NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-2604-19
HIDDEN OAK WOODS, LLC,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
P&F GIANCOLA, d/b/a GIANCOLA WRECKING AND AUTO SALES,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
DEBRA RAINWATER, PP, AICP, in her capacity as Zoning Officer of the Township of East Brunswick,
Defendant,
THE TOWNSHIP OF EAST BRUNSWICK,
Defendant-Respondent. _____________________________
Submitted March 24, 2021 – Decided July 26, 2021 Before Judges Vernoia and Enright.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Middlesex County, Docket No. C-000140-17.
Thomas Williamson, attorney for appellant.
Eckert Seamans Cherin & Mellott, LLC, attorneys for respondent Hidden Oak Woods, LLC (Frank J. Petrino, of counsel and on the brief; Victoria D. Britton, on the brief).
Hoagland, Longo, Moran, Dunst & Doukas, LLP, attorneys for respondent The Township of East Brunswick (Michael J. Baker and Joseph D. Palombit, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant P&F Giancola d/b/a Giancola Wrecking and Auto Sales
appeals from the February 19, 2020 order entered by Judge Vincent LeBlon
granting plaintiff-respondent Hidden Oak Woods, LLC summary judgment and
directing defendant to abate various zoning violations arising from defendant's
use of its property. 1 For the reasons outlined below, we affirm.
1 Because no other named defendant appeals from the February 19, 2020 award of summary judgment, and defendant-respondent Township of East Brunswick joins plaintiff in asking us to affirm the February 19 order, we refer to P&F Giancola as defendant throughout this opinion. A-2604-19 2 I.
Plaintiff owns approximately forty-one acres of land in the Township of
East Brunswick (Township) that was designated for construction of an
inclusionary development in the Township's Third Round Housing Element and
Fair Share Plan (HEFSP). The property was rezoned from
Industrial/Manufacturing to Multiple Dwelling Apartment, i.e., a residential
zoning district, to accommodate a planned 275-unit development, with twenty
percent of the units set aside for low- and moderate- income families.
Defendant's property, also referenced in the record as the "Giancola
property," is situated diagonally across the street from plaintiff's property.
Defendant has owned and operated an automobile wrecking, salvage, and
storage business since 1987, and its predecessor in title obtained a use variance
from the Township zoning board in 1955, permitting those uses on defendant's
property. At the time the 1955 use variance was granted, defendant's property
was subject to the Township's 1952 zoning ordinance.
In August 2017, plaintiff filed a complaint against the Township, Debra
Rainwater,2 in her capacity as Township zoning officer, and defendant, wherein
it alleged declaratory relief should be granted in lieu of mandamus so that the
2 Defendant Debra Rainwater did not submit a responding brief. A-2604-19 3 zoning officer and the Township enforced the terms and conditions of the
Township's 1952 zoning ordinance, as well as its 1963 junkyard and current
zoning ordinances, against defendant. Plaintiff also sought to restrain
defendant's purported nuisances on defendant's property.
According to plaintiff, the 1955 use variance granted to defendant's
predecessor did not allow defendant to subsequently engage in various activities
after it assumed ownership of the property. For example, plaintiff contended
the 1952 zoning ordinance did not authorize, and therefore prohibited, front yard
parking, yet defendant used its property for that purpose without securing a
variance. Plaintiff also claimed defendant violated the 1952 zoning ordinance
because its operations were not contained "within a building or a walled
enclosure at least six . . . feet high." Additionally, plaintiff alleged defendant
violated the Township's 1963 junkyard ordinance, which prohibited parking in
the front yard and required walled enclosures to be at least eight feet high so
defendant's junkyard would not be visible from a public street.
