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[PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 19-13070 ____________________
HEATHER KOKESCH DEL CASTILLO, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 3:17-cv-00722-MCR-HTC ____________________ USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 2 of 26
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Before BRANCH, LUCK, and ED CARNES, Circuit Judges. LUCK, Circuit Judge: Heather Kokesch Del Castillo, an unlicensed dietician and nutritionist, claims that Florida’s Dietetics and Nutrition Practice Act, which requires a license to practice as a dietician or nutrition- ist, violates her First Amendment free speech rights to communi- cate her opinions and advice on diet and nutrition to her clients. The district court granted summary judgment for the Florida De- partment of Health, which enforces the Act, on Del Castillo’s First Amendment free speech claim because, the district court con- cluded, it was bound by our decision in Locke v. Shore, 634 F.3d 1185 (11th Cir. 2011). Locke held that a similar state licensing scheme for commercial interior designers did not violate the free speech rights of unlicensed interior designers. Del Castillo argues that the district court erred, and we are not bound by Locke, because Locke was abrogated by the Supreme Court’s decision in National Institute of Family & Life Advocates v. Becerra, 138 S. Ct. 2361 (2018). So the narrow question for us is whether Locke is still good law after NIFLA. After reviewing what we said in Locke, what the Supreme Court said in NIFLA, and our prior panel precedent rule, we hold that it is. And because Locke is still good law, we conclude that we are bound to affirm the dis- trict court’s summary judgment for the department. USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 3 of 26
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FACTUAL BACKGROUND Del Castillo owned and operated a health-coaching business called Constitution Nutrition. She started her business in Califor- nia, which did not require her to have a license to operate it. After moving to Florida in 2015, Del Castillo continued to run her busi- ness—meeting online with most of her clients and meeting in per- son with two clients who lived in Florida. She described herself as a “holistic health coach” and not as a dietician. Del Castillo tailored her health coaching to each client, which included dietary advice. She advertised her business in a local health magazine, on Face- book, and on flyers at a local gym. Del Castillo’s business focused on “[o]ne-on-one health coaching,” which she described as “meeting with clients and dis- cussing overall health and wellness, as well as goal setting.” She gave them tailored advice on dietary choices, exercise habits, and general lifestyle strategies. For example, Del Castillo recom- mended vitamin supplements to some clients with low energy and told them to consult with their physicians before taking the supple- ments. For another client with food intolerances, Del Castillo rec- ommended health goals that fit within a list of foods to avoid pro- vided by the client’s doctor. Before her initial consultation with a new client, Del Castillo would ask them to fill out a “health history form.” The health his- tory form sought general background information about the client, like his or her age and occupation, as well as particulars about the client’s dietary health, including past serious illness or recent USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 4 of 26
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weight change. Del Castillo used this form to get an overall picture of her client’s health but did not make medical conclusions. In- stead, she would recommend that a client consult a doctor if the client had experienced something unusual like drastic weight loss. Del Castillo never held herself out to her clients as a health care professional, never gave a diagnosis or provided medical treat- ment, and never gave advice contrary to physician advice. Del Castillo had a certificate in holistic health coaching that she received from an online school. But she did not have a Florida dietician or nutritionist license. Del Castillo was not qualified to receive a license because she lacked the necessary education and professional experience. Del Castillo’s lack of a license eventually became a problem for her business. Florida regulates dietetics and nutrition counsel- ing through the Dietetics and Nutrition Practice Act. Fla. Stat. §§ 468.501–.518. The Act defines “[d]ietetics” as “the integration and application of the principles derived from the sciences of nutrition, biochemistry, food, physiology, and management and from the be- havioral and social sciences to achieve and maintain a person’s health throughout the person’s life.” Id. § 468.503(4). It defines “[n]utrition counseling” as “advising and assisting individuals or groups on appropriate nutrition intake by integrating information from the nutrition assessment.” Id. § 468.503(10). The Act provides that “[d]ietetics and nutrition practice” “include[s] assessing nutri- tion needs and status using appropriate data; recommending ap- propriate dietary regimens, nutrition support, and nutrient intake; USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 5 of 26
