Hamilton, J.
— In this appeal the basic issue is the inter[519]*519pretation of an indemnity clause in a building construction subcontract. The trial court adopted a broad all-inclusive interpretation. We disagree, reverse and remand.
Belden & Thompson, Inc. (hereinafter Belden), a masonry contractor, was awarded a subcontract by the prime or general contractor, Strom Construction Company (hereinafter Strom), to furnish masonry work and materials in the construction of the Tacoma Labor Center Building. The general contract cost was $976,000 of which Belden’s subcontract represented $46,436. During construction, Frank Jones, one of Belden’s employees, was injured when the flooring on which he was working collapsed due to lack of shoring beneath. Strom was responsible for determining whether or not to shore the floor and for the installation of any shoring. Strom’s foreman chose not to shore.
Jones sued Strom and Layrite Concrete Products of Seattle, Inc. (hereinafter Layrite), another subcontractor. Strom, as a third-party plaintiff, then instituted a third-party action against Belden for indemnification under an indemnity clause of the subcontract. On the morning of trial, Strom and Layrite settled with Jones. Strom’s contribution toward the settlement was $14,500. Trial then proceeded before a jury on the third-party claim. At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court granted Strom’s motion for a directed verdict on the issue of indemnification. In reaching this conclusion, the trial court considered the evidence in a light most favorable to Belden and most strongly against Strom, thereby holding the sole cause of Jones’ injuries to be the lack of shoring under the floor upon which he had been working. The trial court, then, relying upon Tucci & Sons, Inc. v. Carl T. Madsen, Inc., 1 Wn. App. 1035, 467 P.2d 386 (1970), determined the language of the subcontract’s indemnity clause to be broad enough to, as a matter of law, afford indemnity by Belden to Strom, even though the accident resulted from the single cause indicated.
In the process of reaching its ruling, the trial court held [520]*520RCW 4.24.115,1 the purport of which would have otherwise relieved Belden of such liability, to be unconstitutional by virtue of the manner in which it was enacted. Error has not been assigned to this ruling. Since this issue, thus, is not squarely before us, we do not reach the merits of the trial court’s holding in this respect.
Belden essentially assigns error to the trial court’s liberal construction of the indemnity clause in question.
In Felton v. Menan Starch Co., 66 Wn.2d 792, 405 P.2d 585 (1965) and Continental Cas. Co. v. Seattle, 66 Wn.2d 831, 405 P.2d 581 (1965), we pointed out that, in general, indemnity clauses, just as other contractual provisions, are subject to fundamental rules of contractual construction, ie., the intent of the parties’ controls; such intent must be gathered from the contract as a whole; the intent and construction afforded the provision and the whole of the contract must be reasonable so as to carry out, rather than defeat, the purpose of the overall undertaking; and where the language used is unambiguous an ambiguity will not be read into the contract; however, if ambiguity exists, the doubt created thereby will be resolved against the one who prepared the contract.
Moreover, and specifically with respect to indemnity provisions, it is to be noted that: (a) clauses which purport to exculpate an indemnitee from liability for losses flowing solely from his own acts or omissions are not favored and are to be clearly drawn and strictly construed, with any doubts therein to be settled in favor of the indemnitor; (b) [521]*521such clauses are to be viewed realistically, recognizing the intent of the parties to allocate as between them the cost or expense of the risk of losses or damages arising out of performance of the contract; and (c) causation of loss is the touchstone of liability under a construction contract indemnity clause, rather than negligence, although negligence may be incidental to the cause. Continental Cas. Co. v. Seattle, supra; Fleming v. Stoddard Wendle Motor Co., 70 Wn.2d 465, 423 P.2d 926 (1967); 41 Am. Jur. 2d Indemnity § 15, at 699 (1968). See also Annot., Building Contractor’s Liability, Upon Bond or Other Agreement to Indemnify Owner, for Injury or Death of Third Persons Resulting from Owner’s Negligence, 27 A.L.R.3d 663 (1969).
With the foregoing principles in mind, we turn to the indemnity clause here in issue. That clause, one of 16 provisions printed on the back of a standard form contract, states that Belden, as a subcontractor, agrees:
To indemnify and save harmless the Contractor from and against any and all suits, claims, actions, losses, costs, penalties, and damages, of whatsoever kind or nature, including attorney’s fees, arising out of, in connection with, or incident to the Subcontractor’s performance of this Subcontract.
