In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-24-00085-CR
JOSHUA DANIEL BRUMBALOW, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 108th District Court Potter County, Texas Trial Court No. 079464-E-CR, Honorable Douglas R. Woodburn, Presiding
May 20, 2025 MEMORANDUM OPINION Before PARKER and DOSS and YARBROUGH, JJ.
Appellant, Joshua Daniel Brumbalow, was convicted of continuous sexual abuse 1
of his daughter, H.R., who was under the age of fourteen at the time. 2 The jury assessed
a sentence of 75 years of confinement. Appellant raises five issues on appeal: three
1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b), (c), (h) (a first-degree felony).
2 To protect H.R.’s privacy, we identify H.R. and her mother by their initials. See TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 30(a)(1) (granting victims of crime “the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s dignity and privacy throughout the criminal justice process.”). claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, a claim of jury charge error, and a challenge
to court-appointed attorney fees in the bill of costs. We affirm the judgment as modified.
Background
In July 2020, Appellant was indicted for committing two or more acts of sexual
abuse against H.R., a child younger than seventeen, over a period exceeding thirty days
from August 2011 through June 2020. The indictment alleged Appellant touched H.R.’s
genitals with his hand to arouse or gratify his sexual desire, penetrated her sexual organ
with his finger, penetrated her sexual organ with his sexual organ, and penetrated her
anus with his sexual organ.
At trial, H.R. testified that Appellant sexually abused her while her mother was at
work. The abuse began when she was six or seven years old. According to testimony,
H.R. would ask for snacks, and Appellant would respond that she had to “do whatever he
wanted to do.” According to H.R., the statement really meant she would have to go to his
bedroom and allow him to touch her breasts and vagina. 3 When she was eight or nine,
Appellant began penetrating her vagina with his finger.
H.R. testified that when she was between the ages of ten to thirteen, the abuse
continued. She recalled asking Appellant for softball equipment for camp, to which he
responded, “you can have it if—you let me do what I want.” He pushed her onto his bed,
removed her clothes and his own, and penetrated her vagina with his penis. On other
occasions, he penetrated her anus with his penis. H.R. estimated this abuse occurred
“more than twenty times but less than fifty.” She recalled Appellant ejaculating on her
3 H.R. testified this occurred so many times that she “thought it was normal.”
2 stomach and back. When her sister knocked on the door during these occasions,
Appellant would tell her to go away.
Felicia Manning, a sexual assault nurse examiner, conducted a medical
assessment of H.R. in 2020, and noted healed tears to the child’s hymen. When asked
what might have caused such damage, Manning responded, “[w]ell, according to her
history, she mentioned a penis.” 4 Manning testified she was unable to determine the age
of these injuries. As part of her medical assessment, Manning interviewed H.R. and
documented additional disclosures. Manning testified that during an assessment, H.R.
disclosed that when she was twelve years old, Appellant twice performed oral sex on her.
H.R. also revealed to Manning that Appellant told her to “keep it our little secret” and said
he “only wanted” her.
The State also introduced H.R.’s 2020 Bridge interview conducted by forensic
interviewer Ashley Anderle. This video further corroborated H.R.’s trial testimony with
additional details. During this interview, H.R. told Anderle that Appellant masturbated
before penetrating her during the softball-gear incident and told her “she was the only one
because her body was perfect.”
Additional testimony corroborated H.R.’s account. Officer Christina Harrison
testified that in June 2020, she reviewed text messages between H.R.’s friend, Holly, and
H.R.’s mother. Holly disclosed that H.R. had told her about Appellant’s sexual abuse and
also mentioned prior abuse by H.R.’s paternal grandfather.
4 On cross-examination, Manning testified that H.R. might have acquired the scars through “some
sort of trauma, a penetrative trauma.” She also testified there was no sign of any injury to her anus.