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ordering therapeutic diets; improving health status through nutri- tion research, counseling, and education; and developing, imple- menting, and managing nutrition care systems.” Id. § 468.503(5). And, relevant to this appeal, the Act provides that “[n]o person may engage for remuneration in dietetics and nutrition practice or nu- trition counseling or hold himself or herself out as a practitioner of dietetics and nutrition practice or nutrition counseling unless the person is licensed in accordance with the provisions of this part.” Id. § 468.504. Under the Act, a person who knowingly engages in unlicensed “dietetics and nutrition practice or nutrition counseling for remuneration” commits “a misdemeanor of the first degree.” Id. § 468.517(1), (2). In March 2017, a licensed dietician filed a complaint against Del Castillo with the Florida Department of Health, alleging that Del Castillo was violating the Act by providing nutritionist services without a license. The department’s practice was to investigate every complaint, so it opened an investigation into Del Castillo. A department investigator posed as a client and contacted Del Cas- tillo about her services. In response, Del Castillo described her ser- vices and provided the investigator with a health history form to fill out. The department concluded that Del Castillo was violating the Act and, in May 2017, sent her a citation and a cease-and-desist order. Del Castillo paid the department $500.00 in fines and $254.09 in investigatory fees for “providing individualized dietary advice in exchange for compensation in Florida.” USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 6 of 26
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PROCEDURAL HISTORY Del Castillo brought a 42 U.S.C. section 1983 action against the department, claiming that the Act, as applied to her, violated her First Amendment free speech rights. She sought a declaratory judgment that the Act is “unconstitutional to the extent that [it] prohibit[s] [her] and others similarly situated from offering individ- ualized advice about diet and nutrition.” She also requested injunc- tive relief and attorneys’ fees and costs. After discovery, both parties moved for summary judgment. The department argued that the Act was a lawful regulation of the dietetics and nutritionist profession. Because any restriction of Del Castillo’s speech was merely incidental to the regulation of profes- sional conduct, the department maintained, the Act was not sub- ject to First Amendment scrutiny and did not violate Del Castillo’s free speech rights. The department relied on our decision in Locke, which upheld Florida’s licensing scheme for interior designers against a free speech challenge similar to Del Castillo’s challenge in this case because that regulation governed occupational conduct with only an incidental effect on speech. Del Castillo argued in her motion for summary judgment that her dietary advice to her clients was pure speech rather than conduct. Del Castillo argued that the Act was a content-based reg- ulation of her speech and was, therefore, subject to strict scrutiny. The Act couldn’t survive strict scrutiny, Del Castillo maintained, because it wasn’t narrowly tailored to address a compelling gov- ernment interest. Finally, Del Castillo argued that Locke had been USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 7 of 26
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abrogated by the Supreme Court’s recent decision in NIFLA be- cause Locke relied on the “professional speech doctrine” and the NIFLA Court “expressly rejected the professional speech doctrine.” The district court granted the department’s motion for sum- mary judgment and denied Del Castillo’s. It concluded that our “binding” decision in Locke “controls the outcome of this case.” The district court explained that in Locke, we rejected a challenge to Florida’s licensing scheme for commercial interior designers be- cause a statute that governs “the practice of an occupation is not unconstitutional as an abridgement of the right to free speech, so long as any inhibition of that right is merely the incidental effect of observing an otherwise legitimate regulation.” The district court said that Locke also relied on the principle that “generally applica- ble licensing provisions limiting the class of persons who may prac- tice the profession” are not subject to First Amendment scrutiny. The district court concluded that the Act’s dietician and nu- trition licensing scheme was like the licensing scheme we upheld in Locke. This was because, the district court said, the licensing scheme that Del Castillo challenged had an “impact on speech” that was “merely incidental to the regulation of the profession” of die- ticians and nutritionists. The district court concluded that, under Locke, the Act was “not subject to heightened scrutiny because it is a generally applicable professional licensing statute with a merely incidental impact on speech.” The district court rejected Del Castillo’s argument that the Supreme Court’s decision in NIFLA had abrogated Locke. The USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 8 of 26
