the Fulton section, however, the mode of conducting the trial is expressly declared to be the same as prevails in the superior courts; and the powers of the presiding judge are more ample. We think the declaration of the statute that the mode of conducting a trial shall be the same in the Fulton county section as that which prevails in the superior courts implies that the power to grant a nonsuit and to direct a verdict inheres in the presiding judge of the municipal court of Atlanta. This implication becomes more apparent when we consider the rationale of the rule which forbids a justice of the peace to grant a nonsuit or direct a verdict. An appeal in a justice’s court is a de novo investigation, and, as was said in Favors v. Johnson, supra: “The jury in a justice’s court is designed to fill the magistrate’s place, or rather to succeed him, in judging of the sufficiency of the evidence.” This is not so in the procedure of the Fulton county section of the municipal court of Atlanta. The trial before a jury is one of first instance, and is not on appeal; and hence the reason for denying to the judge the exercise of powers usual to a trial in the superior court in the matter of granting nonsuits and directing verdicts is absent. We could further elaborate our position by an analysis of the statute creating the court, but forbear to do so, because we feel convinced of the accuracy of our construction, and for the further reason that since this case arose the General Assembly has settled the matter by enacting “that upon the trial of any civil case in the municipal court of Atlanta, the judge shall have the same power and authority to grant a non-suit, or direct a verdict, or order a mistrial as is now conferred - upon and exercised by the judges of the superior courts of this State.” Acts 1916, p. 303.
3. This court is further asked, if the statute be given the construction put upon it by us, is the statute unconstitutional as deny[71]*71ing a trial by jury? This question is answered in the negative. Tilley v. Cox, 119 Ga. 867 (2), 870 (47 S. E. 219); Price v. Central of Georgia Railway Co., 124 Ga. 899 (2) (53 S. E. 455).
4. Two eases are named in the caption of the certified question, having no relation to each other. One of the questions'propounded is as follows: “If the judge of the municipal court of Atlanta was empowered, under the law, to direct a verdict, was the verdict properly directed under the pleadings and evidence in each of these cases?” The cleavage of jurisdiction between the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals is well defined. Within the sphere of their respective jurisdictions each court is a court of last resort. The decisions of the Supreme Court are binding as precedents on the Court of Appeals. Where there are two courts of last resort in a State, every safeguard should be used to avoid conflicts of decision. With a view of preserving uniformity of decision, the constitution provides for the certifying of constitutional questions to the Supreme Court, and further provides that “The Court of Appeals may at any time certify to the Supreme Court any other question of law concerning which it desires the instruction of the Supreme Court for proper decision; and thereupon the Supreme Court shall give its instruction on the question certified to it, which shall be binding on the Court of Appeals in such case. The manner of certifying questions to. the Supreme Court by the - Court of Appeals, and the subsequent proceedings in regard to the same in the Supreme Court, shall be as the Supreme Court shall by its rules, prescribe, until otherwise provided by law.” Constitution of Georgia, art. 6, sec. 2, par. 9 (Civil Code of 1910, § 6506). Two features stand prominent in this constitutional provision: one is that the question certified is to be one of law; and the other is that the purpose of the certification is to settle the question of law for application by the Court of Appeals in a “proper decision” of the case by them. There can be no doubt that the words, “question of law,” as used in the constitution, considered abstractly or in connection with the context, were not intended to embrace questions of fact, or mixed questions of law and fact; the manifest object being to submit to the Supreme Court a definite question of law. The propriety of granting a nonsuit or of "directing a verdict depends upon the effect to be given the evidence. Hardly in any case, and certainly in no case where there is doubt whether [72]*72a particular ultimate conclusion of fact is demanded by the evidence, do all of the criteria necessary for decision appear to rest upon such facts only as are expressly proved as distinct occurrences, events, or things. Many of the constituent facts which are proved authorize inferences and oftentimes cross-inferences. The Civil Code of 1910, § 5936, declares that a verdict can not be directed unless the evidence introduced, with all reasonable deductions or inferences therefrom, demands a particular verdict. In order to test the propriety of directing a verdict the court must go through the process of analyzing the evidence and draw all reasonable deductions therefrom. "We do not think it was ever intended that the burden of doing this in cases pending before the Court of Appeals should be transferred to the Supreme Court.
A similar question was presented to the United States Supreme Court in the construction of an act of Congress which authorized fhe judges of the Circuit Court of Appeals in any civil suit or proceeding before it, where they were divided in opinion, to certify to the Supreme Court the point upon which they so disagreed. The Supreme Court of the United States, speaking through Mr. Justice Gray, held that each question certified must be a distinct question or proposition of law clearly stated, so that it could be definitely answered without regard to other issues of law or of fact in the case. He said: “The points certified must be questions of law only, and not questions of fact, or of mixed law and fact — ‘not such as involve or imply conclusions or judgment by the court upon the weight or effect of testimony or facts adduced in the cause.’ . . The whole case, even when its decision turns upon matter of law only, can not be sent up by certificate of division.” Jewell v. McKnight, 123 U. S. 426 (8 Sup. Ct. 193, 31 L. ed. 190); Chicago &c. Ry. v. Williams, 205 U. S. 444, 452 (27 Sup. Ct. 559, 51 L. ed. 875); The Folmina, 212 U. S. 354 (29 Sup. Ct. 363, 53 L. ed. 546, 15 Ann. Cas. 748); U. S. v. Mayer, 235 U. S. 55 (35 Sup. Ct. 16, 59 L. ed. 129).
Moreover, the constitutional provision under which the certification of a question of law by the Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court is authorized limits the “question of law” to one which the Court of Appeals desires the Supreme Court’s instruction for a “proper decision” of the case by the Court of Appeals. There is no suggestion, either in phraseology or context, that it was ever [73]*73contemplated that the Court of Appeals could certify for ultimate decision by the Supreme Court the whole case of any record depending in that Court. If one case could be so certified, then all of the cases in that Court could be certified for ultimate decision by the Supreme Court. We therefore conclude that no question of law is presented in the question, .the formula of which is given at the beginning of this division of the opinion.
All the Justices concur.