Kretsch v. Barton

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: March 6, 2024
• Docket: 2:23-cv-00411
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Karla Kretsch, et al., No. CV-23-00411-PHX-ROS

10 Plaintiffs, ORDER

11 v.

12 John Barton, et al.,

13 Defendants. 14 15 Plaintiff Karla Kretsch alleges Defendant John Barton,1 among other offenses, 16 defrauded her into making several investments between 2010 and 2012. (Doc. 11, “SAC”). 17 Defendants seek dismissal of the Second Amended Complaint (Doc. 12, “Mot.”). As each 18 count of the Complaint is deficient to state a claim, the Court will grant Defendant’s Motion 19 and dismiss the complaint without prejudice and with leave to amend. 20 BACKGROUND 21 Plaintiff alleges the following facts in the Complaint. Between 2010 and 2012, 22 Plaintiff Karla Kretsch made several investments with Guy Newman, a representative of 23 investment banking firm GVC Capital and alleged agent of Defendant John Barton. 24 SAC ¶¶ 14–15, 20–22, 27. In 2010, Plaintiff invested $100,000 in Creative Learning 25 Corporation for what she was told would be a 20% stake in the company, but Plaintiff’s 26 27 1 Though Plaintiff’s Complaint identifies multiple defendants and Defendants bring their Motion on behalf of both John and Susan Barton, Plaintiff references only Defendant John 28 Barton’s conduct in the Complaint. For the purposes of this Motion, the Court will use “Defendant” to refer to Defendant John Barton. 1 shares “never constituted a 20% owner stake.” Id. at ¶¶ 23–34. Plaintiff then invested 2 $75,000 in Vanguard Energy Corporation in 2011 after Newman gave her 10,000 shares in 3 an unrelated transaction. Id. at ¶¶ 35–40. Later in 2011, Plaintiff invested $30,000 in 4 Spectrum Resources Corporation, for which Defendant was President and Director, 5 through Newman’s solicitation. Id. at ¶¶ 41–53. Spectrum “thereafter went out of 6 business” rendering Plaintiff’s investment “worthless.” Id. at ¶ 54. In 2012, Newman 7 solicited Plaintiff to invest in Rockdale Resources Corporation, for which Defendant was 8 a director and officer, characterizing the investment as “low risk.” Id. at ¶¶ 55–66. Plaintiff 9 invested $61,000 in Rockdale and another $50,000 in Spectrum. Id. at ¶ 67. In January 10 2014, Newman contacted Plaintiff to “take a look” at investing in General Cannabis 11 Corporation, telling Plaintiff “maybe we will get out of this unscathed after all” while 12 “concealing” his “history of failure and non-disclosure.” Id. at ¶¶ 74–76. 13 Throughout the years, Defendant and Newman told Plaintiff she was “covered,” 14 “would be taken care of,” and Defendant “would help her recover her losses.” Id. at 15 ¶¶ 113–15. Defendant, Newman, and Plaintiff engaged in settlement discussions which 16 purportedly resulted in an agreement for Defendant and Newman to pay Plaintiff $500,000 17 in stock “to make her whole.” Id. at ¶ 123. Defendant did not pay Plaintiff pursuant to the 18 alleged agreement. On April 1, 2019, Defendant and Plaintiff executed a tolling agreement 19 for “certain claims against [Defendant] arising out of the offer and sale of securities.” Id. 20 at ¶¶ 107–08.2 21 In 2020, Plaintiff initiated a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) 22 arbitration against Newman and GVC Capital, alleging Newman committed securities 23 fraud, negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, constructive fraud, and negligent 24 misrepresentation. Id. at ¶ 80. Plaintiff “prevailed on her claims against Newman and was

25 2 Though not mentioned in the Complaint, the agreement expressly provides it does “not 26 revive any Claim that [Plaintiff] had against [Defendant and Newman] that lapsed or was barred by any statute of limitation . . . before the Effective Date” of April 1, 2019. 27 (Doc. 12-1 at 9–10). The Complaint incorporates the agreement and Plaintiff did not object to the authenticity of the copy of the agreement attached as Exhibit B to Defendant’s 28 Motion, so the Court may consider the document in deciding this motion. See Rand v. Midland Nat’l Life Ins., 857 Fed. App’x 343, 346 (9th Cir. 2021). 1 awarded damages.” Id. at ¶ 82. During the arbitration, Plaintiff alleges she “first learned 2 of the magnitude of Defendant Barton’s fraud.” Id. at ¶ 86. 3 MOTION TO DISMISS 4 A complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 5 pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a 6 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief 7 that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. 8 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal citations omitted)). If “the well- 9 pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, 10 the complaint” has not adequately shown the pleader is entitled to relief. Id. at 679. 11 Although federal courts ruling on a motion to dismiss “must take all of the factual 12 allegations in the complaint as true,” they “are not bound to accept as true a legal 13 conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Id. