WELLS, Judge.
Defendants’ assignments of error are that the Full Commission erred in finding as fact and making conclusions of law thereon (1) that plaintiffs fracture on 4 July 1981 was the direct and natural result of the compensable injury of 24 October 1980; (2) that the added pressure on plaintiffs right leg during the fall sustained on 4 July 1981 was sufficient to cause the second injury; (3) that if the first fracture had been healed, the added pressure alone most probably would not have caused the refracture; (4) that plaintiff was temporarily totally disabled as a result of the original injury from 24 October 1980 until 4 July 1981; and (5) ordering defendants to pay all plaintiffs medical bills. We affirm the Full Commission’s order awarding plaintiff compensation for the refracture but reverse and remand that part of the order directing defendants to pay compensation from 11 June 1981 to 4 July 1981.
Our courts have consistently held that workers injured in compensable accidents are entitled to be compensated for all disability caused by and resulting from the compensable injury.
Giles v. Tri-State Erectors,
287 N.C. 219, 214 S.E. 2d 107 (1975);
accord Perry v. Furniture Co.,
296 N.C. 88, 249 S.E. 2d 397 (1978);
Roper v. J. P. Stevens & Co.,
65 N.C. App. 69, 308 S.E. 2d 485 (1983),
disc. rev. denied,
310 N.C. 309, 312 S.E. 2d 652 (1984). In the case before us, the parties agree that plaintiffs accident of 24 October 1980 is fully compensable. The only issue presented by defendants’ appeal is whether or not plaintiffs fracture on 4 July 1981 is compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act.
The law in this state is that the aggravation of an injury or a distinct new injury is compensable “[w]hen the primary injury is shown to have arisen out of and in the course of employment, every natural consequence that flows from the injury arises out of the employment, unless it is the result of an independent in
tervening cause attributable to claimant’s own intentional conduct.”
Roper v. J. P. Stevens & Co., supra
(quoting
Starr v. Paper Co.,
8 N.C. App. 604, 175 S.E. 2d 342,
cert. denied,
277 N.C. 112 (1970)) (cite omitted). Our supreme court defines “intervening cause” in the context of the Workers’ Compensation Act as an occurrence “entirely independent of a prior cause. When a first cause produces a second cause that produces a result, the first cause is a cause of that result.”
Petty v. Transport, Inc.,
276 N.C. 417, 173 S.E. 2d 321 (1970).
Defendants’ assignments of error require that this court determine whether the conclusions of law of the Full Commission were supported by competent findings of fact. In making our review, the Industrial Commission’s “findings of fact may be set aside on appeal only when there is a complete lack of competent evidence to support them. . . . Thus, if the totality of the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the complainant, tends directly or by reasonable inference to support the Commission’s findings, these findings are conclusive on appeal even though there may be plenary evidence to support findings to the contrary.”
Click v. Freight Carriers,
300 N.C. 164, 265 S.E. 2d 389 (1980) (citations omitted). In cases, such as the one before us, “where the exact nature and probable genesis of a particular type of injury involves complicated medical questions far removed from the ordinary experience and knowledge of laymen, only an expert can give competent opinion evidence as to the cause of the injury.”
Id.
(citations omitted).
Plaintiff proffered expert testimony from his attending physician for the second fracture, Dr. Charles McConnachie, an orthopedic surgeon. His evidence tended to show that plaintiff sustained a compound fracture of his right tibia and fibula. He was aware of plaintiffs previous fracture of the tibia and, in his opinion, it was a refracture along the same fracture line. As to the first fracture, Dr. McConnachie stated that at the time of the refracture it was healing but was not “rock-solid.” A notation made on 18 May 1981 by plaintiffs then treating physician stated:
Radiograph shows a persistent small area of nonunion on the medial aspect of the fracture area. The rest of the fracture appears well healed. Will allow return to full activity except he is to avoid torsional loading as much as possible. Repeat x-rays in three months.
Dr. McConnachie indicated that prior to complete healing the fractured bone would be weaker than surrounding bone, but after complete healing it would be stronger than surrounding bone. On cross-examination he stated that in order to refracture the distal tibia and fracture the fibula would require “trauma, as a slip, or something like that.” He noted that the path of the second fracture of the tibia went through the area of the original fracture in part but did not follow the exact angular path of the original fracture throughout and that the fibula was not broken in the original injury. On redirect examination he explained that the reason the fibula was broken in the second injury but not the first was because of the difference in the direction of force applied to the bone structure in the second accident.
