Huynh v. Jabil Inc.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: February 7, 2023
• Docket: 3:22-cv-07460
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 STRONG HUYNH, Case No. 22-cv-07460-WHO Plaintiff, 8 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 9 v. DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS OR STRIKE 10 JABIL INC., Re: Dkt. No. 24 Defendant. 11 12 13 Defendant Jabil, Inc. moves to dismiss plaintiff Strong Huynh’s wage-and-hour causes of 14 action and Huynh’s derivative unlawful business practices cause of action for failure to state 15 plausible claims to relief. Jabil also moves to strike Huynh’s class allegations. As explained 16 below, most of Huynh’s claims are plausibly alleged. Jabil’s motion is granted in limited part, 17 dismissing Huynh’s claims under California Labor Code sections 204, 206 and 1174, as well as 18 Huynh’s claim for injunctive relief under the California Unfair Competition Law. It is otherwise 19 DENIED. 20 BACKGROUND 21 Defendant Jabil Inc., is a business entity incorporated in Delaware, with its principal place 22 of business in St. Petersburg, Florida. See Notice of Removal (“Not.”) [Dkt. No. 1-1] ¶¶ 19, 21- 23 22. Jabil is alleged to be a “manufacturing service provider for clients throughout California.” 24 First Amended Class Action Complaint (“FAC”) [Dkt. No. 22-1] ¶ 8. Plaintiff Strong Huynh 25 states that he and other putative class members all were or are hourly-paid non-exempt employees 26 of Jabil. Id. ¶¶ 6, 7. Huynh was employed in California by Jabil from approximately 2019 27 through October 2021. Id. ¶¶ 6, 25. 1 employees all wages for all hours worked; (2) causing missed meal periods; (3) causing missed 2 rest breaks; (4) failing to provide all wages due upon discharge; (5) failing to provide itemized 3 wage statements and maintain accurate payroll records; and (6) failing to indemnify employees for 4 necessary business expenses, including cell phone expenses. Id. ¶¶ 42, 46, 54, 57, 65, 66, 69, 72. 5 In support of these claims, Huynh alleges that: 6 • Jabil required employees to perform work while clocked out for meal and rest 7 breaks. For example, Huynh alleges that he was required to respond to his 8 supervisor and manager while clocked out on his breaks. Id. ¶¶ 16, 20, 42, 46, 49, 9 54. 10 • Jabil failed to include non-discretionary bonuses and incentive compensation when 11 calculating employees’ regular rate of pay. For example, Huynh identifies specific 12 wage statements from November 2020 that show how Jabil failed to include his 13 shift premium in his regular rate of pay. Id. ¶¶ 17, 42. 14 • Jabil had a policy and practice of failing to provide second or third meal or rest 15 breaks where required, which happened to Huynh regularly. Id. ¶¶ 20, 21, 42. 16 • Huynh and class members’ inability to take the number of uninterrupted meal or 17 rest periods to which they were entitled was in part the result of Jabil’s policy of 18 understaffing. Id. ¶¶ 20, 54. 19 As a result of these failures, Huynh alleges that Jabil also failed to provide accurate, 20 itemized wage statements and failed to provide all wages due upon discharge. FAC ¶¶ 22, 23, 57, 21 66. He also contends that Jabil required him and other employees to use their personal cell phones 22 to perform required job duties, including requiring Huynh to provide updates “regarding machines 23 and scheduling” via his cellphone, but Jabil failed to reimburse Huynh and other employees for 24 those expenses. Id. ¶¶ 24, 72. Finally, Huynh states that his claims are typical of the claims of the 25 absent class members, resulting from the same policies and practices. Id. ¶ 31. 26 Huynh filed his complaint in the Superior Court for Alameda County on behalf of himself 27 and a putative class of “all individuals who worked for Jabil in a California location as a non- 1 (4) years prior to the filing of Plaintiff’s initial complaint in this action through judgment.” Id. ¶¶ 2 1, 26. The Complaint asserts seven Causes of Action: (1) Failure to Pay All Wages (under 3 California Labor Code §§ 204, 206, 510, 1182.12, 1194, 1194.2, 1197, 1197.1, and 1198); (2) 4 Failure to Provide Meal Periods or Compensation in Lieu Thereof (under California Labor Code 5 §§ 226.7 and 512); (3) Failure to Provide Rest Periods or Compensation in Lieu Thereof (under 6 California Labor Code § 226.7); (4) Failure to Pay Wages of Terminated or Resigned Employees 7 (under California Labor Code §§ 201, 202, and 203); (5) Failure to Issue Itemized Wage 8 Statements and Maintain Records (under California Labor Code §§ 226, 226.3, 1174, and 1174.5); 9 (6) Indemnification for Expenditures or Losses in Discharge of Duties (under California Labor 10 Code § 2802); and (7) Unfair/Unlawful Business Practices (under the California Business and 11 Professions Code § 17200 et seq.). Id. at 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19. 