2021 IL App (5th) 200026 NOTICE Decision filed 05/20/21. The text of this decision may be NO. 5-20-0026 changed or corrected prior to the filing of a Peti ion for IN THE Rehearing or the disposition of the same. APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
MARC KRAMER, Personal Representative of ) Appeal from the the Estate of Steven Greene, Deceased, ) Circuit Court of ) Madison County. Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ) v. ) No. 18-L-1710 ) GABRIEL RUIZ, ) Honorable ) David W. Dugan, Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE MOORE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justice Welch concurred in the judgment and opinion. Justice Cates dissented, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff Marc Kramer, personal representative of the estate of Steven Greene, deceased,
filed a complaint in the circuit court of Madison County for wrongful death against the defendant,
Gabriel Ruiz. After the defendant was served with an alias summons, he filed a motion to dismiss
the complaint pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 103(b) (eff. July 1, 2007), asserting that the
plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable diligence in effectuating the service on the defendant.
Following a hearing on the motion, the circuit court granted the defendant’s motion and dismissed
the complaint with prejudice. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the circuit court’s dismissal
of the plaintiff’s case.
1 ¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 The underlying matter arises out of a December 22, 2016, automobile/pedestrian collision
that resulted in the death of Steven Greene. On December 18, 2018, four days prior to the
expiration of the applicable statute of limitations, the plaintiff filed a complaint and summons
against the defendant for wrongful death arising from that accident. The circuit court’s docket
sheet reveals that, on December 20, 2018, a summons was issued for the defendant and sent to the
plaintiff’s counsel via “efile” 1 for counsel to effectuate service. No further action was taken on this
case by the plaintiff or plaintiff’s counsel. On May 1, 2019, the circuit court set the matter for a
case management conference to be held on August 21, 2019.
¶4 On August 9, 2019, nearly eight months after the complaint was filed and the statute of
limitations had expired, plaintiff’s counsel, Jennifer Suttmoeller, took her first action towards
effecting service on the defendant when she requested, and the circuit clerk issued via “efile,” an
alias summons for the defendant. Eleven days later, on August 20, 2019, the defendant was served
with the alias summons and a copy of the plaintiff’s complaint.
¶5 On September 19, 2019, counsel for the defendant entered his appearance and filed a
motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 103(b) (eff.
July 1, 2007). The motion alleged that the plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable diligence in
serving process on the defendant after the expiration of the statute of limitations. The defendant
also attached to his Rule 103(b) motion the Illinois traffic crash report regarding the accident at
issue and an affidavit, dated September 18, 2019, which had been executed by the defendant. In
1 On January 22, 2016, the Illinois Supreme Court entered an order amending M.R. 18368, announcing mandatory e-filing or electronic filing of civil cases in the Illinois supreme, appellate, and circuit courts. Ill. S. Ct., M.R. 18368 (eff. Jan. 22, 2016). That same order required the electronic filing through a single, centralized electronic filing manager called eFileIL. That databased is often simply referenced using the term “efile.” 2 his affidavit, the defendant listed his address at the time of the accident and asserted that he had
not changed addresses since December 2016. The defendant further stated that he had not been
employed outside of his home since December 18, 2018, and that he did not attempt to evade
service. The Illinois traffic crash report listed the defendant’s address as the same set forth in the
defendant’s affidavit.
¶6 On November 20, 2019, the plaintiff filed a response to the defendant’s motion to dismiss.
In his response, the plaintiff argued that the defendant was not deprived of a fair opportunity to
investigate the circumstances upon which liability against the defendant was predicated while the
facts were accessible and that the plaintiff had not intentionally delayed service of process on the
defendant. Attached to his response to the defendant’s motion to dismiss, the plaintiff also
submitted several documents, including (1) an affidavit that had been executed by the defendant
on January 17, 2017, (2) correspondence between the defendant’s co-attorneys Kacerovskis and
Unsell, (3) correspondence from the plaintiff’s attorney Leonard Cervantes, (4) a computer
printout of the circuit court docket, (5) an affidavit from the plaintiff’s counsel, and (6) a copy of
the alias summons served upon the defendant.
¶7 The defendant’s January 17, 2017, affidavit stated that he “was involved in a motor vehicle
collision on December 22, 2016[,] in Madison County, Illinois” and that he had only one insurance
policy that was applicable to the accident, which was from Traveler’s Insurance. He also provided
the policy number for the insurance policy. On January 18, 2017, Unsell sent the defendant’s
affidavit to Kacerovskis.
¶8 The Leonard Cervantes correspondence attached to the plaintiff’s response was faxed to
Traveler’s Insurance on June 21, 2017. That document stated that Cervantes & Associates had
assumed representation of the plaintiff regarding the December 22, 2016, automobile/pedestrian
3 accident. The letter stated that the firm of Cervantes & Associates was to receive a percentage of
any amount recovered “whether by compromise or by suit.”
¶9 Plaintiff’s counsel, Jennifer Suttmoeller, also filed an affidavit to support the plaintiff’s
response. In that affidavit, plaintiff’s counsel stated that she was the attorney for the plaintiff and
had requested a summons on the date she filed the wrongful death complaint against the defendant.
She further denied that she ever received notice that the summons was issued on December 20,
2018, as reflected by the “Madison County Circuit Court Docket Sheet.” She also denied she ever
received notice that the court, on May 1, 2019, set the matter for a case management conference.
Instead, plaintiff’s counsel alleged that she discovered the notice of the case management
conference on “the Madison County Circuit Court’s website” sometime in July 2019. Plaintiff’s
counsel then alleges that this event led to the realization that the original summons was never
served and prompted her to request that an alias summons be issued by the circuit court on August
9, 2019. The affidavit also indicated that plaintiff’s counsel was out of the office for extended
periods of time during the months of March and April 2019.
¶ 10 On November 21, 2019, the circuit court heard arguments from the parties regarding the
defendant’s motion to dismiss. Following the hearing, the court took the matter under advisement.
