Scott, Judge:
Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner’s Federal income taxes for the years and in the amounts as follows:
Tear '• Amount
1967 _$79, 416. 93
1968 _ 84, 593. 87
The issue for decision is whether for each of the years 1967 and 1968 petitioner is subject to the aceumulated-earnings tax imposed by section 531, I.R.G. 1954,1 because of being availed of for the purpose of avoiding income taxes with respect to its shareholders by permitting earnings and profits to accumulate instead of being divided or distributed.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are found accordingly.
GPD, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as petitioner), is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Michigan. At the time of the filing of the petition herein, petitioner’s principal place of business was located at Ferndale, Mich. Petitioner filed its Federal income tax returns for the calendar years 1967 and 1968 with the district director of internal revenue, Detroit, Mich.
Petitioner was incorporated on February 10, 1954, and since that date has engaged in the sale and distribution of automotive parts in the States of Michigan and Ohio.
Since its incorporation, Emmet E. Tracy (hereinafter referred to as Tracy) has been petitioner’s president and principal stockholder. Tracy has never received compensation for services as an officer of petitioner. From 1959 through 1971 petitioner’s board of directors was composed of Tracy, Emmet E. Tracy, Jr., and Paul E. Trigg, Jr. From the date of its incorporation until November 13,1967, petitioner’s only authorized stock consisted of 50,000 shares of common having a par value of $1. On October 31, 1967, petitioner’s articles of incorporation were amended to authorize 50,000 shares of preferred stock having a par value of $1 per share and to reduce the authorized common stock to 25,000 shares without change in par value. On December 23, 1968, petitioner’s board of directors authorized the issuance of 5,000 shares of $7 cumulative preferred stock, $1 par value, to Tracy, its then sole common stockholder as a dividend. As of December 31, 1971, Tracy had transferred 4,600 preferred shares to the Jesuit Seminary Guild of New England. He continued to hold 400 preferred shares in his own name.
The holders of petitioner’s outstanding common stock at the close of its taxable years ended December 31,1967, and December 31, 1968, were as follows:
Stockholder .Number 0/shares held as of Dec. SI, 1967 Dec. SI, 1968 Emmet E. Tracy_ 2, 810 2, 810 Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America, Inc_ 800 _ Guest House, Inc__ 720 _ St. Mary’s Catholic Church, Alma, Mich_ 300 _ Total common shares outstanding. 4, 630 2, 810
Petitioner holds a franchise as the exclusive distributor of all Ford “genuine parts” except engines (which were supplied by the John Fisher Co. of Columbus, Ohio) in the Michigan-Ohio area. “Genuine parts” is a term used to identify new or rebuilt automotive parts manufactured or rebuilt by Ford Motor Co. or under its authority for sale to franchised distributors such as petitioner.
Petitioner is only a distributor and does not manufacture or rebuild parts. Most of petitioner’s customers are Ford automobile dealers. Petitioner obtained its parts from the Ford Motor Co. and Alma Piston Co. which was an authorized manufacturer and rebuilder of Ford automobile parts.
Alma Piston Co. (hereinafter called APC) is a Michigan corporation with its principal place of business in Alma, Mich., and is wholly owned by Tracy, his wife, and their four adult children.
APC is engaged, in manufacturing, rebuilding, and distributing automotive parts through four operating divisions and a wholly owned subsidiary. The Alma Products Division manufactures new parts and rebuilds used automobile parts. It manufactures parts primarily for Ford. Plowever, during the years here in issue it rebuilt converters for General Motors upon receipt of purchase orders for this rebuilt part. These rebuilt converters were shipped to General Motors by common carrier. Originally it had been planned to send the parts to General Motors by truck but the volume turned out to be about one-fourth the anticipated volume so that shipment by common carrier was more economical.