12 Jabil removed the case to the Northern District of California, under the Class Action 13 Fairness Act (“CAFA”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(d). After removal, Huynh filed a First Amended 14 Class Action Complaint (“FAC”), reasserting the same seven causes of action but adding 15 additional facts regarding his employment. Jabil now moves to dismiss all claims as insufficiently 16 pleaded and strike the class action allegations. 17 LEGAL STANDARD 18 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”) 12(b)(6), a district court must dismiss a 19 complaint if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) 20 motion to dismiss, plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on 21 its face.” See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible 22 when plaintiff pleads facts that “allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 23 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 24 (citation omitted). There must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted 25 unlawfully.” Id. While courts do not require “heightened fact pleading of specifics,” a plaintiff 26 must allege facts sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” See Twombly, 27 550 U.S. at 555, 570. This inquiry is “a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to 1 In deciding whether plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted, the Court 2 accepts plaintiff's allegations as true and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of plaintiff. See 3 Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir. 1987). Yet, the court is not required to 4 accept as true “allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or 5 unreasonable inferences.” See In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008). 6 If the court dismisses the complaint, it “should grant leave to amend even if no request to 7 amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured 8 by the allegation of other facts.” See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000). In 9 making this determination, the court should consider factors such as “the presence or absence of 10 undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by previous 11 amendments, undue prejudice to the opposing party and futility of the proposed amendment.” See 12 Moore v. Kayport Package Express, 885 F.2d 531, 538 (9th Cir. 1989). 13 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f), a court may strike from a pleading “any 14 redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” An immaterial matter is one “which 15 has no essential or important relationship to the claim for relief or the defenses being pleaded.” 16 Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1527 (9th Cir. 1993), rev’d on other grounds 510 U.S. 17 517 (1994). An impertinent matter “consists of statements that do not pertain, and are not 18 necessary, to the issues in question.” Id. Courts in this district have recognized that motions to 19 strike “should be denied unless the matter has no logical connection to the controversy at issue and 20 may prejudice one or more of the parties to the suit.” See, e.g., Hatamian v. Advanced Micro 21 Devices, Inc., No. 14-CV-00226-YGR, 2015 WL 511175, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 6, 2015). 22 DISCUSSION 23 Jabil moves to dismiss each of the wage and hour claims alleged (First through Sixth 24 Causes of Action) and the derivative UCL claim for unlawful business practices (Seventh Cause 25 of Action) for failure to allege sufficient facts to support the plausibility of those violations. It 26 also moves to dismiss or strike the class-wide allegations, arguing that they are based on 27 conclusory assertions without sufficient facts to support an inference of class-wide conduct. See 1 adequately pleaded with sufficient facts to show the claims are plausible on their face. Huynh also 2 contends that he has alleged sufficient facts regarding Jabil’s common policies and practices to 3 support his class allegations. See generally Opposition to the Mot. (“Oppo.”) [Dkt. No. 25]. 