3 Sergeant Devin Cantwell interviewed Appellant in June 2020. Appellant admitted
being alone with H.R. in his room and not allowing her sister inside. When asked why
H.R. might make an outcry of this type, Appellant suggested that “if something did
happen, it must have been an accident and happened during a wrestling time.”
Lee Ann Lefevre, H.R.’s counselor, testified that after thirty sessions over two
years, she diagnosed H.R. with PTSD, anxiety, and depression. During cross-
examination, defense counsel questioned whether children sometimes fabricate abuse
allegations in custody disputes. Lefevre responded that false reports typically deteriorate
under scrutiny or change over time—patterns she never observed in H.R.’s case. She
further testified that in August 2022, H.R. reacted “[n]egatively” and was “[v]ery upset”
when her mother’s new boyfriend and his father moved into their home.
Appellant’s defense strategy largely centered on drawing parallels between H.R.’s
allegations and a 2012 case involving her paternal grandfather. Sergeant Wes Lang
testified about similarities between H.R.’s current allegations and those made in 2012,
when H.R.’s older sister (age seven) was interviewed at The Bridge. Lang detailed how
both cases involved delayed outcries and similar patterns: the abuser offered incentives
or “bribed them,” pushed victims onto beds by their shoulders, and committed abuse “in
the alleged suspect’s bedroom usually while they were watching TV or engaged in some
other activity.” More significantly, Lang testified that both cases followed a nearly identical
progression: beginning with touching at ages five to seven, advancing to digital
penetration around age eleven, and culminating in sexual intercourse when the victims
reached ages twelve to thirteen. Lang testified to what he called a “commonality”—two
girls living in the same household reporting very similar patterns of abuse. When the
4 prosecutor suggested an alternative explanation—that sometimes “an alleged pedophile
and their alleged pedophile son or daughter continues that lineage”—Lang agreed with
this possibility. However, he could not provide information about how frequently such
intergenerational patterns of similar abuse occur.
Appellant testified he was unaware of the 2012 allegations against his father,
though he confirmed his father saw H.R. three or four times weekly between ages five
and thirteen. He noted that H.R.’s younger sister A.B., age ten in 2020, had never made
any outcry. Appellant denied sexually abusing H.R. or causing her hymenal injury, and
suggested H.R. was upset with him because he disapproved of her sexual orientation
and because of tensions surrounding her parents’ impending divorce.
In closing arguments, defense counsel emphasized the parallels between H.R.’s
older sister’s 2012 allegations against their grandfather and H.R.’s current allegations
against Appellant: “They both have been Bridged. They both had delayed outcries. Both
claimed digital touching. Both claimed intercourse starting at the age of about 13.” The
State responded by highlighting H.R.’s consistent testimony throughout the proceedings
that it was Appellant, not her grandfather, who sexually abused her from ages five or six
through thirteen. The prosecutor emphasized that H.R. had maintained this account
through multiple interviews, medical examinations, and direct testimony at trial.
Analysis
Issue One: Alleged Failure to Investigate Alternative Perpetrator
In his first issue, Appellant argues that pretrial investigation constitutes a “critical
stage” of criminal proceedings under the Sixth Amendment, and that trial counsel’s failure
to investigate adequately constituted constructive denial of counsel requiring no showing
5 of prejudice, per United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648 (1984). Specifically, Appellant
claims his attorney was ineffective by failing to adequately investigate Appellant’s sister-
in-law’s boyfriend (who was later convicted of indecency with another child and who lived
in Appellant’s household when H.R. was an infant) and for not hiring an investigator to
interview family members about potential defenses. 5
Ordinarily, a defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel must prove both
deficient performance and resulting prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
687, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). See also Hernandez v. State, 726
S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (adopting Strickland standard for claims under
Texas Constitution). However, in certain circumstances involving complete denial of
counsel or government interference with representation, prejudice is presumed. Lake v.
State, 532 S.W.3d 408, 414 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (plurality op.). Appellant contends
such a situation is present here.