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555) 14 (internal quotations omitted). 15 Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges ten causes of action against Defendants: (1) Arizona 16 securities fraud; (2) negligent misrepresentation; (3) control person liability; 17 (4) constructive fraud; (5) civil conspiracy; (6) fraud; (7) aiding and abetting tortious 18 conduct; (8) negligent infliction of emotional distress; (9) intentional infliction of 19 emotional distress; and (10) breach of contract. 20 A. Statute of Limitations and Tolling 21 Defendants’ Motion first argues the applicable statutes of limitations bar Plaintiff’s 22 claims. See Mot. at 2–6. Plaintiff’s claims have statutes of limitations ranging between 23 two and three years.3 Aside from her breach of contract claim, all of Plaintiff’s claims arise 24 25 3 Two-year statutes of limitation: Arizona Securities Act claims (A.R.S. §§ 44-2004); negligent misrepresentation (Cavan v. Maron, 182 F. Supp. 3d 954, 962 (D. Ariz. 2016)); 26 breach of fiduciary duty (Kisner v. Broome, 2017 WL 6462245, *5 (Ariz. Ct. App. Dec. 19, 2017)); negligent infliction of emotional distress and intentional infliction of emotional 27 distress (Barba v. Seung Heun Lee, 2010 WL 11515658, at *20–21 (D. Ariz. Aug. 25, 2010)). 28 Three-year statutes of limitation: fraud (Cavan v. Maron, 182 F. Supp. 3d 954, 962 (D. 1 from investments she made between 2010 and 2012. For these claims to be viable, they 2 must have been viable when the parties executed the tolling agreement on April 1, 2019. 3 If any of her claims expired before then, the statutes of limitations bar them. 4 Federal courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural 5 law. Freund v. Nycomed Amersham, 347 F.3d 752, 761 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Gasperini 6 v. Center for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996)). Statutes of limitations are 7 substantive law, Albano v. Shea Homes Ltd. P’ship, 634 F.3d 524, 530 (9th Cir. 2011), so 8 Arizona law governs. Arizona follows the discovery rule, under which “a cause of action 9 does not accrue until the plaintiff knows or with reasonable diligence should know the facts 10 underlying the cause.” Doe v. Roe, 955 P.2d 951, 960 (Ariz. 1998) (citing Gust, Rosenfeld 11 & Henderson v. Prudential Ins. Co., 898 P.2d 964, 968 (Ariz. 1995)). The discovery rule 12 applies to all of Plaintiff’s claims here. See Gust, 898 P.2d at 966–69 (contract and tort 13 claims); A.R.S. § 44-2004(B) (statutory analog to discovery rule for Arizona securities 14 fraud claims). 15 The discovery rule “does not permit a party to hide behind its ignorance when 16 reasonable investigation would have alerted it to the claim.” ELM Ret. Ctr., LP v. 17 Callaway, 246 P.3d 938, 941 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2010). Plaintiffs are “charged with a duty to 18 investigate with due diligence to discover the necessary facts.” Doe v. Roe, 955 P.2d 951, 19 962 (Ariz. 1998). The “core question” in applying the discovery rule is “whether a 20 reasonable person would have been on notice to investigate.” Walk v. Ring, 44 P.3d 990, 21 992 (Ariz. 2002). To benefit from the discovery rule, a complaint must “demonstrate (1) 22 the time and manner of discovery, and (2) the inability to have made earlier discovery 23 despite reasonable diligence.” Cavan v. Maron, 182 F. Supp. 3d 954, 963 (D. Ariz. 2016) 24 (emphasis in original). 25 Plaintiff argues she does not bear the burden of proving the discovery rule applies, 26 citing the Third Circuit’s statement that a court “may not allocate the burden of invoking 27 the discovery rule in a way that is inconsistent with the rule that a plaintiff is not required

28 Ariz. 2016)); constructive fraud (Rindlisbacher v. Steinway & Sons Inc., 497 F.Supp.3d 479, 492 (D. Ariz. 2020)). 1 to plead, in a complaint, facts sufficient to overcome an affirmative defense.” Schmidt v. 2 Skolas, 770 F.3d 241, 251 (3rd Cir. 2014). But, as Defendants point out, this opinion is 3 not binding on the Court. (Doc. 14, “Reply” at 1–2). Arizona case law clearly places the 4 burden of establishing the discovery rule on the plaintiff on a motion to dismiss. See, e.g., 5 Cavan, 182 F. Supp. 3d at 962–63 (“The burden of establishing that the discovery rule 6 applies to delay the statute of limitations rests on plaintiff.”); Anson v. American Motors 7 Corp., 747 P.2d 581, 582 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1987) (“The affirmative defense of statute of 8 limitations is properly raised in a motion to dismiss where it appears from the face of the 9 complaint that the claim is barred. . . . The party opposing the motion then bears the burden 10 of proving the statute has been tolled.”); Satamian v. Great Divide Ins. Co., 11 No. 22-CV-375, 2023 WL 2250419, *2 (Ariz. Ct. App. Feb. 28, 2023) (“[P]laintiffs bear 12 the burden of showing the discovery rule should delay the statute of limitations.”). 