COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
HECTOR ESCALANTE,
Appellant,
v.
STATE OFFICE OF RISK
MANAGEMENT,
Appellee.
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No. 08-09-00228-CV
Appeal from
168th District Court
of El Paso County, Texas
(TC # 2006-647)
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O P I N I O N
Hector Escalante appeals a take-nothing judgment based on a jury verdict finding that he was
not entitled to supplemental income benefits (SIBs) for any of the six quarters in dispute. On appeal,
Escalante contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the jury’s verdict.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
Hector Escalante was employed as a regional systems specialist with the Texas Department
of Human Services (DHS). While employed with DHS, Escalante suffered injuries from two
separate work-related incidents. The first injury was sustained on May 13, 1999 while he was lifting
a file server. The second injury occurred in a motor vehicle accident on August 9, 2000.
This is not the first time the parties are before the court. In 2005, we heard a previous
worker’s compensation claim filed by Escalante based upon the August 9, 2000 auto accident.
SORM denied the claim and a contested hearing, followed by a trial in district court, ensued. See
State Office of Risk Management v. Escalante, 162 S.W.3d 619 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2005, pet.
dism’d). The jury had found that: (1) Escalante sustained compensable injuries to his lumbar spine
and in the form of cervical root lesions as a result of the car accident; (2) injuries from that accident,
occurring in course of his employment, were the proximate cause for his disability; and (3) the
accident caused the disability suffered from February 23, 2001 to April 22, 2002. We found the
evidence to be legally sufficient to support the jury’s verdict. See Escalante, 162 S.W.3d 625-26.
The judgment from that trial was entered into evidence in the case at bar as Plaintiff’s Exhibit 1.
At issue in this case are the supplemental income benefit (SIBs) applications Escalante filed
for quarters 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16. On each of the six applications, Escalante claimed the May
13, 1999 file server incident as the cause of the injuries. SIBs are benefits paid to employees who
suffer an on the job compensable injury which renders them incapable to return to work in the same
capacity as before their injury. See Tex.Lab.Code Ann. § 401.011 (5), (10), (25), (31)(West Supp.
2010).
Benefits are applied for and awarded by quarter, each quarter having a specified “qualifying
period.” See Tex.Lab.Code Ann. § 408.143 (West 2006). The quarters at issue, and their
corresponding qualifying periods, are as follows:
Quarter 10: June 7, 2005 through September 5, 2005
(Qualifying Period February 23, 2005 through May 24, 2005)
Quarter 11: September 6, 2005 through December 5, 2005
(Qualifying Period May 25, 2005 through August 24, 2005)
Quarter 13: March 7, 2006 through June 5, 2006
(Qualifying Period November 23, 2005 through February 21, 2006)
Quarter 14: June 6, 2006 through September 4, 2006
(Qualifying Period February 22, 2006 through May 23, 2006)
Quarter 15: September 5, 2006 through December 4, 2006
(Qualifying Period May 24, 2006 through August 22, 2006)
Quarter 16: December 5, 2006 through March 5, 2007
(Qualifying Period August 23, 2006 through November 21, 2006)
At a series of contested hearings, the Texas Department of Insurance-Division of Workers’
Compensation found that Escalante was entitled to SIBs for all of the quarters at issue. The
decisions of the hearing officer were affirmed by the appeals panel and an order was issued that
Escalante was entitled to SIBs for quarters 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16. SORM filed suit in district
court for a review of the Department’s decision as to all six quarters. See Tex.Lab.Code Ann.
§ 410.301(a)(West 2006).
At trial, Escalante testified that on May 13, 1999, while lifting a file server as part of his work
duties, he felt “an electric shock” down his spine. He sustained injuries to his back and his left leg.
He did not see a doctor right away and continued to work until first seeing Dr. Boone for treatment.
He also took a leave of absence due to the May 1999 injury which lasted three to four weeks.
Escalante was placed on “maximum medical improvement” and assigned an impairment rating of
16 percent by the Department’s designated doctor.
He was later given a full medical release and he
returned to full duty work prior to the second incident. Upon his return to employment, Escalante
held the same job title as before the injury and he performed all the essential functions associated
with his job, just as he had done before the incident.
The second incident occurred on August 9, 2000, when Escalante was involved in a motor
vehicle accident while on the job.
He refused medical treatment at the scene because he was already
scheduled for a follow-up appointment with Dr. Boone relating to his May 1999 injuries. Although
Dr. Boone did not testify, several of his letters and reports were admitted into evidence at trial.