We disagree. The Supreme Court specifically addressed defense counsel’s duty
to investigate in Strickland, when the defendant claimed counsel’s investigation and
presentation of mitigating evidence was inadequate. The Court recognized that practical
constraints often force defense attorneys to make strategic choices with limited
information, noting that such decisions are “often based solely on conversations with the
defendant and a review of the prosecution’s evidence.” Id. at 681. These strategic
choices deserve deference proportionate to the reasonableness of the professional
5 The record contains no evidence of any conduct between the boyfriend and H.R. during the
relevant period. In an affidavit attached to Appellant’s motion for new trial, the sister-in-law averred that “[m]aybe [the boyfriend] didn’t do anything . . . I don’t know. But I don’t understand why he wasn’t at least questioned.”
6 judgment underlying them, considering factors such as the attorney’s experience,
whether pursued and unpursued defenses were compatible, and the potential drawbacks
of alternative strategies. Id.
Investigation, of course, is the precursor to trial strategy. It follows logically that if
strategic choices about the evidence presented at trial are subject to a prejudice analysis
under Strickland, then the investigative decisions that necessarily inform those choices
should be evaluated under the same framework. 6 To hold otherwise would create an
irreconcilable inconsistency in Sixth Amendment jurisprudence. The Court specifically
directed that “a particular decision not to investigate must be directly assessed for
reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a heavy measure of deference to
counsel’s judgments.” Id. at 691. Such guidance would be rendered meaningless if we
divorced the analysis of counsel’s investigative decisions from their potential impact on
the case’s outcome.
Moreover, accepting Appellant’s position would lead to absurd results. It would
transform unpursued leads into potential constitutional violations without the need to show
an investigation would have yielded evidence helpful to the defense. The approach would
effectively circumvent not only Strickland’s analytical framework but also its express
instructions. Adopting Appellant’s proposed rule would also create perverse incentives
in the attorney-client relationship. If we were to hold that the mere failure to investigate
certain leads automatically constitutes a Sixth Amendment violation without requiring a
showing of prejudice, we would effectively incentivize defendants to withhold potentially
6 “A claim for ineffective assistance based on trial counsel’s failure to investigate generally fails
absent a showing of what the investigation would have revealed that reasonably could have changed the result of the case.” Guillory v. State, 652 S.W.3d 499, 505 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2022, no pet.).
7 helpful information from their attorneys. A defendant could strategically refrain from
disclosing potential leads, knowing that counsel’s failure to independently discover and
pursue those leads—regardless of their actual merit—would provide an easier path than
Strickland to obtain a new trial if convicted. Such a rule would undermine, rather than
enhance, the effective assistance of counsel that the Sixth Amendment is designed to
protect.
We do not find that counsel’s allegedly deficient performance violated Appellant’s
Sixth Amendment right to counsel. The record demonstrates counsel actively participated
throughout trial by vigorously cross-examining witnesses, developed a coherent
alternative-perpetrator theory focused on Appellant’s father, and presented closing
arguments that methodically highlighted the similarities between allegations against the
father and current allegations against Appellant. This performance subjected the
prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing as required under Strickland.
The record does not demonstrate how counsel’s alleged failure to further
investigate caused prejudice to Appellant beyond mere conjecture and speculation. See
Holbert v. State, 665 S.W.3d 120, 126 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2023, pet. ref’d). In his
motion for new trial, the sister-in-law’s affidavit undermines rather than supports
Appellant’s claim, acknowledging, “Maybe [boyfriend] didn’t do anything . . . I don't know.”
Appellant failed to establish what his sister-in-law’s boyfriend or other family members
would have said if interviewed or how such testimony would have contributed in light of
the potentially conflicting evidence that Appellant’s own father was the perpetrator. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 681 (including “the inconsistency of unpursued and pursued lines
of defense” among factors relevant to determining whether counsel’s strategic choices
8 are reasonable). This speculative showing falls far short of establishing the “reasonable
probability” of a different result required by Strickland. See Ex parte Martinez, 195 S.W.3d
713, 730 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (requiring defendant to show what further investigation
would have revealed and how it would have changed trial outcome). Guillory, 652 S.W.3d
at 505.
