THURMAN, J.
This is an action to review the proceedings of the defendant, Industrial Commission of Utah (hereinafter called Commission) in the matter of an award made by said Commission to the estate of one David Murphy, deceased, and to have said award declared null and void. The decision of the Commission not only contains its findings of fact, conclusions of law and award, but also the reasons which induced the [61]*61Commission to make the award. With the' view of making our opinion more intelligible we quote the decision in its entirety.
“I. The defendant employer, Heiselt Construction Company, is, and was on January 10, 1920, an employer subject to chapter 100, Compiled Laws of Utah, 1917, as amended, and that defendant iEtna Life Insurance Company is the insurance carrier of said defendant employer.
“II. That defendant ¿Eltna Life Insurance Company paid deceased $16 per week as compensation for nine weeks, ending March 28th, 1920, and that all medical and hospital service was furnished by defendants in the following amounts: Medical, $38; hospital, $95.
“III. That on the 10th day of January, 1920, David Murphy, of Salt Lake City, state of Utah, was injured by accident arising out of or in the .course of his employment, while engaged in the usual course of his trade, business, profession, or occupation of the defendant employer of Provo Canyon, state of Utah.
“IV. That said injury was caused from being • exposed to severely cold weather while at his work on January 10, 1920, which resulted in the ends of several of his fingers becoming frozen and later requiring the amputation of right thumb at distal joint, right first finger one-half distal phalanx, right second finger one-half distal phalanx, right third finger three-fourths distal phalanx, left fourth finger three-fourths distal phalanx.
“V. That David Murphy died on the 28th day of March, 1920, from causes in no wise connected with or resulting from said injuries.
“VI. That deceased was 54 years of age, single, and was earning at the time of the accident $31.50 per-week, working seven days per week, and that, so far as known, he left no one dependent upon him for support.
“VII. That applicant, A. E. Harvey, is the duly appointed administrator of the estate of David Murphy, deceased.
“Conclusions.
“Prom the foregoing the Commission finds and concludes as follows:
“David Murphy suffered an injury arising out of or in the course of his employment while in the employ of the defendant employer, which would entitle him to the benefits of the Workmen’s Compensation Act of Utah for the period of total disability of nine weeks, and in addition thereto compensation for the loss of certain members, equaling 31 % weeks at $16 per week, upon which was paid at the time of his death nine weeks at $16 per week, or $144. There remains unpaid 31% weeks at $16 per week, or $504, which amount his estate is justly entitled to recover.
[62]*62“Section 3137 of the Workmen’s Compensation Act provides for the compensation payments in cases of temporary disability. This section of the law was complied with by defendant insurance company by their paying the injured David Murphy for that period of tijne total disability suffered.
“Section 3138 of the act provides in part ‘in the case of the following injuries the compensation shall be 60 per cent, of the average weekly wage, but not more than $16, to be paid weekly for the periods stated against such injuries respectively, and shall be in addition to the compensation hereinbefore provided for temporary total disability.’ Then follows the schedule.
“It is under this section and schedule that the deceased was entitled to 31% weeks’ compensation, and for which no compensation was paid.
“Section 3145 of the act gives to the Industrial Commission power to commute periodical benefits to one or more lump sum payments.
“In view of the foregoing, and the evident intent of the act to, among other things, relieve the public of the care of such cases as would otherwise become charges upon charity, the Commission finds and concludes that the estate of David Murphy, deceased, should recover in this ease, thereby enabling the appointed administrator to pay certain obligations incurred by the deceased and to defray the necessary funeral expenses.
“Therefore, it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the defendant Heiselt Construction Company or .¿Etna Life Insurance Company pay to applicant A. E. Harvey, as administrator of the estate of David Murphy, deceased, the sum of $504, which sum represents compensation at the rate of $16 per week for 31% weeks, dating from March 28, 1920, the entire amount of which is now due and payable.”
Application for a rebearing was denied.