Genuine Parts Distributor, Midwest (hereinafter called GPD, Midwest), is another division of APC which rebuilds “genuine parts” primarily for sale to petitioner. Genuine Parts Distributors, West Coast (hereinafter called GPD, West Coast), is another division of APC and it distributes “genuine parts” from its bases located in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Phoenix, and Salt Lake City. •
Tomador Engine Co. (hereinafter called Tomador) of the City of Industry, Calif., was acquired by APC in 1968 and is operated as a division of APC. Tomador rebuilds automobile engines. It sells Ford engines through GPD, West Coast, and all other rebuilt engines to other distributors and jobbers. Snow Manufacturing Co. is a wholly owned subsidiary of APC which rebuilds automobile parts (except automobile engines).
The following schedule shows the comparative income statements for petitioner for the calendar years 1961 and 1968:
Comparative Income Statements — GPD, Inc. Sales1_ Cost of sales_ Gross profit from sales_ Warehouse expenses-Selling expenses_ General and administrative expenses. Total expenses_ Net income from sales_ Other income_ Other deductions (discounts)_ Net income before taxes_ Provision for Federal taxes_ Net income after Federal taxes 1967 1968 $2, 001, 605. 37 $2, 285, 298. 05 1, 231, 072. 97 1, 362, 959. 49 770, 532. 40 922, 338. 56 49, 735. 65 47, 963. 99 147, 093. 20 168, 890. 29 171, 010. 67 192, 517. 49 367, 839. 52 409, 371. 77 402, 692. 88 512, 966. 79 99, 900. 42 85, 551. 02 5, 956. 86 1, 908. 38 496, 636. 44 596, 609. 43 247, 689. 57 317, 826. 40 248, 946. 87 278, 783. 03
Comparative balance sheets of petitioner as of the close of its taxable years 1966,1967, and 1968 are set forth in the following schedule:
COMPARATIVE BALANCE SHEETS-GPD, INC. Current assets: Cash. Accounts receivable. Inventories... Prepaid expenses... Total current assets. Fixed assets... Other assets. Total assets. Current liabilities: Accounts payable. Customer deposits. Withholding taxes. Accrued: Salaries. Payroll taxes..... Other taxes. Federal income taxes. Total current liabilities. Other liabilities. Stockholder's equity: Common stock.. Preferred stock. Retained earnings. Less: Treasury stock (1,820 shares) 1966 1967 1968 $614,019.64 199,866.11 293,481.46 8,764.77 $797,363.32 225,202.35 331,679.86 9,453.49 $416,784.86 237,657.36 348,325.25 10,646.80 1,116,121.88 122,218.28 0 1,363,699.01 109,693.60 8,560.69 1,012,313.26 120,760.69 30,343.40 1,238,340.16 1,481,853.30 1,163,407.36 171,163.25 34,039.96 3,503.44 1,350.30 1,173.42 6,100.00 94,446.41 311,776.78 2,928.00 4,630.00 0 919,005.38 0 130,433.45 20,206.93 486.91 2,724.12 239.16 8,862.92 189,689.57 352,643.05 3,456.00 4,630.00 0 1,121,124.25 0 86,702.16 17,875.79 603.41 2,307.20 252.46 23,446.65 126,126.40 257,314.07 4,080.00 4,630.00 5,000.00 1,326,843.28 (434,460.00) Total liabilities and equity..J. 1,238,340.16 1,481,853.30 1,163,407.36
The following schedule reflects petitioner’s sales, net income before taxes, Federal taxes, net income after taxes, and dividends paid for the 10-year period 1959 through 1968:
Cash Net income Federal Net income dividends Year Sales before taxes taxes after taxes declared 1959. $1,245,700.90 $169,879.62 $77,635.93 $82,343.69 0 1960. 1,244,161.18 214,539.88 106,969.27 108,570.61 0 1961. 1,221,304.46 183,161.53 90,136.35 93,026.18 0 1962. 1,508,882.51 281,323.32 139,971.19 141,352.13 0 1963. 1,569,311.63 246,443.10 121,882.34 123,560.76 0 1964.. 1,631,110.26 295,407.12 141,827.53 153,579.59 0 1965. 1,719,754.75 397,077.89 184,867.05 212,210.84 0 1966. 1,793,768.83 341,270.88 157,346.45 183,924.43 0 1967. 2,001,605.37 496,636.44 247,689.57 248,946.87 $46,300 1968. 2,285,298.05 596,609.43 317,826.40 278,783.03 67,440
Petitioner’s monthly inventory balances in 1967 and 1968 averaged $352,460.93 and $384,003.19, respectively. The average monthly accounts receivable balances in 1967 and 1968 were $227,952.79 and $254,487.92, respectively.
