MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2022 ME 1 Docket: Han-21-88 Submitted On Briefs: September 22, 2021 Decided: January 6, 2022
Panel: STANFILL, C.J., and MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HUMPHREY, and CONNORS, JJ.
GUARDIANSHIP BY STACEY M.
HUMPHREY, J.
[¶1] Stacey M. appeals from a judgment of the Hancock County Probate
Court (Blaisdell, J.) denying her petition to modify or terminate an order of the
Connecticut Superior Court that transferred custody and guardianship of her
child to the child’s paternal grandmother and step-grandfather. Because we
conclude that the Probate Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, we vacate
the judgment and remand for dismissal of the petition.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] The child at issue here was born in Connecticut in 2007 and was
placed almost immediately in the custody of the Connecticut Department of
Children and Families (DCF). Approximately one year later, while still in DCF’s
legal custody, the child was placed with her paternal grandmother and
step-grandfather in New Hampshire. On April 13, 2010, the Connecticut
Superior Court held a hearing on a motion filed by the Connecticut DCF, which 2
sought to transfer legal custody and guardianship of the child to the child’s
paternal grandmother and step-grandfather. With the agreement of both
parents, the court granted DCF’s motion that same day and informed the
mother that she would be required to return to the Connecticut Superior Court
if she sought to have her rights “reinstated.”
[¶3] In order to correct a clerical mistake, the Connecticut Superior Court
issued an “Order of Custody/Guardianship” on July 8, 2010, revoking its April
13, 2010, order but simultaneously again transferring custody and
guardianship to the child’s paternal grandmother and step-grandfather.1
[¶4] In 2017, the mother filed in the New Hampshire Circuit Court a
petition to modify or terminate the Connecticut “Order of
Custody/Guardianship.” The court denied the petition and the mother
appealed. In October 2019, the New Hampshire Supreme Court determined
that the New Hampshire Circuit Court lacked jurisdiction to hear the petition
under New Hampshire’s Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement
1The purpose of the new order, which was entered on DCF’s request, was to change the effective date of the guardianship to enable the guardians to qualify for a state subsidy unavailable to them under the April order. 3
Act (UCCJEA) and remanded to the trial court with instructions to dismiss the
petition.2 See In re Guardianship of K.B., 233 A.3d 328, 329-35 (N.H. 2019).
[¶5] After the mother, the child, and the guardians had all moved to
Maine, the mother filed a petition in the Hancock County Probate Court on
November 22, 2019, seeking to register and modify or terminate the
Connecticut order. A copy of the Connecticut order was included with the
petition. Neither the mother nor the guardians challenged the Probate Court’s
jurisdiction.
[¶6] After holding a two-day hearing on the merits, the Probate Court
denied the mother’s petition on February 19, 2021. In its decision, the court
expressed concern for the emotional turmoil experienced by the child as a
result of the litigation and determined that the guardians had proved by clear
and convincing evidence that the mother was unable to meet the child’s needs
and that living with the mother would have a substantial adverse effect on the
child. See 18-C M.R.S. § 5-210(7) (2021); see also 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(2)(C)
2 Although the New Hampshire Supreme Court concluded that New Hampshire’s UCCJEA applied and that the UCCJEA’s jurisdictional requirements had not been met, In re Guardianship of K.B., 233 A.3d 328, 332-34 (N.H. 2019), we do not reach such issues of interstate jurisdiction. The UCCJEA does not confer independent subject matter jurisdiction, see In re Teagan K.-O., 242 A.3d 59, 79 (Conn. 2020); Williams v. Williams, 555 N.E.2d 142, 145 (Ind. 1990), and we here consider the preliminary question of whether the Probate Court—a court of limited, statutory jurisdiction—had jurisdiction over the subject matter that the mother’s petition attempted to place before it, see In re Estate of Hiller, 2014 ME 2, ¶ 20, 86 A.3d 9. 4
(2021).3 The mother timely appealed. See 18-C M.R.S. § 1-308 (2021); M.R.
Civ. P. 123; M.R. App. P. 2B(c)(1).
II. DISCUSSION
[¶7] Although the mother initiated this matter in Maine by filing her
petition in the Hancock County Probate Court, she now argues on appeal that
the Probate Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction because the Connecticut
order was part of a child protection matter that, in Maine, would be subject to
the District Court’s exclusive jurisdiction. We address this issue even though it
was not raised in the trial court because “lack of subject matter jurisdiction
cannot be waived and may be raised at any time.” Monteith v. Monteith, 2021
ME 40, ¶ 22, 255 A.3d 1030.
