Government of the Virgin Islands v. Hodge

359 F.3d 312, 45 V.I. 738, 2004 U.S. App. LEXIS 3667, 2004 WL 350633

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
• Decided: February 26, 2004
• Docket: 02-1136, 02-1137, 02-1221, 02-1222
• Status: Published

Opinions

NYGAARD, BECKER, and STAPLETON, Circuit Judges.

NYGAARD, dissenting.

OPINION OF THE COURT

This is an appeal by four codefendants, Selvin Hodge, Ottice Bryan, Kirsten Greenaway, and Eladio Camacho, of an order of the District Court of the Virgin Islands, Appellate Division in an interlocutory appeal brought by the Government of the Virgin Islands from the Territorial Court of the Virgin Islands. Seeking reversal, pursuant to 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1), the Government sought review of the Territorial Court’s pretrial order redacting the confessions that the Government planned to use against the defendants. The Appellate Division held that the Territorial Court had erred in redacting the confessions more stringently than required by the Supreme Court’s holdings in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 20 L. Ed. 2d 476, 88 S. Ct. 1620 (1968), Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 95 L. Ed. 2d 176, 107 S. Ct. 1702 (1987), and Gray v. Maryland, 523 U.S. 185, 140 L. Ed. 2d 294, 118 S: Ct. 1151 (1998). Accordingly, the Appellate Division vacated the Territorial Court’s order and remanded for that Court to reconsider the redactions in the first instance.

Having lost before the Appellate Division, the defendants seek review in this Court, arguing that the Appellate Division either (1) lacked jurisdiction over the Government’s interlocutory appeal (and hence that the Territorial Court’s order should stand for now), or (2) erred on the merits in vacating the Territorial Court’s order. This being an interlocutory appeal from an order entered in an interlocutory appeal, the threshold issue is our own appellate jurisdiction. We conclude that we have appellate jurisdiction over the Appellate Division’s determination of its own jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine. We also conclude that we lack appellate jurisdiction to review the merits of the Appellate Division’s ruling. Most notably, we decide that a certification by the Government that the Territorial Court’s grant-of a pretrial suppression motion deprives the Government of “substantial proof of the charge pending against the defendant” satisfies the requirements of 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1), without a separate substantiality determination by the court. Accordingly, in this case we hold that the Appellate Division had jurisdiction under 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1) to hear the Government’s interlocutory appeal, dismiss the appeals in all other respects, and remand to the Territorial Court for further proceedings in accordance with the Appellate Division’s opinion.

I. Procedural History

A. The Virgin Islands Court System .

We have recently described the structure of the court system in the Virgin Islands in some detail, see Virgin Islands v. Rivera, 333 F.3d 143, 145-46 (3d Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 157 L. Ed. 2d 1205 (U.S. Jan. 26, 2004) (No. 03-736), and need not recount it here, though some details bear repeating. There are two trial courts: The Territorial Court is comparable to a state court of general jurisdiction, see 4 V.I. CODE § 76, while the District Court of the Virgin Islands has “the jurisdiction of a District Court of the United States,” 48 U.S.C. § 1612(a). Appeals from the District Court come to this Court under the familiar provisions of 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291-1292 and other special-purpose statutes. Until the Virgin Islands establishes a local intermediate appellate tribunal, appeals from the Territorial Court go to a three-judge panel known as the District Court of the Virgin Islands, Appellate Division (the “Appellate Division”).¹ See 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(a). Though established by federal law, the Appellate Division exercises “such appellate jurisdiction over the courts of the Virgin Islands established by local law [i.e., the Territorial Court] to the extent now or hereafter prescribed by local law.” Id. In other words, the Virgin Islands Legislature decides (subject to some reservations in 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(a)) who can appeal to the Appellate Division, and when they can appeal. At issue in this case is a provision regarding interlocutory appeals by the Government of certain pretrial orders in criminal cases, 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1). Appeals from decisions of the Appellate Division may be taken to this Court under 48 U.S.C, § 1613a(c).

B. The Proceedings in the Territorial Court and Before the Appellate Division

In November 1999, Duvalier Basquin was lured to a lonely road in the Bolongo Bay area of St. Thomas'. There, he was robbed and murdered. Following an investigation by the Virgin Islands Police, the Government of the Virgin Islands (the “Government”) charged Selvin Hodge, Ottice Bryan, Kirsten Greenaway, and Eladio Camacho (collectively, the “defendants”) with robbery, felony murder, and conspiracy to commit murder. During the investigation, Hodge and Camacho gave statements inculpating themselves and the other defendants in Basquin’s murder. Greenaway gave á statement exculpating herself, but potentially inculpating the other defendants. Bryan gave no statement.