The jury was instructed that: (1) on May 13, 1999, Escalante sustained a compensable injury
to his lower back while an employee of DHS; (2) he received an impairment rating of 15 percent or
higher; (3) he did not commute any portion of the impairment income benefits for the impairment
rating he received for this injury; and (4) he did not earn any wages during any of the qualifying
periods for the six compensable quarters in dispute. The jury was also told: (1) it was SORM’s
burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Escalante was not entitled to SIBs; (2) that
Escalante was not entitled to SIBs if he did not, in good faith, satisfactorily participate in a
vocational rehabilitation program; and (3) that Escalante was entitled to SIBs if he earned less than
80 percent of his weekly wage as a direct result of the impairment from the May 13, 1999 injury.
Escalante has not complained of charge error in this appeal.
The jury found in favor of SORM and the trial court entered judgment in accordance with
the verdict. In his sole issue on appeal, Escalante claims the evidence is both legally and factually
insufficient to support the jury’s verdict because the overwhelming evidence demonstrates that his
unemployment was a “direct result” of his May 1999 injury, and that he made a “good faith effort”
to participate in a vocational rehabilitation program.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
On appeal, a legal sufficiency or “no evidence” challenge will be sustained if the party
suffering the adverse decision at trial shows: (1) the complete absence of a vital fact; (2) the court
is barred by rules of law or evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital
fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla; or (4) the evidence
establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital fact. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 810
(Tex. 2005); El Paso Independent School District v. Pabon, 214 S.W.3d 37, 41 (Tex.App.--El Paso
2006, no pet.) Escalante’s argument is that the overwhelming evidence established that his
unemployment was a “direct result” of his May 13, 1999 injury. We construe this argument as
falling under the fourth category. See id. Therefore, in review of Escalante’s legal sufficiency
challenge we are precluded from disregarding contrary evidence. See Simpson v. State Office of Risk
Management, 276 S.W.3d 39, 43 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2008, pet. denied), citing City of Keller, 168
S.W.3d at 810-11 (stating that contrary evidence may not be disregarded in sufficiency reviews under
the first, second, and fourth categories). That said, the jurors are the sole judges of the weight and
credibility to give to witness testimony and if the evidence at trial would allow reasonable, fair-minded jurors to differ in their conclusions then jurors must be allowed to do so. City of Keller, 168
S.W.3d at 819, 822; Pabon, 214 S.W.3d at 41. So long as evidence falls within the zone of
reasonable disagreement, a reviewing court cannot substitute its own judgment for that of the trier
of fact. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 821-22; Pabon, 214 S.W.3d at 41. However, if the evidence
allows for only one inference neither the jurors, nor the reviewing court, may disregard it. Id.
When the appellant challenges the factual sufficiency of an adverse finding on which the
other party had the burden of proof, the appellant must demonstrate that there is insufficient evidence
to support the adverse finding. Texas Property & Casualty Guaranty Association v. National
American Insurance Company, 208 S.W.3d 523, 542 (Tex.App.--Austin 2006, pet. denied). We will
consider, weigh, and examine all of the evidence in the record, both in support of, and contrary to,
the finding. Insurance Network of Texas v. Kloesel, 266 S.W.3d 456, 470 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi
2008, pet. denied). The district court’s finding will be set aside only if it is so contrary to the
overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Id.
APPLICABLE LAW
Under the Texas Labor Code, a worker is entitled to receive SIBs if the following
requirements are met: (1) the worker has an impairment rating of 15 percent or higher; (2) the
worker has not returned to work or has returned to work earning less than 80 percent of the
employee’s average weekly wage as a direct result of the employees impairment; (3) the worker has
not elected to commute a portion of the impairment income benefit under Section 408.128; and (4)
the worker has attempted in good faith to obtain employment. Tex.Lab.Code Ann. § 408.142
(West 2006).
Rule 130.102(b) of the Texas Administrative Code provides:
An injured employee who has an impairment rating of 15 % or greater, who has not
commuted any impairment income benefits . . . is eligible to receive supplemental
income benefits if, during the qualifying period the employee:
(1) has earned less than 80 % of the injured employee’s average weekly wage as a
direct result of the impairment from the compensable injury; and
(2) has demonstrated an active effort to obtain employment in accordance with Labor
Code § 408.1415 of this section.
28 Tex.Admin.Code § 130.102(b).
The parties stipulated that Escalante sustained a compensable injury on May 13, 1999; that
he was assigned an impairment rating greater than 15 percent for that injury; and that he did not
commute his income benefits. Therefore, the issue sufficiency of the evidence to satisfy both prongs
of Rule 130.102(b) which correspond to an attack on prongs two and four of Section 408.142. See
28 Tex.Admin.Code § 130.102(b); Tex.Lab.Code Ann. § 408.142. We address the arguments
under each prong separately.