4 I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE PLEADINGS 5 Jabil challenges the adequacy of Huynh’s wage and hour claims by relying on the Ninth 6 Circuit’s opinion in a wage-and-hour case, Landers v. Quality Commc'ns, Inc., 771 F.3d 638, 644- 7 45 (9th Cir. 2014), as amended (Jan. 26, 2015). Jabil contends that in the wage-and-hour context, 8 a plaintiff’s complaint must include sufficient “facts that. . . permit the court to find plausibility” 9 of entitlement to relief. Id. For example, “at a minimum the plaintiff must allege at least one 10 workweek when he worked in excess of forty hours and was not paid for the excess of hours in that 11 workweek, or was not paid minimum wages.” Id. at 646. Jabil argues Huynh has failed to include 12 sufficient facts to clear Landers’ plausibility bar. 13 Jabil ignores the facts that Huynh has alleged; both those regarding policies and practices 14 of Jabil and those about his specific working conditions. Looking to the factual allegations in the 15 FAC as a whole, Huynh has adequately alleged the majority of his claims. 16 A. First Cause of Action for Unpaid Wages 17 In his first cause of action, Huynh alleges that Jabil violated nine separate sections of the 18 California Labor Code – sections 204, 206, 510, 1182.12, 1194, 1194.2, 1197, 1197.1, and 1198 – 19 by failing to pay “all wages.” FAC ¶¶ 34-43. Jabil asserts that under Landers, Huynh must allege 20 the specific workweeks that he believes he and class members were not properly paid all wages. 21 Mot. at 6. That level of detail is not necessary to state a plausible individual or class claim for 22 unpaid wages. See, e.g., Johnson v. Trumpet Behav. Health, LLC, No. 3:21-CV-03221-WHO, 23 2021 WL 2554054, at *3 (N.D. Cal. June 22, 2021) (rejecting the argument that a plaintiff needs 24 “to point to a particular instance” of a wage and hour violation, although recognizing “‘with the 25 pleading of more specific facts, the closer the complaint moves toward plausibility’”) (quoting 26 Landers, 771 F.3d at 645). 27 What is required post-Landers are facts that establish a plausible claim by, for example, 1 average rate of pay. Id. Huynh provides sufficient facts to make his claim plausible. He alleges 2 facts regarding: (i) how Jabil failed to pay him and others for off-the-clock work (including during 3 meal and break periods) due in part to its understaffing; (ii) how Jabil failed to schedule second or 4 third breaks when the length of his shift required them; and (iii) how Jabil failed to calculate base 5 pay correctly for purposes of overtime. Id. ¶¶ 42, 49; see also id. ¶¶ 16-21. Those details make 6 his wage claim plausible and satisfy Landers. 771 F.3d at 645. 7 Jabil relies in its Reply on the opinion of another judge in this District where a plaintiff 8 pleaded fewer facts to support the wage-and-hour allegations than Huynh does here. See Reply 9 [Dkt. No. 26-1] at 9; see also Suarez v. Bank of Am. Corp., No. 18-CV-01202-MEJ, 2018 WL 10 2431473, at *6 (N.D. Cal. May 30, 2018) (dismissing claims where plaintiff did not allege a 11 specific workweek of overtime that could support her claims to overtime wages, and pleaded that 12 she was only “consistently denied” when attempting to take her claimed missing breaks but did 13 not allege “what the supervisor said”). Unlike in Suarez, here Huynh states enough facts to “give 14 rise to a reasonable inference” of a claim to unpaid wages because he identifies underpaid wages 15 from a specific pay period, provides examples of shifts of specific lengths where Jabil failed to 16 schedule second or third breaks, and describes that it was his manager “who interrupted” his meal 17 or rest breaks and the “interruptions entailed” his manager asking questions about his job 18 performance and Jabil’s machinery. Compare Suarez at *5-6 with FAC ¶¶ 16-21. 19 Separately, Jabil challenges the plausibility of Huynh’s unpaid wage claim to the extent it 20 is based on section 204 of the California Labor Code.1 It cites decisions of other judges in this 21 District for the proposition that a plaintiff cannot assert a section 204 claim based only on alleged 22 “underpaid wages.” Mot. at 7; see also Carter v. Jai-Put Enter. Inc., No. 18-CV-06313-DMR, 23 2020 WL 3545094, at *10 (N.D. Cal. June 30, 2020) (rejecting a section 204 claim because “a 24 violation of section 204 cannot be premised solely on the claim that an employer underpaid 25