The Government sought to use these statements at trial. However, since the Government proposed to try the defendants jointly, and none of the defendants who offered statements would testify, the statements would have to be redacted — or even rewritten — to preserve the defendants’ Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause rights. See Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 20 L. Ed. 2d 476, 88 S. Ct. 1620 (1968), Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 95 L. Ed. 2d 176, 107 S. Ct. 1702 (1987), and Gray v. Maryland, 523 U.S. 185, 140 L. Ed. 2d 294, 118 S. Ct. 1151 (1998).² At a pretrial hearing before the Territorial Court, the Government offered proposed redactions of the statements, but after lengthy argument, the Territorial Court concluded that the Government’s proposal did not satisfy Bruton and its progeny. Ruling from the bench, the Territorial Court described the further redactions that would be required to admit the confessions.³

Title 4, section 39(a)(1) of the Virgin Islands Code provides:

The United States or the Government of the Virgin Islands may appeal an order, entered before the trial of a person charged with a criminal offense under the laws of the Virgin Islands, which directs the return of seized property, suppresses evidence, or otherwise denies the prosecutor the use of evidence at trial, if the United States Attorney or the Attorney General conducting the prosecution for such violation certifies to the Judge who granted such motion that the appeal is not taken for purpose of delay and the evidence is a substantial proof of the charge pending against the defendant.

The Government, relying on 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1), noticed its appeal to the Appellate Division and on the same day provided the certification that the statute requires. On appeal, the Appellate Division opined that the Government’s proposed redaction was insufficient to protect the defendants’ Confrontation Clause rights, but concluded that. the Territorial Court had directed more redaction than necessary. It offered some illustrations of how, on remand, the Territorial Court could solve the “Goldilocks problem” of crafting altered confessions that were not too lightly redacted, not too heavily redacted, but just right.

The defendants were disappointed in the outcome before the Appellate Division; they would have much preferred the redactions ordered by the Territorial Court.⁴ They appealed to this Court, arguing that either the Appellate Division did not have jurisdiction under 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1) to review the Territorial Court’s order, or else that the Appellate Division erred on the merits in holding that the Territorial Court went further than required by Bruton and its progeny. Under the former disposition, we would simply reinstate the Territorial Court’s order. Under the latter disposition, we would confront the merits of the defendants’ Bruton argument.

II. This Court’s Appellate Jurisdiction

At the threshold, we must examine whether we have appellate jurisdiction over one, both, or neither of the questions that the defendants present. See Gov’t of V.I. v. Marsham, 293 F.3d 114, 116 (3d Cir. 2002) (quoting Collinsgru v. Palmyra Bd. of Educ., 161 F.3d 225, 229 (3d Cir. 1998) (“we have an independent obligation to examine our jurisdiction to hear this appeal.”)). Three of the four defendants invoke this Court’s jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Although some of our cases are imprecise about the statutory source of our jurisdiction over the Appellate Division, we take this opportunity to clarify that, as a technical matter, it is 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(c), and not 28 U.S.C. § 1291, that confers jurisdiction on this Court over appeals from the Appellate Division. However, the distinction is only technical — our cases have uniformly held that 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(c) has the same requirements for appealability as 28 U.S.C. § 1291. See, e.g., Rivera, 333 F.3d at 147; Ortiz v. Dodge, 37 V.I. 567, 126 F.3d 545, 547 (3d Cir. 1997).

Turning to the substance of our appellate jurisdiction, we consider whether we have jurisdiction over some or all of this case as a “final decision” of the Appellate Division within the meaning of 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(c). We conclude that we do not in the usual sense. We then consider whether we have appellate jurisdiction over some or all of this case, .under the collateral order doctrine. We conclude that we do have jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine to review the Appellate Division’s determination of its own jurisdiction.

A. Not a Final Decision

We are the second appellate court to address this case. Nonetheless— to reiterate the point made above about the parallel construction of 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(c) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291 — “with regard to the question of finality, we have treated appeals from the Appellate Division ... no differently than appeals taken from any other federal district court.” Ortiz, 126 F.3d at 548 (citing as examples Virgin Islands v. Blake, 118 F.3d 972 (3d Cir. 1997); Government of the Virgin Islands ex rel. A.M, 34 F.3d 153 (3d Cir. 1994)).

The key question is whether the vacate-and-remand order of the Appellate Division was a final decision under 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(c). It was not a “final decision” in the most common sense of the term — for two reasons. First, it was a remand order, and we have explained in a similar context that remand orders are not final under § 1613a(c). In re Alison, 837 F.2d 619 (3d Cir. 1988), considered our appellate jurisdiction over an order of the Appellate Division reversing the Territorial Court’s grant of a FED. R. ClV. P. 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Since the Appellate Division had reversed, it remanded the case to the Territorial Court for further proceedings. We concluded that such a remand was not a final decision under § 1613a(c). Remand orders are not generally appealable because they are not final decisions within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(c). We recently reiterated that “[a] final decision ‘ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing ... to do but execute the judgment.’” Rivera, 333 F.3d at 150 (alteration in original) (quoting Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233, 89 L. Ed. 911, 65 S. Ct. 631 (1945)). The remand in Alison left more to do than mere execution of the judgment, and thus the remand order was not appealable.