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district court reasoned that although the NIFLA Court had de- clined to recognize “professional speech” as a unique category of speech exempt from ordinary First Amendment principles, the sec- ond reason for Locke’s holding, it had reaffirmed that states “may regulate professional conduct, even though that conduct inci- dentally involves speech,” consistent with the first reason for Locke’s holding. Thus, the district court applied rational basis re- view to Del Castillo’s First Amendment claim and concluded that the Act was rationally related to a legitimate state interest: the pro- motion of public health and safety. Del Castillo appeals the district court’s summary judgment for the department. 1
1 After we heard oral argument in this case, the department filed a motion to dismiss the appeal as moot. In 2020, Florida amended the Act to exempt from the state’s licensing requirement certain persons providing nutritional advice. The new exception applies to: Any person who provides information, wellness recommenda- tions, or advice concerning nutrition, or who markets food, food materials, or dietary supplements for remuneration, if such person does not provide such services to a person under the direct care and supervision of a medical doctor for a disease or medical condition requiring nutrition intervention, not in- cluding obesity or weight loss, and does not represent himself or herself as a dietitian, licensed dietitian, registered dietitian, nutritionist, licensed nutritionist, nutrition counselor, or li- censed nutrition counselor, or use any word, letter, symbol, or insignia indicating or implying that he or she is a dietitian, nu- tritionist, or nutrition counselor. USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 9 of 26
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STANDARD OF REVIEW We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Buending v. Town of Redington Beach, 10 F.4th 1125, 1130 (11th Cir. 2021). Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a court must “re- solve all ambiguities and draw reasonable factual inferences from the evidence in the non-movant’s favor.” Buending, 10 F.4th at 1130 (quotation marks omitted).
Fla. Stat. § 468.505(1)(n) (2020). The department argues that this amendment exempts Del Castillo’s business and moots her appeal. Del Castillo responds that her business is not covered by the new exception because she has had, and in the future wants to be free to have, clients who are “under the direct care and supervision of a medical doctor for a disease or medical condition requiring nutrition intervention.” “Generally, when an ordinance is repealed any challenges to the con- stitutionality of that ordinance become moot.” Coal. for the Abolition of Ma- rijuana Prohibition v. City of Atlanta, 219 F.3d 1301, 1310 (11th Cir. 2000). But, “when an ordinance is repealed by the enactment of a superseding stat- ute, then the superseding statute or regulation moots a case only to the extent that it removes challenged features of the prior law.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Here, the amendment to the Act did not remove all of the Act’s features that Del Castillo challenged. Del Castillo still challenges the part of the Act prohibiting her from giving dietetic and nutritional advice to paying clients who are under the supervision of a doctor for a disease or medical con- dition requiring nutrition intervention. Thus, her First Amendment challenge to the Act is not moot. USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 10 of 26
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DISCUSSION Del Castillo argues that the Act, as applied to her and her business of giving clients individualized dietary and nutrition ad- vice, is a content-based regulation of speech that is subject to strict scrutiny. She contends that the district court erred in relying on Locke because NIFLA abrogated Locke. And regardless of what level of scrutiny we apply to the Act, Del Castillo argues, the de- partment failed to justify the burden on her First Amendment free speech rights. We conclude that Locke is still good law and controls the outcome of this case. We break up our discussion into four parts. First, we discuss Locke and the two reasons the Locke court gave for why Florida’s interior designer licensing scheme did not violate the First Amendment: the professional speech doctrine; and the licensing scheme regulated professional conduct with only an inci- dental effect on speech. Second, we review NIFLA, its refusal to recognize the professional speech doctrine, and its reaffirmation that the regulation of professional conduct that has only an inci- dental effect on speech does not violate the First Amendment. Third, we apply our prior panel precedent rule and discuss how one of the two independent reasons for our decision in Locke— that the regulation of professional conduct with an incidental effect on speech does not violate the First Amendment—was not abro- gated by, but instead survived, NIFLA. And finally, we apply Locke to this case and conclude that the Act’s dietician and nutritionist licensing scheme did not violate Del Castillo’s free speech rights USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 11 of 26