At first blush, the clause appears to be broad and sweeping in its language and coverage. Nevertheless, on closer reading and analysis it ties the losses, which it saves Strom harmless from, to claims “arising out of,” “in connection with,” or “incident to” Belden’s “performance” of the subcontract. It makes no mention of or reference to Strom’s “performance” of the primary contract. It is, therefore, Belden’s performance of the subcontract, and losses “arising” from, connected with, or incidental to that performance, which forms the keystone on which indemnity turns. Thus, it is clear that unless an overt act or omission on the part of Belden in its performance of the subcontract in some way caused or concurred2 in causing the loss in[522]*522volved, indemnification would- not arise. Belden’s mere presence on the jobsite inculpably performing its specified contractual obligations, standing alone, would not constitute a cause or participating cause. Since, then, under the trial court’s ruling on the motion for directed verdict, it was Strom’s performance or nonperformance of its contractual obligations which was the sole cause of the accident involved, Belden would not be obligated under the indemnity clause.
Furthermore, and in keeping with the principles of construction above alluded to, it does not appear reasonable or in keeping with the overall purpose and intent of the subcontract, to isolate and read the indemnity clause in such a fashion as to virtually cast Belden into the role of an insurer of Strom’s performance of its separate and nondelegated primary contractual obligations.
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Hamilton, J.
— In this appeal the basic issue is the inter[519]*519pretation of an indemnity clause in a building construction subcontract. The trial court adopted a broad all-inclusive interpretation. We disagree, reverse and remand.
Belden & Thompson, Inc. (hereinafter Belden), a masonry contractor, was awarded a subcontract by the prime or general contractor, Strom Construction Company (hereinafter Strom), to furnish masonry work and materials in the construction of the Tacoma Labor Center Building. The general contract cost was $976,000 of which Belden’s subcontract represented $46,436. During construction, Frank Jones, one of Belden’s employees, was injured when the flooring on which he was working collapsed due to lack of shoring beneath. Strom was responsible for determining whether or not to shore the floor and for the installation of any shoring. Strom’s foreman chose not to shore.
Jones sued Strom and Layrite Concrete Products of Seattle, Inc. (hereinafter Layrite), another subcontractor. Strom, as a third-party plaintiff, then instituted a third-party action against Belden for indemnification under an indemnity clause of the subcontract. On the morning of trial, Strom and Layrite settled with Jones. Strom’s contribution toward the settlement was $14,500. Trial then proceeded before a jury on the third-party claim. At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court granted Strom’s motion for a directed verdict on the issue of indemnification. In reaching this conclusion, the trial court considered the evidence in a light most favorable to Belden and most strongly against Strom, thereby holding the sole cause of Jones’ injuries to be the lack of shoring under the floor upon which he had been working. The trial court, then, relying upon Tucci & Sons, Inc. v. Carl T. Madsen, Inc., 1 Wn. App. 1035, 467 P.2d 386 (1970), determined the language of the subcontract’s indemnity clause to be broad enough to, as a matter of law, afford indemnity by Belden to Strom, even though the accident resulted from the single cause indicated.
In the process of reaching its ruling, the trial court held [520]*520RCW 4.24.115,1 the purport of which would have otherwise relieved Belden of such liability, to be unconstitutional by virtue of the manner in which it was enacted. Error has not been assigned to this ruling. Since this issue, thus, is not squarely before us, we do not reach the merits of the trial court’s holding in this respect.
Belden essentially assigns error to the trial court’s liberal construction of the indemnity clause in question.
In Felton v. Menan Starch Co., 66 Wn.2d 792, 405 P.2d 585 (1965) and Continental Cas. Co. v. Seattle, 66 Wn.2d 831, 405 P.2d 581 (1965), we pointed out that, in general, indemnity clauses, just as other contractual provisions, are subject to fundamental rules of contractual construction, ie., the intent of the parties’ controls; such intent must be gathered from the contract as a whole; the intent and construction afforded the provision and the whole of the contract must be reasonable so as to carry out, rather than defeat, the purpose of the overall undertaking; and where the language used is unambiguous an ambiguity will not be read into the contract; however, if ambiguity exists, the doubt created thereby will be resolved against the one who prepared the contract.
Moreover, and specifically with respect to indemnity provisions, it is to be noted that: (a) clauses which purport to exculpate an indemnitee from liability for losses flowing solely from his own acts or omissions are not favored and are to be clearly drawn and strictly construed, with any doubts therein to be settled in favor of the indemnitor; (b) [521]*521such clauses are to be viewed realistically, recognizing the intent of the parties to allocate as between them the cost or expense of the risk of losses or damages arising out of performance of the contract; and (c) causation of loss is the touchstone of liability under a construction contract indemnity clause, rather than negligence, although negligence may be incidental to the cause. Continental Cas. Co. v. Seattle, supra; Fleming v. Stoddard Wendle Motor Co., 70 Wn.2d 465, 423 P.2d 926 (1967); 41 Am. Jur. 2d Indemnity § 15, at 699 (1968). See also Annot., Building Contractor’s Liability, Upon Bond or Other Agreement to Indemnify Owner, for Injury or Death of Third Persons Resulting from Owner’s Negligence, 27 A.L.R.3d 663 (1969).