Plaintiffs contend tbat tbe evidence is insufficient to establish the fact that David Murphy’s thumb and finger were frozen while in the employment of the construction company, or that they were frozen at all. Plaintiffs also challenge the finding that the alleged freezing of the thumb and fingers constituted an injury arising from an accident as contemplated in the Industrial Act. They also challenge the conclusion that the estate of David Murphy is entitled to the benefits he would have received had he lived during the period fixed by the award.
One' of the most usual burdens imposed upon this court in this class of cases is to be compelled to declare over and [63]*63over again tbat the court is powerless to disturb findings which are supported by substantial evidence. In the present case there is substantial evidence to support the finding that the thumb and fingers of David Murphy were 1 frozen while in the employment of the construction company on the 10th day of January, 1920. That question is therefore dismisséd without further consideration.
Whether the thumb and fingers becoming frozen constituted an injury arising from accident, as contemplated in the Industrial Act, presents a more serious question, and one which, if controlling, should not be summarily disposed of by the court. It presents a mixed question of law and fact, under the authorities we have examined, and its determination requires a close and careful analysis of many conflicting decisions. In the opinion of the writer that question is not controlling in the instant case, and any decision we might render concerning it would at most merely establish a rule for the determination of future cases. For that reason, in the present case we leave the question undetermined. ,
The correctness of the conclusion reached by the Commission that the estate of David Murphy, deceased, is entitled to succeed to the benefits which he would have received had he lived seems to be the only question left for our determination. A brief statement of the contentions of the respective parties in this regard will tend to narrow the discussion. The defendant contends' that the right of David Murphy to compensation for the loss of his'thumb and fingers, under C. L. U. 1917, § 3138, as amended in Sess. Laws 1919, p. 161, became a vested right in his lifetime, and upon his death from other causes, without dependents, such right inured to his estate. Plaintiff’s contention is that the compensation to which Murphy was entitled for the loss of his thumb and fingers was intended only as compensation for the loss of any wages he might have been enabled to earn in the future if he had not been injured, and was purely a personal right which terminated upon his death.
The question presented is both novel and interesting. It [64]*64is to us a case of the first impression. It is insisted by the defendant Commission that there are cases analogous in principle and persuasive in support of defendant’s contention. We are referred especially to the case of Munding, State ex rel. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, 92 Ohio St. 434, 111 N. E. 299, L. R. A. 1916D, 944, Ann. Cas. 1917D, 1162. That case arose under the Ohio Industrial Act which was in force when the Utah Industrial Act was enacted. It is generally conceded that the Utah act was patterned after the Ohio law. Section 35, subd. 2 of the Ohio law (103 Ohio Laws, p. 72), the construction of which was involved in the case referred to, reads as follows:
“If there are wholly dependent persons at the time of the death, the payment shall 'be sixty-six and two-thirds per cent, of the average weekly wages, and to continue for the remainder of the period between the date of the death, and six years after the date of the injury, and not to amount to more than a maximum of thirty-seven hundred and fifty dollars, nor less than a minimum of one thousand five hundred dollars.”
Section 3140, subd. 2, C. L. U. 1917, as amended in Session Laws 1919, at page 163, reads:
“If there are wholly dependent persons at the time of the death, the payment shall be 60 per cent, of the average weekly wages, but not to exceed a maximum of $16 per week, and to continue for the remainder of the period between the date of the death, and six years after the date of the injury, and not to amount to more than a maximum of $5,000.00, nor less than a minimum of $2,000.00.”
It is admitted that as far as any question of construction is concerned there is no difference in principle between the statute of Utah and the statute of Ohio in the excerpts quoted. In the Ohio case the court held that an award of compensation from the state insurance fund to a wholly dependent person, under the law of that state, above quoted, vested in the dependent when the award was made, and in case of the dependent’s death any balance remaining unpaid passed to his or her personal representative. At page 455 of 92 Ohio St., and at page 304 of 111 N. E. (L. R. A. 1916D, 944, Ann. Cas. 1917D, 1162), the court says:
“We hold that when the award is once made to a sole dependent, the right to the compensation vests, and once vested there can be [65]*65no condition attached except as to the time oí payment, and it is equally immaterial whether the dependent subsequently dies or becomes independent.”