A second, independent reason leads us to conclude that the Appellate Division’s order was not a final decision: The first appeal (i.e., the appeal to the Appellate Division) was interlocutory, but, as we explain in Part III below, was nonetheless proper. The subsequent appeal to this Court asks us, in effect, to (re)consider an interlocutory order of a trial court. But, in view of the finality policy of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(c), this is something which we do not generally engage in (absent specific statutory authorization).⁵ Such statutory authorization comes from Congress. See U.S. CONST. ART. III. § 1 (“The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in ... such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.”). If we were to blithely take jurisdiction over appeals of decisions that the Appellate Division rendered on interlocutory appeal, we would in practice be allowing our jurisdiction to expand based on the Virgin Islands Legislature’s exercise of its authority, under 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(a), to determine the appellate jurisdiction of the Appellate Division. Of course, the scheme in § 1613a means that, for a Territorial Court case to appear on our docket on appeal, it is necessary that the Virgin Islands Legislature confer intermediate appellate jurisdiction on the Appellate Division; but it does not follow that such a jurisdictional statute is sufficient to confer jurisdiction, in turn, on this Court. Hence we decline to conclude that in enacting § 1613a Congress intended to cede to the Virgin Islands Legislature such control over this Court’s jurisdiction.

Thus we hold that the Appellate Division’s decision is not a “final decision” in the most common sense under 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(c), and therefore this Court does not have appellate jurisdiction in the normal sense. We next consider whether this Court has jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine.

B. Collateral Order Doctrine

This Court’s recent definitive treatment of the collateral order doctrine is In re Ford Motor Co., 110 F.3d 954 (3d Cir. 1997). There we explained:

[T]he collateral order doctrine, first enunciated by the Supreme Court in Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 93 L. Ed. 1528, 69 S. Ct. 1221 (1949), provides a narrow exception to the general rule permitting appellate review only of final orders. An appeal of a nonfinal order will lie if (1) the order from which the appellant appeals conclusively determines the disputed question; (2) the order resolves an important issue that is completely separate from the merits of the dispute; and (3) the order is effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. See Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Inc. v. Home Indem. Co., 32 F.3d 851, 860 (3d Cir. 1994).

Id. at 958. As the Cohen Court explained, 28 U.S.C. § 1291 has been given a “practical rather than a technical construction.” 337 U.S. at 546. To this end, as a doctrinal matter, orders that meet the three prongs described above are deemed to be “final decisions” within the meaning of the statute.

Ford Motor Co. paid special attention to the question of what makes an issue “important” under the second prong. We described the task as one of “comparing] the apple of the desire to avoid piecemeal litigation to the orange of, for example, federalism.” Ford Motor Co., 110 F.3d at 960. In cases where the Supreme Court has blessed interlocutory appeals, we observed, it was because “the imperative of preventing impairment of some institutionally significant status or relationship” made “the danger of denying justice by reason of delay in appellate adjudication outweigh[ ] the inefficiencies flowing from interlocutory appeal.” Id.

We will apply the doctrine separately to both of the questions that the defendants urge us to consider: (1) the merits of the Appellate Division’s decision, and (2) the Appellate Division’s determination of its own jurisdiction.

1. Appellate Jurisdiction to Review The Merits of the Appellate Division’s Decision

As to the first prong of the collateral order doctrine, the Appellate Division’s order did not conclusively resolve much of anything. To be sure, it established some guideposts for “too much” and “too little” redaction, but at bottom, it remanded the issue to the Territorial Court to settle on the exact redaction to use.

On the second prong, the redaction question is clearly separable from the merits, and this favors appealability. The question about the redactions goes to how much identifying information can be contained in a nontestifying codefendant’s statement and still preserve the other defendants’ Confrontation Clause rights. This is an exercise in applied constitutional law, as it were, and it does not implicate the merits of whether some or all of the defendants did or did not participate in the robbery-murder of the victim. As for the importance of the question, there are mixed signals. On the one hand, the Confrontation Clause articulates a fundamental constitutional right, and one might assume that such rights cry out most strongly for vindication on interlocutory appeal. Cf., e.g., P.R. Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 506 U.S. 139, 145, 121 L. Ed. 2d 605, 113 S. Ct. 684 (1993) (holding that determination of sovereign immunity was a proper subject for interlocutory appeal because it “involves a claim to a fundamental constitutional protection”). On the other hand, Confrontation Clause rights are vindicated through evidentiary rulings, and a prime target of the policy against interlocutory appeals is the avoidance of piecemeal review of the many evidentiary rulings in a typical case. Thus we find this factor inconclusive.