In 1963 Tracy contacted J. P. Hopkins, Parts and Accessories Manager of the Chevrolet Motor Division of General Motors Corp. (hereinafter called Chevrolet), concerning the possibility of supplying Chevrolet with rebuilt carburetors, clutches, starters, and other Chevrolet parts. Discussions with Hopkins were discontinued because of the decision of Chevrolet’s management to continue its policy of selling these parts only new.
Tracy resumed discussions with representatives of Chevrolet in 1968. In these discussions Tracy suggested that APC could rebuild automobile parts to supply to Chevrolet dealers. As a result of these discussions in the latter part of 1971, APC delivered to Chevrolet for testing two engines which had been rebuilt by Tomador. At the time of the trial of this case no decision had been made by Chevrolet whether to go into the sale of rebuilt engines. Investigation was under way at that time as to the economics of the program with particular reference to pricing and distribution.
United Motor Service is a division of General Motors Corp. (sometimes hereinafter called GM). This division markets GM parts through distributorships. The AC Division of General Motors manufactures certain fast-selling parts that fit all divisional products for sale by the United Motor Service division. General Motors dealers also distribute GM parts. These parts are secured by the dealers from a national network of 38 warehouses.
The only rebuilt parts handled by General Motors are generators, starter motors, and windshield wiper motors. These items are rebuilt for GM and distributed by United Motor Service.
It was not until about 1971 that the GM management became interested in rebuilt parts other than generators, starter motors, and windshield wiper motors. About 1967 Tracy discussed with representatives of Ford the possibility of petitioner’s obtaining the franchise to distribute rebuilt engines and also the possibility of petitioner’s obtaining the franchise to distribute “genuine parts” in the Chicago area. At the time of the trial of this case petitioner had not obtained either of these franchises.
In 1968 Tracy discussed with representatives of Maremount Co. the possibility of acquiring a portion of Maremount’s rebuilding operations to produce rebuilt automotive parts. Tracy was suggesting that petitioner might acquire one of Maremount’s four plants at an estimated cost of $1% million to $2 million. However, Maremount was unwilling to sell the plants separately, and subsequently sold all four plants to Champion Parts Rebuilders, Inc.
A controversy over petitioner’s Federal income tax liability for the taxable years 1964,1965, and 1966 culminated in respondent’s issuing petitioner a notice of deficiency on March 8,1968, asserting deficiencies for the following years in the amounts indicated:
Year Amount
1964_$48, 926.41
1966 _ 70,461.30
1966 _ 64, 723. 77
Total___184, 111. 48
Emmet E. and Frances Tracy made charitable contributions which were deducted in computing their taxable income in the following amounts during the years 1958 through 1970.