[¶8] “Subject matter jurisdiction refers to the power of a particular court
to hear the type of case that is then before it.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).
A court has no authority to act absent subject matter jurisdiction, and whether
3 Title 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(2)(C) has since been amended, see P.L. 2021, ch. 340, § 1 (effective Oct. 18, 2021) (to be codified at 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(2)(C)), but the amendment does not affect the analysis in this case. 5
a court had such jurisdiction is an issue of law that we review de novo.
In re Higera N., 2010 ME 77, ¶ 10, 2 A.3d 265.
[¶9] We begin by examining the nature of the Connecticut proceeding
that resulted in the challenged order transferring custody and guardianship of
the child to the child’s paternal grandmother and step-grandfather. The order
was issued pursuant to Connecticut General Statute section 46b-129, which
authorized Connecticut’s Commissioner of Children and Families to petition the
Connecticut Superior Court for “appropriate action” regarding uncared-for or
neglected children, including children in circumstances of abuse.4 See Conn.
Gen. Stat. § 46b-129(a) (2011); see also Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-120(8)-(9)
(2011) (defining “neglected” and “uncared for”).5 Section 46b-129 and its
procedures were analogous to Maine’s child protection statutes.6 See Conn.
4 Section 46b-129 also authorized other agencies and individuals to file a petition, including any selectman, town manager, municipal welfare department, probation officer, child, representative or foster parent of a child, and any other child-caring agency approved by the DCF Commissioner. 5 In this opinion, we cite the versions of the Connecticut General Statutes that were in effect when the Connecticut Superior Court entered the July 8, 2010, “Order of Custody/Guardianship.” Section 46b-129 has since been amended on multiple occasions, see e.g., 2021 Conn. Acts 21-140, § 5 (2021 Jan. Reg. Sess.) (codified at Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-129 (LEXIS through 2021 Reg. Sess. and June Spec.
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2022 ME 1 Docket: Han-21-88 Submitted On Briefs: September 22, 2021 Decided: January 6, 2022
Panel: STANFILL, C.J., and MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HUMPHREY, and CONNORS, JJ.
GUARDIANSHIP BY STACEY M.
HUMPHREY, J.
[¶1] Stacey M. appeals from a judgment of the Hancock County Probate
Court (Blaisdell, J.) denying her petition to modify or terminate an order of the
Connecticut Superior Court that transferred custody and guardianship of her
child to the child’s paternal grandmother and step-grandfather. Because we
conclude that the Probate Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, we vacate
the judgment and remand for dismissal of the petition.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] The child at issue here was born in Connecticut in 2007 and was
placed almost immediately in the custody of the Connecticut Department of
Children and Families (DCF). Approximately one year later, while still in DCF’s
legal custody, the child was placed with her paternal grandmother and
step-grandfather in New Hampshire. On April 13, 2010, the Connecticut
Superior Court held a hearing on a motion filed by the Connecticut DCF, which 2
sought to transfer legal custody and guardianship of the child to the child’s
paternal grandmother and step-grandfather. With the agreement of both
parents, the court granted DCF’s motion that same day and informed the
mother that she would be required to return to the Connecticut Superior Court
if she sought to have her rights “reinstated.”
[¶3] In order to correct a clerical mistake, the Connecticut Superior Court
issued an “Order of Custody/Guardianship” on July 8, 2010, revoking its April
13, 2010, order but simultaneously again transferring custody and
guardianship to the child’s paternal grandmother and step-grandfather.1
[¶4] In 2017, the mother filed in the New Hampshire Circuit Court a
petition to modify or terminate the Connecticut “Order of
Custody/Guardianship.” The court denied the petition and the mother
appealed. In October 2019, the New Hampshire Supreme Court determined
that the New Hampshire Circuit Court lacked jurisdiction to hear the petition
under New Hampshire’s Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement
1The purpose of the new order, which was entered on DCF’s request, was to change the effective date of the guardianship to enable the guardians to qualify for a state subsidy unavailable to them under the April order. 3
Act (UCCJEA) and remanded to the trial court with instructions to dismiss the
petition.2 See In re Guardianship of K.B., 233 A.3d 328, 329-35 (N.H. 2019).
