This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1061
In re the Estate of: Bernice R. Murray aka Bernice Murray, Deceased
Filed March 7, 2016 Affirmed Ross, Judge
Nicollet County District Court File No. 52-PR-12-334
Douglas B. Altman, Darron C. Knutson, Altman & Izek, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)
Rodney J. Mason, Kimberly A. Mason, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondents Chase and Erin Jonason)
Barbara P. Berens, Carrie L. Zochert, Erin K. F. Lisle, Berens & Miller, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent Leland Jonason)
Considered and decided by Bjorkman, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and
Larkin, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROSS, Judge
This appeal concerns Michael Pint’s attempt to collect on a Hennepin County
judgment that he secured against his former business partner, Leland Jonason, by attaching
property that Jonason’s mother bequeathed to him but that Jonason disclaimed in a Nicollet
County probate proceeding. Pint personally guaranteed a line of credit that Jonason obtained to fund their joint business venture. Jonason defaulted on the resulting loan and
Pint paid the lender the default amount. The lender assigned its rights to Pint, and Pint
obtained a corresponding judgment against Jonason. Jonason’s mother bequeathed
property to Jonason, but Jonason disclaimed the inheritance, preventing Pint from attaching
it to satisfy the judgment. The Nicollet County District Court denied Pint’s motion to
invalidate Jonason’s disclaimer, rejecting Pint’s argument that res judicata and the
Hennepin County judgment required it to grant the motion. We hold that res judicata did
not obligate the district court to reject Jonason’s argument that the guaranty’s broad waiver-
of-claims provision prevents Pint, acting as guarantor, from asserting a claim against
Jonason. And we hold that the district court correctly interpreted the waiver to determine
that Pint could not, as guarantor, assert a disclaimer-invalidating claim against Jonason.
We do not address Pint’s tardy argument that the waiver provision applies to him only as
guarantor but not as assignee, because Pint did not make the argument in the district court
and he mentions it for the first time in his reply brief on appeal. We therefore affirm.
FACTS
Michael Pint and Leland Jonason were partners in a mobile-home park business
venture. Pint primarily funded the company and Jonason primarily managed it. Short on
operational funds in October 2009, Jonason obtained a line of credit from Central Bank to
finance the park’s daily expenses, and Pint personally guaranteed the loan. The consequent
promissory note grew to $322,200 and came due in October 2012. Jonason failed to pay.
Pint paid Central Bank the $322,200 obligation pursuant to his guaranty, and the bank
assigned him its rights under the note.
2 Pint then sought recovery from Jonason in the district court in two counties—
Hennepin (the contract action) and Nicollet (the probate action). Pint sued Jonason in
Hennepin County District Court based on contract principles, seeking to collect on the
assigned promissory note that Pint purchased from Central Bank. The district court granted
Pint’s motion for summary judgment against Jonason in the amount of the note plus interest
and attorney’s fees, totaling $362,435.15. Jonason’s mother, Bernice Murray, died testate,
leaving Jonason half the residue of her estate, including Nicollet County real property.
Jonason executed and filed with the district court in Nicollet County a disclaimer of his
interest in the Nicollet County property. Murray’s will redirected the disclaimed property
to Chase and Erin Jonason, Leland Jonason’s children.
Pint moved the district court in Nicollet County to vacate Jonason’s disclaimer in
the probate proceeding of Murray’s estate. He maintained that the disclaimer was void
under Minnesota Statutes section 524.2-1106(b)(4) (2014) because Leland Jonason was
insolvent. Chase and Erin Jonason responded that Pint did not have standing to vacate the
disclaimer and asserted other defenses. Leland Jonason also responded to Pint’s motion,
asserting that he was solvent at the relevant time and that, in any event, Pint’s guaranty
expressly waived any right to any claim against him based on the Central Bank note. At
the motion hearing, Pint’s counsel argued that res judicata barred Leland Jonason’s waiver
argument due to the Hennepin County judgment on the Central Bank note.