Year Amount 1958 _ $69, 300. 00 1959 _ 59, 611. 63 1960 _ 67, 945.00 1961_ 69,270. 00 1962 _ 63,300. 00 1963 _ 75, 000.00 1964 _ 91,147. 78 Year Amount 1965 _ $108, 463.50 1966 _ 123,169. 00 1967 _ 128,150.14 1968 _ 128, 067. 00 1969 _ 127, 467. 00 1970 _ 112, 825. 00 Total_1, 213, 716. 05
Included in these contributions are donations of petitioner’s common stock which was valued at its book value in computing charitable deductions, the number of shares donated, the donees, and the amounts of the donations being shown in the following table:
Year Donee Number of shares 1 Amount 1959..,.Catholic Foreign Mission. 1960. Catholic Foreign Mission. 1961. Catholic Foreign Mission. 1962. Catholic Foreign Mission. 1963.(Catholic Foreign Mission. (Jesuit Seminary Guild. 1964.(Catholic Foreign Mission. I Guest House. 1965.(Catholic Foreign Mission. ) Guest House. 1966.(Catholic Foreign Mission. (St. Mary’s Church... 1967. Catholic Foreign Mission-1968.Jesuit Seminary Guild... 1969..Jesuit Seminary Guild_ 1970.Jesuit Seminary Guild... Total contributions represented by stock donations. 1,260 $50,000 1,200 60,000 900 59,000 700 60,000 300 29,725 400 39,600 300 35,000 400 50,000 320 51,000 320 51,000 300 59,000 300 59,000 500 125,000 1,250 125,000 1,250 125,000 1,100 110,000 1,088,325
The redemptions of common stock made by petitioner from the various charitable organizations were as follows in the year indicated:
Number of Year Charity shares Amount redeemed 1961-.— Catholic Foreign Mission. 1Qiw (Catholic Foreign Mission. .(Jesuit Seminary Guild... 1966 ..Catholic Foreign Mission. {Catholic Foreign Mission. Guest House, Inc__. St. Mary's Church_ 2,450 $127,694.00 1,900 $191,558 400 40,328 231,886.00 620 - 106,197.80 800 190,600 720 174,960 300 69,000 434,460.00
The following schedule shows the amount of $7 preferred stock of GPD transferred 'by Tracy to the Jesuit Seminary Guild of New England from 1968 through 1971:
Number of shares OOOOdb CD CD CD CD CD a p p p p p g-tOtOtOCOCC^ PXko^co.h-m-1 2 h-i I-» |-a 1-1 § CO CO CO CO CO fS* W o O CO 00 ®OHWUJ HH H H § OOO LOIOO-.W ogo rW HHHH
The Emmet and Frances Tracy Fund is an organization that makes contributions to charitable causes. The trustees of the Tracy Fund from 1959 through 1971 were Tracy, Frances Tracy (his wife), and Paul R. Trigg, Jr. The Tracy Fund is an organization exempt from income tax under section 501, contributions to which are deductible under section 170.
Petitioner and Alma Piston Co. made contributions which were fully deductible under the Internal Revenue Code to the Tracy Fund in the following amounts in the years indicated:
QPD — amount $15, 000 15, 000 22, 000 25, 000 25, 000 25, 000 197, 000 1, 038, 000 Year Year QPD — amount APO — amount 1958_ $5, 000 $50, 000 1959... 5, 000 50, 000 I960... 10,000 70,000 1961_ 10, 000 50,000 1962_ 12,500 70, 000 1963_ 12, 500 83,000 1964_ 15, 000 100, 000 oooooo ooo oo OOO - “ & o CO to g oxor § 1000 T-lOO i — l r-! I — ‘ ^ 1 — I 1 — ^ ^ I — 1 cO CO CO CO CO CO O CO 00 <1 O üt
The following table shows, at the dates indicated (but without giving effect to the 1968 acquisition of its common stock by redemption from the various charitable organizations as constituting a distribution in whole or in part of earnings and profits), the petitioner’s earnings and profits accumulated after February 28,1913, within the meaning of sections 312 and 316:
Earnings and profits Date ' accumulated after 191$ Dec. 31, 1966_1 $1, 379, 749.18 Dec. 31, 1967_ 1, 582, 396.05 Dec. 31, 1968_ 1, 793, 739. 08
The aggregate cost to petitioner for the acquisitions of its stock made prior to December 31, 1966, was $465,777.80 of which $5,370 was charged to the capital stock account and $460,407.80 was charged to the retained-earnings account. The remaining 1,820 shares of its common stock which petitioner acquired in 1968 at book value for a total of $434,460 were held as treasury shares as of December 31, 1968. Of the $434,460 paid by petitioner for stock in 1968, $1,820 was chargeable to the capital stock account and $432,640 was chargeable to earnings and profits.