13 Plaintiff’s claims initially appear barred by statutes of limitation on the face of the 14 Complaint, with the relevant conduct occurring between seven and nine years before the 15 parties executed the tolling agreement. Accordingly, Plaintiff must set forth enough facts 16 in the Complaint to indicate the discovery rule applies to toll the statutes of limitations. 17 In Cavan v. Maron, the plaintiff claimed a watch he purchased for $2 million did 18 not have the original dial as the seller represented. 182 F. Supp. 3d 954 (D. Ariz. 2016). 19 Because “the allegations in the Complaint . . . indicate[d] that the watch was delivered” 20 more than three years before the plaintiff filed the action, the court found the claims “would 21 be barred without the benefit of the discovery rule.” Id. at 963. Thus, the court held the 22 plaintiff “has the burden of demonstrating that the discovery rule applies.” Id. at 962–63. 23 The plaintiff in Cavan claimed he did not become aware that the watch “may not have the 24 original dial” until three years after the purchase. Id. at 958. After he informed the seller, 25 the seller admitted he had switched the dial and promised to “take care of it” and replace 26 the dial. Id. at 959. The seller did not do so, and the plaintiff sued. Id. But the court found 27 the complaint’s allegations were not sufficient to demonstrate the discovery rule applied, 28 because the plaintiff did not “explain how [he] exercised reasonable diligence when he did 1 not obtain an independent expert evaluation of the watch until more than three years after 2 he received the watch, particularly in light of his assertion that he has ‘relatively limited 3 experience.’” Id. 4 Plaintiff’s Complaint on its face does not demonstrate the discovery rule applies. 5 The allegations in the Complaint do not identify precisely when or how Plaintiff discovered 6 her claims against Defendant. Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss 7 asserts Plaintiff first “became suspicious that there was fraudulent activity at play” during 8 an April 14, 2017 phone call when Defendant “asked for a list of her damages to help 9 [Plaintiff] recover her losses.” (Doc. 13, “Resp.” at 3).4 This phone call is significant 10 because it took place just under two years before the parties’ tolling agreement and if this 11 is when Plaintiff’s claim accrued, her claims would be viable. But the Complaint does not 12 make this assertion. The Complaint’s only mention of the April 14, 2017 phone call are to 13 simply state it occurred and the content of Plaintiff’s and Defendant’s discussion. See SAC 14 ¶ 101 (“During an April 14, 2017 telephone conversation with Ms. Kretsch, Defendant 15 Barton requested that Ms. Kretsch provide him with her damages, which she thereafter sent 16 to Defendant Barton directly.”), ¶ 115 (“As late as April 14, 2017, Defendant Barton 17 advised Ms. Kretsch that he would help her recover her losses.”). In fact, the Complaint 18 alleges the April 14, 2017 conversation was just the latest example in a “consistent[]” series 19 of similar conversations with Defendant and Newman “[t]hroughout the years.” 20 SAC ¶¶ 113–115. If the April 14, 2017 conversation was when Plaintiff discovered her 21 claims, her Complaint does not so allege. 22 Although Plaintiff’s Response does not argue her claims against Defendant accrued 23 in connection with the FINRA arbitration, this is the closest Plaintiff comes to identifying 24 the time and manner of discovery in the Complaint. Plaintiff alleges she discovered the 25 26 4 Plaintiff’s Response also asserts her “claims did not accrue prior to the execution of the tolling agreement because she believed that her fiduciaries were upholding their duties.” 27 Resp. at 7. Even setting aside Plaintiff’s contradictory assertion earlier in the Response that the claims accrued in 2017, this makes little sense. The parties executed the tolling 28 agreement as part of a settlement negotiation. Plaintiff cannot plausibly suggest the claims had not accrued while she was engaged in settlement negotiations for those same claims. 1 “extent” or “magnitude” of Defendant’s deception and fraud during the FINRA arbitration. 2 SAC ¶¶ 86, 110. Rather, the use of “extent” and “magnitude,” along with Plaintiff’s 3 allegation she “would have pursued Defendant Barton . . . in the same proceeding” had he 4 been subject to FINRA regulations indicate Plaintiff had knowledge of her claims against 5 Defendant before the FINRA arbitration. SAC ¶¶ 81, 86, 110. The Complaint has thus 6 failed to allege “the time and manner of discovery.” Cavan v. Maron, 182 F. Supp. 3d 954, 7 963 (D. Ariz. 2016). 