The Nicollet County District Court denied Pint’s motion to vacate the disclaimer. It
first held that Pint had standing to challenge the disclaimer. But it determined that Pint’s
claim was barred by a waiver provision in Pint’s guaranty in which Pint agreed as follows:
3 “I [Pint] also waive and relinquish all present and future claims, rights, and remedies
against borrower [Leland Jonason] or any other obligated party arising out of the creation
or my performance of this guaranty.” The district court refused to hold that the doctrine of
res judicata entitled Pint to a favorable determination based on the Hennepin County
District Court’s judgment. Pint appeals the Nicollet County order on the issues of res
judicata and its interpretation of the guaranty waiver. Chase and Erin Jonason have filed a
notice of related appeal challenging the district court’s determination that Pint has standing
to challenge the disclaimer’s validity.
DECISION
I
We first address Chase and Erin Jonason’s challenge to the district court’s holding
that Pint has standing to contest the disclaimer in the probate proceeding. Because the facts
relevant to standing are undisputed, we review the district court’s standing determination
de novo, as a question of law. Olson v. State, 742 N.W.2d 681, 684 (Minn. App. 2007). A
party’s standing can rest on either of two circumstances: the plaintiff has suffered an injury-
in-fact or a statute confers standing. State by Humphrey v. Philip Morris Inc., 551 N.W.2d
490, 493 (Minn. 1996).
The district court determined that Pint has statutory standing as an “interested
person” under Minnesota Statutes section 525.31 (2014) and can contest the disclaimer
based on our decision in In re Estate of Pawlik, 845 N.W.2d 249, 250 (Minn. App. 2014),
review denied (Minn. June 25, 2014). We agree that Pint has standing as an “interested
person,” but under a different provision, specifically, section 524.3-105 (2014).
4 This case is dissimilar to Pawlik, where we determined that an heir’s judgment
creditor had standing to petition the district court to declare that the decedent died intestate
and to apportion the estate to the heirs under Minnesota Statutes section 525.31. 845
N.W.2d at 254. That section declares that, when an intestate decedent has been dead for
three years, “any interested person” may petition the court to determine the descent of the
decedent’s property. Minn. Stat. § 525.31. In Pawlik, we relied on the probate code’s
general definition of “interested person” to include “heirs, devisees, children, spouses,
creditors, beneficiaries and any others having a property right in or claim against the estate
of a decedent, ward or protected person which may be affected by the proceeding.” Minn.
Stat. § 524.1-201(32) (2014). The definition adds, “The meaning as it relates to particular
persons may vary from time to time and must be determined according to the particular
purposes of, and matter involved in, any proceeding.” Id. We held that because the
petitioner’s judgment could be satisfied by the decedent’s property if inherited by the heir,
the petitioner was a “creditor or . . . other person having a property right in the decedent’s
estate.” Pawlik, 845 N.W.2d at 254.
Here, unlike in Pawlik, it is undisputed that the decedent died testate, so our
reasoning in Pawlik does not control. Pint’s motion to vacate Jonason’s disclaimer rests
instead on statutory provisions codifying the Uniform Disclaimer of Property Interests Act,
which nowhere refers to “any interested person” or suggests who may challenge a
disclaimer. See Minn. Stat. §§ 524.2-1101–1116 (2014).
But Minnesota’s probate code offers wider ground on which Pint can establish
standing as an “interested person.” Particularly, section 524.3-105 provides that “[a]ny
5 interested person in a decedent’s estate . . . may petition the court for orders in formal
proceedings within the court’s jurisdiction including but not limited to those described in
this article.” Pint filed his petition in the district court in Nicollet County where Murray’s
will was “in formal proceedings,” and Pint is an “interested person” as a judgment creditor
of an heir named in that will based on “the particular purposes of, and matter involved in,
[the] proceeding.” Minn. Stat. § 524.1-201(32). Similar to the petitioner in Pawlik, if Pint
prevails on his motion to vacate the disclaimer, he may be able to satisfy his judgment
using Jonason’s interest in the inherited property. See Pawlik, 845 N.W.2d at 254. We hold
that Pint is an “interested person” under section 524.3-105 and can petition the district court
in Murray’s probate proceeding. We affirm the district court’s holding that Pint has
standing to challenge Jonason’s disclaimer.