The joint Federal income tax returns filed by Tracy and his wife for 1967 and 1968 reported taxable income of $290,326.46 and $283,954.85, respectively, and a tax liability of $174, 208 and $182,478, respectively. If petitioner’s after-tax income for 1967 had been entirely distributed, the income tax liability of Tracy and his wife would have increased to $248,098.82. The income tax liability of Tracy and his wife would have increased to $317,688.52 if the after-tax income of petitioner had been entirely distributed as dividends in 1968.
On November 10, 1970, notification was sent by certified mail to petitioner, pursuant to section 534(b) informing petitioner of a proposed notice of deficiency for the taxable years 1967 and 1968 wherein there was included an amount with respect to accumulated-eamings tax imposed by section 531. Petitioner did not file a statement in response to that notification as is permitted under the provisions of section 534(c), setting forth the grounds on which it relies that all or part of its earnings and profits had not been permitted to accumulate beyond the reasonable needs of the business. On April 14, 1971, a notice of deficiency for the taxable years 1967 and 1968 was mailed to petitioner in which respondent determined that petitioner was liable for the accumulated-earnings tax under section 531 in the amounts of $79,416.93 and $84,593.87 for the taxable years 1967 and 1968, respectively.
OPINION
Section 531 imposes an accumulated-eamings tax on corporations described in section 532.2
Section, 532 provides that every corporation “formed or ayailed of for the purpose” of avoiding income tax as to its shareholders by permitting earnings and profits to accumulate rather than being divided or distributed shall be subject to the tax. Section 533 provides that the fact that earnings and profits are permitted to accumulate “beyond the reasonable needs of the business shall be determinative of the purpose to avoid the income tax” of its shareholders unless petitioner can prove to the contrary by a preponderance of the evidence; and section 537 defines the term “reasonable needs of the business” to include the “reasonably anticipated” needs of such business.
Petitioner’s primary contention in this case is that its earnings and profits were accumulated for the reasonable needs, including the reasonably anticipated needs of its business. Petitioner further contends that in any event it is not subject to the accumulated-earnings tax for the year 1968 since because of its redemptions of stock charged to earnings in that year it had no increase in its accumulated earnings for the year 1968.
Since petitioner’s alternative contention as to 1968 raises a strictly legal issue, we will consider it before reaching the factual issue in this case.
Section 3123 provides for a reduction in the earnings and profits of a corporation where there is a distribution in redemption except to the extent that such a distribution is chargeable to the capital account. In addition, section 316 4 provides that any distribution made by a corporation to its shareholders shall be deemed to come first from most recently accumulated earnings and profits.
As shown by our findings, petitioner’s increase in its earnings and profits from 1967 to 1968 without reduction of the 1968 earnings and profits by the $432,640 charged to earnings and profits because of its stock redemption, was $211,343.03. Therefore, applying the statutory rules set forth above to the redemption made by petitioner in 1968, it is clear that petitioner had no increase in earnings and profits in its taxable year 1968.
Respondent takes the position that an increase in earnings and profits during the taxable year is not a requirement for imposition of the accumulated-earnings tax. Respondent argues that where the evidence shows that a taxpayer was availed of for the purpose of avoiding the income tax with respect to its shareholders a restrictive construction of the statute would thwart the legislative purpose for the accumulated-earnings tax. In support of his position, respondent argues that the tax is levied on the “accumulated taxable income” and not on the increase in “earnings and profits” and that in 1968 petitioner had “accumulated taxable income” as defined in section 535 even though it had no increase in “earnings and profits.” 5
Petitioner contends that although the accumulated-earnings tax is measured by a percentage of the “accumulated taxable income” and it had “accumulated taxable income” as defined in section 535 for the year 1968, under section 532 the accumulated-earnings tax is imposed only on corporations formed or availed of for the purpose of avoiding the income tax with respect to its shareholders “by permitting earnings and profits to accumulate instead of being divided or distributed.” Petitioner argues that since it distributed all of its 1968 earnings and profits in redemption of stock, it did not permit “earnings and profits to accumulate instead of being * * * distributed” in that year. Petitioner contends that therefore under the plain language of section 532 it is not subject to the accumulated-earnings tax in 1968.