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because, like the interior designer licensing scheme in Locke, the Act regulated her professional conduct and had only an incidental effect on her speech. Our decision in Locke v. Shore Locke involved a First Amendment free speech challenge to a Florida law “requir[ing] interior designers practicing in nonresi- dential, commercial settings within the state to obtain a state li- cense.” 634 F.3d at 1189. The statute defined “‘interior design’ as ‘designs, consultations, studies, drawings, specifications, and ad- ministration of design construction contracts relat[ed] to nonstruc- tural interior elements of a building or structure.” Id. (quoting what is now Fla. Stat. § 481.203(10)). To get a license, a designer had to “complete a combined total of six years of interior design education and internship experience with a licensed interior de- signer” and “pass an examination administered by the National Council of Interior Design Qualifications.” Id. “Practicing interior design in commercial settings in Florida without a license” could result in a misdemeanor charge and an administrative penalty. Id. at 1189–90. The plaintiffs were educated and trained in interior design and practiced in residential settings in Florida. Id. at 1190. They “wish[ed] to expand their practice to commercial settings,” but they were not licensed as interior designers by the state. Id. The plaintiffs “argue[d] that the license requirement unconstitutionally burden[ed] protected speech under the First Amendment.” Id. at 1191. “We conclude[d] that Florida’s license requirement [was] USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 12 of 26
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constitutional under the First Amendment,” id. at 1192, and gave two distinct reasons for our holding. The first reason we gave was that a “statute that governs the practice of an occupation is not unconstitutional as an abridgement of the right to free speech, so long as any inhibition of that right is merely the incidental effect of observing an otherwise legitimate regulation.” Id. at 1191 (quotation marks omitted). We relied, in part, on Wilson v. State Bar of Georgia, 132 F.3d 1422, 1430 (11th Cir. 1998), which recognized that “regulations that ‘govern occu- pational conduct’ with only an ‘incidental effect’ on speech with- stand First Amendment scrutiny.” Locke, 634 F.3d at 1191 (paren- thetically quoting from Wilson). “Because the [interior designer] license requirement govern[ed] ‘occupational conduct, and not a substantial amount of protected speech,’” Locke said, it did “not implicate constitutionally protected activity under the First Amendment.” Id. (quoting Wilson, 132 F.3d at 1429). This first reason was an independently adequate reason for our holding in Locke. It was not only the first reason we gave but also the reason we reiterated in the concluding paragraph of our discussion. Id. at 1192 (concluding “that Florida’s license require- ment is constitutional under the First Amendment” “[b]ecause the license requirement is a professional regulation with a merely inci- dental effect on protected speech”). In case there was any doubt about the matter, in her separate concurring opinion in the Locke case, Judge Black nailed down our holding and the reason for it. Id. at 1197 (Black, J., concurring in the result) (“As I understand the USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 13 of 26
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majority opinion, it holds that Florida’s licensing scheme does not violate the First Amendment because it is a regulation of occupa- tional conduct with only an incidental impact on protected speech.”). As courts sometimes do, the Locke court also gave an addi- tional reason for its holding. The second reason we gave for con- cluding that the interior designer licensing scheme did not violate the First Amendment was that, if “the government enact[ed] gen- erally applicable licensing provisions limiting the class of persons who may practice the profession, it cannot be said to have enacted a limitation on freedom of speech . . . subject to First Amendment scrutiny.” Id. at 1191 (majority opinion) (omission in original) (quoting Lowe v. SEC, 472 U.S. 181, 232 (1985) (White, J., concur- ring)). There was “a difference,” we reasoned, “for First Amend- ment purposes, between regulating professionals’ speech to the public at large versus their direct, personalized speech with cli- ents.” Id. The interior designer “license requirement regulate[d] solely the latter,” we said. Id. This second reason, derived from Justice White’s concurring opinion in Lowe, is the professional speech doctrine. Both reasons supported our conclusion that the interior de- signer licensing statute did not violate the plaintiffs’ First Amend- ment free speech rights. USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 14 of 26