Further, plaintiff asserted defendant's property violated the Township's
current zoning ordinance because the cars parked in defendant's front yard were
"not confined within the required bounded area" even though defendant's
building was situated less than 175 feet from the front property line, and the area
A-2604-19 4 between the parked cars and the front property line was "not screened" as
required. Moreover, plaintiff alleged defendant violated the Township's current
ordinance as to signage and advertising because defendant had "not applied for
and/or received a zoning sign permit for any of the signage or advertising
displays on" its property. Based on defendant's alleged multiple violations,
plaintiff argued defendant was engaged in "an illegal and negligent use of [its]
. . . property" "against the public interest," which adversely affected "the
marketability of the Inclusionary Development to be constructed on the Hidden
Oak Property."
II.
The parties unsuccessfully attempted to resolve their dispute by engaging
in settlement discussions. When negotiations failed, plaintiff moved for
summary judgment against defendant; the Township joined in plaintiff's
application.
Judge LeBlon heard oral argument on plaintiff's summary judgment
motion in September 2019. During argument, plaintiff's counsel acknowledged
there was a question as to whether defendant's property was in a light or a heavy
industrial zone in 1955. Plaintiff's counsel argued the issue was immaterial
because the standards were the same for both zones, other than for front yard
A-2604-19 5 setbacks. Thus, plaintiff's attorney represented, "for the purposes of this motion,
we will concede . . . there is not a violation of the front yard setback." Counsel
for plaintiff then recounted the ordinance violations outlined in its complaint
and asked the court to "take judicial notice of the negative impact that the
continual and long-standing zoning violations have had on the surrounding and
neighboring properties, including Hidden Oaks."
The Township's attorney confirmed during argument that his client agreed
with plaintiff's position, even though the Township was a named defendant. He
highlighted that after the 1955 use variance authorized defendant's predecessor
to operate an auto wrecking, salvage, and storage business, defendant
"intensified and expanded" the use of the property to include used car sales. He
further stated that even if defendant's operations were a "preexisting
nonconforming use, there's also evidence from the pictures that it's been
expanded. So we don't think it's preexisting, but even if it were, clearly [it] can't
be expanded into the front yard with used car sales going up front." Further, the
Township concurred with plaintiff that defendant violated the Township's sign
ordinance.
Counsel for defendant noted the historical use of the property, remarking
that "ever since 1955, a junkyard has been operated at this property without
A-2604-19 6 interruption for nearly 65 years now," and that "no later than 1973, the [prior]
owner of the property . . . was also selling used cars at the Giancola property."
Similarly, defendant argued it had photographic evidence from 1969 and 1972
showing "cars were parked in the front yard of the property." Further, defendant
argued that when defendant's owners bought the property and business in 1987,
"the building had two stories, and there were three driveways on the property."
Moreover, defendant claimed "all necessary municipal and state licenses needed
to operate [defendant's] business" were obtained as recently as the past year, and
"any off-street parking on any location on the property . . . is expressly
permitted." Further, defendant argued it had complied with the Township's
fencing requirement, that there was no signage limitation under the 1952
ordinance when defendant's predecessor owned the property, and the "use of the
Giancola property . . . qualif[ied] as a best and nonconforming use because the
use existed at a time during which . . . the 1952 ordinance[] allowed such uses. "
Counsel added that "such vested nonconforming uses of property rights . . .
cannot be voided or lost easily," and "[e]ven if the court were to consider [the]
recent ordinance, and the junkyard ordinance . . . , plaintiff is still not entitled
to summary judgment."
A-2604-19 7 III.
On January 29, 2020, in a well-reasoned and thorough opinion, Judge
LeBlon rejected defendant's arguments and awarded plaintiff summary
judgment; on February 19, 2020, he issued a conforming order. In his opinion,
the judge initially noted defendant's property was in a heavy industrial zone
under the 1952 ordinance, even though defendant asserted its property was in
the light industrial zone under that ordinance. The judge then methodically
itemized defendant's "current and historic violations of the Township Zoning
Code" as well as defendant's violations of its 1955 use variance. We need not
reiterate each finding of a violation here. Instead, we cite to some of those
violations found by the judge to demonstrate why we are persuaded there is no
basis to disturb his summary judgment award.