8 Even if Plaintiff had adequately alleged the time and manner of discovery, she has 9 not sufficiently alleged her “inability to have made earlier discovery despite reasonable 10 diligence.” Id. In fact, the Complaint does not allege Plaintiff engaged in any diligence 11 whatsoever. Plaintiff does not allege she expressed any concern with or inquired about the 12 status of her investments, researched any of the companies she had invested in, or even 13 asked why the promised “mail box money” never arrived. Presumably, Defendant’s 14 repeated assertions he would “make her whole” and that she was “covered” and “would be 15 taken care of” were responses to inquiries or complaints from Plaintiff, but the Complaint 16 is silent as to Plaintiff’s involvement in these conversations. See SAC ¶¶ 113–114. In 17 short, the Complaint contains no allegations Plaintiff exercised any diligence in 18 discovering her claim, let alone the reasonable diligence required to avail herself of the 19 discovery rule. 20 Plaintiff’s allegations about Defendant’s and Newman’s “constant promises to 21 make [Plaintiff] whole” or statements Plaintiff was “covered” or “would be taken care of” 22 do not excuse her failure to exercise reasonable diligence in discovering her claim. 23 SAC ¶¶ 113–116. Whether Defendants “subsequently promised to remedy their breach 24 has no bearing on whether” Plaintiff knew about the “facts giving rise to her claim.” 25 Lytikainen v. Schaffer’s Bridal LLC, 409 F. Supp. 3d 767, 777 (D. Ariz. 2019) (citing Hall 26 v. Romero, 685 P.2d 757, 763 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1984) (holding the claim accrued even though 27 the breaching party had “promised to perform in the future,” because such future promises 28 “did not eradicate the fact that . . . [the breaching party] had already broken its promise to 1 perform”)). Further, the Complaint does not identify how the April 14, 2017 conversation 2 was different than her earlier conversations with Defendant (aside from taking place just 3 in time to perhaps maintain viable claims for the tolling agreement) or why those earlier 4 conversations precluded her from discovering her claims. 5 Plaintiff has not set forth facts in the Complaint sufficient to allege the discovery 6 rule applies to her claims. Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion with respect to Counts One 7 through Nine will be granted. 8 B. Shotgun Pleading 9 Defendants’ Motion next argues the Complaint is an improper “shotgun 10 pleading.” See Mot. at 6–10. Rule 8 requires a short and plain statement of the claim 11 showing the plaintiff is entitled to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). And Rule 10 requires a 12 plaintiff to state “claims or defenses in numbered paragraphs, each limited as far as 13 practicable to a single set of circumstances.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b). 14 Defendants cite Casavelli v. Johanson, arguing the Complaint “contains multiple 15 counts where each count adopts the allegations of all preceding counts” and “is replete with 16 conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously connected to any particular cause of 17 action.” Mot. at 7 (quoting 20-CV-0497, 2020 WL 4732145, at *9 (D. Ariz. Aug. 14, 18 2020)). While the Complaint does resemble a shotgun pleading, it is “neither rambling nor 19 confusing,” Facciola v. Greenberg Traurig, LLP, 781 F. Supp. 2d 913, 920–21 (D. Ariz. 20 2011), and it is not “extremely difficult to identify” the Complaint’s allegations of what 21 Defendant did, Plaintiff’s resulting injuries, and the theories of relief Plaintiff seeks to 22 articulate, Casavelli, 2020 WL 4732145 at *10. 23 C. Damages 24 In its final general argument attacking the Complaint, Defendants claim Plaintiff 25 has failed to plead the required damages for her claims. See Mot. at 10. Plaintiff responds 26 the Complaint alleges damages in each count. Resp. at 12–13. Defendants cite no authority 27 supporting their argument. Because the Complaint alleges damages in each count and 28 includes specific allegations of losses suffered by Plaintiff, see, e.g., SAC ¶ 54 (“Ms. 1 Kretsch’s investment was rendered worthless.”), ¶ 132 (“Plaintiff’s shares in CLC never 2 constituted a 20% ownership stake, as she was previously told.”), Plaintiff has adequately 3 alleged damages. 4 * * * 5 While the Court has found Counts One through Nine of the Complaint subject to 6 dismissal because the statutes of limitation have expired, Plaintiff’s Complaint has other 7 deficiencies that the Court must address. 8 D. Arizona Securities Fraud (Count One) 9 Plaintiff’s first asserted cause of action alleges Defendants violated 10 A.R.S. § 44-1991(A)(1) and (A)(2) in connection with her investments in Creative 11 Learning Corporation and Spectrum Resources Corporation. SAC ¶¶ 125–39. 