The court also directed the plaintiff to file a supplemental affidavit and allowed the defendant to
file a brief in response to the plaintiff’s cases cited during the hearing.
¶ 11 On November 26, 2019, plaintiff’s counsel filed her supplemental affidavit. In the affidavit,
counsel stated that she was an associate with the law firm of Cervantes & Associates in St. Louis,
Missouri, and that the law firm was owned and operated by Leonard Cervantes “until his
unexpected death on June 23, 2018.” Plaintiff’s counsel attested that “[p]rior to his death, this
matter was solely being handled by Leonard Cervantes.” Further, she stated that Mr. Cervantes’s
4 “untimely and unexpected death left the office personnel to figure out the status of several matters
previously *** handled by Mr. Cervantes, including administrative issues.” The plaintiff’s file was
ultimately identified, and the lawsuit was filed four days prior the expiration of the statute of
limitations.
¶ 12 The plaintiff’s counsel next averred that she had never handled any Illinois cases without
supervision from Cervantes and she “mistakenly believed the Madison County Circuit Clerk’s
office would prepare and return the summons to [her] for service.” Plaintiff’s counsel denied
receiving the summons issued by the circuit clerk’s office. Plaintiff’s counsel went on to explain
that when she did not receive the summons shortly after filing the complaint on December 18,
2018, she assumed it was due to the Christmas and New Year’s Eve holidays. Plaintiff’s counsel
admitted that, “[d]ue to the press of other business, [she] failed to follow up to secure the
summons.” Plaintiff’s counsel then stated that she suffered from a chronic medical condition,
multiple sclerosis, that required her to take an extended leave of absence from her work during
March and April of 2019. This leave of absence “compounded the backload of work at Cervantes
& Associates,” which was still shorthanded due to Cervantes’s unexpected death. Finally,
plaintiff’s counsel ended her affidavit by stating that her “failure to serve [the defendant] shortly
after the expiration of the statute of limitations was due to inadvertence” and further that she could
not identify any “harm or prejudice that resulted to [the defendant] for the delay in service of
summons.”
¶ 13 On November 27, 2019, the defendant filed his memorandum in support of his motion to
dismiss, which addressed the cases they had referenced during the hearing on the motion to
dismiss.
5 ¶ 14 On December 30, 2019, the circuit court entered its order granting the defendant’s motion
to dismiss. In its order, the court found that the “record reflects that nothing transpired in the case
until an [a]lias [s]ummons was issued by the [c]lerk on August 9, 2019” and that the “record does
not reveal an affidavit of service,” but that the defendant had testified he was served on August 20,
2019, and had entered his appearance for the purposes of filing the motion to dismiss.
¶ 15 In its analysis, the circuit court stated:
“In this case, the [p]laintiff waited until just before the expiration of the statute of
limitation before filing suit. There was no apparent attempt on the part of the [p]laintiff to
secure service on the [d]efendant during the period of over 8 months following filing suit.
And, the [p]laintiff offers very little in way of reason or excuse for the delay in obtaining
service except to say that counsel ‘was out of the office for an extended period of time in
March and April, 2019.’ *** [The p]laintiff provides the [c]ourt with no justification for
the delay of the remaining 6 month period.”
¶ 16 The circuit court then found that “there is nothing in the record that would suggest that the
activities of the [d]efendant served to inhibit or prevent service of process upon him,” noting that
his address was the same as that listed on the accident report. The circuit court acknowledged that
the plaintiff’s prior counsel had communicated with the defendant regarding a possibility of a
claim, but that “contact predated the filing of the lawsuit, and it appears from the record that more
than 2 ½ years would pass before Defendant heard from the Plaintiff or his counsel again.” Further,
nothing suggests that the defendant was aware of the pendency of the case or that he was a named
party in the case until he was served with the complaint.
¶ 17 The circuit court then determined that the passage of eight months was “lengthy” and that
“inaction for that period of time tends to frustrate the purpose of and policy behind Rule 103(b).”
6 The court concluded that, under the facts of this case, “it cannot be said that the [p]laintiff was
reasonably diligent in effectuating or even attempting service after filing suit” and, further, that
the plaintiff failed to provide “a countervailing explanation for the delay and inaction.” This appeal
followed.
¶ 18 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 19 On appeal, the plaintiff contends that the circuit court abused its discretion in dismissing
the plaintiff’s complaint with prejudice pursuant to Rule 103(b). We disagree. For the reasons that
follow, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the plaintiff’s
lawsuit.
¶ 20 Rule 103(b) provides that, if the plaintiff fails to exercise reasonable diligence to obtain
service on a defendant after the statute of limitations has expired, the circuit court may dismiss the
matter and that such dismissal shall be with prejudice. Ill. S. Ct. R. 103(b) (eff. July 1, 2007). In
considering whether the plaintiff exercised reasonable diligence, the circuit court is to consider the
totality of the circumstances. Id. This court reviews the circuit court’s grant of a dismissal pursuant
to Rule 103(b) for an abuse of discretion. Segal v. Sacco, 136 Ill. 2d 282, 286 (1990). “A trial court
abuses its discretion when its decision is ‘arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, or where no
reasonable person would adopt the court’s view.’ ” (Emphasis added.) Emrikson v. Morfin, 2012
IL App (1st) 111687, ¶ 14 (quoting Evitts v. DaimlerChrysler Motors Corp., 359 Ill. App. 3d 504,
513 (2005)).
¶ 21 Rule 103(b) does not set forth any specific time limitation within which a defendant must
be served, but the rule has the essential purpose of promoting the expeditious handling of lawsuits
by giving the circuit courts wide discretion to dismiss when service is not effectuated with
reasonable diligence. Segal, 136 Ill. 2d at 285-86. The purpose of Rule 103(b) is to protect
7 defendants from unnecessary delay in the service of process and to prevent circumvention of the
statute of limitations. Id. at 286. The plaintiff bears the burden of showing reasonable diligence in
the service of process and must provide a reasonable explanation for any apparent lack of diligence.