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The Supreme Court’s decision in NIFLA v. Becerra NIFLA involved California’s regulation of crisis pregnancy centers—“pro-life (largely Christian belief-based) organizations that offer a limited range of free pregnancy options, counseling, and other services to individuals that visit a center.” 138 S. Ct. at 2368 (quoting report). The state’s regulation required centers that qualified as licensed covered facilities to “disseminate a govern- ment-drafted notice on site,” which read: “California has public programs that provide immediate free or low-cost access to com- prehensive family planning services (including all FDA-approved methods of contraception), prenatal care, and abortion for eligible women.” Id. at 2369 (quotation marks omitted). 2 A licensed pregnancy center sued, alleging that the notice requirement “abridge[d] the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment.” Id. at 2370. The district court denied the cen- ter’s motion for a preliminary injunction, and the Ninth Circuit af- firmed because the notice requirement “survive[d] the lower level of scrutiny that applie[d] to regulations of professional speech.” Id. (quotation marks omitted) The Supreme Court reversed. Id. The Court began by ex- plaining that when it enforces the First Amendment prohibition on the abridgment of the freedom of speech, it distinguishes “between
2 California’s regulation had a separate notice requirement for unlicensed pregnancy centers, NIFLA, 138 S. Ct. at 2369–70, but the notice requirement for unlicensed centers isn’t relevant to whether Locke has been abrogated. USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 15 of 26
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content-based and content-neutral regulations of speech.” Id. at 2371. Content-based regulations “target speech based on its com- municative content,” and generally they “are presumptively un- constitutional and may be justified only if” they survive strict scru- tiny—“the government proves that they are narrowly tailored to serve compelling state interests.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). The notice requirement for licensed pregnancy centers was a con- tent-based regulation because it compelled the center to speak a particular message. Id. But, the NIFLA Court explained, some courts of appeals, like the Ninth Circuit, had “recognized ‘professional speech’ as a separate category of speech that is subject to different rules.” Id. (citing cases from the Third, Fourth, and Ninth Circuits). These courts defined professional speech as speech that is based on expert knowledge and judgment by individuals who provided personal- ized services to clients and who are subject to a generally applicable licensing and regulatory regime. Id. “[T]hese courts except[ed] professional speech from the rule that content-based regulations of speech are subject to strict scrutiny.” Id. The NIFLA Court refused to recognize “‘professional speech’ as a separate category of speech.” Id. “Speech is not un- protected merely because it is uttered by ‘professionals.’” Id. at 2371–72. A government cannot impose content-based restrictions on speech, the Court explained, “without persuasive evidence of a long (if heretofore unrecognized) tradition to that effect.” Id. at 2372 (cleaned up). While the Court had never recognized “a USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 16 of 26
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tradition for a category called ‘professional speech,’” it has tradi- tionally “afforded less protection for professional speech in two cir- cumstances.” Id. First, the Court has “applied more deferential review to some laws that require professionals to disclose factual, noncontro- versial information in their ‘commercial speech.’” Id. And second, the Court has said that “[s]tates may regulate professional conduct, even though that conduct incidentally involves speech.” Id. The Supreme Court “has upheld regulations of professional conduct that incidentally burden speech” because the “First Amendment does not prevent restrictions directed at commerce or conduct from imposing incidental burdens on speech.” Id. at 2373 (quota- tion marks omitted). Neither traditional circumstance applied to California’s no- tice requirement for licensed pregnancy centers. Id. at 2372–74. And the NIFLA Court found no “persuasive reason for treating pro- fessional speech as a unique category that is exempt from ordinary First Amendment principles.” Id. at 2375. Even applying the eas- ier-to-meet standard of intermediate scrutiny, the Court concluded that California’s notice requirement couldn’t meet it because the notice requirement wasn’t sufficiently drawn to achieve the state’s claimed substantial interest. Id. at 2375–76. NIFLA did not abrogate Locke Del Castillo argues that NIFLA abrogated Locke. And her argument goes something like this. Locke’s holding relied on the USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 17 of 26