The third prong strongly disfavors appealability. Practice alone — in Bruton and Gray themselves — suggests that interlocutory appeal is unwarranted because the constitutional defect in Bruton’s and Gray’s trials were, in fact, remedied by vacating their convictions and remanding for a new trial.⁶

In sum, the prongs range from inconclusive to strongly disfavoring appealability. As the collateral order doctrine is a “narrow” exception and the Supreme Court has “described the conditions for collateral order appeal as stringent,” Digital Equip. Corp. v. Desktop Direct, Inc., 511 U.S. 863, 868, 128 L. Ed. 2d 842, 114 S. Ct. 1992 (1994), failure to meet one prong makes the doctrine inapplicable no matter how compelling the other prongs may be (and here, not even one prong is in favor of appealability). Thus we conclude that this Court does not have appellate jurisdiction to hear an appeal of the merits of the Appellate Division’s order.

2. Appellate Jurisdiction to Review thé Appellate Division’s Determination of Its Own Jurisdiction

Turning to the question of the reviewability of the Appellate Division’s determination of its own jurisdiction, it is clear that we may at least review this limited question. This Court’s indistinguishable precedent in Government of the Virgin Islands v. Blake, 37 V.I. 385, 118 F.3d 972 (3d Cir. 1997), compels this conclusion. In that case, the Government had taken an interlocutory appeal from the Territorial Court to the Appellate Division under 4 VI. CODE § 39(d), a provision which allows an interlocutory appeal during trial under some circumstances. (In Blake, the Territorial Court had suppressed — during motions decided after the jury had been selected and sworn — a variety of testimony and other evidence the Government sought to present.) The Appellate Division in Blake decided that it did not have jurisdiction to hear the Government’s appeal. On appeal we held that although we had no jurisdiction to reach the merits, we did have jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine to review the Appellate Division’s jurisdiction over the appeal. Blake, 118 F.3d at 975-76. We of course adhere to Blake in this case, see Third Circuit IOP 9.1, but we do add a few words of analysis since the discussion in Blake was quite summary.

The first prong of the collateral order doctrine is clearly satisfied here because the Appellate Division did finally determine its own jurisdiction over this sort of interlocutory appeal. The third prong is also clearly satisfied because such a determination cannot be effectively reviewed on appeal from a final judgment because, by hypothesis, the Appellate Division’s jurisdiction to hear interlocutory (i.e., not final) appeals would not be implicated in that posture.

The second prong is more complex, but it too favors our jurisdiction. Part of it is clear: The issue of the Appellate Division’s jurisdiction is separate from the merits. Whether the question is important enough requires some discussion. On the one hand, issues involving the scope of federal jurisdiction are good candidates for the collateral order doctrine. See, e.g., Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co., 517 U.S. 706, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1, 116 S. Ct. 1712 (1996) (holding that an abstention-based remand to state court was immediately appealable under collateral order doctrine). On the other hand, a vague reference to the “scope of federal jurisdiction” may denominate the category too broadly, for the cases involving the collateral order doctrine and the scope of federal jurisdiction are by and large abstention cases, see id. at 712-15 (canvassing cases), which “put the litigants ‘effectively out of court,”’ id. at 713 (quoting Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Contr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 11 n.11, 74 L. Ed. 2d 765, 103 S. Ct. 927 (1983) (quoting Idlewild Bon Voyage Liquor Corp. v. Epstein, 370 U.S. 713, 715 n.2, 8 L. Ed. 2d 794, 82 S. Ct. 1294 (1962))), and some courts have explicitly held that “non-immunity based motions to dismiss for want of subject matter jurisdiction are not ordinarily entitled to interlocutory review.” Merritt v. Shuttle, Inc., 187 F.3d 263, 268 (2d Cir. 1999) (citing Catlin, 324 U.S. at 236).

The dispositive differences in this case are twofold. First, we are considering the ability to appeal an interlocutory determination of appellate jurisdiction, not original jurisdiction, making cases like Merritt distinguishable. Second, the order at issue here is not so much effectively unreviewable as it is procedurally unreviewable if we do not take jurisdiction now. “Effective” unreviewability arises because a party’s putative rights will be irreparably harmed. For example, a party may have to forego an injunction guarding against irreparable harm because the security bond that is the price of the injunction may have been made too costly by the lower court; or a party wrongly determined to lack qualified immunity may be subjected to a trial. In such situations, although the aggrieved party cannot be made whole after the fact, the legal question will, as a matter of procedure, still be preserved for the appellate court’s review at a later time. In contrast, only in the most convoluted and improbable of hypotheticals will the jurisdictional issue presented here ever make its way to this Court on appeal from a final decision.⁷ As a procedural matter, now is this Court’s only opportunity to pass on the issue.