A literal construction of tbe language used in tbe excerpt hardly supports tbe contention made by defendant in tbe present case. Tbe language is:
“When the award is once made to a sole dependent the right to the compensation vests.” (Italics ours.)
In tbis case no award was ever made to a person while living, nor was there a person living to whom it could have been made. It was not made until December 20, 1920, nearly nine months subsequent to Murphy’s death. Tbis distinction may not be entitled to serious consideration. Tbe writer has no desire to advance a suggestion by way of argument that is wholly devoid of merit. Tbe point, however, intended to be made by tbe distinction referred to is, if tbe right does not vest until tbe award is made, then, in tbe present ease, there was no vested right, because there was no one living in whom it could vest. We can hardly conceive of a right passing to an estate unless the right had vested in some one while living.
In addition to the Ohio ease cited in support of defendant’s contention that the right of a dependent to compensation is a vested right, defendant cites Smith v. Kaw Boiler Works Co., 104 Kan 591, 180 Pac. 259; Wangler B. & S. Metal Works Co. v. Industrial Commission, 287 Ill. 118, 122 N. E. 367; Smith v. So. Surety, 193 S. W. 204; L. R. A. 1916A, 135, and cases cited in the note.
It is but fair to defendant to state its position is that when Murphy lost his thumb and fingers his compensation for the loss immediately vested by virtue of 'section 3138, supra, which specifically provides compensation. for the loss of a member; that such compensation*does not depend for its-validity upon an award by the commission, but upon the statute, which unqualifiedly vests the compensation; that in the present case the compensation being absolutely fixed and determined before death, it became, and was, a vested right, and, upon his death immediately vested in his estate. There would be much force in this contention if it were justified [66]*66by a fair and reasonable interpretation of the scope and meaning of the Utah Workmen’s Compensation Act. The very title of the act itself seems to preclude the idea that any portion of the fund should inure to the estate of the employé or that of his dependents. The title, as far as material, reads:
“Prescribing the powers and duties of the Industrial Commission of Utah; establishing rates of compensation for personal injuries or deaths sustained by employes in the course of employment; providing methods of insuring the payment of such compensation; creating a State Insurance Fund /or the benefit of injured and the dependents of hilled employés; providing for the administration of such fund by the Industrial Commission of Utah.” (Italics ours.)
If we go further and examine the body of the act, we nowhere find a suggestion that the estate of the employé, or any of his dependents, shall succeed to the benefits covered by the act. On the contrary, as far as the dependent is concerned, we find it expressly provided:
“Should any dependent of a deceased employé die or marry during the period covered by such weekly payments, the right of such dependent to compensation under this title shall cease.” C. L. U. 1917, ■§• 3141.
Neither this provision, nor any provision similar, is found in the Ohio act from which it is claimed the Utah law was adopted. The fact that the decision in the Ohio case, before referred to, was rendered prior to the enactment of the Utah law is of deep significance. With that decision before it, interpreting the meaning of the Ohio law, the Utah Legislature deliberately enacted the provision above quoted, providing that benefits awarded to sole dependents ceased upon their death. It indicates just what the title of the act above quoted implies, that the benefits of the act, in the event of the employe’s death from injury, passes to his dependents, and to them alone. Upon their death the benefits cease. The unpaid balance, if any, remains in the insurance fund instead of vesting in the dependents’ estate.
When we come to consider the case of the employé himself we find the same general policy expressly maintained. In the event of his death from injury, within the act, without dependents, it is provided that the employer or insurance [67]*67carrier shall, in addition to burial expenses, pay into the state treasury the sum of $750, unless the employer is insured in the state insurance fund. C. L. U. 1917, as amended in subd. 1 of said section, Sess. Laws 1919, page 163. Thus, it appears, both in the case of the death of a dependent and of the death of the employé himself, without dependents, the statute expressly ignores their estate and excludes them from participating in the fund.