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“professional speech doctrine” to conclude that Florida’s interior designer licensing scheme did not violate the plaintiffs’ First Amendment free speech rights. But NIFLA rejected the “profes- sional speech doctrine.” So the prop supporting Locke’s holding has been taken away, and Locke has been abrogated. For three reasons, we disagree. First, Locke’s First Amendment holding relied on more than the “professional speech doctrine.” The Locke court also con- cluded that the interior designer licensing requirement did not vi- olate the First Amendment because it was “a professional regula- tion with a merely incidental effect on protected speech.” 634 F.3d at 1192; see also id. at 1197 (Black, J., concurring in the result) (“As I understand the majority opinion, it holds that Florida’s licensing scheme does not violate the First Amendment because it is a regu- lation of occupational conduct with only an incidental impact on protected speech.”). “A statute that governs the practice of an oc- cupation is not unconstitutional as an abridgment of the right to free speech, so long as any inhibition of that right is merely the in- cidental effect of observing an otherwise legitimate regulation.” Id. at 1191 (majority opinion). Second, while the NIFLA Court “refused to recognize pro- fessional speech as a new speech category deserving less protec- tion,” Otto v. City of Boca Raton, 981 F.3d 854, 867 (11th Cir. 2020), it also reaffirmed that “[s]tates may regulate professional conduct, even though that conduct incidentally involves speech,” NIFLA, 138 S. Ct. at 2372. The NIFLA Court explained that “regulations of USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 18 of 26
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professional conduct that incidentally burden speech” have been “upheld,” and the “First Amendment does not prevent restrictions directed at commerce or conduct from imposing incidental bur- dens on speech.” Id. at 2373 (quotation marks omitted). Third, NIFLA did not undermine Locke to the point of ab- rogation. “We are bound to follow a prior panel or en banc hold- ing, except where that holding has been overruled or undermined to the point of abrogation by a subsequent en banc or Supreme Court decision.” Chambers v. Thompson, 150 F.3d 1324, 1326 (11th Cir. 1998). A prior panel precedent is “undermined,” we ex- plained in United States v. Petite, where the “Supreme Court’s sub- sequent decision . . . so fully undermined our prior panel’s decision . . . as to abrogate its holding.” 703 F.3d 1290, 1297 (11th Cir. 2013) (emphasis added). To “fully undermine[]” a prior panel decision, the later Supreme Court decision must “demolish[]” and “eviscer- ate[]” each of its “fundamental props.” See id. at 1297–98. Because Locke’s holding relied on more than the “professional speech doc- trine”—and the only thing NIFLA refused to recognize was the “professional speech doctrine”—both of Locke’s props have not been demolished; its holding is still standing. The NIFLA Court spoke with unmistakable clarity about the line of precedents upholding regulations of professional conduct that incidentally burden speech and another line of precedents (up- holding laws compelling the disclosure of information in certain contexts): “neither line of precedents is implicated here.” 138 S. Ct. at 2372. Reasoning based on a line of Supreme Court USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 19 of 26
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precedents that the Court itself emphasizes in a later decision is not implicated by that later decision cannot have been rejected, over- ruled, or abrogated by the later decision. So what we have here is a prior panel precedent—the hold- ing in Locke—that rests on two bases, only one of which has been rejected by the Supreme Court while the other basis has not been. If anything, that surviving basis or rationale has been endorsed by the Supreme Court. And it takes only one valid basis or rationale for a prior holding to make it binding precedent. See McLellan v. Miss. Power & Light Co., 545 F.2d 919, 925 n.21 (5th Cir. 1977) (en banc) (“It has long been settled that all alternative rationales for a given result have precedential value.”); see also Massachusetts v. United States, 333 U.S. 611, 623 (1948) (explaining that where a case has “been decided on either of two independent grounds” and “rested as much upon the one determination as the other,” the “ad- judication is effective for both”). Two of our decisions illustrate this point. The first is an ex- ample of a dual-rationale prior precedent that was abrogated by a supervening Supreme Court decision because the supervening Su- preme Court decision was inconsistent with both rationales of the prior precedent. In the Petite case, “we ha[d] a prior panel opinion on all fours with the case before us.” 703 F.3d at 1297. That prior panel decision was United States v. Harrison, 558 F.3d 1280 (11th Cir. 2009). Petite, 703 F.3d at 1297. “In Harrison”—the prior panel opinion—we had “held that the offense of simple vehicle flight . . . —the same offense at issue [in Petite]—was not a violent felony for USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 20 of 26
