John Nichols v. The United States of America

460 F.2d 671, 1972 U.S. App. LEXIS 9606
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
DecidedMay 12, 1972
Docket71-1238
StatusPublished
Cited by31 cases

This text of 460 F.2d 671 (John Nichols v. The United States of America) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
John Nichols v. The United States of America, 460 F.2d 671, 1972 U.S. App. LEXIS 9606 (10th Cir. 1972).

Opinion

LEWIS, Chief Judge.

In this action brought under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552, the appellant sought a court order requiring the appellees to produce certain items relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The appellant is a physician licensed to practice in the State of Kansas and is a professor of pathology at the University of Kansas Medical Center. He wishes to study and examine photographs and X-rays taken at the autopsy of the late president performed at the Bethesda Naval Hospital. He requests permission to examine under his own microscope the histological preparations of the margins of the bullet holes in the skin of the neck of the late president, and study the diagnosis and findings of the Bethesda Hospital radiologist from his study of the X-ray films taken at the autopsy. He also desires to study and submit to “neutron activation analysis” various specified exhibits of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy (Warren Commission) including, among other things, the clothing worn by President Kennedy at the time of the assassination, and various bullets and bullet fragments associated with his death.

Prior to filing this action the appellant had requested permission from the U. S. Navy and the Archivist of the United States to study, examine, and perform tests on the items now listed in the complaint. 1 The U. S. Navy re *673 sponded by the affidavit of Vice Admiral Davis, Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, that the items and information requested by the appellant were no longer in the custody of the U. S. Navy. The National Archivist offered to show plaintiff all available materials concerning the Kennedy assassination subject to its regulations regarding access to Warren Commission Exhibits. It also offered to make photographs for him of three-dimensional exhibits which have been placed in glass cases for preservation, but declined to allow him to handle or submit these exhibits to any laboratory tests.

Having exhausted his administrative remedies, the appellant brought this action. The appellees responded with a motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, for summary judgment. The trial court concluded that there was no material issue of fact in the case and that the case was ripe for disposition. The appellees’ motion for summary judgment was granted. The memorandum opinion of the trial court is reported at 325 F.Supp. 130.

The Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552, enacted in its present form in 1967, provides for free access by the public to records and information in the custody of federal agencies, and provides for nine exceptions to the general rule of free access. Subsection (c) of § 552 makes it clear that all records and information in agency possession are accessible to members of the public unless they come within one of the nine exceptions. Most of the items sought to be examined by the appellant were found by the trial court to be not included in the meaning of the word “records” as it is used in 5 U.S.C. § 552. We do not find it necessary to reach that question. All of the items requested from the United States Archivist fall within the third of the nine exceptions to the general rule of disclosure. Subsection (b) (3) states that the statute “does not apply to matters that are . . . specifically exempted from disclosure by statute.

All of the items sought from the Archivist by appellant came into custody of the United States Archivist pursuant to two statutes. Most of the Warren Commission exhibits which appellant seeks to examine 2 were acquired under authority of Public Law 89-318 which was passed by Congress on November 2, 1965, 79 Stat. 1185. Public Law 89-318 declares that the national interest requires that the United States acquire certain items of evidence considered by the Warren Commission, and that those items be preserved by the United States. It gives the Attorney General authority to determine which items should be acquired and preserved. It further states that:

All items acquired by the United States pursuant to section 2 of this Act shall be placed under the jurisdiction of the Administrator of General Services for preservation under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe. (Emphasis added.)

The authority given to the Administrator has been delegated to the Archivist. Pursuant to the authority granted by Public Law 89-318 the Archivist has prescribed rules and regulations concerning the viewing, study, and use of the Commission exhibits and which are reasonably designed to secure their preservation. Three-dimensional articles (most of the items sought by appellant) may be viewed by researchers, but may not be handled or tested; they may not be removed from the Archives building except with approval of the Archivist and only by a federal employee; their custody may not be given to any other person for any purpose. These rules and regulations are clearly within the scope of the congressional grant of authority of Public Law 89-318 and are *674 reasonably designed to accomplish the purpose intended. We conclude that the items acquired by the United States pursuant to the provisions of Public Law 89-318 fall within the exception of 5 U. S.C. § 552(b) (3).

The remainder of these items requested from the Archivist by appellant came into custody of the U. S. Archives pursuant to 44 U.S.C. §§ 2107, 2108(c), which authorize the Administrator of General Services to accept for deposit papers, documents, and other historical materials of a president of the United States subject to the restrictions imposed by the donors or depositors as to their availability and use. The items of personal clothing worn by the president at the time of the assassination and the photographs and X-ray films taken at the autopsy were placed on deposit with the Administrator of General Services by the executors of the Kennedy estate subject to the terms of a letter of agreement of October 29, 1966, which agreement remains in effect during the lives of the late president’s widow, children, parents, brothers and sisters. The agreement places certain definite restrictions on access to the materials 3 and authorizes the Administrator of General Services to impose such other restrictions on their accessibility as he deems necessary and appropriate. ■

The appellant challenges the authority of the Kennedy estate to donate the materials and place restrictions on them. He claims that the items deposited were property of the United States, were not part of the Kennedy estate, and thus could not be donated by the estate. The trial court concluded that it was not necessary that the depositor of such materials be their “owner.” We agree with the trial judge’s conclusion.

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Bluebook (online)
460 F.2d 671, 1972 U.S. App. LEXIS 9606, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/john-nichols-v-the-united-states-of-america-ca10-1972.