In support of its position, petitioner cites our holdings in W. S. Farish & Co., 38 B.T.A. 150 (1938), affd. 104 F. 2d 833 (C.A. 5,1939); Corporate Investment Co., 40 B.T.A. 1156 (1939); American Metal Products Corp., 34 T.C. 89 (1960), affd. 287 F. 2d 860 (C.A. 8, 1961). In each of these cases we held that a corporation which had no increase in its earnings and profits in a particular year was not formed or availed of in that year for the purpose of permitting its earnings and profits to accumulate instead of being distributed.
In W. S. Farish & Co., supra at 158, we stated: “taxable net income is purely a statutory concept, and bears no necessary relation to gains and profits subject to distribution as dividends. * * * The proscribed act is the accumulation of ‘gains and profits’ and not ‘net income’ or ‘taxable net income’.” 6
Respondent contends that the Parish case is distinguishable from the instant case since under our holding in that case the taxpayer had a deficit in earnings and profits.
In Corporate Investment Co., supra, we held that the “gains and profits” referred to in the section of the tax law imposing accumulated-earnings tax were the “gains and profits of the taxable year.” In that case the taxpayer had substantial profits accumulated in years prior to the year there in issue. After discussing whether various items, including accruals of amounts due to the taxpayer’s sole stockholder and interest thereon, should be used to reduce the current year’s earnings and profits to such an extent that a distribution by the taxpayer to its shareholder eliminated most of the current year’s earnings and profits, we stated (40 B.T.A. at 1172):
the use of the words “to accumulate” instead of some such phrase as “to remain accumulated” is significant. Earnings of prior years may remain accumulated during the year but are not permitted “to accumulate” during that year. If Congress had intended to penalize the corporation for accumulating a surplus in prior years or for failing to distribute such a surplus in the taxable year, it would hardly have measured the penalty by the earnings of the current year or relieved the corporation from the penalty upon condition that the earnings of the current year were distributed to or reported by the stockholders. * * * [En. omitted.]
In American Metal Products Corp., supra, we held on facts very similar to the facts in the instant case that a corporation which had no increase in its earnings and profits for a certain year was not subject to the accumulated-earnings tax. In so holding we stated (34 T.C. at 104) :
With respect to the year 1953, the balance sheet of Adler Corporation reveals that the total of its surplus and surplus reserves as of the end of the year 1953 ($657,934.74) was less than the total amount of its surplus and surplus reserves as of the end of the preceding year ($658,398.66) and, accordingly, that there was no accumulation of “earnings or profits” by Adler Corporation during that year. This fact has not been called to our attention or discussed by either of the parties. It cannot, however, be ignored. As our findings indicate, this situation apparently resulted from the payment of an “Additional Federal tax” which, though nondeductible in determining the “section 102 net income” upon the basis of which the surtax would otherwise be computed (section 102(d) (1) (A)), is nevertheless to be considered in determining whether the corporation was “availed of for the purpose of preventing the imposition of the surtax upon its shareholders * * * through the medium of permitting earnings or profits to accumulate instead of being divided or distributed.” As was stated in W. S. Farish & Co., 38 B.T.A. 150,158, affd. 104 F. 2d 833, “taxable net income is purely a statutory concept and bears no necessary relation to gains and profits subject to distribution as dividends. * * * The proscribed act is the accumulation of ‘gains and profits’ and not ‘net income’ or ‘taxable net income.’ ” Each year is to be considered separately, W. S. Farish & Co., supra; Corporate Investment Co., 40 B.T.A. 1156, 1171. Under the circumstances presented herein, section 102 is not applicable to the Adler Corporation for the year 1953. [Fn. omitted.]