12 A.R.S. § 44-1991(A)(1) prohibits anyone from employing “any device, scheme, or artifice 13 to defraud” in connection with a securities transaction, while A.R.S. § 44-1991(A)(2) 14 prohibits making “any untrue statement of material fact” or omitting “any material fact 15 necessary” to make a statement “not misleading.” To successfully state a § 1991(A) claim, 16 a plaintiff “must set forth facts indicating that each defendant either made, participated in, 17 or induced the security transaction at issue.” Allstate Life Ins. Co. v. Robert W. Baird & 18 Co., 756 F. Supp. 2d 1113, 1157 (D. Ariz. 2010) (citing A.R.S. § 44-2001(A)). And a 19 plaintiff bringing an action under § 44-1991(A)(1) must “state with particularity facts 20 giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind”— 21 knowingly or recklessly—in each alleged act or omission and “specify each alleged untrue 22 statement or material omission and the reason or reasons why the statement or omission is 23 misleading or the omission is material.” A.R.S. § 44-2082; see also Allstate, 756 F. Supp. 24 2d at 1159 (“For claims arising under § 1991(A)(1), a claimant must allege the requisite 25 state of mind with particularity.”); Facciola v. Greenberg Traurig, LLP, 781 F. Supp. 2d 26 913, 921–22 (D. Ariz. 2011) (denying motion to dismiss on scienter grounds where the 27 plaintiffs sufficiently alleged the defendants “acted knowingly or recklessly”). Further, “if 28 an allegation regarding the statement or omission is made on information and belief, the 1 complaint shall state with particularity all facts on which that belief is formed.” Id. 2 Defendants first argue Plaintiff has failed to plead the requisite scienter under 3 A.R.S. § 44-1991(A)(1). Mot. at 11. In response, Plaintiff points to two specific 4 paragraphs of the Complaint and cites to cases interpreting the federal Private Securities 5 Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”), which she claims is illustrative, to assert the Complaint, 6 taken as a whole, shows the requisite scienter. Resp. at 13–14. Defendants assert the 7 PSLRA is not applicable since Plaintiff has not alleged any claims under federal securities 8 law and that the two Complaint paragraphs Plaintiff cites only allege conduct on Newman’s 9 part. See Reply at 6–7; SAC ¶ 45 (“In April 2011, Newman solicited Ms. Kretsch to invest 10 in Spectrum . . .”), ¶ 59 (“Newman, of course, thought of Ms. Kretsch to fund the shell 11 company . . .”). 12 Though Plaintiff cites no authority for her claim that the PSLRA is illustrative, it 13 appears the scienter requirements of the two statutes are analogous. Compare 15 U.S.C. 14 § 78u–4(b)(2) with A.R.S. § 44-2082(B). But even “assessing the allegations holistically,” 15 see Resp. at 13 (quoting South Ferry LP, No. 2 v. Killinger, 542 F.3d 776, 784 (9th Cir. 16 2008)), Plaintiff has failed to identify any allegations in the Complaint which specifically 17 address Defendant’s state of mind. Instead, Plaintiff seeks to impute Newman’s scienter 18 to Defendant. Plaintiff has not adequately alleged scienter and has not sufficiently stated 19 a claim under A.R.S. § 44-1991(A)(1). 20 E. Negligent Misrepresentation, Control Person Liability, Constructive 21 Fraud, and Fraud (Counts Two, Three, Four, and Six) 22 Count Two alleges Defendant committed negligent misrepresentation by supplying 23 “false information to Plaintiff regarding the true nature of the advice and services he offered 24 to Plaintiff.” SAC ¶¶ 140–45. Count Three alleges “Defendant is vicariously liable as a 25 ‘controlling person’ for Newman’s violations of Arizona securities laws.” Id. at ¶ 147. 26 Count Four alleges “Defendant committed constructive fraud by breaching his duty to 27 make full disclosure to Plaintiff.” Id. at ¶ 164. And Count Six alleges Defendant 28 committed fraud against Plaintiff in connection with her investments. Id. at ¶¶ 183–192. 1 Aside from arguing the Court should dismiss these counts as time barred and 2 improper “shotgun pleadings,” see Mot. at 3, 8, Defendants do not address these claims. 3 Thus, the Court will not address the merits of these claims. 4 F. Civil Conspiracy (Count Five) 5 Count Five alleges “Defendant and Newman conspired to cause Newman to breach 6 his fiduciary duty to Plaintiff.” SAC ¶ 171.5 “For a civil conspiracy to occur” under 7 Arizona law, “two or more people must agree to accomplish an unlawful purpose or to 8 accomplish a lawful object by unlawful means, causing damages.” Wells Fargo Bank v. 9 Arizona Laborers, Teamsters & Cement Masons Loc. No. 395 Pension Tr. Fund, 38 P.3d 10 12, 36 (Ariz. 2002) (quoting Baker v. Stewart Title & Trust of Phoenix, 5 P.3d 249, 256 11 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2000)). “When pleading a claim for civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must plead 12 with particular specificity as to the manner in which a defendant joined in the conspiracy 13 and how he participated in it.” Armstrong v. Reynolds, 22 F.4th 1058, 1085 (9th Cir. 2022) 14 (internal quotations omitted). 