This reasoning also explains why our holding here would not apply to the issue in Merritt, i.e., why a district court’s determination of its subject matter jurisdiction is not generally reviewable under the collateral order doctrine.⁸ Questions of original jurisdiction are always automatically before this Court on appellate review. See, e.g., Wujick v. Dale & Dale, Inc., 43 F.3d 790, 792 (3d Cir. 1994) (‘“[E]very federal appellate court has a special obligation to satisfy itself not only of its own jurisdiction, but also that of lower courts in a cause under review.’” (alteration in original) (quoting Spring Garden Assocs., L.P. v. Resolution Trust Corp., 26 F.3d 412, 415 (3d Cir. 1994) (quoting. Employers Ins. of Wausau v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., 905 F.2d 42 (3d Cir. 1990)))). In other words, there is no procedural posture where;a question of original jurisdiction will escape this Court’s review in an appeal from a (non-interlocutory) final decision. In contrast — as this case itself illustrates — there are procedural postures which render permanently unreviewable the judgment of a hierarchically inferior appellate court,⁹ and thereby prevent the automatic review of jurisdiction, described in Wujick. Because review of a question of appellate jurisdiction is a now-or-never proposition, interlocutory review of a jurisdictional question is warranted here where it is not warranted in the case of a district court’s determination of its own original jurisdiction.

In brief, coupled with the institutional importance of the question, the absolute unreviewability of the Appellate Division’s jurisdiction in this case makes the question an important one. Thus this prong too favors appealability. Because all three prongs are satisfied, the collateral order doctrine affords us a basis for reviewing the Appellate Division’s determination regarding its jurisdiction under 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1).

In reaching this conclusion, we have considered the dissent’s contention that our “decision effectively grants an appeal as of right to question an appellate court’s jurisdiction whenever it makes an interlocutory ruling,” and that this result is the very sort of inefficiency that the collateral order doctrine should not countenance. We are underwhelmed by the dissent’s in terrorem argument. First, it is a dubious empirical proposition that the holding here will increase the quantity of this sort of appeal. As the citations in the opinion in this case suggest, this Court has seen but a handful of cases like this in the past decade. Second, the fact that we here take the opportunity to give some guidance (both to litigants and to the Appellate Division) should decrease, not increase, the number of appeals taken in good faith.

Third, the dissent claims that “[t]he majority’s decision effectively grants an appeal as of right.” But it is the Congress, not this Court, that has granted litigants an appeal as of right from the Appellate Division. Even if we did dismiss this appeal in its entirety for lack of jurisdiction, as the dissent would, little efficiency would be gained as a practical matter: In a subsequent case, a litigant could still file a notice of appeal (as a matter of statutory right), and he could still advance a good faith argument in favor of review under the collateral order doctrine. A motions panel would likely refer the jurisdictional question to the merits panel, and the merits panel would address the question (hopefully in less extended fashion than we have had to here). In other words, the decision here makes it neither easier nor harder for a party who is dissatisfied with the ruling of the Appellate Division to drag out the process by appealing to this Court.¹⁰

At bottom, it seems to us that the dissent’s problem is the presence of a system of two-tier appellate review as of right. In fact, the dissent states explicitly that “[t]his type of review is wisely not found elsewhere in the federal system, and should not exist here.” Dissenting Op. post at_. While we might agree with the dissent if we were drafting 48 U.S.C. § 1613a, that simply is not our task. Congress has provided that we have appellate jurisdiction (until such time as the conditions for certiorari jurisdiction are met, see 48 U.S.C. § 1613), and accordingly, we will turn our attention to the substance of the appeal.

III. The Appellate Division’s Jurisdiction

We exercise plenary review in determining whether a court hierarchically below us had subject matter jurisdiction. Wujick v. Dale & Dale, Inc., 43 F.3d 790, 792 (3d Cir. 1994) (citing Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. City Savings, F.S.B., 28 F.3d 376, 383 (3d Cir. 1994)). As previously noted, we look to local law to determine the jurisdiction of the Appellate Division. See 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(a); Virgin Islands v. Warner, 48 F.3d 688, 31 V.I. 373 (3d Cir. 1995). The asserted basis for the Appellate Division’s subject matter jurisdiction is 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1), which provides:

The United States or the Government of the Virgin Islands may appeal an order, entered before the trial of a person charged with a criminal offense under the laws of the Virgin Islands, which directs the return of seized property, suppresses evidence, or otherwise denies the prosecutor the use of evidence at trial, if the United States Attorney or the Attorney General conducting the prosecution for such violation certifies to the Judge who granted such motion that the appeal is not taken for purpose of delay and the evidence is a substantial proof of the charge pending against the defendant.