Bespondent does not contend that the Corporate Investment Co. and American Meted Products Corp. cases are distinguishable from the instant case but rather contends that those cases were incorrectly decided and asks that we reconsider our holding in those cases, particularly in light of the facts in the instant case. Respondent states that by managing the years in which he made gifts of petitioner’s stock to charities and the years in which he had petitioner redeem that stock, Tracy, petitioner’s major or sole stockholder, has been able to obtain not only the tax advantage of charitable deductions for himself far in excess of his base in the stock contributed to the charities but also if we follow our holding in American Metal Products Corp., supra, to have petitioner avoid the accumulated-earnings tax by redeeming stock of a charity which is exempt from income tax on its gain from the redemption. In considering a similar argument in Corporate Investment Co., supra, we stated at page 1171:
Although the contracts may hare avoided or delayed tax on Munroe, they do not bring section 104 into play, since tbeir use did not serve to avoid surtax on Munroe through the medium of permitting the gains and profits of this petitioner to accumulate instead of being distributed as taxable dividends to Munroe. Munroe may have been tax conscious and his contracts may have been cleverly drawn to save him from tax, but still this petitioner is not subject to tax under section 104 unless the facts are within the provisions of that section, which Congress has made so definite and specific.
The Corporate Investment opinion was reviewed by the Court and in a dissenting opinion, Judge Opper stated that whether the “gains and profits” referred to in the statute should in the ordinary case be considered the current year’s net gain, “It seems obvious that Congress could not have intended the term '’gains and profits’, whether net or gross, to mean those resulting from an artificial calculation pursuant to a clever device for frustrating the fundamental purpose of the very provision in which the term appears.” Respondent’s argument that if the reduction in the current year’s earnings and profits was a part of a tax-avoidance plan, the lack of an increase in such earnings and profits in a particular year should not cause the corporation not to be subject to the accumulated-earnings tax, was considered and rejected by the Court in the Corporate Investment Co. case.
Respondent relies on the case of Ostendorf-Morris Co. v. United States, an unreported decision (R.D. Ohio 1968, 26 A.F.T.R. 2d 70-5369, 70-2 U.S.T.C. par. 9550) in which the controlling facts closely parallel those in this case. After declining to follow our decision in American Metal Products, the District Court held that the accumulated-earnings tax could be imposed despite the fact that there was no increase in earnings and profits in the year in issue by reason of there having been a redemption. That Court advanced two reasons for its decision. The Court in the Ostendorf-Morris Co. case stated that since section 532 does not speak in terms of permitting a particular amount of earnings and profits to accumulate, to construe the statute as we did in American Meted Products would have the unreasonable result of placing a tax on a corporation that had one cent of current year’s earnings but not on a corporation that used all its current year’s earnings for redemption of its stock. As its second reason for its decision, that Court stated that to hold as we did in American Metal Products would set the stage for tax avoidance since earnings and profits could be accumulated in earlier years for redemption of stock in subsequent years and then reduced in subsequent years by the redemption, thereby in effect allowing a double credit.7
After considering respondent’s arguments and the statement of the District Court in the Ostendorf-Morris Co. case, we abide by our holdings in Corporate Investment Co., supra, and American Metal Products Corp., supra. Our holdings in those cases are in accordance with the ordinary meaning of the words of the statute. We are not confronted in this case with either of the situations suggested by the Court in the Ostendorf-Morris Co. case and, therefore, do not pass upon the result we would have reached in such a different factual circumstance.
Our decisions in Corporate Investment Co., supra, and American Metal Products Oorp., supra, have been outstanding for many years but no substantial change has been made by Congress in the rule as to corporations subject to the accumulated-earnings tax. Since many taxpayers are acutely aware of the possibility of the imposition of the accumulated-earnings tax on closely held corporations, it is probable that some taxpayers have engaged in planning corporate distributions relying on our decisions in these cases.
We therefore hold that as to the year 1968 petitioner was not formed or availed of for the purpose of avoiding the income tax on its shareholder by permitting earnings and profits to accumulate instead of being distributed, and therefore is not subject to the tax imposed by section 531 for that year.
Petitioner’s only contention with respect to the year 1967 is that it did not permit its earnings and profits in that year to accumulate beyond the reasonable needs of its business including the reasonably anticipated needs of its business. Petitioner recognizes that it has the burden of proof as to this contention.