II
Pint relies on his judgment in the Hennepin County lawsuit and maintains that the
district court in Nicollet County was precluded by res judicata from considering whether
the waiver-of-all-claims provision in the guaranty bars him from challenging Jonason’s
disclaimer in the probate proceeding. We review de novo whether res judicata is available
for the district court to apply. Hauschildt v. Beckingham, 686 N.W.2d 829, 840 (Minn.
2004).
We clarify Pint’s res judicata claim as it concerns the related doctrine of collateral
estoppel. The terms res judicata (commonly referred to as claim preclusion) and collateral
estoppel (commonly referred to as issue preclusion) are sometimes used interchangeably,
but the doctrines are distinct. Id. at 837. Res judicata prevents parties from relitigating
6 claims resolved in a final adjudication, even if the later litigation raises new legal theories.
Id. By contrast, collateral estoppel prevents the litigation of specific legal issues that have
been formerly adjudicated. Id. A party can rely on res judicata in a later claim only if the
later claim involves the “same set of factual circumstances” as the previously adjudicated
claim, see id. at 840, while a party can rely on collateral estoppel only when the specific
issue was resolved in the prior adjudication, see id. at 837. Although collateral estoppel
potentially applies to more circumstances than res judicata, collateral estoppel requires that
the estopped party had a “full and fair opportunity to be heard on the adjudicated issue.”
Id. Res judicata, which tends to apply in fewer circumstances, more broadly prevents
litigating issues that either were litigated or that could have been litigated. See id. at 840.
The distinction is relevant here, because Pint does not assert collateral estoppel. He
expressly raises only res judicata, maintaining that the district court in Nicollet County was
bound to disregard any waiver assertion because the district court in Hennepin County had
already entered judgment on Pint’s damages claim. We therefore will limit our analysis to
the doctrine of res judicata.
A four-part test determines whether res judicata is available. Res judicata bars a
subsequent claim when “(1) the earlier claim involved the same set of factual
circumstances; (2) the earlier claim involved the same parties or their privies; (3) there was
a final judgment on the merits; [and] (4) the estopped party had a full and fair opportunity
to litigate the matter.” Id. All four elements must be established for res judicata to apply.
Id.
7 We agree with the district court that res judicata does not apply here. Pint’s res
judicata claim fails under the first element. The Hennepin County action involving
Jonason’s indebtedness to Pint for his payment of the Central Bank note involves different
factual circumstances from Pint’s motion challenging the validity of Jonason’s disclaimer.
Each of the claims (that Pint is entitled to judgment for paying Jonason’s defaulted loan
and that Jonason is entitled to disclaim his bequeathed property) requires evidence that
differs from the other.
Pint’s Hennepin County contract claim and his Nicollet County motion to vacate
Jonason’s disclaimer would depend on some of the same evidence, but the factual
similarities are insufficient for us to say that the claims are the same or that they constitute
the same cause of action. The district court in the contract case entered judgment based on
the facts that Jonason failed to pay the Central Bank loan as required by the terms of his
line of credit and that Pint made the payment and was assigned the bank’s rights on the
note. By contrast, to invalidate Jonason’s disclaimer in the probate case, Pint would need
to produce evidence that Jonason is indebted to Pint and that Jonason was insolvent when
his waiver became irrevocable. See Minn. Stat. § 524.2-1106(b)(4). Determining
insolvency requires evidence about Jonason’s assets and liabilities, see Minn. Stat. § 524.2-
1102(9), and this evidence is irrelevant to the Hennepin County contract claim. The two
claims also arose at different times. This is significant because we will not hold that claims
arise from the same cause of action if “the right to assert the second claim did not arise at
the same time as the right to assert the first claim.” Care Inst., Inc.-Roseville v. County of
Ramsey, 612 N.W.2d 443, 447 (Minn. 2000). The Hennepin County action arose when Pint
8 paid the balance and was immediately assigned the bank’s rights in October 2012, three
months before Jonason disclaimed his interest in the Nicollet County property.