We hold that, viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, Dr. McConnachie’s testimony provided sufficient evidence to support the Full Commission’s findings of fact and conclusions of law that plaintiffs second fracture was the direct and natural result of his original injury. His testimony supported the Full Commission’s finding that plaintiffs original fracture had not totally healed at the time of the second fracture and would be weaker than normal bone structure. The Full Commission found that the second fracture would not have occurred unless the original fracture had not healed properly, and this finding of fact is a reasonable inference drawn from Dr. McConnachie’s testimony that the second injury was a refracture and that if the plaintiffs original fracture had been fully healed the bone structure would have been stronger than normal bone. A reasonable inference also leading to this finding of fact can be drawn from evidence of plaintiffs original physician that plaintiff was to avoid torsional loading which logically occurred when plaintiff slipped. That the second fracture did not follow the exact same path as the original fracture and also involved the fibula was adequately explained by Dr. McConnachie’s testimony that the direction of force was different in each incident.
Our holding is supported by our decision in
Mayo v. City of Washington,
51 N.C. App. 402, 276 S.E. 2d 747 (1981). In
Mayo,
plaintiff sustained a compensable knee injury on 29 November 1977. Plaintiff reinjured his knee on two subsequent occasions spanning approximately one and one-half months. Plaintiff s physician noted in his treatment records that plaintiff “[w]as injured on
the job a month ago, was reinjured today.” The
Mayo
court held that “[t]his was sufficient medical evidence to establish a causal connection between the [first compensable] . . . accident and the subsequent injuries.”
Id.
In the case before us, Dr.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
WELLS, Judge.
Defendants’ assignments of error are that the Full Commission erred in finding as fact and making conclusions of law thereon (1) that plaintiffs fracture on 4 July 1981 was the direct and natural result of the compensable injury of 24 October 1980; (2) that the added pressure on plaintiffs right leg during the fall sustained on 4 July 1981 was sufficient to cause the second injury; (3) that if the first fracture had been healed, the added pressure alone most probably would not have caused the refracture; (4) that plaintiff was temporarily totally disabled as a result of the original injury from 24 October 1980 until 4 July 1981; and (5) ordering defendants to pay all plaintiffs medical bills. We affirm the Full Commission’s order awarding plaintiff compensation for the refracture but reverse and remand that part of the order directing defendants to pay compensation from 11 June 1981 to 4 July 1981.
Our courts have consistently held that workers injured in compensable accidents are entitled to be compensated for all disability caused by and resulting from the compensable injury.
Giles v. Tri-State Erectors,
287 N.C. 219, 214 S.E. 2d 107 (1975);
accord Perry v. Furniture Co.,
296 N.C. 88, 249 S.E. 2d 397 (1978);
Roper v. J. P. Stevens & Co.,
65 N.C. App. 69, 308 S.E. 2d 485 (1983),
disc. rev. denied,
310 N.C. 309, 312 S.E. 2d 652 (1984). In the case before us, the parties agree that plaintiffs accident of 24 October 1980 is fully compensable. The only issue presented by defendants’ appeal is whether or not plaintiffs fracture on 4 July 1981 is compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act.
The law in this state is that the aggravation of an injury or a distinct new injury is compensable “[w]hen the primary injury is shown to have arisen out of and in the course of employment, every natural consequence that flows from the injury arises out of the employment, unless it is the result of an independent in
tervening cause attributable to claimant’s own intentional conduct.”
Roper v. J. P. Stevens & Co., supra
(quoting
Starr v. Paper Co.,
8 N.C. App. 604, 175 S.E. 2d 342,
cert. denied,
277 N.C. 112 (1970)) (cite omitted). Our supreme court defines “intervening cause” in the context of the Workers’ Compensation Act as an occurrence “entirely independent of a prior cause. When a first cause produces a second cause that produces a result, the first cause is a cause of that result.”
Petty v. Transport, Inc.,
276 N.C. 417, 173 S.E. 2d 321 (1970).
Defendants’ assignments of error require that this court determine whether the conclusions of law of the Full Commission were supported by competent findings of fact. In making our review, the Industrial Commission’s “findings of fact may be set aside on appeal only when there is a complete lack of competent evidence to support them. . . . Thus, if the totality of the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the complainant, tends directly or by reasonable inference to support the Commission’s findings, these findings are conclusive on appeal even though there may be plenary evidence to support findings to the contrary.”
Click v. Freight Carriers,
300 N.C. 164, 265 S.E. 2d 389 (1980) (citations omitted). In cases, such as the one before us, “where the exact nature and probable genesis of a particular type of injury involves complicated medical questions far removed from the ordinary experience and knowledge of laymen, only an expert can give competent opinion evidence as to the cause of the injury.”
Id.
(citations omitted).
Plaintiff proffered expert testimony from his attending physician for the second fracture, Dr. Charles McConnachie, an orthopedic surgeon. His evidence tended to show that plaintiff sustained a compound fracture of his right tibia and fibula. He was aware of plaintiffs previous fracture of the tibia and, in his opinion, it was a refracture along the same fracture line. As to the first fracture, Dr. McConnachie stated that at the time of the refracture it was healing but was not “rock-solid.” A notation made on 18 May 1981 by plaintiffs then treating physician stated:
Radiograph shows a persistent small area of nonunion on the medial aspect of the fracture area. The rest of the fracture appears well healed. Will allow return to full activity except he is to avoid torsional loading as much as possible. Repeat x-rays in three months.