[¶5] After the mother, the child, and the guardians had all moved to
Maine, the mother filed a petition in the Hancock County Probate Court on
November 22, 2019, seeking to register and modify or terminate the
Connecticut order. A copy of the Connecticut order was included with the
petition. Neither the mother nor the guardians challenged the Probate Court’s
jurisdiction.
[¶6] After holding a two-day hearing on the merits, the Probate Court
denied the mother’s petition on February 19, 2021. In its decision, the court
expressed concern for the emotional turmoil experienced by the child as a
result of the litigation and determined that the guardians had proved by clear
and convincing evidence that the mother was unable to meet the child’s needs
and that living with the mother would have a substantial adverse effect on the
child. See 18-C M.R.S. § 5-210(7) (2021); see also 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(2)(C)
2 Although the New Hampshire Supreme Court concluded that New Hampshire’s UCCJEA applied and that the UCCJEA’s jurisdictional requirements had not been met, In re Guardianship of K.B., 233 A.3d 328, 332-34 (N.H. 2019), we do not reach such issues of interstate jurisdiction. The UCCJEA does not confer independent subject matter jurisdiction, see In re Teagan K.-O., 242 A.3d 59, 79 (Conn. 2020); Williams v. Williams, 555 N.E.2d 142, 145 (Ind. 1990), and we here consider the preliminary question of whether the Probate Court—a court of limited, statutory jurisdiction—had jurisdiction over the subject matter that the mother’s petition attempted to place before it, see In re Estate of Hiller, 2014 ME 2, ¶ 20, 86 A.3d 9. 4
(2021).3 The mother timely appealed. See 18-C M.R.S. § 1-308 (2021); M.R.
Civ. P. 123; M.R. App. P. 2B(c)(1).
II. DISCUSSION
[¶7] Although the mother initiated this matter in Maine by filing her
petition in the Hancock County Probate Court, she now argues on appeal that
the Probate Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction because the Connecticut
order was part of a child protection matter that, in Maine, would be subject to
the District Court’s exclusive jurisdiction. We address this issue even though it
was not raised in the trial court because “lack of subject matter jurisdiction
cannot be waived and may be raised at any time.” Monteith v. Monteith, 2021
ME 40, ¶ 22, 255 A.3d 1030.
[¶8] “Subject matter jurisdiction refers to the power of a particular court
to hear the type of case that is then before it.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).
A court has no authority to act absent subject matter jurisdiction, and whether
3 Title 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(2)(C) has since been amended, see P.L. 2021, ch. 340, § 1 (effective Oct. 18, 2021) (to be codified at 18-C M.R.S. § 5-204(2)(C)), but the amendment does not affect the analysis in this case. 5
a court had such jurisdiction is an issue of law that we review de novo.
In re Higera N., 2010 ME 77, ¶ 10, 2 A.3d 265.
[¶9] We begin by examining the nature of the Connecticut proceeding
that resulted in the challenged order transferring custody and guardianship of
the child to the child’s paternal grandmother and step-grandfather. The order
was issued pursuant to Connecticut General Statute section 46b-129, which
authorized Connecticut’s Commissioner of Children and Families to petition the
Connecticut Superior Court for “appropriate action” regarding uncared-for or
neglected children, including children in circumstances of abuse.4 See Conn.
Gen. Stat. § 46b-129(a) (2011); see also Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-120(8)-(9)
(2011) (defining “neglected” and “uncared for”).5 Section 46b-129 and its
procedures were analogous to Maine’s child protection statutes.6 See Conn.
4 Section 46b-129 also authorized other agencies and individuals to file a petition, including any selectman, town manager, municipal welfare department, probation officer, child, representative or foster parent of a child, and any other child-caring agency approved by the DCF Commissioner. 5 In this opinion, we cite the versions of the Connecticut General Statutes that were in effect when the Connecticut Superior Court entered the July 8, 2010, “Order of Custody/Guardianship.” Section 46b-129 has since been amended on multiple occasions, see e.g., 2021 Conn. Acts 21-140, § 5 (2021 Jan. Reg. Sess.) (codified at Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-129 (LEXIS through 2021 Reg. Sess. and June Spec. Sess.)), but those amendments are not relevant here, nor did they alter the nature of section 46b-129 as a child protection statute that provides for the handling of petitions as to neglected and uncared-for youth. 6 For example, in Connecticut, once a petition was filed, and if the Connecticut Superior Court determined that there was reasonable cause to believe that the child was or would be in danger, section 46b-129(b) allowed the court to issue a temporary order vesting the child’s custody in an appropriate agency. Cf. 22 M.R.S. §§ 4034(2), 4036(1)(F) (2021). After a preliminary hearing on the temporary custody order, see Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-129(c) (2011); cf. 22 M.R.S. § 4034(4) (2021), 6
Gen. Stat. § 46b-129 (2011); cf. 22 M.R.S. §§ 4032-33 (2021). We therefore
consider whether the Probate Court had subject matter jurisdiction under
Maine law to hear the mother’s petition to modify or terminate a child custody
order issued in another state’s child protection matter.