26 1 California Labor Code § 204 provides in subdivision (a): “All wages, other than those mentioned 27 in Section 201, 201.3, 202, 204.1, or 204.2, earned by any person in any employment are due and payable twice during each calendar month, on days designated in advance by the employer as the 1 wages”); Frausto v. Bank of Am., Nat'l Ass'n, No. 18-CV-01983-MEJ, 2018 WL 3659251, at *10 2 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 2, 2018) (explaining that section 204 “simply regulates the timing of wage 3 payments and does not provide for the payment of any particular type of wages or create any 4 substantive right to wages”). 5 Huynh does not address section 204 in his Opposition. Nor does he allege that Jabil failed 6 to pay him on the twice-monthly schedule required by 204(a). Section 204 is mentioned only 7 under the “failure to pay wages” cause of action. Accordingly, Huynh’s section 204 claim is 8 DISMISSED with leave to amend. If Huynh intends to allege a claim based on the violation of the 9 twice-monthly pay frequency required by section 204(a), he must reallege that claim separate from 10 his unpaid wages cause of action with plausible facts in support. 11 Jabil also challenges Huynh’s reliance on California Labor Code section 206 under his 12 “failure to pay all wages” First Cause of Action. Mot. at 7. Section 206(a) provides that “[i]n case 13 of a dispute over wages, the employer shall pay, without condition and within the time set by this 14 article, all wages, or parts thereof, conceded by him to be due, leaving to the employee all 15 remedies he might otherwise be entitled to as to any balance claimed.” The statute bars employers 16 from “coerc[ing] an employee to settle claims against the employer by conditioning the payment 17 of amounts due to the employee upon execution of a settlement agreement.” Aguilar v. Zep Inc., 18 No. 13-CV-00563-WHO, 2014 WL 1900460, at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 12, 2014). Section 206(b) 19 provides that if “after an investigation and hearing, the Labor Commissioner has determined the 20 validity of any employee's claim for wages, the claim is due and payable within 10 days after 21 receipt of notice by the employer that such wages are due.” Calif. Lab. Code § 206(b). 22 Huynh has not pleaded a plausible basis for relief under section 206 because he has not 23 alleged facts showing that there was any “dispute” over wages Huynh raised with Jabil, much less 24 that Jabil attempted to impose a condition or waiver of rights on Huynh, or that anyone has filed 25 an action before the Labor Commissioner. His FAC contains no facts supporting a claim under 26 section 206 (a) or (b) and Huynh fails to address them in his Opposition. His reliance on section 27 206 is DISMISSED as a basis for unpaid wages under the First Cause of Action. He is given 1 Finally, Jabil argues that Huynh’s reliance on Labor Code sections 1182.12, 1194, 1194.2, 2 1197, 1197.1, and 1198 in support of his First Cause of Action is improper. Mot. at 8. But it 3 provides no authority or specific argument demonstrating that any of the sections invoked by 4 Huynh fail as a matter of law or fail in light of the facts alleged or not alleged. Id. As noted 5 above, Huynh pleads sufficient non-conclusory facts supporting that Jabil failed to pay him all the 6 wages that he was owed and those allegations are plausible on their face. Absent authority 7 demonstrating that Huynh cannot move under these identified Labor Code provisions for unpaid 8 wages, Jabil’s motion to dismiss or strike mention of these Labor Code provisions is DENIED. 9 Huynh plausibly states his claims for unpaid wages. Except for the reliance on Sections 10 204 and 206, the motion to dismiss the first cause of action is DENIED. 11 B. Second and Third Causes of Action for Missed Meal and Rest Periods 12 Jabil separately challenges the adequacy of Huynh’s Second Cause of Action for violation 13 of California Labor Code sections 226.7 and 512 (based on Jabil’s failure to provide meal breaks 14 or uninterrupted meal breaks). Mot. at 8-10. Jabil contends that the missed meal breaks claim 15 fails because Huynh has failed to identify “a specific workweek or any instance” when Jabil (i) 16 interrupted Huynh’s meal period and (ii) denied Huynh the number of meal periods he was 17 entitled to. Id. To the contrary, Huynh has done just that and, in addition, alleges that the missed 18 and unprovided breaks was the result of Jabil’s practice of understaffing. FAC ¶¶ 16, 20, 49. 