Dr. McConnachie indicated that prior to complete healing the fractured bone would be weaker than surrounding bone, but after complete healing it would be stronger than surrounding bone. On cross-examination he stated that in order to refracture the distal tibia and fracture the fibula would require “trauma, as a slip, or something like that.” He noted that the path of the second fracture of the tibia went through the area of the original fracture in part but did not follow the exact angular path of the original fracture throughout and that the fibula was not broken in the original injury. On redirect examination he explained that the reason the fibula was broken in the second injury but not the first was because of the difference in the direction of force applied to the bone structure in the second accident.
We hold that, viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, Dr. McConnachie’s testimony provided sufficient evidence to support the Full Commission’s findings of fact and conclusions of law that plaintiffs second fracture was the direct and natural result of his original injury. His testimony supported the Full Commission’s finding that plaintiffs original fracture had not totally healed at the time of the second fracture and would be weaker than normal bone structure. The Full Commission found that the second fracture would not have occurred unless the original fracture had not healed properly, and this finding of fact is a reasonable inference drawn from Dr. McConnachie’s testimony that the second injury was a refracture and that if the plaintiffs original fracture had been fully healed the bone structure would have been stronger than normal bone. A reasonable inference also leading to this finding of fact can be drawn from evidence of plaintiffs original physician that plaintiff was to avoid torsional loading which logically occurred when plaintiff slipped. That the second fracture did not follow the exact same path as the original fracture and also involved the fibula was adequately explained by Dr. McConnachie’s testimony that the direction of force was different in each incident.
Our holding is supported by our decision in
Mayo v. City of Washington,
51 N.C. App. 402, 276 S.E. 2d 747 (1981). In
Mayo,
plaintiff sustained a compensable knee injury on 29 November 1977. Plaintiff reinjured his knee on two subsequent occasions spanning approximately one and one-half months. Plaintiff s physician noted in his treatment records that plaintiff “[w]as injured on
the job a month ago, was reinjured today.” The
Mayo
court held that “[t]his was sufficient medical evidence to establish a causal connection between the [first compensable] . . . accident and the subsequent injuries.”
Id.
In the case before us, Dr. McConnachie, who had reviewed the medical records of plaintiffs first injury, repeatedly referred to plaintiffs second compound fracture as a refracture. The medical evidence before the Commission in this case, as previously detailed, was more extensive and more directly related to the issue of causation than in
Mayo.
The final issue presented by defendants’ appeal is whether there was any evidence from which the Full Commission could find that plaintiff was temporarily totally disabled as a result of his original injury by accident from 24 October 1980 to 4 July 1981. Defendants argue that plaintiffs own evidence showed that he was certified to return to work by his treating physician on 11 June 1981.
The Full Commission found as a fact that the original fracture “had not completely healed when the second injury occurred. . . . Plaintiff was temporarily totally disabled as a result of his original injury by accident from October 24, 1980 until July 4, 1981.” Defendants excepted to these findings of fact and the conclusions of law based thereon. In making our review, we are limited to a determination of whether there is any evidence to support the Commission’s findings of fact and if the findings of fact support the legal conclusions.
Click v. Freight Carriers, supra.
Our supreme court has held that “there is a presumption that disability ends when the employee returns to work. . . . But this is a presumption of fact and not of law. . . . Receipt of the same wages after injury should create no stronger presumption than the presumption which arises on an employee’s returning to work.”
Ashley v. Rent-A-Car Co.,
271 N.C. 76, 155 S.E. 2d 755 (1967) (citations omitted). Plaintiff Heatherly was certified to return to work under certain restrictions on 11 June 1981. Plaintiff reported to work but his employment with defendant was terminated. The certification of fitness and plaintiffs attempted return to work is some evidence of the end of temporary total disability. Under these facts, the Full Commission’s finding that plaintiffs leg had not fully healed is not dispositive of his capacity
to earn wages. The findings of the Full Commission that plaintiff was temporarily totally disabled until July 4, 1981 is, in effect, a conclusion of law which is made no less reviewable by virtue of the fact that it is denominated a finding of fact.
Walston v. Burlington Industries,
49 N.C. App. 301, 271 S.E. 2d 516 (1980),
rev’d on other grounds,
304 N.C. 670, 285 S.E. 2d 822 (1982).
We hold that the Full Commission’s findings of fact do not support the conclusion of law that defendant was temporarily totally disabled from 11 June 1981 to 4 July 1981. As the Full Commission did not make appropriate findings of fact we remand on this issue.
Walston v. Burlington Industries, supra.
The order of the Industrial Commission as to liability for plaintiffs refracture is
Affirmed.
The order as to temporary total disability from 11 June 1981 to 4 July 1981 is
Reversed and remanded.
Judges Arnold and Hill concur.