There do not appear to be any cases — either from this Court or from the Appellate Division — considering this provision in any depth.¹¹ We are, however, fortunate to be guided in this novel exercise by interpretations of 18 U.S.C. § 3731, the analogous provision for interlocutory appeals by the government of suppression motions decided in federal district courts.¹²

The defendants’ challenges to the Appellate Division’s jurisdiction are fourfold: First, they argue that the Territorial Court’s redactions were not “an order ... suppressing] evidence.” Second, they submit that the Government’s certification was inadequate because the Territorial Court was not afforded an opportunity to review it before the Government noticed its appeal to the Appellate Division. Third, they contend that the statements in question, even unredacted, are not “substantial proof of the charge pending against [them].” Fourth, they assert that the statute denies them equal protection of the laws, by permitting the government to appeal adverse orders but not affording a similar opportunity to defendants facing adverse orders. We will treat each of these challenges in turn.

A. “An Order Suppressing Evidence”

The defendants contend that the Territorial Court’s redaction order was not “an order suppressing evidence” within the meaning of 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1). But it would be a terribly crabbed reading of the statute to hold that admitting a statement subject to redactions does not amount to a suppression of evidence. The statute finishes its list of appealable orders with a catch-all category — those orders which “otherwise deny the prosecutor the use of the evidence at trial.” Id. Even if the redaction order is not an order suppressing evidence, it surely denies the Government the use of the full confessions at trial. Thus we reject the defendants’ contention that the Territorial Court’s order was not a proper subject for appeal.

B. Territorial Court Review of the Certification

The defendants next argue that the Territorial Court should have had an opportunity to review the certification provided by the Government. While as a policy matter, one might conclude that the Territorial Court should be given an opportunity to review the certification, there is at present simply no basis in the statute for such a requirement. We decline to read one in.

Moreover, this Court has decided in interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 3731 that that statute requires nothing more than the delivery of the certification to the district court in question. See In re Grand Jury Investigation, 599 F.2d 1224, 1226 (3d Cir. 1979) (adopting United States v. Comiskey, 460 F.2d 1293, 1297-98 (7th Cir. 1972) (holding that no evidence was required to support a certification under 18 U.S.C. §3731)). We hold, by analogy, that 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1) is also completely satisfied by simple delivery of the certification to the Territorial Court. Thus the Government’s certification in this case was adequate.

C. “Substantial Proof of the Charge Pending”

The Courts of Appeals have generally held that the “substantial proof’ requirement of 18 U.S.C. § 3731 is a requirement of the certification, not a requirement of actual fact. See In re Grand Jury Investigation, 599 F.2d at 1226.¹³ The certification under 18 U.S.C. § 3731 must state both (1) that the appeal is not taken for the purpose of delay; and (2) that the evidence is a substantial proof of a material fact in the proceeding. The United States Attorney’s word is enough; the reviewing court does not consider the truth of the certification.

If 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1) were worded identically to 18 U.S.C. § 3731, on which In re Grand Jury Investigation is binding precedent, this would certainly be the end of it. But the Virgin Islands statute is not clearly drafted: It is missing an additional “that” immediately before “the evidence is a substantial proof,” which would make it grammatically unambiguous. As it now stands, it could be read to require essentially the same two certification elements that 18 U.S.C. § 3731 does; or it could be read (as the defendants urge) to require a certification that the appeal is not taken for delay, and also require that, in actual fact, the evidence be “substantial proof.”

We decline to read it as the defendants would have it, for four reasons. First, the Virgin Islands statute is plainly modeled on the federal statute, and we conclude it is best to follow the federal statute as a guide. Second, if the Virgin Islands Legislature actually wanted the statute to operate as the defendants would have it, there were far less cryptic ways of communicating that intent. For example, the Virgin Islands Legislature could have put the “substantial proof’ requirement before the certification clause. Third, the statute is silent on what court would evaluate the substantiality of the proof, or on how that court would go about the evaluation, suggesting that no such review is to be undertaken. Fourth, review of the substantiality of the proof necessarily entails a look at the other evidence that the Government has available to it, an inquiry that could both take considerable time and prejudice the Government’s case. Both of these seem at odds with the expedited interlocutory appellate review contemplated by the statute.¹⁴ Thus, we conclude that the Appellate Division did not need to evaluate the substantiality of the proof in order to accept the certification.