15 Defendants argue Plaintiff has not met the heightened pleading standard for 16 conspiracy because she failed to “allege facts such as a specific time, place, or person 17 involved in the alleged conspiracies to give a defendant seeking to respond to allegations 18 of a conspiracy an idea of where to begin.” Mot. at 11–12 (internal quotations omitted). 19 Plaintiff claims she has pled an agreement “with particular specificity as to the manner in 20 which a defendant joined the conspiracy and how he participated in it.” Resp. at 14 21 (quoting Armstrong v. Reynolds, 22 F4th 1058, 1085 (9th Cir. 2022)). The Court agrees. 22 The Complaint specifically alleges Newman worked as Defendant’s agent, the actions 23 Newman took on Defendant’s behalf, and how Defendant benefitted. This is sufficient to 24 give Defendants “an idea of where to begin,” see Mot. at 11, in responding. Plaintiff has 25 sufficiently alleged an agreement between Defendant and Newman. 26

27 5 Count Five also appears to include claims of conspiracy to commit fraud and knowingly 28 make false statements of material fact. See SAC ¶¶ 173–74. Neither party addresses these claims, and the Court will not address them. 1 Defendants further argue Plaintiff has not adequately pled the underlying tort of 2 breach of fiduciary duty because her assertion “that Newman owes her a fiduciary duty as 3 her ‘financial and/or investment advisor’” is conclusory and insufficient because Plaintiff 4 did not allege any “peculiar reliance in the trustworthiness” of Newman. Mot. at 12. 5 Plaintiff claims Newman “was a registered representative of GVC working as an 6 investment advisor, making it almost impossible for him not to owe her a fiduciary duty.” 7 Resp. at 14 (emphasis in original). Plaintiff cites no authority for this claim. 8 There is no caselaw in Arizona stating financial advisors necessarily owe their 9 clients a fiduciary duty. While a financial advisor may owe a fiduciary duty, Arizona courts 10 only find such a duty where there is an “intimate and decades-long relationship of advice 11 and confidence” between the parties. In re Est. of Meinel, No. 2 CA-CV 2016-0032, 2016 12 WL 6108408, at *3 (Ariz. Ct. App. Oct. 19, 2016) (citing Stewart v. Phoenix Nat. Bank, 13 64 P.2d 101, 104, 106–07) (Ariz. 1937)); see also Standard Chartered PLC v. Price 14 Waterhouse, 945 P.2d 317, 335–37 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1996) (declining to find a fiduciary 15 relationship between financial firm and client, finding “trust, confidence, and reliance, 16 though necessary components, do not suffice to establish a fiduciary relationship”). In 17 declining to find a fiduciary duty, one unpublished case from this District suggested a 18 plaintiff may establish a fiduciary duty for a financial advisor by showing (1) the defendant 19 acted as the plaintiff’s financial advisor; and (2) the plaintiff relied on the defendant’s 20 financial advice. See Mortensen v. Home Loan Ctr., Inc., No. 08-CV-1669, 2010 WL 21 3002109, at *6 (D. Ariz. July 29, 2010) (citing McAlister v. Citibank, 829 P.2d 1253, 1258 22 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1992)). But the case the district court cited does not support this 23 proposition. The McAlister court summarized the holding of Stewart v. Phoenix National 24 Bank—which found a fiduciary relationship where a bank “acted as the customer’s 25 financial advisor for many (twenty-three) years”—but declined to find a fiduciary duty 26 where the plaintiff did not show the defendant acted as a financial advisor nor that he relied 27 on the defendant’s advice. 829 P.2d at 1258. Thus, a defendant acting as a financial 28 advisor and a plaintiff’s reliance on the defendant’s advice are necessary to establish a 1 fiduciary relationship, but not sufficient. And Plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts to 2 support her claim that Newman owed her a fiduciary duty. Plaintiff has failed to state a 3 claim for civil conspiracy. 4 G. Aiding and Abetting Tortious Conduct (Count Seven) 5 Count Seven alleges Defendant aided and abetted Newman’s tortious conduct. 6 SAC ¶¶ 193–200. This count includes three separate aiding and abetting claims: (1) aiding 7 and abetting negligence; (2) aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty; and (3) aiding 8 and abetting negligent misrepresentation. Id. at ¶ 195. A claim for aiding and abetting 9 tortious conduct under Arizona law requires: (i) the primary tortfeasor committed a tort 10 causing injury to the plaintiff; (ii) the defendant knew the primary tortfeasor breached a 11 duty; (iii) the defendant substantially assisted or encouraged the primary tortfeasor in 12 breaching the duty; and (iv) a causal relationship between the defendant’s assistance or 13 encouragement and the primary tortfeasor’s breach. Sec. Title Agency, Inc. v. Pope, 200 14 P.3d 977, 988 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2008). 