For example, the judge noted that considering defendant's property was in
the heavy industrial zone under the 1952 ordinance, that ordinance required "a
minimum front yard building setback of 100' from the public roadway" and
"there has been no compliance with the 100' front yard setback." The judge
found "a variance from this requirement was neither sought nor given at the time
the 1955 Use Variance was granted for the Giancola Property." Because
defendant had asserted its property was located in the light industrial zone under
A-2604-19 8 the 1952 zoning ordinance, Judge LeBlon clarified that "[t]he zoning standards
applicable to Giancola's violations of the Township's 1952 zoning ordinance ar e
the same in the light . . . and the heavy industrial zone[s] with the exception of
front yard setbacks," but significantly, whether defendant's property was in a
heavy or light industry zone under the 1952 ordinance was not a material fact
sufficient to defeat summary judgment because plaintiff "concede[d], for the
purposes of this motion only," that defendant's property was in the light
industrial zone. Therefore, the judge determined there was "no violation of the
front yard setback requirement . . . under the 1952 zoning ordinance" for the
purpose of plaintiff's summary judgment application.
Additionally, the judge determined the 1952 zoning ordinance required an
automobile wrecking and salvage business to be conducted within a building or
walled enclosure six feet high, yet based on aerial photographs of defendant's
property, it was evident defendant's property was not enclosed by a six-foot wall
or fence, "and a variance from this requirement was neither sought nor given at
the time the 1955 Use Variance was granted for the Property."
Further, Judge LeBlon found defendant's business operations on its
property "constituted a junkyard" under the 1963 junkyard ordinance. He
concluded defendant was in violation of the provisions of this ordinance, "which
A-2604-19 9 is a licensing ordinance for junkyards within the Township." The judge
explained "that when two enabling ordinances (licensing and zoning) exist,
provisions relating to regulation of the property need not be confined to only the
zoning ordinance." Finding the 1963 junkyard ordinance and the current zoning
ordinance "must be construed together," the judge determined the junkyard
ordinance did not permit front yard parking, and significantly,
the current zoning ordinance prohibits front yard parking except in a limited circumstance that does not exist herein (i.e., if the front of the building is 175' from the property line, then front yard parking is permitted in an area bounded by a line 125' from the street and the front of the building screened by landscaping). Therefore, under both ordinances, front yard parking is not permitted without a variance, which Giancola has never applied for or received. Yet, . . . Giancola parks motor vehicles in the front yard up to the property line as well as in the Township's right of way.
Additionally, when construing the 1963 junkyard and current zoning
ordinances together, the judge found "a uniform and solid eight-foot fence that
screens the junkyard operations on the Giancola Property from the public streets
is required for all junkyard operations in the Township," but defendant
maintained a "mismatch of walls and fencing of varying heights on the Giancola
property that does not entirely surround it and does not screen the junkyard
operations from view."
A-2604-19 10 The judge also concluded that under the current zoning ordinance,
defendant's property is in the Industrial/Manufacturing zone, requiring a 175-
foot setback from the front property line when facing a residential development,
and that automobile parking in the front yard must be within the bounded area
and 125 feet from the street. Nevertheless, defendant's property was in front of
a residential development and its setback was not at least 175 feet. The judge
stated "the Giancola property is parking motor vehicles only twenty-eight . . . to
thirty-four . . . feet from the front property line and within the Township's right
of way." Additionally, the judge found defendant violated the front yard setback
of 100 feet for principal buildings with frontage on a street that is the boundary
line of a residential zone.
Further, the judge found defendant was in violation of the Township's sign
ordinance, as defendant never received authorization for approximately eight
signs located on the property. He also found defendant's property exhibited
"multiple flat signs," rather than one authorized flat sign, which "appear[ed] to
exceed the fifteen percent . . . cap" "of the area of the side of the building to
which it is attached." The judge noted that defendant conceded the 1952 zoning
ordinance "is silent on the issue of signage, and that it did not obtain a sign
permit from the Township when it updated the signage" upon purchasing the
A-2604-19 11 property. The judge also stated silence under the 1952 ordinance "in no way
indicates authorization for any signage."