D. Equal Protection

The defendants object that the statute affords the Government an appeal right that it does not confer on defendants, and that this disparity amounts to a violation of the equal protection component of the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. But this argument is foreclosed by United States v. Heinze, 218 U.S. 532, 545-46, 54 L. Ed. 1139, 31 S. Ct. 98 (1910), which held that the Act of March 2, 1907, ch. 2564 (which was later codified at 18 U.S.C. § 682, which in turn was the forerunner of 18 U.S.C. §3731) did not violate equal protection or due process principles.

Moreover, even under more recent equal protection jurisprudence, Heinze reached the right result: The Supreme Court has not announced that the status of “criminal defendant” is a suspect classification, nor has it held the right to appeal in a criminal case to be a fundamental right. Thus we subject this legislation to rational basis review. See, e.g., Ramsgate Court Townhome Ass’n v. W. Chester Borough, 313 F.3d 157, 160 (3d Cir. 2002) (reiterating that equal protection challenges to legislation not based on a suspect classification or implicating a fundamental right require only rational basis review of the legislation).

The Virgin Islands Legislature certainly had a rational basis for distinguishing between the Government and defendants on the question of appeal rights. To identify only one such basis, the Virgin Islands Legislature could rationally conclude that the efficient administration of criminal justice demanded that the Government have expansive pre-trial appeal rights, and the defendant have expansive post-trial appeal rights. Thus we find no merit in the defendants’ equal protection challenge.

In sum, we conclude that the Government followed the procedures set out in 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1), and that the Appellate Division had jurisdiction over the appeal.

IV. Conclusion

We have concluded that the Appellate Division had jurisdiction over the appeal, and we will affirm the Appellate Division’s holding regarding its own jurisdiction. Having determined that we lack jurisdiction over the other questions in this appeal, we will dismiss the appeal with respect to those questions. The case will be remanded to the Territorial Court to revise the redacted statements in conformity with the Appellate Division’s opinion. Because we do not reach the merits of the defendants’ Bruton claims, this opinion is without any preclusive effect to the defendants asserting on direct appeal, should they be convicted, that the redacted confessions used at trial were insufficiently altered to secure their Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause rights.

1 The three-judge panel is composed of the two Judges of the District Court of the Virgin Islands, and a judge of the Territorial Court designated by the Chief Judge of the District Court. See 48 U.S.C. § 1613a(b).

2 The issue in cases raising a Bruton issue is that the prosecution would like to introduce confessions by nontestifying defendants in joint trials. While such statements may of course be admitted against the defendants who made them, admitting such statements in a joint trial would deprive any codefendants implicated in those statements of their right under the Confrontation Clause to cross-examine witnesses against them — in this situation, the nontestifying defendant who made the confession.

3 In its opinion, the Appellate Division summarized the Territorial Court’s order from the bench as requiring “that any sentences [in the confessions] containing direct references to the defendants, nicknames, physical descriptions, and ... substituted pronouns be omitted.”

4 It appears that the Territorial Court’s order would have eviscerated the confessions to the point that they might have lost all value to the prosecution. We observe this only to emphasize the high stakes of this litigation; because of our holding regarding our own appellate jurisdiction, we of course express no view as to the correctness of the Territorial Court’s or Appellate Division’s Bruton rulings.

5 One such statute allowing for interlocutory appeal to this court is 18 U.S.C. § 3731, which is comparable to the interlocutory appeal statute at issue in this case, 4 V.I. Code § 39(a)(1). Both allow, in a proper case, the prosecution to immediately appeal a pretrial order suppressing evidence.

6 Bruton and his codefendant were tried and convicted in federal court, apparently with no interlocutory appeals. Bruton’s conviction was reversed and remanded for retrial (where he was again convicted). United States v. Bruton, 416 F.2d 310 (8th Cir. 1969). Though Gray’s case was in state court in Maryland (and thus presented no opportunity for interlocutory appeal in the federal system), the same remedy was of course available: The Supreme Court vacated his conviction and remanded. In Richardson, the Supreme Court did not find in Richardson’s favor, but there was no doubt that even in the habeas corpus posture of that case it would have been possible to afford him relief.

7 The dissent “see[s] no reason why we could not [after trial] consider whether the Appellate Division had jurisdiction to render its decision.” Dissenting Op. post at _. In one sense, this is a truism, but in practical terms it is a half-truth. The whole tenor and dynamic of a trial — here, for murder no less — can be radically altered by a decision like that of the Appellate Division here. We think it imprudent to let pass a ruling of such moment without examining, if we can, whether the court making the ruling even had jurisdiction..