Whether accumulations of earnings are beyond the reasonable needs of a taxpayer’s business is essentially a question of fact. Faber Cement Block Co., 50 T.C. 317, 328 (1968). The determination of the reasonable needs of the business must be made on the basis of the facts and circumstances existing in the year in issue and not by the events transpiring in subsequent years except to the extent that such events may throw a light upon the facts as they existed in the year in issue. Dixie, Inc., 31 T.C. 415, 430 (1958), affd. 277 F. 2d 526 (C.A. 2, 1960), certiorari denied 364 U.S. 827 (1960).
The size of the accumulated earnings and profits is not determinative of the issue but rather, it is the reasonableness and the nature of the surplus which is the crucial factor, Smoot Sand & Gravel Corporation v. Commissioner, 274 F. 2d 495, 500-501 (C.A. 4, 1960), affirming a Memorandum Opinion of this Court, certiorari denied 362 U.S. 976 (1960).
Petitioner contends that the accumulations of earnings and profits in the years in issue were to finance the expansion of petitioner’s business.8 Respondent takes the position that petitioner had no specific, definite, and feasible plans for expansion of its business during the taxable years in issue and therefore had no reasonably anticipated need for the accumulations of earnings. Sec. 1.537-1 (b) (1), Income Tax Regs.
Respondent’s regulations specifically provide that a taxpayer is not subject to tax under section 531 on reasonable accumulations of earnings and profits for bona fide expansion of business or replacement of plant. Sec. 1.537-2 (b) (1), Income Tax Regs. However, for expansion to constitute a reasonable need of the business, there must be a specific, definite, and feasible plan of expansion. Barrow Manufacturing Co. v. Commissioner, 294 F. 2d 79, 80-81 (C.A. 5, 1961), affirming a Memorandum Opinion of this Court.
The “plans” petitioner claims that it had for expansion at best were vague and indefinite and no more than exploratory in nature. Tracy’s testimony shows that his discussions with representatives of General Motors Corp. discontinued in 1963, did not resume until 1968, and his efforts at that time to obtain additional markets for distribution were primarily on behalf of APC and only incidentally on behalf of petitioner. While Tracy had some preliminary discusssions in 1967 with representatives of Ford with respect to Ford’s possible dissatisfaction with its present distributor of engines in the Michigan-Illinois area, the record does not show any basis for a reasonable expectation that petitioner would obtain this distributorship in the foreseeable future, if ever.
The record fails to demonstrate that petitioner had a realistic expectation of expansion, but rather indicates a hopeful but indefinite desire to develop new markets or add new product lines. Petitioner’s “plans” to expand its business amounted to no more than a mere possibility of expansion at some indefinite date in the future. Such nebulous “plans” fail to provide a justification for the accumulation of earnings and profits where earnings retained from -prior years are otherwise sufficient to meet the reasonable needs of the business. Nemours Corporation, 38 T.C. 585, 604 (1962), affd. 325 F. 2d 559 (C.A. 3,1963).
Petitioner’s “plans” for expansion must be viewed against the backdrop of a consistent pattern of substantial accumulations in prior years, the absence of any dividend history until 1967, the holding of large amounts of cash, the redemption of some of its stock without a business reason therefor, and the substantial tax savings to Tracy-resulting from the retention of earnings. Helvering v. National Grocery Co., 304 U.S. 282 (1938).
We hold upon consideration of all of the evidence that petitioner in 1967 allowed its earnings and profits to accumulate beyond the reasonable needs of the business. The fact that petitioner’s earnings and profits were allowed to accumulate beyond the reasonable needs of the business is determinative of the proscribed purpose in the absence of proof by a preponderance of the evidence that avoidance of tax with respect to its shareholders was not one of the purposes of the accumulation. United States v. Donruss Co., 393 U.S. 297 (1969). There is no such proof in this case, and we, therefore, hold that petitioner is subject to the accumulated-earnings tax under section 531 for its taxable year 1967.
Reviewed by the Court.
Decision will be entered under Rule 50.