We find Appellant has failed to show his counsel rendered an unconstitutionally
deficient performance in failing to investigate the boyfriend as a potential perpetrator of
the alleged offense.
Issue Two: Equal Protection
Appellant next argues that reviewing ineffective assistance claims under different
procedural standards violates his rights under the Equal Protection Clause to the United
States Constitution. 7 As we read his argument, Appellant contends that defendants
raising these claims through motions for new trial face a higher burden than those using
processes, such as habeas corpus applications.
We reject Appellant’s argument for several reasons. An Equal Protection claim
requires the party to show (1) he was treated differently than other similarly-situated
parties and (2) there is no rational basis for the difference. Downs v. State, 244 S.W.3d
511, 518 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet. ref’d). As an intermediate appellate court,
we must follow the standards established by the United States Supreme Court and Court
of Criminal Appeals. Even if there were meaningful distinctions between these procedural
7 See U.S. CONST., amend XIV, § 1. The principle of equal protection guarantees that all persons similarly situated should be treated alike. City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 3253–54, 87 L. Ed .2d 313 (1985).
9 routes, we lack authority to declare them unconstitutional. See U.S. CONST. art. VI;
Lockyard v. State, 364 S.W.3d 920, 924-925 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, no pet.).
Moreover, the standards are functionally identical. When reviewing alleged
ineffective assistance from a motion for new trial or by a habeas petition, appellate courts
defer to the trial court’s factual findings supported by the record and review legal
questions de novo. See Ex parte Garza, 620 S.W.3d 801, 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021)
(review of habeas corpus petition); Riley v. State, 378 S.W.3d 453, 457 (Tex. Crim. App.
2012), overruled on other grounds by Miller v. State, 548 S.W.3d 497 (Tex. Crim. App.
2018) (review by direct appeal following motion for new trial). 8 Even when no motion for
new trial is brought, scrutiny of counsel’s performance “must be highly deferential.” Mata
v. State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 428 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Because the standard of which
Appellant complains is essentially the same, there is no equal protection concern.
Finally, even if procedural differences exist between reviewing ineffective
assistance claims in new trial motions versus habeas proceedings, any such distinctions
rest on legitimate timing constraints. New trial motions must be filed within thirty days,
severely limiting factual development. As the Court of Criminal Appeals recognized in
Mata, direct appeal records are “usually undeveloped and inadequately reflective of the
reasons for defense counsel’s actions at trial.” 226 S.W.3d at 430. Compounding this
problem, defendants often cannot even identify ineffective assistance when it occurs. As
explained in Randle v. State, “because many errors by defense counsel are of a technical
8 See also Holbert v. State, 665 S.W.3d 120, 125 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2023), cert. denied, 144 S.
Ct. 294, 217 L. Ed. 2d 135 (2023) (case cited by Appellant as evidence of an Equal Protection Clause violation. There, this Court held that trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying motion for new trial when evidence was too speculative as to what obtaining a continuance would have accomplished).
10 nature, the defendant may not even know errors by their trial lawyer are occurring, and
cannot possibly object.” 847 S.W.2d 576, 580 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). These obstacles—
combined with defendants’ understandable reluctance to alienate counsel during trial9—
help to explain why new trial motions frequently lack the information necessary to properly
evaluate counsel’s performance.
These realities justify heightened deference to trial courts as practical necessity,
not an arbitrary preference. Unlike appellate courts reviewing cold records, trial judges
recently witnessed counsel’s actual performance and can assess strategic decisions that
may not be apparent from the record alone. Such temporal constraints provide a rational
basis for procedural variations in reviewing ineffective assistance claims. Appellant has
not shown these distinctions lack a rational connection to legitimate state interests. See
Smith v. State, 898 S.W.2d 838, 847 (Tex.Crim.App.1995) (complaining party must show
the different classification “is not rationally related to a legitimate state interest where
interests other than fundamental rights or suspect classification are affected”). We reject
Appellant’s Equal Protection claim.