Second, the dissent’s offhand statement about easy reviewability after trial is also unsupported by an analysis of the posture in which the question might actually arise. On appeal from a conviction (the dissent is quite right that the point is moot if there is a plea or acquittal), the question will be whether the redaction actually used was constitutionally sound. If it was, we would have no occasion to consider the Appellate Division’s jurisdiction, for it will have made the right decision (whether it was empowered to or not). If the redaction used was unsound (and not harmless), the Appellate Division’s jurisdiction is beside the point — the case must go back for a new trial.

This analysis also explains why the dissent’s efforts to distinguish Blake are unconvincing. While there may have been factors present in Blake that are absent here, the core concern remains: How are we to review the Appellate Division’s jurisdiction if not through the collateral order doctrine? Both in Blake (as the dissent explains) and in this case (as the preceding paragraph illustrates), the question cannot be addressed on review after trial.

8 The dissent criticizes the distinction here as inconsistent with our earlier pronouncement that we must “treat[j appeals from the Appellate Division no differently from appeals from any other district court.” Dissenting Op. post at_. But of course, that greatly overstates our earlier point, which was confined to the issue of how we treat questions offinality.

9 The judgment of the Appellate Division is permanently unreviewable only in the sense that it will never be specifically reviewed by this Court; the Bruton question in general is preserved for this Court’s review. See supra note 4.

10 Indeed, this decision might even discourage appeals by settling the underlying merits questions.

11 The government points to the one case of the Appellate Division which expressly stated that that Court had jurisdiction under section 39(a)(1), Government of the Virgin Islands v. Christopher, 38 V.I. 193, 990 F. Supp. 391 (D.V.I. App. Div. 1997) (per curiam). In that case, the Territorial Court had suppressed before trial an unmirandized confession and the Government took an interlocutory appeal to the Appellate Division. The Appellate Division simply stated that “[tjhis Court has jurisdiction under V.I. Code. Ann. tit. 4, § 39(a)(1).” Id. at 393. No mention was made of any certification by the Government or of whether the suppressed confession was “substantial proof of the charge pending against the defendant.”

12 That section is similarly (but not identically) worded, and appears to have provided the basis for 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1): The Virgin Islands statute was enacted in 1972, while the relevant portion of the federal statute was added in 1971. The federal statute reads:

An appeal by the United States shall lie to a court of appeals from a decision or order of a district court suppressing or excluding evidence or requiring the return of seized property in a criminal proceeding, not made after the defendant has been put in jeopardy and before the verdict or finding on an indictment or information, if the United States attorney certifies to the district court that the appeal is not taken for purpose of delay and that the evidence is a substantial proof of a fact material in the proceeding.

18 U.S.C. § 3731, ¶ 2.

13 In his brief, Camacho cites United States v. Ponlsen, 41 F.3d 1330 (9th Cir. 1994), for the proposition that mere certification is insufficient. A review of 1970s decisions following the enactment of the relevant portion of 18 U.S.C. § 3731 reveals an early split among the circuits on this score. Compare In re Grand Jury Investigation, 599 F.2d at 1226 (3d Cir.), and Comiskey, 460 F.2d at 1297-98 (7th Cir.), with United States v. Loud Hawk, 628 F.2d 1139 (9th Cir. 1979) (en banc). The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has implied that it sides with us and the Seventh Circuit. See United States v. C.G., 736 F.2d 1474, 1478 (11th Cir. 1984). The Court of Appeals for the First Circuit has acknowledged the split, but has declined to decide the issue. See United States v. Bouthot, 878 F.2d 1506, 1510 (1st Cir. 1989).

More recently, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has expressly declined to hold that subsequent Supreme Court decisions have implicitly overruled Loud Hawk, see United States v. Adrian, 978 F.2d 486, 490-91 (9th Cir. 1992), and continues to require the government to establish by more than mere certification that the suppressed evidence constitutes “substantial proof.” The Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit recently acknowledged this continuing split, and sided with this Circuit and the Seventh Circuit. See United States v. Johnson, 228 F.3d 920, 923-24 (8th Cir. 2000). We of course adhere to our precedent in In re Grand Jury Investigation, and recognize no requirement in 18 U.S.C. § 3731 aside from the certification paper itself.

14 Moreover, we find 4 V.I. CODE § 39(a)(1) (the statute at issue here) distinguishable from 4 V.I. Code § 39(d) (the mid-trial interlocutory appeal provision at issue in Blake). The latter requires more than the prosecutor’s mere certification that the question involves “a substantial and recurring question of law which requires appellate resolution.” 4. V.I. Code § 39(d). We held the merits of this certification to be a question for the court because it is “an issue of statutory interpretation, and because it involves the jurisdiction of the federal courts.” Blake, 118 F.3d at 977 (citations omitted). In sharp contrast, the certification required for appeals taken under subsection (a)(1) addresses the substantiality of evidence, a factual or strategic matter that — for the reasons we identify above — a court is ill-equipped to evaluate.