McRoberts v. Bridgestone Americas Holding, Inc., 365 Ill. App. 3d 1039, 1043 (2006).
¶ 22 The court is to apply an objective standard when determining whether a plaintiff exercised
reasonable diligence in effecting service of process, with each case turning on its own specific
facts. Id. at 1042. The determination of whether a plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable diligence
is a fact-intensive inquiry suited to balancing, not bright lines. Id. When deciding whether to grant
dismissal pursuant to Rule 103(b), the circuit court should consider the following factors: (1) the
length of time used to obtain service of process, (2) the activities of the plaintiff, (3) the plaintiff’s
knowledge of the defendant’s location, (4) the ease with which the defendant’s whereabouts could
have been ascertained, (5) the defendant’s knowledge of the pendency of the lawsuit, (6) special
circumstances which would affect the plaintiff’s efforts, and (7) actual service on the defendant.
Segal, 136 Ill. 2d at 287. These factors must be contemplated in light of the purpose of Rule 103(b).
Id. However, it is well settled that dismissal under Rule 103(b) is within the sound discretion of
the circuit court. Id. at 286. “In determining whether there has been an abuse of discretion, we may
not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court, or even determine whether the trial court
exercised its discretion wisely.” Simmons v. Garces, 198 Ill. 2d 541, 568 (2002).
¶ 23 Thus, the question before this court is whether the circuit court abused its discretion in
finding that the plaintiff did not use reasonable diligence in obtaining service upon the defendant.
In other words, we must decide whether the circuit court’s determination that the plaintiff failed
to use reasonable diligence in serving the defendant following the filing of the lawsuit was
8 arbitrary, fanciful, unreasonable, or whether no reasonable person would adopt the circuit court’s
view. We find this standard is not met.
¶ 24 As noted above, in
“making a decision on a Rule 103(b) motion, the trial court should consider the following
factors: (1) the length of time used to obtain the service of process, (2) the activities of the
plaintiff, (3) the plaintiff’s knowledge of the defendant’s location, (4) the ease with which
the defendant’s whereabouts could have been ascertained, (5) special circumstances that
would affect the plaintiff’s rights, and (6) actual service on the defendant.” McRoberts, 365
Ill. App. 3d at 1042-43 (citing Womick v. Jackson County Nursing Home, 137 Ill. 2d 371,
377 (1990)).
“The plaintiff has the burden of showing reasonable diligence in the service of process and must
give a reasonable explanation for any apparent lack of diligence.” Id. at 1043 (citing Marks v.
Rueben H. Donnelley, Inc., 260 Ill. App. 3d 1042, 1047 (1994)).
¶ 25 When reviewing the facts of this case, we first note that the amount of time that elapsed
between the filing of the lawsuit and the ultimate service on the defendant was approximately eight
months. While it is true that Rule 103(b) does not set forth any specific limitation within which a
defendant must be served, Illinois courts have held on numerous occasions that such a delay is
sufficient to warrant dismissal. See, e.g., Womick, 137 Ill. 2d at 380-81 (Illinois Supreme Court
found dismissal with prejudice not an abuse of discretion where plaintiff never attempted to serve
the defendant at a known location for a period of nine months following the filing of the lawsuit);
Luebbing v. Copley Memorial Hospital, 60 Ill. App. 3d 780, 781 (1978) (the plaintiff did not place
summons until 10 months after the lawsuit was filed); Penrod v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 150 Ill.
App. 3d 125, 129 (1986) (appellate court found the plaintiff failed to exercise due diligence where
9 the plaintiff only made minimal efforts to obtain service over a period of seven months). Thus, the
eight-month delay in this case is sufficient for a circuit court to find in favor of dismissal.
¶ 26 Therefore, we now look at the remaining facts of this case to determine if the circuit court’s
finding of the plaintiff’s lack of due diligence in serving the defendant is unreasonable.
¶ 27 When considering the factors the circuit court weighed, it is evident that nearly all the
factors weigh in support of the defendant’s position and the circuit court’s determination to
dismiss. Specifically, the factors included an eight-month delay in completing the service, the
plaintiff’s failure to attempt to serve the defendant from the time of filing until the actual service, 2
the plaintiff’s counsel’s knowledge of the defendant’s location as it was listed on the Illinois traffic
crash report, the fact that the defendant’s address did not change during the three years following
the accident prior to service, and, finally, the short time it took for the defendant to be served
following the first attempt of service by the plaintiff’s counsel in August 2019. They all
demonstrate the ease with which service could have occurred earlier. Therefore, the only factor
that could weigh in favor of nondismissal is the special circumstances factor.
¶ 28 The plaintiff’s counsel argues that the following circumstances combined together to result
in the eight-month delay: (1) the unexpected death of her supervising attorney 6 months prior to
the expiration of the statute of limitations and 14 months prior to service on the defendant, (2) the
counsel’s failure to receive the summons from the Madison County circuit clerk’s office, and
(3) the counsel’s having to take an extended leave of absence during March and April of 2019 due
2 Following the filing of the lawsuit, the court’s docketing sheet indicates that on December 20, 2018, a summons was issued and forwarded to the plaintiff’s counsel via e-file for service on the defendant. Plaintiff’s counsel, in her supplemental affidavit responding to the defendant’s Rule 103(b) motion, denies ever receiving this summons, stating: “I did not receive [the summons] shortly after filing, [and] I assumed it was due to the Christmas and New Year’s holiday. Due to the press of other business, I failed to follow up to secure the summons.” Thus, while a summons appears to have been issued following the filing of the case, there was never an attempt by the plaintiff’s counsel to serve that summons on the defendant or any attempt by her to follow up with the circuit clerk’s office as to the reason she did not receive it. 10 to her chronic medical condition, multiple sclerosis. The plaintiff’s counsel explains that the death
of her colleague combined with her leave of absence created a backlog of work in the law firm.