15 Defendants correctly argue Plaintiff’s claims of aiding and abetting negligence and 16 negligent misrepresentation fail because Arizona does not recognize a claim for aiding and 17 abetting negligence. Mot. at 13 (citing Dube v. Likins, 167 P.3d 93, 100 (Ariz. Ct. App. 18 2007)). Plaintiff does not challenge Defendants’ interpretation of Arizona law. Thus, 19 Plaintiff’s claims for aiding and abetting negligence and aiding and abetting negligent 20 misrepresentation fail. 21 Defendants further argue Plaintiff’s aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty 22 claim fails because Plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged Newman owed Plaintiff a fiduciary 23 duty. Mot. at 13–14. The Court agrees. As discussed regarding Plaintiff’s civil conspiracy 24 claim, see supra Section F, Plaintiff has failed to sufficiently plead Newman owed her a 25 fiduciary duty. Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for aiding and abetting tortious conduct. 26 H. Negligent / Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (Counts Eight 27 and Nine) 28 Count Eight alleges negligent infliction of emotional distress (“NIED”). 1 SAC ¶¶ 201–06. Under Arizona law, an NIED claim is available where (i) the plaintiff 2 witnesses an injury to another person or (ii) the plaintiff suffers emotional distress from an 3 event that endangered plaintiff but did not physically injure her. See Quinn v. Turner, 745 4 P.2d 972, 973 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1987). Plaintiff does not allege she witnessed an injury to 5 another person, so her NIED claim falls into the latter category. To state a direct NIED 6 claim, a plaintiff must allege (i) the defendant was negligent; (ii) the defendant’s 7 negligence created an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to the plaintiff; (iii) the defendant’s 8 negligence caused the plaintiff emotional distress; and (iv) the plaintiff suffered physical 9 injury or illness due to the emotional distress. Rev. Ariz. Jury Instr. (Civ.) Negligence 9 10 (6th ed. 2018) (citing Quinn, 745 P.2d 972; Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 436(2), 11 426A). 12 Count Nine alleges intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”). 13 SAC ¶¶ 207–12. The elements of an IIED claim under Arizona law are: (i) the defendant’s 14 conduct was “extreme” or “outrageous;” (ii) the defendant intended to cause emotional 15 distress or recklessly disregarded a “near certainty that such distress” would result from the 16 conduct; and (iii) the conduct caused severe emotional distress. Ford v. Revlon, Inc., 734 17 P.2d 580, 585 (Ariz. 1987). To be outrageous or extreme, conduct must go “beyond all 18 possible bounds of decency” and be “regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a 19 civilized community.” Id. (citation omitted). Examples of emotional distress held 20 sufficiently “severe” include heart attack, premature birth of a dead baby, severe 21 nervousness rendering the victim unable to perform her job, severe stress and anxiety 22 requiring hospitalization, or stress resulting in permanent impairment of an existing 23 medical condition. Wray v. Greenberg, 646 F. Supp. 3d 1084, 1108 (D. Ariz. 2022) (citing 24 Midas Muffler Shop v. Ellison, 650 P.2d 496, 501 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1982)). 25 Defendants argue these claims fail because Plaintiff “merely recites the legal 26 elements of each cause of action and claims they have been met,” and Plaintiff does not 27 sufficiently plead physical or emotional distress. Mot. at 9–10. Plaintiff does not respond 28 to Defendant’s arguments regarding her NIED and IIED claims. While Plaintiff’s failure 1 to respond constitutes abandonment, see, e.g., Doe v. Dickinson, 615 F. Supp. 2d 1002, 2 1011 (D. Ariz. 2009), her claims fail for other reasons. 3 First, Plaintiff has not adequately pled an NIED claim. When the plaintiff does not 4 witness injury to another person, an NIED claim requires the plaintiff to have been “within 5 the zone of danger, i.e.—the defendant’s negligence must have created an unreasonable 6 risk of bodily harm” to the plaintiff. Quinn v. Turner, 745 P.2d 972, 974 (Ariz. Ct. App. 7 1987). Plaintiff does not make such an allegation. Rather, she simply alleges “Defendant’s 8 negligence created an unreasonable risk of injury to Plaintiff.” SAC ¶ 203. The underlying 9 subject of this cause of action is alleged fraud, not a risk of physical injury. And as 10 Defendants argue, Plaintiff’s Complaint merely recites the elements of the claim with no 11 facts. SAC ¶¶ 201-06. These conclusory and unsupported allegations cannot sustain her 12 claim. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 13 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)) (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 14 supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”). Plaintiff has not stated a claim 15 for NIED. 16 Plaintiff has also failed to state a claim for IIED. Again, the Complaint simply 17 recites the elements of the claim, rendering the claim subject to dismissal. 