Because the Hennepin County action and the current action to vacate the disclaimer
are not the same claim or cause of action, the first element of res judicata is not met. This
alone prevents res judicata from barring Jonason from asserting his waiver-clause
argument. We therefore hold that the doctrine does not bar the district court’s analysis of
the guaranty waiver clause. We do not address any possible application of collateral
estoppel because Pint did not raise the issue on appeal and the district court did not consider
it. See Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn. 1988).
III
We turn to the effect of the disputed waiver provision. The guaranty that Pint signed
so that Jonason could obtain the line of credit from Central Bank contained a broad waiver
provision, stating that the guarantor (Pint) relinquished all claims against the borrower
(Jonason). The district court reasoned from the waiver’s plain language that Pint agreed to
forego any possible claim against Jonason for payment of the loan, precluding Pint from
collecting from Jonason. We review the district court’s interpretation of a contract de novo.
Travertine Corp. v. Lexington-Silverwood, 683 N.W.2d 267, 271 (Minn. 2004). We discern
the parties’ intent from the plain language of the contract. Id. If a provision is “clear and
unambiguous,” we will avoid rewriting, modifying, or limiting its effect. Id. We construe
guaranties the same way we construe other contracts. Geneva JPM 2003-PM1, LLC v.
Geneva FSCX I, LLC, 843 N.W.2d 263, 266 (Minn. App. 2014).
9 Pint’s guaranty carries the following definitions: “I” includes the guarantor, and the
document identifies Pint as guarantor; “You” means the lender, its successors and
assignees, and the document identifies Central Bank as the lender; and “Borrower” refers
to Leland Jonason. The guaranty contains a waiver provision spanning two paragraphs.
The first paragraph appears to refer to waiving rights that might be held against the bank.
The disputed interpretation arises from the second paragraph:
I [Pint] also waive and relinquish all present and future claims, rights, and remedies against borrower [Leland Jonason] or any other obligated party arising out of the creation or my performance of this guaranty. My waiver includes, but is not limited to, the right of contribution, reimbursement, indemnification, subrogation, exoneration, and any right to participate in any claim or remedy you may have against the borrower, collateral, or other party obligated for borrower’s debts, whether or not not [sic] such claim; remedy, or right arises in equity or under contract, statute or common law.
We affirm the district court’s decision that the waiver’s plain language demonstrates
Pint’s intent to waive any present or future claims against Jonason arising from Pint’s
performance of the guaranty. The waiver is broad and clear.
We reject Pint’s argument that the waiver reflects the intent merely to prevent Pint
from interfering with Central Bank’s efforts to collect directly from the borrower. Pint
points to the second paragraph’s second sentence, and he emphasizes that it lists several
possible causes of action including “any right to participate in any claim or remedy you
[Central Bank] may have against the borrower.” Pint maintains that by referring
specifically to Central Bank’s rights, the phrase limits the entire provision so as to prevent
only Pint’s interfering with Central Bank’s claims against Jonason. The argument has at
10 least three flaws. First, it ignores the fact that the identified, purportedly limiting phrase is
part of a list that begins, “includes, but is not limited to.” Second, it overlooks the
organization of the list, the first part of which concerns Pint’s individual “right of” several
identified methods of recovery, and then adds also, “and any right to” share in any of the
bank’s methods of recovery. This separate grouping of the two classes of recovery methods
(those implicitly belonging to Pint directly and those belonging to the bank indirectly)
belies Pint’s argument that there is only a single class. And third, the brief reference to
interference with the Central Bank’s claims does not expressly or impliedly modify the
prior sweeping sentence—“I also waive and relinquish all present and future claims, rights,
and remedies against borrower or any other obligated party arising out of the creation or
my performance of this guaranty.”
