WiNsnow, J.
As indicated in the foregoing statement of facts, the alleged breaches of warranty, which upon the first trial of the action were several in number, were reduced upon the second trial to a single alleged breach, namely, defective workmanship; and this breach was principally confined to the claim that the spokes of the wheel were improperly and unevenly notched and were not uniform in length, and to the further claims of lack of uniformity in the perimeter of the flanges of the box and nut, and eccentricity in the screw threads upon the box. Owing to the peculiar construction of the wheel, it was apparently absolutely essential to its success that the notches near the inner end of the spokes which were to engage flanges in the box and nut should be uniform in size and in distance from the perimeter of the wheel, and that the flanges should fit evenly upon all sides into the notches. If such uniformity and evenness did not exist, and the wheels collapsed on.that account, it is clear that they were defective in workmanship, because it is admitted that the plan of the wheel necessarily called for such uniformity in order to insure success. In order to substantiate its claim of defective workmanship [14]*14in this regard, the plaintiff caused nearly or quite all the wheels which the referee found to be defective to be taken •apart and examined by two experts, who testified to the defective notching of the spokes, and the other defects named, and explained why such defects made the wheels unserviceable. ” These wheels so examined were all stored upon the ■plaintiff’s premises, in Racine, where the case was tried; and ■at the commencement of the trial the plaintiff offered to •allow the defendant to examine all of them, but the offer does not seem to have been accepted. ¥e are now asked to reverse the finding of the referee and court upon these contentions, and to find that the real and only substantial difficulty with the wheels was that the spokes were made of iron instead of steel, and hence that the defendant was not responsible for the difficulty, because the plaintiff deliberately chose the iron spokes. It must be sufficient, upon this branch of the case, to say that, after examination of the evidence, we are clearly of the opinion that the evidence was ■entirely sufficient to support the findings of the referee and the court, and hence, upon familiar principles, they cannot be disturbed.
The next contention made by the appellant is that the alleged defective wheels were not shown or found by the •court to be worthless, but that it appeared by the evidence that they possessed some value, and that hence the recovery by the plaintiff of the full value of the wheels is erroneous. The finding was that, by reason of defects in workmanship, 'the wheels were “ practically useless and of no market value.” This was based upon the testimony of two witnesses, one of whom (Mr. Wallis, the general manager of the plaintiff) testified that if the wheels, when delivered, had any value, it was, in his opinion, only that of scrap iron, and that it was ■doubtful on that score, because the wheels were composed partly of steel and partly of iron, and these parts would .have to be separated, and that as wheels they had no value; [15]*15that he meant that the wheels were not suitable for the ■purposes intended and were defective to the extent that ■they were valueless for cultivator or plow; wheels. The ■other testified that, in his opinion, the wheels were absolutely worthless at the time of the trial, which was eight years after the sale, but might be worth something for scrap iron, if cut up. On the other hand, Mr. Scott, vice president of the defendant corporation, testified that the wheels, ■though useless for cultivators, might have been used upon lighter machines, such as hand carts or seeders, where they would be subject to less strain, and also that they might have been made good and substantial wheels, suitable for •cultivator wheels, by knocking out the old hub and casting ■or welding in a new hub, at an expense of twenty to twenty-five cents a wheel, and, further, that it was his recollection "that the defendant made an offer to the plaintiff to take the wheels to La Porte and make this change. This testimony .stands uncontradicted in the case. There was in fact no attempt to controvert it, and it must be considered as a fact that at an expense of twenty-five cents a wheel, at the most, ■the wheels could have been made perfect.
The rule is that in case of breach of warranty in the sale of a cnattel, where the vendee keeps the property and recoups his damages in an action for the price, the vendor may recover the value of the. chattel, if it has any value, notwithstanding its unfitness for the uses for which it was purchased. Warder v. Fisher, 48 Wis. 338. And, where a comparatively small outlay will remedy a defect, the purchaser is not entitled to keep the article, and refuse to make the necessary change, and recover the entire purchase price as for an article which is completely worthless, but he should make the change or cause it to be made; and the reasonable expense of making the change will be the ordinary measure of damages. J. Thompson Mfg. Co. v. Gunderson, 106 Wis. 449; Birdsall v. Carter, 11 Neb. 143. In the pres[16]*16ent case the testimony is undisputed that the change could have been made, that the wheels would then have been entirely serviceable and suitable for the uses intended, and that the maximum cost would have been twenty-five cents per wheel. We say the testimony was undisputed, because there was no witness who attempted to deny Mr. Scott’s statement that these changes could have been made, and the wheels rendered thereby serviceable; and the general statement by Mr. Wallis that the wheels were worthless as plow or cultivator wheels cannot be considered as anything more than a statement that, in the condition in which they were received, they were not suitable for those particular-purposes. So. the statement of the other witness for the plaintiff that he considered them worthless at the time of the trial cannot be considered as meeting Mr. Scott’s testimony, for two reasons: first, because eight years had then-elapsed since the sale and delivery of the wheels, and the evidence showed that they had greatly deteriorated by rust;, and, second, because he referred to them, evidently, in their condition with the defective hubs and flanges, and did not attempt to deny the feasibility of the substitution of new hubs.