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purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act.” Id. “Harrison,” we said, “rested on two fundamental props.” Id. “The first founda- tional prop was the panel’s conclusion that Florida’s simple vehicle flight offense, as ordinarily committed, was not ‘roughly similar’ to the ACCA’s enumerated offenses in ‘degree of risk posed.’” Id. (quoting Harrison, 558 F.3d at 1294). “The second prop on which the panel’s holding in Harrison rested was that, even assuming a serious potential risk of physical injury exists . . . Florida’s simple vehicle flight offense was not roughly similar in kind to the ACCA’s enumerated offenses.” Id. (cleaned up). But both of those two “foundations of Harrison were demol- ished by the Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in Sykes [v. United States, 564 U.S. 1 (2011)].” 3 Petite, 703 F.3d at 1298. “As for the degree of risk posed by vehicle flight”—the first prop—“the Su- preme Court rejected our prior panel’s risk calculus, which had suggested that the confrontational act of vehicle flight does not necessarily translate into a serious potential risk of physical injury in the absence of high speed or reckless driving on the part of the offender.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). And “[t]he Supreme Court in Sykes also eviscerated the second of Harrison’s props— that, even assuming a serious risk of injury, simple vehicle flight was not a violent felony for ACCA purposes because it was not
3 Sykes and Petite both involved an analysis under the ACCA’s residual clause, a provision which has since been declared unconstitutionally vague. See John- son v. United States, 576 U.S. 591 (2015). USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 21 of 26
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similar in kind to the ACCA’s enumerated crimes.” Id. Because Sykes demolished both of the two foundations supporting Harri- son’s holding, we concluded in Petite that Harrison had been so fully undermined that it had been abrogated by Sykes. Id. at 1299. This is what it takes for a Supreme Court decision to demolish or eviscerate a prior precedent. The other example of a dual-rationale prior precedent illus- trates what happens when only one of two rationales is rejected by a later Supreme Court decision. See DeLong Equip. Co. v. Wash. Mills Electro Mins. Corp., 997 F.2d 1340 (11th Cir. 1993). We held in DeLong Equipment that postjudgment interest would be awarded from the date of the original judgment, rather than from the date of the judgment on remand. Id. at 1341. That holding was consistent with Woods Exploration & Producing Co. v. Aluminum Co. of America, 509 F.2d 784 (5th Cir. 1975), which was binding “prior precedent” from the former Fifth Circuit. DeLong Equip. Co., 997 F.2d at 1342. We acknowledged in DeLong Equipment that the Supreme Court had since “rejected the narrow holding of” our Woods Ex- ploration decision. Id. at 1342 n.1 (citing Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Corp. v. Bonjorno, 494 U.S. 827 (1990)). As a result, one rationale or point on which our earlier decision had rested was gone. But we explained that the supervening Supreme Court deci- sion “did not cast doubt on the Woods case’s larger point that the earlier date is the one from which equity normally requires the ac- crual of postjudgment interest to run.” Id. Thus, we held that the USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 22 of 26
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Supreme Court’s rejection of one basis or rationale of our prior de- cision did not change the precedential force of the rationale that was unaddressed and unabrogated by the Supreme Court. See id. The situation in Locke is like the situation in DeLong Equipment. The point we made in Locke about the regulation of professional conduct that incidentally burdened speech remains undisturbed and binding. Here, unlike in Petite, the Supreme Court has not “demol- ished” or “fully undermined” both props making up Locke’s foun- dation. Locke, like our prior panel decision in Harrison, relied on two props to hold that Florida’s interior designer licensing scheme did not violate the plaintiffs’ First Amendment free speech rights: (1) “the license requirement [was] a professional regulation with a merely incidental effect on protected speech”; and (2) the profes- sional speech doctrine. Locke, 634 F.3d at 1191–92. In NIFLA, the Supreme Court refused to recognize the “professional speech” doc- trine. See Otto, 981 F.3d at 861 (explaining that the Supreme Court in NIFLA “rejected an attempt to regulate speech by recharacteriz- ing it as professional conduct”). But the NIFLA Court reaffirmed that “[s]tates may regulate professional conduct, even though that conduct incidentally involves speech.” 138 S. Ct. at 2372; see also id. at 2373 (“[T]his Court has upheld regulations of professional conduct that incidentally burden speech.”). After NIFLA, one of the two props supporting Locke’s foun- dation still stands. It has not been eviscerated. It has not been de- molished. And it is has not been undermined. “[W]e are not at USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 23 of 26