Embedded into his ineffective assistance claim is an argument that trial counsel
was ineffective for failing to investigate that a divorce between Appellant and his wife “was
brewing” at the time of H.R.’s outcry and that H.R. wanted to live with her mother rather
than Appellant. Appellant suggests this investigation might have revealed a “possible
defense.” Appellant also identifies another potential for H.R.’s bias: Appellant disagreed
with her sexual orientation.
9 Id. (“We do not require any defendant to risk alienating his trial lawyer by requiring the defendant
to claim ineffective assistance of counsel at the time of trial.”)
11 Appellant’s argument about what trial counsel might have been able to discover
with further investigatory diligence fails to demonstrate Strickland’s prejudice element
“beyond mere conjecture and speculation.” See Holbert v. State, 665 S.W.3d at 505.
The record reveals counsel attempted to develop witness testimony, and Appellant
provided names of family members. However, those witnesses never appeared at trial
where counsel intended to interview them. As we have held, a client “has the reciprocal
obligation to reveal facts known to him before counsel may be considered ineffective for
not uncovering or investigating them.” Ayers v. State, No. 07-96-0206-CR, 1997 Tex.
App. LEXIS 1934, at *12-13 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Apr. 11, 1997, no pet.). Appellant
cannot now claim harm from counsel’s failure to independently discover information that
Appellant himself failed to provide or facilitate.
Moreover, Appellant testified at trial about the very issues he now claims counsel
should have investigated. He told the jury that H.R. was “pretty upset with him” because
he disapproved of her sexual orientation while her mother was supportive. He also
testified about discussing the potential divorce with H.R. Appellant offers nothing but
surmise about how additional investigation on these topics could have changed the
outcome. Appellant’s second issue is overruled.
Issue Four: Failure to Object to Bridge Interview Video
Appellant’s next ineffective assistance claim challenges trial counsel’s
performance during the guilt-innocence phase. In his fourth issue, he contends counsel
was deficient in failing to object to H.R.’s 2020 Bridge interview conducted by forensic
interviewer Anderle. Appellant argues the video contained inadmissible hearsay and
12 included extraneous allegations not otherwise introduced at trial. 10 When evaluating
ineffective assistance claims based on failure to object, courts require appellants to
demonstrate not only that an objection would have been sustained, but also that counsel
lacked any reasonable strategic basis for the decision. Perez v. State, No. 07-00-0454-
CR, 2001 Tex. App. LEXIS 7441, at *11-12 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Nov. 6, 2001, pet. ref’d)
(citing Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813-14 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)).
At the outset, we note that the allegedly extraneous statements must be evaluated
against the extensive trial testimony already before the jury, which included graphic
descriptions of continuous sexual abuse spanning years. H.R. testified in detail about
vaginal and anal penetration, oral sex, and inappropriate touching beginning when she
was six years old. Accordingly, much of the video’s content is, at worst, cumulative of the
evidence already presented.
However, assuming arguendo, that the video was inadmissible, the record reveals
strategic reasons for counsel’s decision not to object. During cross-examination and
closing argument, counsel used the recorded Bridge interview to challenge H.R.’s
credibility. First, counsel highlighted the contrast between H.R.’s demeanor during the
interview and at trial. The court reporter noted eight instances where H.R. became
emotional during her trial testimony. In closing argument, counsel reminded the jury that
during the Bridge interview, she showed “not a tear, not emotional. It was just, well, here
we are.”
10 Appellant identifies several statements from the Bridge interview that allegedly were not presented through trial testimony, including claims that Appellant masturbated in front of H.R., descriptions of specific sexual positions during anal penetration, allegations of kissing her chest and thighs, attempted oral sex, possible filming in the bathroom, and comments about her body being “perfect.”