Looking at the finding of the referee and the court, namely,, that the wheels were “ practically useless and of no market value,” it seems equally' plain that this does not mean thdt they were “ absolutely worthless.” Therefore we feel obliged to hold that it was neither proven nor found that the wheels, were worthless, but, rather, that it was proven, without dis-puté, that they were of some value, and, by the expenditure-of twenty-five cents per wheel for new hubs, could have-been made entirely serviceable wheels. Under the rules-laid down in the cases, above named, this sum, viz. twenty-five cents per wheel, would be the proper amount of the. plaintiff’s damages upon this branch of its claim, which would amount to $1,710.50 for the entire number (6,842) of [17]*17defective wheels, to which should be added the necessary freight charges and expenses of furnishing new wheels to replace defective wheels sent out to dealers by plaintiff, which were found to be $334.68; making the total amount of the plaintiff’s damages $2,045.18.
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WiNsnow, J.
As indicated in the foregoing statement of facts, the alleged breaches of warranty, which upon the first trial of the action were several in number, were reduced upon the second trial to a single alleged breach, namely, defective workmanship; and this breach was principally confined to the claim that the spokes of the wheel were improperly and unevenly notched and were not uniform in length, and to the further claims of lack of uniformity in the perimeter of the flanges of the box and nut, and eccentricity in the screw threads upon the box. Owing to the peculiar construction of the wheel, it was apparently absolutely essential to its success that the notches near the inner end of the spokes which were to engage flanges in the box and nut should be uniform in size and in distance from the perimeter of the wheel, and that the flanges should fit evenly upon all sides into the notches. If such uniformity and evenness did not exist, and the wheels collapsed on.that account, it is clear that they were defective in workmanship, because it is admitted that the plan of the wheel necessarily called for such uniformity in order to insure success. In order to substantiate its claim of defective workmanship [14]*14in this regard, the plaintiff caused nearly or quite all the wheels which the referee found to be defective to be taken •apart and examined by two experts, who testified to the defective notching of the spokes, and the other defects named, and explained why such defects made the wheels unserviceable. ” These wheels so examined were all stored upon the ■plaintiff’s premises, in Racine, where the case was tried; and ■at the commencement of the trial the plaintiff offered to •allow the defendant to examine all of them, but the offer does not seem to have been accepted. ¥e are now asked to reverse the finding of the referee and court upon these contentions, and to find that the real and only substantial difficulty with the wheels was that the spokes were made of iron instead of steel, and hence that the defendant was not responsible for the difficulty, because the plaintiff deliberately chose the iron spokes. It must be sufficient, upon this branch of the case, to say that, after examination of the evidence, we are clearly of the opinion that the evidence was ■entirely sufficient to support the findings of the referee and the court, and hence, upon familiar principles, they cannot be disturbed.
The next contention made by the appellant is that the alleged defective wheels were not shown or found by the •court to be worthless, but that it appeared by the evidence that they possessed some value, and that hence the recovery by the plaintiff of the full value of the wheels is erroneous. The finding was that, by reason of defects in workmanship, 'the wheels were “ practically useless and of no market value.” This was based upon the testimony of two witnesses, one of whom (Mr. Wallis, the general manager of the plaintiff) testified that if the wheels, when delivered, had any value, it was, in his opinion, only that of scrap iron, and that it was ■doubtful on that score, because the wheels were composed partly of steel and partly of iron, and these parts would .have to be separated, and that as wheels they had no value; [15]*15that he meant that the wheels were not suitable for the ■purposes intended and were defective to the extent that ■they were valueless for cultivator or plow; wheels. The ■other testified that, in his opinion, the wheels were absolutely worthless at the time of the trial, which was eight years after the sale, but might be worth something for scrap iron, if cut up. On the other hand, Mr. Scott, vice president of the defendant corporation, testified that the wheels, ■though useless for cultivators, might have been used upon lighter machines, such as hand carts or seeders, where they would be subject to less strain, and also that they might have been made good and substantial wheels, suitable for •cultivator wheels, by knocking out the old hub and casting ■or welding in a new hub, at an expense of twenty to twenty-five cents a wheel, and, further, that it was his recollection "that the defendant made an offer to the plaintiff to take the wheels to La Porte and make this change. This testimony .stands uncontradicted in the case. There was in fact no attempt to controvert it, and it must be considered as a fact that at an expense of twenty-five cents a wheel, at the most, ■the wheels could have been made perfect.