DIRECT RESULT
The first prong of Rule 130.102(b) and the second prong of Section 408.142, require that to
receive SIBs, the complainant’s unemployment must be a “direct result” of his work related injury.
“Direct Result” as defined in the jury charge means:
[A]t least one of the causes of the injured employee’s unemployment was the
impairment resulting from the compensable injury. An injured employee does not
have to show that his compensable injury was the ‘sole cause’ of the unemployment.
A Direct Result is sufficiently proven by a preponderance of evidence that the
employee suffered a serious injury with lasting effects that could not reasonably
perform the type of work being done at the time of the injury.
At trial, Escalante testified that Dr. Boone was the treating physician for his May 1999 injury
as well as his August 2000 injury. Several medical reports and letters written by Dr. Boone between
December 2002 and April 2003, and between May 2005 and November 2005 were admitted into
evidence. Plaintiff’s Exhibits 7 and 13 consist of a letter and a report dated December 27, 2002,
which addressed Dr. Boone’s opinion as to the cause of Escalante’s condition, relative to when he
returned to work. In identical language the letter and report stated in part:
I would like to go through the series of events.
The patient had a work related injury on 5-13-1999. He had returned to regular duty
by April of 2000. On August 9, 2000, he had a motor vehicle accident which was
work related. He saw me for that injury on August 16, 2000. He continued regular
duty, but by November 1, 2000, he was having such intense symptoms that he was
taken off of work by me. This was felt to be medically reasonable and necessary. He
continues to be off for symptoms related to the August 9, 2000, injury. These injuries
included cervical, lumbar, left shoulder, and right ocular injury, apparently a
traumatic cataract. The patient continues to need treatment for this. [Emphasis
added.]
In a subsequent report dated April 10, 2003, Dr. Boone wrote, “I think all ensuing injuries will
probably be due to the 8/9/2000 date of injury.” In contrast, three identical letters introduced as part
of Defense Exhibit 1, read in part, “Mr. Hector Escalante has been seen by me for several years in
regards to a work-related injury on May 13, 1999. He continues to be symptomatic.”
Escalante contends that, as the party with the burden of proof at trial, SORM had to prove
either that: (1) the August 9, 2000 injury was the sole cause of his unemployment; or (2) the
May 13, 1999 injury was in absolutely no way a contributing factor to his unemployment for the
qualifying periods. He complains that no evidence established that the August 9, 2000 injury was
the sole cause of his unemployment. He further asserts that, so long as his inability to obtain and
retain employment was at least a combination of both injuries, then the direct-result prong of the test
is met. He argues that while there was some evidence presented that he had lasting effects from his
August 9, 2000 injury, the overwhelming medical evidence submitted showed the unemployment
resulted from the May 1999 injury: “Although SORM presented evidence that Escalante sustained
a subsequent injury in 2000, the only relevant medical evidence for the time periods in question was
that his unemployment was a direct result of the May 13, 1999 compensable injury.”
The medical reports, letters, and testimony presented the jury with conflicting evidence from
which the jury could have reasonably drawn more than one inference. Therefore, we must consider
whether reasonable and fair-minded jurors could, from all the evidence, reach the inference that
Escalante’s unemployment was a direct result of his May 13, 1999 injury. For example, compare
the language in Dr. Boone’s letters opining that Escalante, “continues to be off for symptoms related
to the August 9, 2000, injury,” and “I think all ensuing injuries will probably be due to the 8/9/2000
date of injury,” with the letters advising that Escalante, “has been seen by me for several years in
regard to a work-related injury on May 13, 1999. He continues to be symptomatic. He remains off
work because of this injury.”
There was also testimony that prior to the August 9, 2000 accident, Escalante had been given
a full medical release by his doctor and returned to work in the same capacity as before his May 13,
1999 injury. Additionally, the jury was presented with, and entitled to consider, the judgment from
the previous case, which held the August 2000 accident as the producing cause of the injuries.
We conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding that
Escalante’s unemployment was not the “direct result” of his May 1999 injury. And while there were
obvious contradictions in the medical reports and letters, as well as in Escalante’s own testimony,
the jury’s conclusion is not so unsupported by factually sufficient evidence as to require it be
abandoned. Thus, in reviewing all of the evidence in a neutral light, we cannot conclude that
upholding the verdict would be so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be
clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. See Kloesel, 266 S.W.3d at 470.