With the foregoing principles in mind, we turn to the indemnity clause here in issue. That clause, one of 16 provisions printed on the back of a standard form contract, states that Belden, as a subcontractor, agrees:
To indemnify and save harmless the Contractor from and against any and all suits, claims, actions, losses, costs, penalties, and damages, of whatsoever kind or nature, including attorney’s fees, arising out of, in connection with, or incident to the Subcontractor’s performance of this Subcontract.
At first blush, the clause appears to be broad and sweeping in its language and coverage. Nevertheless, on closer reading and analysis it ties the losses, which it saves Strom harmless from, to claims “arising out of,” “in connection with,” or “incident to” Belden’s “performance” of the subcontract. It makes no mention of or reference to Strom’s “performance” of the primary contract. It is, therefore, Belden’s performance of the subcontract, and losses “arising” from, connected with, or incidental to that performance, which forms the keystone on which indemnity turns. Thus, it is clear that unless an overt act or omission on the part of Belden in its performance of the subcontract in some way caused or concurred2 in causing the loss in[522]*522volved, indemnification would- not arise. Belden’s mere presence on the jobsite inculpably performing its specified contractual obligations, standing alone, would not constitute a cause or participating cause. Since, then, under the trial court’s ruling on the motion for directed verdict, it was Strom’s performance or nonperformance of its contractual obligations which was the sole cause of the accident involved, Belden would not be obligated under the indemnity clause.
Furthermore, and in keeping with the principles of construction above alluded to, it does not appear reasonable or in keeping with the overall purpose and intent of the subcontract, to isolate and read the indemnity clause in such a fashion as to virtually cast Belden into the role of an insurer of Strom’s performance of its separate and nondelegated primary contractual obligations. Certainly, it could not have been the intent of the parties in executing a subcontract, which represented only approximately l/20th of the overall contract price for the project, to constitute Belden an indemnitor of Strom as against any and all losses or damages occurring to Belden or its employees as a direct and sole result of Strom’s, or another of its subcontractor’s, negligence in the performance of duties not delegated to Belden. Such an interpretation does not appear to us to square with a realistic effort on the part of the parties to logically allocate as between them the risk of loss arising out of the construction project and the subcontract in question. In any event, the indemnity clause in issue is not wholly free of ambiguity and, since Strom ostensibly provided and/or required the subcontract form embracing the instant indemnity clause, the doubt created by the ambiguity should be resolved against it.
It is for these reasons that we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the cause for retrial.
Insofar as Tucci & Sons, Inc. v. Carl T. Madsen, Inc., supra, and Griffiths v. Henry Broderick, Inc., 27 Wn.2d 901, [523]*523182 P.2d 18, 175 A.L.R. 1 (1947), relied on in Tucci, be inconsistent with our conclusion herein, they are overruled.
One final and incidental issue remains for resolution. In entering judgment against Belden under the indemnity clause, the trial court awarded Strom attorneys’ fees in the amount of $3,325 incurred in the defense of the action instituted by Jones, and $2,500 resulting from prosecution of Strom’s third-party claim against Belden on the indemnity provision. In an earlier case, we authorized an award of attorneys’ fees for the defense of a claim indemnified against. Abrahamson v. Burnett, 157 Wash. 668, 290 P. 228 (1930). We have not heretofore had occasion to consider whether attorneys’ fees attributable solely to litigation of the indemnity issue itself are recoverable. The general, and virtually unanimous rule appears to limit the allowance of such fees to the defense of the claim indemnified against and not to extend such allowance for services rendered in establishing the right to indemnification. 41 Am. Jur. 2d Indemnity § 36 (Supp. 1974); 42 C.J.S. Indemnity § 13d (1944). We hold, therefore, that, in the absence of express contractual terms to the contrary, an indemnitee may not recover legal fees incurred in establishing his right to indemnification. Thus, should Strom prevail on retrial of this action, it would not be entitled to recover attorneys’ fees on this cause of action.
The cause is remanded for new trial. Costs will abide the result.
Hunter, Wright, Utter, and Brachtenbach, JJ., and Langsdorf, J. Pro Tern., concur.