We also are not convinced by Pint’s next argument that, because Jonason was not
an intended beneficiary of the guaranty, he cannot enforce the waiver provision in his
defense. Minnesota has adopted the Restatement (Second) of Contracts section 302 (1979),
which provides in relevant part as follows:
(1) Unless otherwise agreed between promisor and promisee, a beneficiary of a promise is an intended beneficiary if recognition of a right to performance in the beneficiary is appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties and either
(a) the performance of the promise will satisfy an obligation of the promisee to pay money to the beneficiary; or
(b) the circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance.
11 See Cretex Cos. v. Constr. Leaders, Inc., 342 N.W.2d 135, 139 (Minn. 1984). “Under this
approach, if recognition of third-party beneficiary rights is ‘appropriate’ and either the duty
owed or the intent to benefit test is met, the third party can recover as an ‘intended
beneficiary.’” Id.
The guaranty is clearly intended to benefit Jonason. If the intent to benefit a third
party exists, it must be found in the contract “as read in light of all the surrounding
circumstances.” Buchman Plumbing Co. v. Regents of the Univ. of Minn., 298 Minn. 328,
334, 215 N.W.2d 479, 483 (1974). A nonparty may be an intended beneficiary even if the
contract requires performance to the beneficiary only indirectly. Hickman v. SAFECO Ins.
Co. of Am., 695 N.W.2d 365, 370 n.8 (Minn. 2005). The first provision of the guaranty
states, “For good and valuable consideration . . . to induce you, at your option, to make
loans or engage in any other transactions with borrower from time to time, I absolutely and
unconditionally guarantee the full payment of the following debts . . . .” This language
reflects the intent to benefit Jonason by inducing Central Bank “to make loans or engage
in any other transactions with borrower from time to time.” The surrounding circumstances
inform us that the guaranty was necessary for Jonason to secure the line of credit that he
sought to cover the business’s operating expenses. The clear intent was to benefit the
borrower.
Finally, Pint argues that the district court’s interpretation of the waiver as precluding
him from all recovery against Jonason leads to an absurd result. He essentially maintains
that the result is unfair; he paid Jonason’s debt and the district court would leave him with
no recovery. This argument on equitable grounds does not dissuade us from our legal
12 holding for three reasons. First, we will construe and apply a contract by its plain terms
“even if the result is harsh.” Denelsbeck v. Wells Fargo & Co., 666 N.W.2d 339, 346–47
(Minn. 2003). Second, the district court deciding the probate matter did not determine that
Pint cannot recover on his previous judgment; that issue was not before it. Its holding
merely determined that Pint’s stated arguments do not provide any basis to invalidate
Jonason’s disclaimer of his inheritance. And third, the argument misses the fact that the
guaranty’s waiver provision applies only to Pint as guarantor; it does not on its face
prevent Pint from recovering as assignee, having stepped into the bank’s shoes and having
acquired the bank’s collection rights by assignment. Pint seems to recognize this, raising
the argument as a ground for reversal in his reply brief and at oral argument. If the position
has merit (as it seems to), it defeats Pint’s argument that the district court’s decision leads
to an unfair or absurd result. We of course will not decide the argument or rely on it to
reverse the district court’s waiver holding, because Pint never made the argument in the
district court. See Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at 582. And even if he had, because he failed to raise
the issue in his initial brief on appeal, he denied the respondents the ability to respond to
the argument, and we treat it as waived. See McIntire v. State, 458 N.W.2d 714, 717 n.2
(Minn. App. 1990), review denied (Minn. Sept. 28, 1990).
Because we hold that the district court properly decided that Pint (as guarantor)
waived all recourse from Jonason under the plain language of the guaranty waiver
provision (and because Pint failed to argue that the guaranty does not limit his right to
pursue a claim as assignee), we need not reach Pint’s challenge to the district court’s
determination about the need for an evidentiary hearing on whether Jonason was insolvent
13 at the relevant time. We also need not address Chase and Erin Jonason’s unclean-hands
argument.
Affirmed.