¶ 29 In considering whether these special circumstances rise to a level to excuse such a delay in
service, we find Sinn v. Elmhurst Medical Building, Ltd., 243 Ill. App. 3d 787 (1993), to be
instructive, given its factual similarities to this matter. In Sinn, the plaintiff who had suffered a
slip-and-fall injury hired an attorney, Donald Ramsell, to represent him. Id. at 788. Following the
forming of the attorney-client relationship, on December 28, 1990, Ramsell filed the lawsuit
against the three suspected defendants; however, no summonses were issued at the time of filing.
Instead, Ramsell began conducting a property tract search of the subject premises to further
confirm the owner of the relevant properties. Id. On January 21, 1991, the plaintiff informed
Ramsell that he no longer wished for Ramsell to represent him. Id. On January 24, 1991, Ramsell
informed the plaintiff that summons had not been issued and that the plaintiff “ ‘must serve
summons on defendants as soon as possible.’ ” Id. On March 28, 1991, the circuit court granted
Ramsell leave to withdraw as plaintiff’s counsel. Id. On April 5, 1991, the plaintiff retained a new
law firm, Botti, Marinaccio, DeSalvo & Tameling, Ltd. (Botti), to represent him. Id. Following
this arrangement, a fee dispute occurred between the plaintiff and Ramsell. Id. As a result, Ramsell
refused to release the plaintiff’s file until late May 1991, and the plaintiff finally obtained his file
on July 11, 1991. Id. One of the defendants was then served on September 3, 1991, 8 months
following the filing of the lawsuit, and the remaining two defendants were served on December
16, 1991, 11 months following the filing of the lawsuit. Id. It is important to note that the slip-and-
fall was reported to one of the defendants at the time of the occurrence, and thus, at least one of
the defendants did have notice of a possible lawsuit. Id. Following service, the defendants filed a
11 motion to dismiss the lawsuit pursuant to Rule 103(b). Id. at 789. The circuit court granted the
103(b) motion to dismiss, dismissing the case with prejudice, and the plaintiff appealed. Id.
¶ 30 On appeal, the plaintiff contended “that ‘special circumstances’ existed due to the conflict
with his former attorneys and the illness of his mother during the pendency of the suit,” which
prevented him from being able to timely serve the defendants. Id. at 790. However, our colleagues
in the Second District upheld the circuit court’s dismissal under these circumstances. Id. at 790-
92. The court found that the plaintiff had made no effort to serve the defendants between the time
of filing and actual service. Id. at 792. Additionally, the plaintiff offered no reasons or special
circumstances as to why no attempts were made to serve the defendants during the 4½ months
following the settling of the dispute with Ramsell and the obtaining of his file. Id. at 791-92. The
court found that the only factors the plaintiff identified as being favorable to him were that the
defendants had actual notice of the occurrence and presumably were not prejudiced by the delay.
Id. at 790, 792. The court then noted that the Illinois Supreme Court in Womick “held that actual
notice of the suit and a lack of prejudice will not necessarily preclude dismissal under Rule 103(b),
since these are merely two of the factors to be considered.” Id. at 792 (citing Womick, 137 Ill. 2d
at 377).
¶ 31 When comparing Sinn and the present matter, we find that Sinn offered as much, if not
more, special circumstances explaining the service delay than the present matter, yet the Sinn court,
applying the abuse of discretion standard, still upheld the circuit court’s dismissal. In Sinn, the
plaintiff was not certain of who owned the property, and thus, the defendants were not exactly
known at the time of filing. Here, the defendant was known and so was the defendant’s address.
In Sinn, the plaintiff lost three or four months, during which time service could have been
effectuated, due to the change of attorneys and subsequent fee dispute that resulted in his file being
12 “held hostage.” In this matter, time is also claimed to have been lost due to the plaintiff’s counsel’s
illness of approximately two months. When considering that circumstance in Sinn, the court chose
to exclude that amount of time and, instead, focused on the 4½ months in which the plaintiff could
have served the defendants but failed to do so. While we make no determination of whether or not
a court is required to take such a step, likewise, here, once we remove the two months due to
illness, we are left with six months in which service could have been effectuated—approximately
two months more than that available to the plaintiff in Sinn. Finally, when we examine the
circumstances more broadly, we have two significant special circumstances offered in both cases
which the plaintiffs claim combined to form a perfect storm resulting in delayed service of process.
In Sinn, it was the plaintiff’s file being held hostage and his mother’s illness; here, it is the
plaintiff’s counsel’s illness and the sudden death of a colleague resulting in an increased workload.
While special circumstances are offered by plaintiff’s counsel to explain portions of the delay,
there exists in the present case, as in Sinn, several months of time in which the defendant could
have been served and was not, without any attempt at service or any sufficient explanation for the
lack of an attempt at service.
¶ 32 Additionally, we acknowledge that, according to plaintiff’s counsel, an issue with the
summons occurred that resulted in her never receiving it following the filing of the lawsuit.