Additionally, Judge LeBlon found the 1955 use variance authorized
defendant to use the property "for an automobile wrecking, salvage, and storage
business, and nothing else." Because the use of defendant's property intensified
and expanded to include towing services and sales, "without a variance or other
approval," and these "expanded and intensified uses are not permitted in the
[Industrial/Manufacturing d]istrict where the Giancola Property is located,"
such expansions and intensifications constituted "zoning violations under the
Township Code." The judge added,
it is indeed nonsensical for Giancola to assert that the sale of used automobiles, which began after the 1955 Use Variance was obtained for the property for different and limited uses (i.e., automobile wrecking, salvage, and storage) is a pre-existing non-conforming use that does not require a use variance. A property owner cannot add additional, non-permitted uses to a property after obtaining a use variance without making application to the local zoning board, and obtaining approval for, a new or expanded use variance.
After finding plaintiff was an "interested party" under N.J.S.A. 40:55D -
18, Judge LeBlon concluded:
[t]he aforementioned zoning violations maintained by [defendant] on [its] [p]roperty are an illegal use of the . . . [p]roperty, as well as eyesores and nuisances . . . .
A-2604-19 12 The various zoning violations and nuisances maintained by [defendant] . . . interfere with [plaintiff's] right to equal use and enjoyment of [its] . . . [p]roperty and will also adversely affect the marketability of the inclusionary development to be constructed thereon during the Third Round. . . . The continuation of the aforesaid zoning violations and nuisances by [defendant] . . . adversely impacts the economic feasibility of [plaintiff's] inclusionary development and is also against the public interest.
Accordingly, the judge determined plaintiff was entitled to summary judgment
and defendant was required to "remedy and abate all zoning violations and
nuisances on . . . its [p]roperty within 30 days."
IV.
On appeal, defendant presents a mixture of novel and recycled arguments,
many of which are unsupported by citations to the record or a legal authority
and are presented in a conclusory fashion. Regarding the arguments newly
raised before us, defendant contends: (1) plaintiff did not prosecute the correct
type of action because it sought relief for violations which were "quasi-criminal
in nature"; (2) the trial court improperly relied on "material
misrepresentation[s]" of plaintiff's counsel; and (3) "although [defendant's] first
attorney did not name this as a Cascade situation," "[h]e presented the idea that
A-2604-19 13 a permitted use in a higher zone is permitted in a lower zone," and "under a
Cascade approach," defendant did not need a variance to sell used cars. 3
We decline to reach these newly minted arguments.
It is a well-settled principle that our appellate courts will decline to consider questions or issues not properly presented to the trial court when an opportunity for such a presentation is available "unless the questions so raised on appeal go to the jurisdiction of the trial court or concern matters of great public interest."
[Nieder v. Royal Indem. Ins. Co., 62 N.J. 229, 234 (1973) (quoting Reynolds Offset Co. v. Summer, 58 N.J. Super. 542, 548 (App. Div. 1959)); see also State v. Robinson, 200 N.J. 1, 19 (2009) ("Appellate review is not limitless. The jurisdiction of appellate courts rightly is bounded by the proofs and objections critically explored on the record before the trial court by the parties themselves.").]
Here, defendant's novel arguments are neither jurisdictional in nature nor do
they substantially implicate the public interest.
Moreover, to the extent defendant argues the judge relied on a material
misrepresentation of facts as set forth in the statement of material facts included
3 Defendant concedes it has offered no legal authority to support its "cascade zoning" argument, that "the Cascade approach has vanished and has been replaced by a [d]iscrete and [d]etailed [z]oning [o]rdinance," and "New Jersey case law currently provides that a use not expressly provided for in a variance is prohibited." A-2604-19 14 with plaintiff's summary judgment motion, we reject this contention.
Specifically, defendant argues
[a] reading of "Exhibit D" . . . clearly shows[] that this crucial document to [plaintiff's] proving the violations of the conditions as to the 1955 Use Variance is [not] the 1955 Use variance. "Exhibit D" is actually a copy of the incomplete [application]. It appears to be incomplete in that the [fourth] page . . . has [two] at the very top and begins with item [twelve]. This suggests that page [one], with items . . . [one] to [eleven], is missing.