13 Second, counsel used the video to expose an inconsistency in H.R.’s memory.
After H.R. admitted her memory would have been better in 2020 than at trial, counsel
demonstrated that her trial testimony included more details than her contemporaneous
interview. In closing, counsel hammered this point:
I want you to go back and look at that video and count how many times she says I don’t know. One time she says it’s just a blur. Well, this is not a blur, this is a court trial. This man’s life is on the line.
Third, counsel used H.R.’s language choice in the interview to suggest she had
been coached. During the interview, H.R. said her father “sexually assaulted me.”
Counsel suggested such sophisticated language revealed influence, asking the jury:
What seventh grader goes to an unfamiliar place . . . she goes to The Bridge and the first words out of her mouth are my dad’s sexually assaulting me. What 13-year-old even knows sexual assault. They may say my dad touches me; my dad hurts me. But just to say my dad sexually assaulted me; that doesn’t make sense.
Had counsel successfully objected to the video’s admission, he would have
forfeited these impeachment opportunities. Admission of the video enabled counsel to
mount a comprehensive attack on H.R.’s credibility through her demeanor, memory, and
language. While this impeachment strategy ultimately failed to secure an acquittal, the
decision to pursue it represents precisely the type of tactical judgment that Strickland
protects from hindsight second-guessing. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 314 (declining to
find that representation was either effective or ineffective given lack of explanation in the
record for failure to object to hearsay); McKinney v. State, 76 S.W.3d 463, 473-74 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (discussing various reasons why criminal
defense counsel might strategically decide not to object to inadmissible evidence).
Accordingly, we cannot say on this record that counsel’s performance was deficient
14 because he failed to object to the admission of the videotape of H.R.’s Bridge interview.
Appellant’s fourth issue is overruled.
Issue Three: Charge Error
Having addressed Appellant’s ineffective assistance claims, we next consider his
challenge to the trial court’s jury charge. Appellant contends the jury charge was deficient
in two respects: (1) it omitted a culpable mental state for continuous sexual abuse of a
child and (2) it incorrectly defined “intentionally” and “knowingly” for aggravated sexual
assault using result-of-conduct language rather than nature-of-conduct language.
Because Appellant failed to object at trial, he can prevail only if he was “egregiously
harmed” by an error in the charge. Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1984) (op. on reh’g).
A trial court must instruct the jury on the “law applicable to the case.” See TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14; Mendez v. State, 545 S.W.3d 548, 552 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2018). We review jury charge error in two steps: first, determining whether error
exists and then evaluating whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require
reversal. Arteaga v. State, 521 S.W.3d 329, 334 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017), superseded on
other grounds by statute as stated in Velasquez v. State, No. 03-19-00499-CR, 2021 Tex.
App. LEXIS 5463, at *15 n.5 (Tex. App.—Austin July 9, 2021, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not
designated for publication).
Appellant’s first complaint—regarding an omitted reference to mental state—fails
as a matter of law. Penal Code section 21.02 defines continuous sexual abuse of a child
by reference to predicate offenses that already contain their own culpable mental states.
An “act of sexual abuse” under that section means “any act that is a violation of one or
15 more of the [listed] penal laws,” including aggravated sexual assault of a child and
indecency with a child. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(c). In this way, the continuous
sexual abuse statute operates as an aggregation offense; it is unnecessary to “prescribe
some additional mental state because its [criminalized act] is merely the repeated
commission of acts already requiring culpable mental states.” Lane v. State, 357 S.W.3d
770, 776 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d). The trial court properly
omitted what would have amounted to a redundant and legally unnecessary instruction.
Regarding Appellant’s second complaint, we agree with Appellant that the abstract
portion of the charge contained error. The trial court defined “intentionally” and
“knowingly” using result-of-conduct language, focusing on whether the defendant desired
or was aware of the “result” of his conduct. 11 However, aggravated sexual assault of a
child is a nature-of-conduct offense, requiring definitions that focus on the nature of the
defendant’s conduct itself. See Ramos v. State, 636 S.W.3d 646, 656 (Tex. Crim. App.