The rule is that in case of breach of warranty in the sale of a cnattel, where the vendee keeps the property and recoups his damages in an action for the price, the vendor may recover the value of the. chattel, if it has any value, notwithstanding its unfitness for the uses for which it was purchased. Warder v. Fisher, 48 Wis. 338. And, where a comparatively small outlay will remedy a defect, the purchaser is not entitled to keep the article, and refuse to make the necessary change, and recover the entire purchase price as for an article which is completely worthless, but he should make the change or cause it to be made; and the reasonable expense of making the change will be the ordinary measure of damages. J. Thompson Mfg. Co. v. Gunderson, 106 Wis. 449; Birdsall v. Carter, 11 Neb. 143. In the pres[16]*16ent case the testimony is undisputed that the change could have been made, that the wheels would then have been entirely serviceable and suitable for the uses intended, and that the maximum cost would have been twenty-five cents per wheel. We say the testimony was undisputed, because there was no witness who attempted to deny Mr. Scott’s statement that these changes could have been made, and the wheels rendered thereby serviceable; and the general statement by Mr. Wallis that the wheels were worthless as plow or cultivator wheels cannot be considered as anything more than a statement that, in the condition in which they were received, they were not suitable for those particular-purposes. So. the statement of the other witness for the plaintiff that he considered them worthless at the time of the trial cannot be considered as meeting Mr. Scott’s testimony, for two reasons: first, because eight years had then-elapsed since the sale and delivery of the wheels, and the evidence showed that they had greatly deteriorated by rust;, and, second, because he referred to them, evidently, in their condition with the defective hubs and flanges, and did not attempt to deny the feasibility of the substitution of new hubs.
Looking at the finding of the referee and the court, namely,, that the wheels were “ practically useless and of no market value,” it seems equally' plain that this does not mean thdt they were “ absolutely worthless.” Therefore we feel obliged to hold that it was neither proven nor found that the wheels, were worthless, but, rather, that it was proven, without dis-puté, that they were of some value, and, by the expenditure-of twenty-five cents per wheel for new hubs, could have-been made entirely serviceable wheels. Under the rules-laid down in the cases, above named, this sum, viz. twenty-five cents per wheel, would be the proper amount of the. plaintiff’s damages upon this branch of its claim, which would amount to $1,710.50 for the entire number (6,842) of [17]*17defective wheels, to which should be added the necessary freight charges and expenses of furnishing new wheels to replace defective wheels sent out to dealers by plaintiff, which were found to be $334.68; making the total amount of the plaintiff’s damages $2,045.18.
Upon the subject of interest upon the plaintiff’s damages, both the referee and the circuit judge were evidently in error. They allowed the plaintiff no interest, except from the date of the commencement of the action. It is true that interest, as such, is recoverable in actions for the recovery of money upon contract only when the claim is liquidated, or capable of liquidation by reference to reasonably certain market values, and that in such cases it runs from the time when the debtor ought to have paid the debt by the terms of the contract, or from the time fixed by law for its payment (if any such time be fixed), or, in default of either of such dates, from the time of the making of an adequate demand. Such was the holding in the recent case of Laycock v. Parker, 103 Wis. 161, but the principles there stated have no application here.
It is, however, quite well established by the preponderance of authority that there are cases for breach of contract, and cases sounding in tort, where the damages are wholly un-liquidated, but where they may be fixed by known and reasonably certain market values or other definite standards, where interest is to be allowed from the time of the breach or the commission of the injury. In such cases interest is not allowed, as such, but simply as compensation for the delay, and in order that the plaintiff may be fully remunerated for his injury. In such cases interest is regarded, in the absence of special circumstances showing greater loss, as measuring the proper compensation for the delay which the plaintiff has suffered in waiting for the payment of his damages; the principle being that the plaintiff will not be fully compensated unless he receive, not only the value of [18]*18the thing lost, but receive it, as nearly as may be, of the date of his loss. Such cases are actions for damages for breach of warranty on the sale of chattels, actions for breach of contract for the delivery of chattels, actions for the wrongful conversion of chattels or for the wrongful destruction of property, and perhaps other actions of similar nature. Ingram v. Rankin, 47 Wis. 406; 1 Suth. Dam. (2d ed.), 727, § 348; Hale, Dam. 157; Perley, Interest, 92; Richards v. Citizens N. G. Co. 130 Pa. St. 37; Buford v. Gould, 35 Ala. 265; Minneapolis H. Works v. Bonnallie, 29 Minn. 373; Brown v. Doyle, 69 Minn. 543; Sedgwick, Dam. (8th ed.), § 316. We are aware that there is some confusion in some of the authorities on this question, but it seems to have arisen from failing to keep in mind the distinction between the allowance of interest as such, and the allowance of interest as compensation for delay. Gray v. Central R. Co. 157 N. Y. 483.
Had the plaintiff in this case paid the full contract price of the wheels, it would, in accordance with these principles, have been entitled to recover the damages resulting from the breach of warranty, viz. $2,045.18, with interest at the legal rate from the time of the delivery of the wheels; but it appearing that there was then due or about to fall due upon the purchase price the total sum of $2,707.35, which is counterclaimed for in this action, the proper rule would necessarily be to deduct the damages from that amount, leaving a balance of $661.07, for which sum, with interest at the legal rate from April 15, 1890, the defendant should have had judgment upon its counterclaim.
By the Court.— Judgment reversed, and action remanded with directions to enter judgment for the defendant as indicated in the opinion.