This argument ignores that defendant admitted to facts concerning the 1955 use
variance, both in its "response to statement of undisputed material facts" and its
answer to the complaint. Indeed, in its "response to statement of undisputed
material facts," defendant outright acknowledged,
[i]n or about 1955, Giancola (or its predecessor in interest) was granted a use variance by the Township's Zoning Board of Adjustment for the operation of an automobile wrecking, salvage, and storage business on the Giancola Property (the '1955 Use Variance'). See 1955 Use Variance attached to the [certification of plaintiff's counsel] as Exhibit D.
[(Emphasis added).]
The record also reflects defendant made a similar admission in paragraph
eighteen of its answer to plaintiff's complaint. Further, defendant admitted in
its response to plaintiff's statement of undisputed material facts that "[a]t the
A-2604-19 15 time the 1955 Use Variance was granted, the Giancola Property was subject to
the Township's 1952 zoning ordinance." Given this record, plaintiff
understandably denies it misrepresented
facts, material or otherwise, when referring to Exhibit D of the Motion for Summary Judgment as the "1955 Use Variance," but rather relied on [defendant's] own admissions in its Answer and its opposition to [plaintiff's] Statement of Undisputed Material Facts in the underlying Motion for Summary Judgment confirming that Exhibit D constituted the sum and substance of the use variance obtained by [defendant's] predecessor . . . . To put it simply, [plaintiff] could not have misrepresented the facts when [defendant] itself relied on Exhibit D to support the existence of the 1955 Use Variance . . . . Accordingly, and contrary to [defendant's] newly raised arguments . . . , [plaintiff] did not misrepresent the nature of Exhibit D to the underlying Motion for Summary Judgment. In fact, [defendant] admitted on at least three occasions that Exhibit D is the essence of the 1955 Use Variance that its predecessor obtained for the Giancola Property.
Relying on arguments previously made before Judge LeBlon, defendant
contends: (1) plaintiff failed to establish operations at defendant's property were
in violation of the ordinances it cited because a "nonconforming use existing at
the time of an ordinance may be continued"; (2) plaintiff's claims about
defendant's expanded and intensified use of its property lacked specificity; (3)
plaintiff's proofs were lacking as to defendant's alleged improper use of the
A-2604-19 16 property for towing, the sale of used cars, parts and tires, a second-story
addition, its proximity to the front property line, and expansion into new areas;
(4) plaintiff failed to establish defendant was in violation of the sign ordinance;
and (5) the trial court erred in finding defendant's use of its property was a
common law nuisance. These arguments are unavailing.
It is well established that to balance the municipality's interest in
amending and updating its zoning ordinances with a property owner's interest
and right to maintain the use of its property, certain pre-existing, newly
prohibited, nonconforming uses are permitted. Twp. of Stafford v. Stafford
Twp. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 154 N.J. 62, 68 (1998) (quoting Palatine I v.
Planning Bd., 133 N.J. 546, 565 (1993)). Such nonconforming uses may "co-
exist with the ordinance that, on its face, prohibits them." Ibid. (internal
quotations omitted). However, courts limit the scope of the nonconforming use
so that it can conform with the current ordinance "as quickly as is compatible
with justice." Ibid. (quoting Town of Belleville v. Parillo's, Inc., 83 N.J. 309,
315 (1980)). To qualify for a nonconforming use, the property owner "may
apply in writing for the issuance of a certificate certifying that the use . . . existed
before the adoption of the ordinance which rendered the use . . .
A-2604-19 17 nonconforming." Id. at 68-69 (quoting N.J.S.A. 40:55D-68) (alterations in
original). There is no suggestion by defendant that it followed this procedure.