19 Jabil relies on Cortez v. United Nat’l Foods, Inc., No. 18-cv-04603-BLF, 2019 WL 20 955001, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 27, 2019) (dismissing claims for missing meal and rest periods 21 where plaintiff delivery driver alleged defendant “took no action to provide” such breaks because 22 plaintiff did not allege that defendant “impeded” on any breaks). Unlike in Cortez, Huynh alleges 23 with specificity how Jabil staff actively “impeded” his ability to take his meal breaks: Huynh’s 24 supervisors (i) requested work from him during purported breaks and (ii) failed to schedule a 25 second break for him and putative class members on shifts extending longer than 10 hours. 26 Compare Cortez, 2019 WL 955001 at *10, with FAC ¶¶ 16, 20, 49. 27 Jabil’s motion to dismiss Huynh’s Third Cause of Action for unpaid or missed rest breaks 1 where his breaks were interrupted or routinely not scheduled due in part to Jabil’s understaffing. 2 See FAC ¶¶ 1, 18, 20, 21, 67. 3 Huynh’s causes of action for his missed meal and rest breaks, contrary to Jabil’s 4 contention, are not simply claims for missed break “wage premiums” that are not “freestanding 5 violation[s] of these Labor Code sections.” Reply at 11-12 (relying on Coleman v. Jenny Craig, 6 Inc., 649 F. App'x 387, 388 (9th Cir. 2016) (affirming denial of class certification where plaintiff 7 failed to show defendant had a common policy and practice of denying complete and 8 uninterrupted meal and rest breaks to the putative class)). His missed meal and rest break claims 9 are based on the failure of Jabil to provide breaks or uninterrupted breaks, for which “wage 10 premiums” are the remedy. Id. 11 Jabil mistakenly relies on another inapposite unpublished Ninth Circuit opinion, Boyack v. 12 Regis Corp., 812 F. App'x 428 (9th Cir. 2020). There, the court affirmed dismissal of meal and 13 rest break claims where plaintiffs “failed to allege a single workweek in which” the employer 14 “impeded or discouraged” plaintiffs from taking rest breaks and instead referred to a provision of 15 the employee handbook as the source of his claim. Id. at 431. The court concluded that 16 “reference alone does not meet the requirements of Landers because it does not provide facts 17 demonstrating at least one workweek” existed where plaintiffs were “personally deprived of rest 18 breaks.” Id. Here, Huynh has alleged multiple instances where Jabil directly “impeded” his 19 breaks and how those breaks were impeded by interruption or failure to schedule. That suffices at 20 this stage.2 The motion to dismiss the Second and Third Causes of Action is DENIED. 21 C. Fourth Cause of Action for Waiting Time Penalties 22 Jabil contends that the derivative waiting time penalties claim must be dismissed because 23 24 2 The other cases Jabil relies on are similarly distinguishable. See, e.g., Khan v. K2 Pure Sols., LP, No. 12-CV-05526-WHO, 2013 WL 12174635, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 2013) (dismissing meal 25 and rest break claim where “plaintiffs provide no allegations to support their claim except for the assertion that ‘Defendants routinely failed to provide nonexempt employees. . . with rest and meal 26 periods during their work shifts’”); see also Lefevre v. Pac. Bell Directory, No. 14-CV-03803- WHO, 2014 WL 5810530, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2014) (dismissing break claim where plaintiff 27 alleged only that breaks were not provided in accordance with California law “on several occasions during the class period”). Here, Huynh has not merely asserted the law was violated by 1 Huynh has failed to allege sufficient facts to support his three substantive claims for unpaid wages 2 and missed meal and break periods. Mot. at 11-12. However, as the substantive claims have been 3 adequately pleaded, the derivative claim for waiting time penalties survives.3 4 Jabil argues that Bush v. Vaco Tech. Servcs., LLC, No. 17-cv-05605-BLF, 2018 WL 5 2047807, at *10 (N.D. Cal. May 2, 2018), holds that to plead a derivative waiting time penalty 6 claim, a plaintiff must “plead facts stating what wages were due, when they were due, and that 7 Defendant willfully failed to pay them.” Mot. at 11. Bush says nothing of the sort. It simply 8 dismissed a waiting time penalty claim for failure to allege any facts in support where the 9 underlying substantive claims failed, and no separate theory for waiting time penalties was 10 alleged. Id. at 10 & n.8. Here, Huynh has alleged his substantive claims adequately. The motion 11 to dismiss the Fourth Cause of Action is DENIED. 