2021). The State concedes the jury charge was erroneous.
Having concluded that the trial court erred, we must determine whether that error
caused egregious harm. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; Fraser v. State, 593 S.W.3d
883, 891 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2019, pet. ref’d). The Court of Criminal Appeals requires
that we evaluate four factors when assessing egregious harm: (1) the complete jury
11 The trial court defined the mental state related to aggravated sexual assault as a “result-of-
conduct” offense:
(1) A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to cause the result;
(2) A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.
16 charge; (2) counsel’s arguments; (3) the entire evidence, including contested issues and
weight of probative evidence; and (4) any other relevant factors. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d
at 171. Egregious harm exists when the error “created such harm that the appellant was
deprived of a fair and impartial trial.” Gonzalez v. State, 610 S.W.3d 22, 27 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2020).
We find that the error in the jury charge did not cause egregious harm to the
Appellant. First, examining the complete jury charge reveals a critical distinction. While
the abstract portion contained the aforementioned erroneous definitions, the application
paragraph—which actually authorizes conviction 12—correctly instructed the jury. The
application paragraph properly required the jury to find, for example, that Appellant
“intentionally or knowingly caused his finger to penetrate” and “intentionally or knowingly
caused his sexual organ to penetrate” the victim. This distinction matters because
“[w]here the application paragraph correctly instructs the jury, an error in the abstract
instruction is not egregious.” Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)
(en banc).
Second, neither counsel’s arguments nor the evidence raised any issue about
Appellant’s alleged intent. The defense focused exclusively on denying the acts occurred
rather than challenging Appellant’s mental state. Appellant’s arguments and evidence
focused exclusively on alternative theories—fabrication, mistaken identity, or
impossibility—rather than challenging whether Appellant acted intentionally. In other
words, the jury faced a single question: did the alleged acts occur? Because no evidence
12 See Crenshaw v. State, 378 S.W.3d 460, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
17 suggested the acts occurred but were accidental or unintentional, the erroneous mental
state definitions could not have influenced the verdict.
The fundamental question in egregious harm analysis is whether the error could
have influenced the jury’s verdict. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 172. For the reasons stated
above, that possibility does not exist here. We find no egregious harm and overrule
Appellant’s third issue.
Issue Five: Court-Appointed Attorney Fees
In his final issue, Appellant challenges court-appointed attorney fees assessed
without evidence he could pay them. The trial court found Appellant indigent in July 2020,
when appointing trial counsel and again in February 2024, when appointing appellate
counsel. Despite these findings, an April 2024 modified bill of costs added $10,980 in
attorney fees, though immediately crediting the same amount back, leaving the total
unchanged at $460.
Article 26.04(p) of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides: “A defendant who is
determined by the court to be indigent is presumed to remain indigent for the remainder
of the proceedings in the case unless a material change in the defendant’s financial
circumstances occurs.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.04. Here, there is no
evidence of changed circumstances between Appellant’s initial indigency determination
and the modified bill of costs. Indeed, the trial court’s February 2024 finding of indigency
for appellate purposes confirms Appellant’s continuing inability to pay.
When trial courts assess attorney fees against indigent defendants without
evidence of ability to pay, the remedy is modification of the judgment and bill of costs to
delete those fees rather than remand to the trial court. Woodard v. State, No. 07-23-
18 00377-CR, 2024 Tex. App. LEXIS 4642, at *9 (Tex. App.—Amarillo July 2, 2024, pet.
ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (collecting cases therein). Accordingly,
we modify the judgment by deleting the modified Bill of Cost dated April 19, 2024, and
reinstating the original Bill of Cost dated February 27, 2024.
Conclusion
The trial court’s judgment is modified by deleting the modified Bill of Cost dated
April 19, 2024, and reinstating the original Bill of Cost dated February 27, 2024. In all
other respects, the judgment is affirmed.
Lawrence M. Doss Justice
Do not publish.