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liberty to disregard binding case law that is so closely on point and has been only weakened, rather than directly overruled, by the Su- preme Court.” Fla. League of Pro. Lobbyists, Inc. v. Meggs, 87 F.3d 457, 462 (11th Cir. 1996); see also United States v. Kaley, 579 F.3d 1246, 1255 (11th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he doctrine of adherence to prior precedent also mandates that the intervening Supreme Court case actually abrogate or directly conflict with, as opposed to merely weaken, the holding of the prior panel.” (quotation marks omit- ted)). Unlike in Petite, because only one—but not both—of Locke’s independently adequate props has been taken away, we are not compelled to conclude that Locke has been so fully under- mined as to be abrogated by NIFLA. Rather, under our prior precedent rule, Locke’s first ra- tionale is still good law: “A statute that governs the practice of an occupation is not unconstitutional as an abridgement of the right to free speech, so long as any inhibition of that right is merely the incidental effect of observing an otherwise legitimate regulation.” 634 F.3d at 1191. We must follow this part of Locke to the extent it applies to Del Castillo and the Act’s licensing scheme for dieti- cians and nutritionists. And, as we explain below, it does apply. Locke controls the First Amendment question here Applying Locke to this case, we conclude that the Act’s li- censing scheme for dieticians and nutritionists regulated profes- sional conduct and only incidentally burdened Del Castillo’s speech. Because the burden on her speech rights was only USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 24 of 26
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incidental, the Act’s licensing scheme did not violate her First Amendment free speech rights. See Locke, 634 F.3d at 1192. The Act regulates “dietetics and nutrition practice,” Fla. Stat. § 468.504, which involves assessing nutrition needs and status using appropriate data; recommending appropriate dietary regimens, nutrition support, and nutrient intake; ordering ther- apeutic diets; improving health status through nutri- tion research, counseling, and education; and devel- oping, implementing, and managing nutrition care systems, which includes, but is not limited to, evalu- ating, modifying, and maintaining appropriate stand- ards of high quality in food and nutrition care ser- vices. Id. § 468.503(5). And the Act regulates “nutrition counseling,” id. § 468.504, which entails “advising and assisting individuals or groups on appropriate nutrition intake by integrating information from the nutrition assessment,” id. § 468.503(10). In enacting this regulation, the Florida legislature specifically found that “the prac- tice of dietetics and nutrition or nutrition counseling by unskilled and incompetent practitioners presents a danger to the public health and safety.” Id. § 468.502 (emphasis added). Assessing a client’s nutrition needs, conducting nutrition re- search, developing a nutrition care system, and integrating infor- mation from a nutrition assessment are not speech. They are USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 25 of 26
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“occupational conduct”; they’re what a dietician or nutritionist does as part of her professional services. See Locke, 634 F.3d at 1191 (quotation marks omitted). The profession also involves some speech—a dietician or nutritionist must get information from her clients and convey her advice and recommendations. But, to the extent the Act burdens speech, the burden is an incidental part of regulating the profes- sion’s conduct. The Act’s effect on speech for dieticians and nutritionists is as incidental as was the licensing scheme in Locke’s effect on speech for interior designers. The interior designer licensing scheme in Locke defined “interior design” as “designs, consulta- tions, studies, drawings, specifications, and administration of de- sign construction contracts relating to nonstructural interior ele- ments of a building or structure.” Id. at 1189 (quoting what is now Fla. Stat. § 481.203(10)). Interior design included “reflected ceiling plans, space planning, furnishings, and the fabrication of nonstruc- tural elements within and surrounding interior spaces of build- ings.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). But interior design also involved some speech. An interior designer not only creates designs and drawings of nonstructural in- terior elements of a building, id.; she also has to talk to her clients about their preferences and communicate the final designs and drawings to the clients. Even so, the fact that the profession in- volved speech did not mean that the licensing scheme for interior designers violated the First Amendment. Rather, because “the USCA11 Case: 19-13070 Date Filed: 02/18/2022 Page: 26 of 26
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[interior designer] license requirement [was] a professional regula- tion with a merely incidental effect on protected speech,” we held that it was “constitutional under the First Amendment.” Id. at 1192. We’re bound by Locke to reach the same conclusion here. Like the interior designer licensing scheme in Locke, the Act regu- lated the professional conduct of dieticians and nutritionists and only incidentally burdened Del Castillo’s free speech rights. Be- cause the Act “is a professional regulation with a merely incidental effect on protected speech,” it is “constitutional under the First Amendment.” See id. AFFIRMED.