12 D. Fifth Cause of Action for Failure to Provide Itemized Wage Statements and Maintain Records 13 Huynh alleges that Jabil failed to provide itemized wage statements (as required by 14 California Labor Code section 226) and accurate payroll records (as required by California Labor 15 Code section 1174). FAC ¶¶ 62-70. Jabil challenges only the records claim under section 1174, 16 arguing that there is no private right of action under that provision. Mot. at 12. Huynh does not 17 address the section 1174 claim in his Opposition. And the law supports Jabil. See Cordell v. 18 PICC Lines Plus LLC, No. 16-cv-01814-TEH, 2016 WL 4702654, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Sep. 8, 2016) 19 (explaining that section 1174 provides that “employers must maintain records for inspection by the 20 Labor Commission, not by individual employees”); Cleveland v. Groceryworks.com, LLC, 200 F. 21 Supp. 3d 924, 958 n. 28 (N.D. Cal. 2016) (concluding that section 1174 does not create a private 22 right of action, and recognizing that while plaintiffs can bring a section 1174(d) claim under 23 24 25 3 Jabil is correct that a three-year statute of limitations applies to claims arising under California Labor Code section 203 for waiting time penalties on unpaid wages owed discharged employees. 26 See Pineda v. Bank of Am., N.A., 50 Cal. 4th 1389, 1398 (2010) (explaining that that the three-year limitation given in section 203(b) applies for all section 203 claims regardless of whether plaintiff 27 also pleads claims for unpaid wages). The amount, if any, of waiting time penalties will be determined at a later juncture. Huynh’s reference to seeking waiting time penalties for employees 1 California’s Private Attorney General Act, they first must exhaust administrative remedies to do 2 so). The motion to dismiss the claim in the Fifth Cause of Action based on failure to maintain 3 records is GRANTED. However, the Fifth Cause of Action’s claim for failing to provide accurate 4 itemized wage statements remains. 5 E. Sixth Cause of Action for Indemnification of Expenses 6 Huynh contends Jabil violated California Labor Code section 2802 by requiring him and 7 class members to use their cell phones to perform their jobs while failing to reimburse him and 8 class members for those expenses. FAC ¶¶ 24, 72.4 Jabil argues that Huynh has failed to provide 9 a single instance where he was required to use his personal cell phone to perform his job. Mot. at 10 12. That is untrue: Huynh alleges that he was required to provide his manager updates regarding 11 the status of his “machinery and scheduling” work tasks on his personal cell phone. FAC ¶ 24. 12 That is sufficient. The motion to dismiss the Sixth Cause of Action for indemnification is 13 DENIED. 14 F. Seventh Cause of Action for Unlawful Business Practices 15 Jabil moves to dismiss Huynh’s claim for unfair business practices under California 16 Business & Professions Code section 17200 et seq. (“UCL”) because the UCL claim depends on 17 the sufficiency of his prior causes of action. Mot. at 13-14. Because Huynh has adequately 18 alleged his prior causes of action, his derivative UCL claim likewise survives. But he cannot seek 19 injunctive relief because he is no longer employed by Jabil. See, e.g., Ellis v. Costco Wholesale 20 Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 986 (9th Cir. 2011) (holding that former employees of defendant lacked 21 standing to pursue injunctive relief on behalf of a putative class). His injunctive relief claim under 22 the UCL is DISMISSED. 23 Jabil also argues that Huynh cannot seek equitable relief under Sonner v. Premier Nutrition 24 Corp., 971 F.3d 834, 844 (9th Cir. 2020), because he has not alleged that his legal remedies are 25