However, this “special circumstance” does not weigh in her favor. As plaintiff’s counsel states in
her own affidavit, she was aware that she never received the summons from the circuit clerk’s
office, and she failed to follow up with it regarding the status of the summons “due to the press of
other business.” It is well established that attorneys have a duty to track and monitor their cases
and learn of developments in said cases, such as upcoming hearing dates. Tiller v. Semonis, 263
Ill. App. 3d 653, 657 (1994). Therefore, if an issue did occur in the e-filing system that prevented
13 the plaintiff’s counsel from receiving the initial summons, counsel still had a duty to monitor the
case and discover such an issue. A quick review of the court’s docket sheet for this case, which at
the time of filing should have been available to plaintiff’s counsel online, 3 would have revealed
that the circuit court had issued the summons on December 20, 2018, and would have alerted
counsel that she needed to follow up to ensure she obtained the summons so that service could be
3 This court “may take judicial notice of readily verifiable facts if doing so ‘will “aid in the efficient disposition of a case,” ’ even if judicial notice was not sought in the trial court.” Aurora Loan Services, LLC v. Kmiecik, 2013 IL App (1st) 121700, ¶ 37 (quoting Department of Human Services v. Porter, 396 Ill. App. 3d 701, 725 (2009)). The ability of an appellate court to “take judicial notice of information on a public website even though the information was not in the record on appeal” has also been recognized by Illinois courts. People v. Crawford, 2013 IL App (1st) 100310, ¶ 118 n.9; see also People v. Clark, 406 Ill. App. 3d 622, 633-34 (2010) (reliability of “mainstream Internet sites” such as Map Quest and Google Maps warrant judicial notice). Further, “[appellate courts] can take judicial notice of the computer docket sheets under [the Illinois Supreme Court’s decision in People v. Davis, 65 Ill. 2d 157 (1976)].” People v. Johnson, 2020 IL App (1st) 171638, ¶ 29 (in Johnson, the appellate court took judicial notice of submitted computer printouts which purported to be copies of the circuit court docket); see also People v. Davis, 65 Ill. 2d 157, 164-65 (1976) (the Illinois Supreme Court held, “In our judgment, the extension of the doctrine of judicial notice to include facts which, while not generally known, are readily verifiable from sources of indisputable accuracy is an important aid in the efficient disposition of litigation, and its use, where appropriate, is to be commended.”). On January 22, 2016, our supreme court entered an order amending M.R. 18368 that mandated electronic filing of civil cases throughout the State of Illinois beginning January 1, 2018. Ill. S. Ct., M.R. 18368 (eff. Jan. 22, 2016). On May 30, 2017, the supreme court amended the order M.R. 18368 which further required all Illinois circuit courts to “make available their case documents and information to the statewide remote access system known as re:SearchIL” by no later than July 1, 2018. Ill. S. Ct., M.R. 18368 (eff. May 30, 2017). Therefore, by the time of the filing of this lawsuit in December of 2018, plaintiff’s counsel should have had available to her the state’s electronic filing system, which our supreme court mandated to be in place and operational prior to the initial filing of this matter. Additionally, the order further allowed courts to continue “to utilize other remote access systems in addition to re:SearchIL.” Id. This court is aware that the Madison County circuit clerk office’s public website has maintained for a number of years a public online records database, which is still currently maintained and located at “clericusmagnus.com.” That database contains and displays certain public records and online docket sheets for Madison County court cases. Therefore, plaintiff’s counsel should have had at least two different avenues to remotely monitor the case online, which, if used, should have allowed her to quickly recognize the issue with the summons immediately after the docket sheet was updated showing that a summons had been issued and sent to her via efile. Additionally, plaintiff’s counsel avers in her initial affidavit that she ultimately used this website in July of 2019 to discover that summons had not been served. Assuming, arguendo, that these systems were not available to plaintiff’s counsel or that the systems experienced some type of technical error (an argument not raised by any party before this court), it does not absolve the duty of the plaintiff’s counsel to timely monitor the case. A phone call to the circuit clerk’s office to inquire about the status of the summons would have been an equally effective and quick manner to learn of the issue. 14 timely effectuated. Further, the plaintiff’s counsel’s claim that she did not follow up with the circuit
clerk’s office regarding the summons because of the “press of other business” is not a sufficient
excuse. While we can understand that counsel’s workload increased following the death of her
colleague, by this time, at least six months had passed, which should have allowed counsel enough
time to regain control over the handling of the firm’s cases. Further, the death of a colleague,
while tragic, does not alleviate the plaintiff’s counsel from her duty of monitoring developments
in her cases.
¶ 33 “Although prevention of intentional delay in the service of summons was a primary reason
for the adoption of the rule and its predecessors, Rule 103(b) is not based upon the subjective test
of plaintiff’s intent, but, rather, upon the objective test of reasonable diligence in effecting service.”
Cannon v. Dini, 226 Ill. App. 3d 82, 86 (1992) (citing Parker v. Universal Packaging Corp., 200
Ill. App. 3d 882, 886 (1990)); see also Caliendo v. Public Taxi Service, Inc., 70 Ill. App. 2d 86, 88
(1966); Karpiel v. LaSalle National Bank of Chicago, 119 Ill. App. 2d 157, 160-61 (1970); Phifer
v. Hayes, 20 Ill. App. 3d 635, 638-39 (1974). Thus, the fact that the delay may have been due to
inadvertence, as argued by the plaintiff’s counsel, is not solely determinative of the issue before
us; instead, the standard of reasonable diligence is what ultimately controls.
¶ 34 The dissent in this case relies heavily on the supreme court case of Segal, 136 Ill. 2d 282;
however, this reliance is misplaced. In Segal, a 4½-month delay in the service of process occurred
because the plaintiff’s counsel simply forgot to have the summons issued and served on the
defendant. Id. at 287. The circuit court granted the defendants’ subsequent Rule 103(b) motion to
dismiss with prejudice. Id. at 285. The appellate court found that the “length of time used to obtain
service of process[ ] is determinative,” and “the time here was simply too short to permit dismissal
with prejudice of the entire action.” Segal v. Sacco, 175 Ill. App. 3d 504, 506 (1988). Ultimately,
15 our supreme court in its review of the matter upheld the finding of the appellate court and
overturned the circuit court’s Rule 103(b) dismissal. Segal, 136 Ill. 2d at 289. Importantly, there
is a crucial difference between the Segal case and the one presently at hand. In Segal, the delay of
service on the defendants was approximately 4½ months. The delay in the present matter is eight
months, nearly double that of the delay in Segal. The dissent seems to argue that Segal stands for
the proposition that if the plaintiff lacks intention to cause a delay, the delay is “inadvertent,” and
inadvertence alone can excuse the reasonable diligence requirement. This is an incorrect
interpretation of the holding in Segal. The Segal court actually held as follows:
“In this case, because the length of the delay in the service of process was such that
the purpose of Rule 103(b) would not be served by dismissing plaintiff’s action, the
allowance of defendants’ Rule 103(b) motion by the circuit court was an abuse of
discretion. It would not be an abuse of discretion for a circuit court to allow a dismissal
with prejudice under Rule 103(b) for a delay equal to or shorter than the delay present in
this case if the delay occurs under circumstances which serve to deny the defendants a ‘fair
opportunity to investigate the circumstances upon which liability against [the defendants]
is predicated while the facts are accessible.’ ” Id. (quoting Geneva Construction Co. v.