We also note that N.J.S.A. 40:55D-70 gives a board of adjustment
authority to grant a variance to a property owner to depart from the regulations
of the zoning code and permit a use which does not conform to the code. "An
application for a use variance based on the assertion that a property is
particularly suitable for a project requires an evaluation of whether the use,
otherwise not permitted in the zone, . . . will promote the general welfare." Price
v. Himeji, LLC, 214 N.J. 263, 287 (2013). Again, defendant does not argue it
applied for a variance to deviate from the Township's regulations regarding its
use of its front yard for parking cars or to maintain fencing shorter than the
eight-foot requirement outlined in the 1963 junkyard and current zoning
ordinances. Likewise, defendant does not contest that it did not seek a variance
for its non-conforming signs or its violation of the 100-foot setback requirement.
Further, in challenging the summary judgment award, defendant does not
dispute that after the 1955 use variance was granted to its predecessor, defendant
expanded its use of the property to include additional services, and it did so
without seeking a variance. As Judge LeBlon observed, "[a] property owner
cannot add additional, non-permitted uses to a property after obtaining a use
A-2604-19 18 variance without making application to the local zoning board, and obtaining
approval for a new or expanded use variance." See Hantman v. Randolph Twp.,
58 N.J. Super. 127, 135 (App. Div. 1959) (nonconforming uses "may not be
enlarged as of right").
Regarding defendant's nuisance argument, we note property owners must
use their land in a way that avoids detriment or injury to other property owners.
Sans v. Ramsey Golf & Country Club, Inc., 50 N.J. Super. 127, 133 (App. Div.
1958). Courts look to whether a property owner's activities materially and
unreasonably interfere with another's comforts or existence "not according to
exceptionally refined, uncommon, or luxurious habits of living, but according
to the simple tastes and unaffected notions generally prevailing among plain
people." Id. at 134-35 (citations omitted). Here, the record amply supports
Judge LeBlon's finding that defendant's activities interfered with the
marketability of plaintiff's neighboring property once plaintiff's property
became the site of a development included in the Township’s court-approved
Third Round HEFSP.
When reviewing an order granting or denying summary judgment, we
apply the same standard as the trial court. State v. Perini Corp., 221 N.J. 412,
425 (2015) (citing Town of Kearny v. Brandt, 214 N.J. 76, 91 (2013)). In
A-2604-19 19 considering a motion for summary judgment, "both trial and appellate courts
must view the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." Bauer
v. Nesbitt, 198 N.J. 601, 605 n. 1 (2009) (citing R. 4:46-2(c); Brill v. Guardian
Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995)). Courts must grant summary
judgment if the evidence shows that "there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact challenged and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a
matter of law." R. 4:46-2(c). Even if the pleadings show there may be an issue
of material fact, a trial court must also look to and consider all the papers on file
to determine if there is, in fact, a dispute. Judson v. Peoples Bank & Trust Co.
of Westfield, 17 N.J. 67, 75 (1954). Bare conclusions from the pleadings are
not enough to defeat a summary judgment application without factual support
from the papers. United States Pipe & Foundry Co. v. American Arbitration
Ass'n, 67 N.J. Super. 384, 399-400 (App. Div. 1961). On the other hand,
opposing parties may show that evidentiary materials relied upon raise
credibility issues and thus defeat a motion for summary judgment. D'Amato v.
D'Amato, 305 N.J. Super. 109, 114 (App. Div. 1997). In deciding a summary
judgment motion, the trial court must only determine whether there is a genuine
issue of material fact but should not render a decision on such issues. Brill, 142
N.J. at 540. Issues of law are subject to the de novo standard of review, and
A-2604-19 20 thus the trial court's determination of such issues is accorded no
deference. Kaye v. Rosefielde, 223 N.J. 218, 229 (2015) (citations omitted).
Having reviewed the record, the parties' briefs, and applicable legal
principles, we are satisfied we have no basis to disturb Judge LeBlon's February
19, 2020 order, and affirm the order substantially for the reasons he expressed
in his thoughtful and comprehensive January 29, 2020 opinion.
To the extent we have not expressly addressed any of defendant's
remaining arguments, we find they lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in
a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
A-2604-19 21