26 4 In his FAC, Huynh also mentions “vehicle” expenses: “Defendant required [p]laintiff and [c]lass 27 [m]embers to use their personal cell phones and vehicles to carry out their job duties without proper reimbursement.” FAC ¶ 24. Vehicle expenses are nowhere else mentioned in the FAC. If 1 insufficient to allow him to pursue equitable relief. Huynh has not addressed the sufficiency of 2 remedies in support of his UCL claim in his Opposition. All he needs to plead to support a claim 3 to equitable relief in the alternative is an unconditional statement that his legal remedies are 4 inadequate. See, e.g., Johnson v. Trumpet Behav. Health, LLC, No. 3:21-CV-03221-WHO, 2022 5 WL 74163, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 7, 2022). But he has not done so. Therefore, the motion to 6 dismiss the Seventh Cause of Action under the UCL is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND 7 to allege inadequate remedies at law. 8 II. MOTION TO STRIKE THE CLASS ALLEGATIONS 9 Jabil also moves to strike Huynh’s class allegations under Rule 12(f) and allow this action 10 to proceed “only on an individualized basis.” Mot. at 14-18. I have “repeatedly rejected motions 11 to strike class allegations as ‘premature’ at the dismissal stage, expressing preference to address 12 class certification issues after the pleadings are settled and discovery finished,” and have explained 13 that “[s]triking class allegations at the pleading stage is only appropriate where the defendant 14 presents an argument that completely precludes certification of any class, not just the class 15 currently defined in the complaint.” Rice-Sherman v. Big Heart Pet Brands, Inc., No. 19-CV- 16 03613-WHO, 2020 WL 1245130, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2020) (internal citations omitted). 17 Nothing in Huynh’s FAC or Jabil’s motion shows that is appropriate here. 18 Jabil ignores my many decisions on this issue, relying almost exclusively on cases from 19 other districts. Mot. at 15-18. It then argues that the class claims must be stricken now because 20 Huynh includes only “conclusory allegations” about the conditions he suffered – the interrupted 21 meal and rest breaks and failure of Jabil to schedule an adequate number of breaks, the failure to 22 calculate base pay correctly, and the failure to reimburse business expenses – and not facts to 23 suggest these violations might occur more broadly to persons employed at either the same location 24 Huynh worked or at any of Jabil’s other locations throughout California. Mot. at 16. 25 Even if considered at this juncture, Huynh’s facts about his personal experience with 26 Jabil’s practice of understaffing, not scheduling sufficient breaks, and miscalculating base pay, are 27 the exact type of allegations that support an inference that Jabil’s practices occurred more broadly. 1 6421868, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 6, 2018), relied on by Jabil. There, a joint employee of Amazon 2 || and staffing agency alleged nation-wide class claims against Amazon. The court struck the class 3 allegations because the proposed class was on behalf of all Amazon employees and was not 4 || limited to employees of the two joint employers for which plaintiff worked. The court reasonably 5 || concluded that plaintiff's factual assertions about her experiences with Amazon and her staffing 6 || agency could not plausibly support class-wide claims for all employees who worked under other 7 staffing agencies jointly for Amazon across the country. Jd. at *10. In contrast, the facts that 8 || Huynh alleges regarding his working conditions as a Jabil employee in California (failures to 9 || calculate base pay, failures to schedule adequate breaks, failure to reimburse expenses) are exactly 10 || the type of facts that support a plausible inference that these conditions similarly impacted other 11 Jabil employees in California. That is adequate at this stage. The motion to strike the class 12 || allegations is DENIED. 13 CONCLUSION 14 The motion to dismiss is DENIED, except that Huynh’s reliance on Labor Code sections 3 15 204 and 206 in support of the First Cause of Action is DISMISSED with leave to amend, the a 16 || reliance on Labor Code section 1174 in support of the Fifth Cause of Action is DISMISSED, and 3 17 the Seventh Cause of Action under the UCL is DISMISSED with leave to amend regarding 18 || insufficiency of legal remedies. The motion to strike the class allegations is DENIED. 19 A further amended complaint, if any, shall be filed within twenty-one (21) days of the date 20 || of this Order. 21 IT IS SO ORDERED. 22 Dated: February 7, 2023 23 . 24 iam H. Orrick 25 United States District Judge 26 27 28