GOOD FAITH EFFORT
The jury charge repeated the language found in Rule 130.102(b) and stated that to be eligible
to receive SIBs an employee must make a “good faith effort to obtain employment commensurate
with the employee’s ability to work” which was defined as enrollment and satisfactory participation
in full time vocational rehabilitation sponsored by the Texas Department of Assistive and
Rehabilitative Services (DARS) during the qualifying period. See 28 Tex.Admin.Code §
130.102(b).
In February 2003, Escalante sought the help of the then Texas Rehabilitation Commission,
now DARS, to retrain him. Pursuant to this retraining program, DARS and Escalante entered into
an individualized plan of employment (IPE). The IPE was to be in effect from February 18, 2003
through December 30, 2008. Escalante agreed to attend the University of Texas at El Paso and
pursue a bachelor’s degree in computer information systems. He also had plans to become a
teacher. With the exception of the summer sessions, Escalante attended UTEP between February
2005 and November 2006.
The IPE agreement and Escalante’s college transcript were entered into evidence as
Plaintiff’s Exhibit 9. The language of the IPE required that Escalante “[m]aintain at least 2.0 GPA
and the 12 credit hours.” However, the transcript and Escalante’s testimony established the
following with respect to the quarters at issue:
• Quarter 10 covered the period from February 23, 2005 through May 24, 2005 and
encompassed the 2005 spring semester. Escalante earned nine hours credit.
• Quarter 13 covered the period from November 23, 2005 through February 21, 2006 and
encompassed the end of the Fall 2005 semester and the beginning of the Spring 2006
semester. Escalante was enrolled for twelve hours in the fall but only earned credit for six
hours because he withdrew from two classes. During the spring semester, Escalante enrolled
for twelve hours but only completed nine. He earned a GPA of 1.25 for the semester.
• Quarter 14 covered the period from February 22, 2006 through May 23, 2006, and
encompassed the Spring 2006 semester discussed above.
• Quarter 16 covered the period from August 23, 2006 through November 21, 2006 and
corresponded with the Fall 2006 semester, during which he earned nine hours credit with a
GPA of 2.66.
The qualifying time period for Quarters 11 and 15 overlapped with summer sessions such that grades
and credit hours were not discussed in detail at trial.
Escalante countered this evidence by claiming that only his counselor, Darlene Mann, could
determine whether he was in compliance with the IPE. He testified that his cumulative GPA never
fell below a 2.0. He also testified that as the IPE was explained to him, he was to attempt twelve
hours a semester and maintain an overall, cumulative GPA of a 2.0 or above. However, the words
“attempt” or “cumulative” do not appear in the IPE agreement.
As his counselor, Mann submitted several letters to the workers’ compensation board
regarding Escalante’s progress and compliance with the program. Each of these letters states that
Escalante was satisfactorily in compliance with his vocational rehabilitation program. On cross
examination, the following colloquy between SORM’s attorney and Mann occurred:
Q: Okay. You wrote all these letters, put the phrase, ‘satisfactory compliance,’ but
that didn’t necessarily mean that he was actually meeting that IPE as defined in
Plaintiff’s Number 8, correct?
A: In some cases, yes.
Escalante contends that the jury was confused. He argues that its verdict “exemplifies the
fact they were convinced [he] needed to earn at least 12 hours of credit and earn at least a 2.0 GPA
for each semester he attended at UTEP. This is the wrong way to look at the case.” But the jury was
instructed to decide whether Escalante had made a “good faith effort” to satisfactorily participate in
his vocational rehabilitation program. It was presented with conflicting evidence which they
resolved against him. For example, the IPE agreement required Escalante to maintain “a 2.0 GPA
and 12 credit hours each semester” [emphasis added]. Escalante and Mann both testified that the
“2.0 GPA requirement” was not per semester but a cumulative GPA requirement, and that the “12
credit hours each semester,” only applied to the hours attempted, not the hours earned. Mann’s own
testimony as to whether Escalante was in compliance contradicts her own letters to the workers’
compensation board. The jury heard conflicting evidence as to Escalante’s grades and participation
in the rehabilitation program which could have led reasonable, fair-minded jurors toward either
verdict. Because there is more than a scintilla of evidence presented to supported the verdict, the
evidence is legally sufficient. Simpson, 276 S.W.3d at 43; City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822.
We also overrule the factual sufficiency challenge. Appellant has not demonstrated that there
is insufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict or that the overwhelming amount of evidence
contradicts the jury’s verdict such that, to uphold the verdict would be clearly wrong and manifestly
unjust. See Kloesel, 266 S.W.3d at 470. We overrule the sole point and affirm the judgment of the
trial court.
August 24, 2011
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Justice
Before Chew, C.J., McClure, J., and Barajas, C.J. (Ret.)
Barajas, C.J. (Ret.), sitting by assignment