[¶10] “The Probate Courts in Maine are statutory courts of special and
limited jurisdiction,” and they “may hear and determine only those matters
authorized by statute.” In re Adoption of G., 502 A.2d 1044, 1045-46 (Me. 1986);
see also In re Estate of Hiller, 2014 ME 2, ¶ 20, 86 A.3d 9 (“[W]hether the Probate
Court has jurisdiction over a specific matter turns on whether a statute confers
jurisdiction . . . .”). Although the Probate Court has shared jurisdiction with the
District Court to appoint guardians for minors in private actions, see 4 M.R.S.
§ 152(5-A) (2021); 18-C M.R.S. § 5-104(1) (2021), Maine law does not provide
the Probate Court with authority to order, modify, or terminate a guardianship
in a child protection matter initiated through the filing of a child protection
the Superior Court was required to hold a hearing on the order for temporary custody, see Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-129(f) (2011); cf. 22 M.R.S. § 4035 (2021). 7
petition, see 18-C M.R.S. §§ 5-202, 5-204, 5-210 (2021); 22 M.R.S. § 4031(1)(A)
(2021).7
[¶11] Child protection cases are distinguishable from other types of child
custody matters; “the focus . . . in a child protection case is to determine whether
a child requires protection in the first instance, not to determine who should
have custody.” In re Higera N., 2010 ME 77, ¶ 18 n.7, 2 A.3d 265; see In re
Teagan K.-O., 242 A.3d 59, 83 (Conn. 2020) (“Neglect proceedings are
materially different from traditional custody disputes . . . . A state child
protection agency or its commissioner is the opposing party in a neglect
proceeding.”).8
[¶12] Absent any statute conferring upon it the authority to hear child
protection matters, the Probate Court did not have subject matter jurisdiction
7 Nor could the UCCJEA—if applicable—provide the Probate Court with independent subject
matter jurisdiction to hear this particular type of case. See, e.g., In re Teagan K.-O., 242 A.3d at 79 (“[T]he UCCJEA . . . does not create jurisdiction but prescribes the circumstances under which jurisdiction that otherwise is conferred by constitution or statute can be exercised in a given case.”); Williams, 555 N.E.2d at 145 (“The authority to hear child custody cases is not directly granted by the [UCCJEA]”). 8 The distinct nature of guardianships entered in child neglect proceedings pursuant to Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-129, such as the one at issue here, is the basis for the Connecticut Superior Court’s exclusive jurisdiction over such guardianships under Connecticut law. See In re Juvenile Appeal, 488 A.2d 790, 802 (Conn. 1985) (concluding that the Connecticut Superior Court has exclusive jurisdiction to enter “custody-guardianship orders” in cases where there was a finding that the child is uncared-for or neglected because “[t]he language of § 46b-129 . . . reveals . . . a clear distinction between guardianships ordered by the Superior Court in accordance with that provision and those ordered by appointment of the Probate Court”); see also In re Joshua S., 796 A.2d 1141, 1150-52 8
to consider or adjudicate the mother’s petition to modify a guardianship
established in Connecticut’s equivalent of a child protection matter.
The entry is:
Judgment vacated. Remanded for dismissal of the petition.
Albert Hansen, Esq., Hansen Law Offices, PLLC, Kennebunk, for appellant Stacey M.
Eric N. Columber, Esq., Columber Law Offices, Ellsworth, for appellees paternal grandmother and step-grandfather
Hancock County Probate Court docket number 2019-477 FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY
(Conn. 2002) (holding that adjudications of neglect pursuant to Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-129 fall under the jurisdiction of Connecticut’s Superior Court, not its Probate Court).