A careful reading of the act induces in our mind a strong conviction that the primary purpose of the law is (1) to secure to an injured employe, within the act, compensation for his injury or loss, to be paid in weekly installments, unless commuted, such payments to cease at his death; (2) to secure to the dependents of a deceased employé, within the act, the benefits provided therein, such benefits to cease upon the dependents’ death; and, (3) to maintain, preserve, and keep secure the insurance fund for the above purposes.
It cannot be inferred from any language found in the Utah law that the insurance fund therein provided should be drawn upon or used for any other purposes than as a personal benefit to the classes of persons named in the act to be conferred upon them while living. Indeed, there is something almost incongruous in the idea that the insurance fund should be susceptible of being lavished upon persons possibly bearing no relation whatever to the deceased em-ployé or the business in which he was employed.
The point we make is well stated in a Massachusetts ease, wherein it was contended that, on the death of a dependent, the benefits awarded vested in her estate. The Supreme Judicial Court of that state, in Murphy’s Case, 224 Mass. 594, 113 N. E. 283, says:
“To hold that the dependent’s right to compensation is a vested right which passes to a legatee by will, and in case of intestacy goes to the dependent’s next of kin, would be to put upon the insurer a burden not called for by the object which the act was passed to attain. In addition, the compensation awarded the dependent would go in that case to persons altogether outside the class contemplated by the act. So construed the act would or might enrich strangers in place of doing justice to the family and next of kin of an employé [68]*68killed in. the course of, and so as an incident to, the business in which he was employed.”
If tbe compensation, wbicb a deceased employé would bave been entitled to bad be lived vests in his estate when he dies without dependents, it follows as a corollary indisputable that such compensation is not only the subject of inheritance, but of testamentary disposition as well. As stated by the Massachusetts court, the act so construed might enrich strangers in place of doing justice to the family and nest of kin. Such, we believe, would be a perversion of the whole scheme of legislation on this subject, and would defeat the manifest purposes of the law. It is not entirely free from doubt that the Legislature has the power to impose such a burden upon the insurance fund. It cannot be said that it is in any sense a matter of common right. No such obligation rests upon employers at comnton law, even in cases of the grossest negligence. Let us suppose, for instance, that the freezing of Murphy’s thumb and fingers was caused by the inexcusable, indefensible negligence of his employer, and, that, on the same day, he died from sunstroke, or other cause in no wise attributable to the injury to his thumb and fingers, what right at common law would his estate have for such injury? It would have none whatever, for the simple reason that the estate has suffered no loss.
It appears to the writer, viewing the case from every angle of which he is capable, whether from the standpoint of legislative intent, common law, or equity, that the estate of David Murphy, deceased, is not entitled to the sum awarded by the Commission, or any sum whatever. We have 2 found no case in point, or even analogous, in the slightest degree sustaining such award under a statute similar to ours, nor has any such case been called to our attention.
The most plausible reason given by the Commission for the award in question is found in the last paragraph of what is denominated its conclusions:
“The Commission finds and concludes that tbe estate of David [69]*69Murphy, deceased, should recover in this case, thereby enabling the appointed administrator to pay certain obligations incurred by the deceased, and to defray the necessary funeral expenses.” (Italics ours.)
The Commission found itself in an unusual and extraordinary predicament. An employé witbin the industrial act bad been injured, and the Commission concluded be was entitled to compensation for the loss. The employé subsequently died from other causes. The act provided for payment of funeral expenses out of the fund only in eases where death results from the injury. The Commission by a circuitous method undertook to do what it could not do directly. It sought by the awai'd to compel the payment of the funeral expenses of deceased out of the fund, notwithstanding his death did not result from the injury. In our opinion the Commission exceeded its jurisdiction.
The award is, therefore, annulled and set aside, and the Commission is directed to dismiss the action.
CORFMAN, C. J., and WEBER and FRICK, JJ., concur.