Martin Transfer & Storage Co., 4 Ill. 2d 273, 289-90 (1954)).
¶ 35 Thus, where an approximately 4½-month delay in service occurs, that length of time is too
short to solely support a circuit court’s dismissal under Rule 103(b). In other words, that length of
time alone is not sufficient to support a dismissal under Rule 103(b) where the delay was truly
inadvertent and did not result in prejudice to the defendant. Instead, in order for a dismissal to be
warranted following a delay of only 4½ months, the circuit court would need to also find that the
16 delay was intentional or resulted in the defendants being prejudiced or handicapped in their defense
in some manner.
¶ 36 The present case is more analogous with supreme court case, Womick v. Jackson County
Nursing Home, 137 Ill. 2d 371 (1990). Womick was a unanimous decision by the supreme court,
decided only seven days following Segal. In Womick, the supreme court upheld the circuit court’s
granting of the defendant’s Rule 103(b) motion to dismiss where the plaintiff’s counsel failed to
serve the defendant until nine months after filing the action. Factually, the Womick case is similar
to the present case in that the plaintiff’s counsel knew where to serve the defendant, the defendant
had knowledge of the intention of the plaintiff to file a lawsuit, the filing of the lawsuit occurred
just before the expiration of the statute of limitations, and the plaintiff’s counsel made no attempts
to serve the defendant until service was effectuated nine months after filing. The supreme court,
in upholding the circuit court’s dismissal, looked at other cases of similar lengths of delay in
service, such as Luebbing, 60 Ill. App. 3d at 781 (the plaintiff made no effort to serve defendant
for a period of 10 months), and Penrod, 150 Ill. App. 3d at 129 (the plaintiff only made minimal
efforts to obtain service over a seven-month period). Thus, while Segal may be instructive in a
case where the length of delay alone is too short to warrant dismissal, here, where the delay is
nearly double that of Segal, the more analogous and instructive cases are Womick and Sinn.
¶ 37 Reiterating the words of our supreme court, “[i]n determining whether there has been an
abuse of discretion, we may not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court, or even determine
whether the trial court exercised its discretion wisely.” Simmons, 198 Ill. 2d at 568. While we are
sympathetic to the position of plaintiff’s counsel following the death of her colleague, and
especially sympathetic to her struggle with a chronic illness, this court does not have the authority
to substitute its judgment for that of the circuit court when it is applying an abuse of discretion
17 standard. See id. Thus, being mindful of the applicable standard of review, which states that a
circuit court abuses its discretion when no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the
circuit court, we find that a reasonable person could adopt the view taken by the circuit court in
this case, as evidenced by the legal precedents set in the holdings discussed above.
¶ 38 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 39 For the foregoing reasons, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion and
affirm the dismissal of the lawsuit with prejudice.
¶ 40 Affirmed.
¶ 41 JUSTICE CATES, dissenting:
¶ 42 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 103(b) is intended to protect defendants from stale claims
resulting from unnecessary delay in the service of process and to prevent circumvention of the
statute of limitations. Segal, 136 Ill. 2d at 286. Whether a plaintiff has met the burden of
demonstrating reasonable diligence in the service of process is a decision within the sound
discretion of the circuit court. Id. In reviewing a discretionary ruling of the circuit court, an
appellate court considers not only whether the circuit court’s decision was so arbitrary, fanciful,
or unreasonable that no reasonable person would take the view it adopted, but also whether the
court’s decision rests upon an error of law. See Silverberg v. Haji, 2015 IL App (1st) 141321, ¶ 34;
People v. Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d 354, 360 (2004); Boatmen’s National Bank of Belleville v. Martin,
155 Ill. 2d 305, 314 (1993) (trial court abuses its discretion if it fails to apply the proper criteria
when it weighs the facts). When a circuit court’s decision rests upon an error of law, then an abuse
of discretion has occurred. Silverberg, 2015 IL App (1st) 141321, ¶ 34. After reviewing the record,
I find that the circuit court failed to consider relevant factors in ruling on the defendant’s motion
18 to dismiss under Rule 103(b) and that its decision rested on an error of law and was, therefore, an
abuse of discretion.
¶ 43 Rule 103(b) provides that if the plaintiff fails to exercise reasonable diligence to obtain
service on a defendant after the statute of limitations has expired, the circuit court may dismiss the
matter and that such dismissal shall be with prejudice. Ill. S. Ct. R. 103(b) (eff. July 1, 2007). Rule
103(b) does not set forth any specific time limit within which a defendant must be served. The rule
has an essential purpose of promoting the expeditious handling of lawsuits by giving the circuit
court wide discretion to dismiss when service is not effectuated with reasonable diligence. Segal,
136 Ill. 2d at 286. The plaintiff bears the burden of showing reasonable diligence in the service of
process and must provide a reasonable explanation for any apparent lack of diligence. McRoberts,
365 Ill. App. 3d at 1043. The dismissal of a cause of action with prejudice under Rule 103(b) is “a
harsh penalty which is justified when the delay in service of process is of a length which denies a
defendant a ‘fair opportunity to investigate the circumstances upon which liability against [the
defendant] is predicated while the facts are accessible.’ ” Segal, 136 Ill. 2d at 288 (quoting Geneva
Construction Co. v. Martin Transfer & Storage Co., 4 Ill. 2d 273, 289-90 (1954)). In considering
whether the plaintiff exercised reasonable diligence in the service of process, the circuit court is to
consider the totality of the circumstances. Ill. S. Ct. R. 103(b) (eff. July 1, 2007).