18 SAC ¶¶ 207–212. In particular, Plaintiff fails to allege what conduct gives rise to her IIED 19 claim, let alone why or how that conduct was “extreme” or “outrageous.” Again, Plaintiff 20 does not detail her purported “emotional distress” or how it manifested as severe enough 21 to sustain an IIED claim. Plaintiff has not stated a claim for IIED. 22 I. Breach of Contract (Count Ten) 23 Count Ten alleges breach of a settlement agreement between the parties under which 24 Defendant and Newman agreed to pay Plaintiff $500,000 in stock. SAC ¶¶ 122–124, 213– 25 222. Defendants argue no valid contract existed between the parties and attach a copy of 26 the alleged agreement to their Motion. Mot. at 14. 27 A district court may consider extraneous documents on a motion to dismiss where 28 “(1) the complaint refers to the document; (2) the document is central to the plaintiff’s 1 claim; and (3) no party questions the authenticity of the copy attached to the 12(b)(6) 2 motion.” Rand v. Midland Nat’l Life Ins., 857 Fed. App’x 343, 346 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting 3 Marder v. Lopez, 450 F.3d 445, 448 (9th Cir. 2006)). The alleged contract consists of an 4 email exchange between Mark Chester (representing Newman) and Justin Nelson 5 (representing Plaintiff). (Doc. 12-1). The Complaint refers to this document, see 6 SAC ¶¶ 122–124, 213–222, and the alleged contract appears central to Plaintiff’s breach 7 claim. Plaintiff does not dispute its authenticity in her Response to Defendants’ Motion. 8 See generally Resp. Thus, the Court will consider it. 9 Defendants argue no contract exists between the parties because Mr. Chester 10 expressly stated he did not represent Defendant, so any agreement was only between 11 Plaintiff and Newman. Mot. at 14–15. And even if Defendant was a party to the 12 negotiations, Plaintiff did not legally accept Mr. Chester’s offer, because her purported 13 acceptance was conditional and changed material terms of the offer by requiring a tolling 14 agreement and requesting further discussions about how to apportion the payment of stock. 15 Id. Plaintiff does not respond to these arguments and instead points to the allegations in 16 her complaint, asserting she has adequately pled: (i) a valid contract exists, (ii) Defendant 17 breached the contract, (iii) resulting in damages to Plaintiff. Resp. at 15. 18 While Plaintiff’s allegations might suffice to plead a breach of contract claim on 19 their face, the alleged contract contradicts them. An offeree must unequivocally accept the 20 offer to create a valid contract. See Richards v. Simpson, 531 P.2d 538, 540 (Ariz. 1975) 21 (“To create mutual consent and therefore a contract, acceptance of the offer must be 22 unequivocal.”); Ficalora v. Int’l Bus. Machines Corp., 124 F.3d 211 (9th Cir. 1997) 23 (“Under settled principles of contract law, [the] September 17 letter was a counteroffer, not 24 an acceptance, because it imposed additional conditions.”); Beretta v. Tucson Trap & Skeet 25 Club, No. 2 CA-CV 2007-0009, 2007 WL 5556383, at *2 (Ariz. Ct. App. Aug. 16, 2007) 26 (“Mutual consent to a contract can only exist when acceptance of the offer is 27 unequivocal.”). Plaintiff’s purported acceptance stated that she “would like to 28 conditionally accept the counteroffer,” required Defendant and Newman to execute a tolling agreement, and invited further discussion of how to apportion the shares that 2|| Plaintiff would receive. (Doc. 12-1). This expressly conditional “acceptance” constitutes □□ acounteroffer. And since Plaintiff has not alleged Defendant accepted this counteroffer, no valid contract exists. Thus, the Court will dismiss Count Ten of Plaintiff's Complaint. 5 In addition to dismissal of this count, Defendants request an order granting them 6|| their attorneys’ fees and costs under A.R.S. §§ 12-341 and 12-341.01, which allow for fees awards to successful parties in contested contract actions. Defendants may renew this 8 || request, if appropriate, following final judgment in this case. 9 CONCLUSION 10 Plaintiff has failed to adequately allege each of her ten claims against Defendants. 11 Accordingly, 12 IT IS ORDERED Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 12) is GRANTED. 13 || Plaintiff's Complaint (Doc. 11) is DISMISSED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. If Plaintiff amends, she must file an amended complaint within fourteen days of this Order and 15 || Defendants shall respond to it by the deadline required by the Federal Rules of Civil || Procedure. If Plaintiff does not amend, no later than fourteen days of this Order Plaintiff || must file a statement setting forth that no amendment will be filed. 18 Dated this 6th day of March, 2024. 19 fo = 20 C | . ES . 21 Honorable slyn ©. Silver 02 Senior United States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28

-17-