¶ 44 In Segal, our supreme court set forth the following nonexhaustive list of factors for courts
to consider when deciding whether to grant dismissal pursuant to Rule 103(b):
“(1) the length of time used to obtain service of process; (2) the activities of plaintiff;
(3) plaintiff’s knowledge of defendant’s location; (4) the ease with which defendant’s
whereabouts could have been ascertained; (5) actual knowledge on the part of the
defendant of pendency of the action as a result of ineffective service; (6) special
19 circumstances which would affect plaintiff’s efforts; and (7) actual service on defendant.”
Segal, 136 Ill. 2d at 287.
Although not determinative, courts may also consider additional factors, such as a defendant’s
knowledge of the lawsuit prior to service of process, the lack of prejudice to the defendant, the
plaintiff’s efforts to obtain service through an alias summons, the occurrence of settlement
negotiations during the delay, and the plaintiff’s full or timely use of all available resources for
determining the defendant’s whereabouts. See McRoberts, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 1043 (and cases cited
therein). These factors are to be considered in light of the purpose of Rule 103(b). Segal, 136 Ill.
2d at 287.
¶ 45 While a decision on a motion to dismiss an action pursuant to Rule 103(b) is a matter within
the discretion of the circuit court, the standard to be applied when determining whether a plaintiff
exercised reasonable diligence in effecting service of process is an objective one, with each case
turning on its own specific facts. McRoberts, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 1042. The determination of
whether a plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable diligence is a “fact-intensive inquiry suited to
balancing, not bright lines.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Silverberg, 2015 IL App (1st)
141321, ¶ 32; McRoberts, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 1042. The court must consider the passage of time
in relation to the other facts and circumstances of each case individually. Case v. Galesburg
Cottage Hospital, 227 Ill. 2d 207, 213 (2007).
¶ 46 Here, the circuit court focused largely on the defendant and his availability for service of
process. The circuit court correctly noted that a police report was written and that the defendant’s
address was on it. The circuit court further noted that the defendant was readily available for
service of process to be had upon him. While these were proper factors to consider, they were only
two pieces of a much more complex analysis, which the circuit court declined to undertake.
20 ¶ 47 A review of the order of dismissal indicates that the circuit court failed to consider highly
relevant facts, which gave rise to the special circumstances underlying the plaintiff’s delay in
serving the defendant. In its order, the court stated,
“There was no apparent attempt on the part of the Plaintiff [to] secure service on the
Defendant during the period of over 8 months following filing suit. And, the Plaintiff offers
very little in way of reason or excuse for the delay in obtaining service except to say that
counsel ‘was out of the office for an extended period of time in March and April, 2019.’ ”
¶ 48 Notably, the circuit court did not address the unique circumstances set forth in plaintiff’s
pleadings, affidavits, and arguments. One of the special circumstances that the plaintiff identified
was the untimely death of the senior attorney, Mr. Cervantes, who had been handling the plaintiff’s
case. According to the record, Mr. Cervantes was the only person in the firm who had worked on
this case before his death in June 2018. He died, unexpectedly, prior to filing a complaint in this
case, leaving three associates to manage his entire caseload, along with their own, and handle the
administrative business of the office. In her initial and supplemental affidavits, plaintiff’s counsel
of record acknowledged that the complaint was filed on December 18, 2018, four days before the
expiration of the two-year statute of limitations. She also noted that a request for summons was
made at that time. That request is set forth in the court’s docket sheet. Thus, there is some objective
evidence of an attempt to obtain service on the defendant in a timely fashion.
¶ 49 In her affidavit and supplemental affidavit, plaintiff’s counsel averred that while the circuit
court’s docket sheet indicated that the summons was issued, she never received notice of that, via
the efile system. She further averred that she did not receive notice of an initial case management
conference from the court or via the efiling system. Plaintiff’s counsel acknowledged that she had
not previously handled cases in Illinois without the supervision of Mr. Cervantes and was
21 unfamiliar with the filing system in Illinois. My colleagues have pointed out that the circuit court’s
electronic docket sheet contains entries which indicate that a summons was issued to plaintiff’s
counsel via efile, that a case management conference was scheduled and that this information was
always available electronically. Those facts, however, cannot be viewed in isolation, but instead
must be considered as a part of the totality of the circumstances. That is the rule of law applicable
to this case. In this case, there are additional facts and circumstances in the record that were not
considered by the trial court and the majority. As set forth in plaintiff’s counsel’s supplemental
affidavit, her leave of absence following the death of Mr. Cervantes “compounded” the backlog of
work at the law firm. In addition to the untimely death of the senior attorney, the increased
demands on plaintiff’s counsel resulting therefrom, and the difficulties with receiving
communications and efiled notices from the court, plaintiff’s counsel also experienced a health
issue. Within two months after the complaint was filed, plaintiff’s counsel required a two-month
leave of absence due to an exacerbation of a chronic health condition—multiple sclerosis. The
absence of discussion of these circumstances by the circuit court demonstrated a true lack of
appreciation for what the majority has described as the “perfect storm.”
¶ 50 Plaintiff’s counsel also offered additional reasons to demonstrate that the delay in this case
was due to inadvertence. Once plaintiff’s counsel filed the complaint, she indicated a summons
was requested but not received by counsel. Plaintiff’s counsel, incorrectly, assumed that the
holidays had delayed the issuance of the summons. She admitted that she failed to follow up due
to the press of other business. When plaintiff’s counsel discovered that the defendant had not been
served, she requested an alias summons and the defendant was promptly served. Thus, there are
additional objective facts demonstrating that the failure to serve the original summons was
22 inadvertent, resulting from unique special circumstances, rather than a lack of due diligence.
Again, the circuit court failed to consider these facts in its order of dismissal.
¶ 51 The circuit court also noted that plaintiff “waited until just before the expiration of the
statute of limitation before filing suit.” This finding carries little weight where, as here, the lawsuit
was timely filed. The circuit court’s finding only highlights its failure to consider the special
circumstances factor in this case. As noted earlier, just six months prior to the unexpected death of
Mr. Cervantes, the firm’s staff was required to determine the status of all the cases in the firm and
handle other administrative matters formerly handled by the senior attorney. Once this case was
identified, a complaint was placed on file before the statute of limitations expired. Therefore, Rule
103(b) was not used to subvert the expiring of the statute of limitations.
¶ 52 Additionally, the circuit court failed to address the plaintiff’s arguments and supporting
exhibits regarding a lack of prejudice to the defendant. The record demonstrates that the defendant
and his attorneys were aware of the facts and circumstances of this case, as well as the potential
for litigation. On January 17, 2017, just one month after the accident, the defendant executed an
affidavit, admitting he was involved in the accident. Defendant’s counsel and his insurance
company were in possession of that affidavit, as well as the Illinois Traffic Crash Report, which
also referenced a police report No. 16-1183. The Traffic Crash Report was attached to the
defendant’s motion to dismiss. The occurrence witnesses to the automobile/pedestrian accident
were identified, and these witnesses were occupants in the defendant’s vehicle. During the hearing
on the motion to dismiss, the defendant’s counsel advised the court that the liability was contested.
Counsel claimed, “It is down on 111 in a dark area, no lighting. The plaintiff ran across the road
in front of my client’s vehicle and was struck. So there—it is contested liability.” Based upon this
record, it does not appear, nor did the defendant ever allege, that he was denied a fair opportunity
23 to investigate the facts and circumstances upon which liability was predicated while the facts were
fresh and readily accessible. See Segal, 136 Ill. 2d at 289. Thus, there is no indication that the
eight-month period of inactivity between the filing of the complaint and the issuance and service
of an alias summons caused evidence to grow stale, witnesses to become unavailable, or memories
to lapse. Further, there is no indication that the delay in service threatened the circuit court’s ability
to proceed expeditiously with the case. See id. at 288.
¶ 53 The circuit court was aware of all the special circumstances, and more, but failed to include
them in its analysis. My colleagues have rejected the special circumstances, finding them
subjective. I disagree. The plaintiff identified facts in the record that gave rise to special
circumstances, and these are facts cannot be disregarded as we consider whether the circuit court
abused its discretion in dismissing this case.
¶ 54 In determining whether the circumstances offered by the plaintiff rise to a level to excuse
the delayed service of process, the majority finds the decisions in Sinn v. Elmhurst Medical
Building, Ltd., 243 Ill. App. 3d 787 (1993), and Womick v. Jackson County Nursing Home, 137
Ill. 2d 371 (1990), to be instructive, claiming factual similarities to the case at bar. I do not agree.
In Sinn, the plaintiff filed his complaint on the day the statute of limitations was to run. The Second
District found that the plaintiff “knew that summons had not been placed and that it was important
for him to do so.” Sinn, 243 Ill. App. 3d at 790. Although there was an initial dispute among
attorneys, once that was resolved, plaintiff waited another 4½ months before attempting service.
In affirming the dismissal in Sinn, the Second District specifically found that plaintiff “made no
effort to serve defendant for nearly eight months.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 792. The Sinn
court did not find any special circumstances that justified the inadvertence in failing to serve the
defendant. Thus, Sinn is distinguishable from the facts in the case at bar.
24 ¶ 55 The Womick case is also distinguishable on its facts. In Womick, our supreme court found
there was no attempt to place summons for a period of almost nine months after the expiration of
the statute of limitations and that no explanation had been offered for this inactivity. Womick, 137
Ill. 2d at 380. As with Sinn, the supreme court in Womick found that no facts were ever suggested
that would have given rise to special circumstances justifying service on the defendant nine months
after the filing of the complaint. Id. at 380-81.
¶ 56 In sum, the case before this court presents a unique set of facts and circumstances that do
not fit neatly within the cases discussed by the circuit court and by the majority. Indeed, the
circumstances surrounding the untimely death of Mr. Cervantes—including that he had been
exclusive counsel on this case, that his death left three younger associates to manage his firm, and
that plaintiff’s counsel suffered a debilitating medical condition—constituted special
circumstances that excused the delay in serving the defendant.
¶ 57 The record clearly shows the delay in service in this case was due to inadvertence and was
not an intentional act. As noted earlier, our supreme court has recognized that the dismissal of a
cause with prejudice is “a harsh penalty” that is justified when the delay in service of process is of
a length which “denies a defendant a ‘fair opportunity to investigate the circumstances upon which
liability against [the defendant] is predicated while the facts are accessible.’ ” Segal, 136 Ill. 2d at
288 (quoting Geneva Construction Co., 4 Ill. 2d at 289-90). That was not the case here. The
defendant was not denied such an opportunity because of the delay in service. The plaintiff should
not suffer the harsh penalty of a dismissal with prejudice where the delay in service of process was
due to inadvertence and the defendant was not prejudiced by the delay.
25 ¶ 58 In this case, the circuit court failed to consider the totality of the special circumstances and
the lack of prejudice to the defendant. Thus, dismissal of the plaintiff’s complaint was an abuse of
discretion. Therefore, I dissent from the majority’s opinion.
26 No. 5-20-0026
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Madison County, No. 18-L- 1710; the Hon. David W. Dugan, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys Lanny Darr, of Darr Law Offices, Ltd., of Alton, and for Jennifer Suttmoeller Bernacki, of Cervantes & Associates, of St. Appellant: Louis, Missouri, for appellant.
Attorneys Jane Unsell and Erin M. Phillips, of Unsell, Schattnik & Phillips, for P.C., of Wood River, for appellee. Appellee: