McLAUGHLIN, Circuit Judge. ,
This is an appeal by Fletcher J. Gordon and Esther M. Gordon, his wife, from the district court’s denial of théir motion for a new trial and the entry of judgment on a verdict for defendant, George W. Robinson, D.C.W.D.Pa.1952, 109 F.Supp. 106. The litigation arose out of a collision between Gordon’s automobile and Robinson’s truck north of Union City, Pennsylvania. Jurisdiction is based on diversity, the Gordons being residents of New York, Robinson of Pennsylvania. Originally both Gordons were parties plaintiff. However, on motion of defendant a severance was granted as to Fletcher J. Gordon and he was joined as third-party defendant. For convenience both Gordons will hereafter be referred to as plaintiffs.
The two questions raised on this appeal relate solely to the admission of certain evidence, that of Michael Signorino, a Pennsylvania state police officer, and of Homer T. Eaton, an attorney. Signorino, defendant’s witness, testified on direct examination that he arrived at the scene of the accident about forty-five minutes after the event. His counsel, still on direct, asked him to explain in his own words “ * * * as to where the debris was with respect to the position of the truck at the time of the impact.” That was objected to as calling for a conclusion and the objection was overruled. On redirect examination this officer was allowed to testify where the accident took place; that there was a violation of (presumably) the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle Act; that plaintiffs’ automobile was on the [194]*194wrong side of the road; that no improper driving of the defendant was indicated; that with reference to plaintiffs’ machine no control was present1 and that the officer recommended the plaintiff driver for a departmental hearing. All those conclusions were contained in the officer’s accident report which, however, was not put into evidence. Just prior thereto, on cross-examination of the officer, plaintiffs’ attorney had questioned him concerning the report, asking him for the information regarding the speed of the vehicles involved which he had obtained from .questioning both drivers, also as to the allowed speeds and what plaintiff had told him about how the accident had occurred. It was immediately thereafter, on redirect examination, that the trial court permitted the witness to give the above noted conclusions on the specific theory that the defense was entitled to bring out anything else in the officer’s report. This was error. The testimony was grossly improper. In effect the state policeman, in full uniform, was permitted to give the jury his conclusions on the basic issues of the litigation, the very issues they were there to decide. ■ Cross-examination of the witness did not open the door to that evidence.
Rule 43(a),2 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C., has liberalized the admission of evidence in federal courts. By its terms all evidence shall ' be admitted which is admissible under federal statutes, rules of evidence theretofore obtaining in equity matters, or under the rules of the courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the court is held. We have, however, neither been referred to nor have we found any rule of evidence in the above three sources which supports defendant’s contention. It is clear that there is no federal statute on the point and nothing in the old equity rules sheds any light on the problem. As to the law of Pennsylvania, it supports plaintiffs’ position that an error in the admission of evidence on cross-examination, whether or not it is objected to, does not qualify further evidence, otherwise inadmissible, on redirect examination.
In Smith v. Dreer, 1838, 3 Whart., Pa. 154, an action by a gas fitter to recover the amount of a bill for work and labor done, defendant called a witness to testify that the work was done in an unworkmanlike manner. On cross-examination plaintiff adduced testimony that he, plaintiff, had made gas fittings at other places besides defendant’s establishment. On redirect defendant’s counsel sought to establish that the work done at those places was defective, to which plaintiff objected, whereupon the court disallowed the witness to be so examined. On appeal this was assigned as error. In affirming, the Supreme Court said:
“The principle of Griffith v. Eshelman,3 that cross-examination to irrelevant matters shall not bring it into thé issue, is decisive of the point here. The defendant might [195]*195have excluded the evidence of the plaintiff’s agency in putting up gas-fittings at the exchange and other places; and prejudice from his omission to do so, can certainly not entitle him to draw the inquiry still further from its course. The issue is, whether the particular work for whose price suit is brought, has been done in a workmanlike manner; and the plaintiff’s engagements on the one hand, or his fulfilment of them on the other, cannot be suffered to affect it.”
An analogous situation was presented in Swank v. Phillips, 1886, 113 Pa. 482, 6 A. 450, where it was held error to permit incompetent witnesses to testify on the same matter as to which the opposing party, also an incompetent witness, had given testimony, the court saying that one error could not be corrected by committing another. See also Griffith v. Eshelman, 1835, 4 Watts, Pa., 51, supra, note 5; cf. Sherwood v. Titman, 1867, 55 Pa. 77 and Commonwealth v. Kauffman, 1944, 155 Pa.Super. 347, 38 A.2d 425.
In the instant case defendant did not limit himself to correcting errors in the admission of testimony on cross-examination. The manifest purpose of his redirect examination was not to discredit or explain the cross-examination that being on the whole very favorable to defendant, but to bring out new matter in the form of other opinions and conclusions of Signorino relating to the accident.
We do not see that the above substantial error can fairly be ignored on the ground that it was not called to the attention of the trial judge in accordance with Rule 46, F.R.C.P.4 While it is true that ordinarily errors in a jury trial which are not brought to the attention of the trial court will not be considered, on appeal, United States v. Atkinson, 297 U.S. 157, 56 S.Ct. 391, 80 L.Ed. 555, we do not agree that plaintiffs failed to apprise the court of their objections to the testimony. As has already been noted plaintiffs’ attorney had promptly objected when Signorino first started giving his conclusions as to how the accident happened and had been overruled. Later on redirect when the witness began to state his above mentioned conjectures the attention of the court was once more called to this and the following colloquy occurred :
“Mr. Wolford (Counsel for plaintiffs) : If it please the Court, we are again getting back to conclusions. If he is going to reach conclusions, I want the full explanation for it. Here is an officer that arrives at the scene of the accident forty-five minutes late, looks at the debris and testified in Court that what he found was the result of that observation.
“Mr. Illig (Counsel for defendant) : If the Court please, the officer has been attempting to testify to the best of his knowledge as to his investigation and Mr.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
McLAUGHLIN, Circuit Judge. ,
This is an appeal by Fletcher J. Gordon and Esther M. Gordon, his wife, from the district court’s denial of théir motion for a new trial and the entry of judgment on a verdict for defendant, George W. Robinson, D.C.W.D.Pa.1952, 109 F.Supp. 106. The litigation arose out of a collision between Gordon’s automobile and Robinson’s truck north of Union City, Pennsylvania. Jurisdiction is based on diversity, the Gordons being residents of New York, Robinson of Pennsylvania. Originally both Gordons were parties plaintiff. However, on motion of defendant a severance was granted as to Fletcher J. Gordon and he was joined as third-party defendant. For convenience both Gordons will hereafter be referred to as plaintiffs.
The two questions raised on this appeal relate solely to the admission of certain evidence, that of Michael Signorino, a Pennsylvania state police officer, and of Homer T. Eaton, an attorney. Signorino, defendant’s witness, testified on direct examination that he arrived at the scene of the accident about forty-five minutes after the event. His counsel, still on direct, asked him to explain in his own words “ * * * as to where the debris was with respect to the position of the truck at the time of the impact.” That was objected to as calling for a conclusion and the objection was overruled. On redirect examination this officer was allowed to testify where the accident took place; that there was a violation of (presumably) the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle Act; that plaintiffs’ automobile was on the [194]*194wrong side of the road; that no improper driving of the defendant was indicated; that with reference to plaintiffs’ machine no control was present1 and that the officer recommended the plaintiff driver for a departmental hearing. All those conclusions were contained in the officer’s accident report which, however, was not put into evidence. Just prior thereto, on cross-examination of the officer, plaintiffs’ attorney had questioned him concerning the report, asking him for the information regarding the speed of the vehicles involved which he had obtained from .questioning both drivers, also as to the allowed speeds and what plaintiff had told him about how the accident had occurred. It was immediately thereafter, on redirect examination, that the trial court permitted the witness to give the above noted conclusions on the specific theory that the defense was entitled to bring out anything else in the officer’s report. This was error. The testimony was grossly improper. In effect the state policeman, in full uniform, was permitted to give the jury his conclusions on the basic issues of the litigation, the very issues they were there to decide. ■ Cross-examination of the witness did not open the door to that evidence.
Rule 43(a),2 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C., has liberalized the admission of evidence in federal courts. By its terms all evidence shall ' be admitted which is admissible under federal statutes, rules of evidence theretofore obtaining in equity matters, or under the rules of the courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the court is held. We have, however, neither been referred to nor have we found any rule of evidence in the above three sources which supports defendant’s contention. It is clear that there is no federal statute on the point and nothing in the old equity rules sheds any light on the problem. As to the law of Pennsylvania, it supports plaintiffs’ position that an error in the admission of evidence on cross-examination, whether or not it is objected to, does not qualify further evidence, otherwise inadmissible, on redirect examination.
In Smith v. Dreer, 1838, 3 Whart., Pa. 154, an action by a gas fitter to recover the amount of a bill for work and labor done, defendant called a witness to testify that the work was done in an unworkmanlike manner. On cross-examination plaintiff adduced testimony that he, plaintiff, had made gas fittings at other places besides defendant’s establishment. On redirect defendant’s counsel sought to establish that the work done at those places was defective, to which plaintiff objected, whereupon the court disallowed the witness to be so examined. On appeal this was assigned as error. In affirming, the Supreme Court said:
“The principle of Griffith v. Eshelman,3 that cross-examination to irrelevant matters shall not bring it into thé issue, is decisive of the point here. The defendant might [195]*195have excluded the evidence of the plaintiff’s agency in putting up gas-fittings at the exchange and other places; and prejudice from his omission to do so, can certainly not entitle him to draw the inquiry still further from its course. The issue is, whether the particular work for whose price suit is brought, has been done in a workmanlike manner; and the plaintiff’s engagements on the one hand, or his fulfilment of them on the other, cannot be suffered to affect it.”
An analogous situation was presented in Swank v. Phillips, 1886, 113 Pa. 482, 6 A. 450, where it was held error to permit incompetent witnesses to testify on the same matter as to which the opposing party, also an incompetent witness, had given testimony, the court saying that one error could not be corrected by committing another. See also Griffith v. Eshelman, 1835, 4 Watts, Pa., 51, supra, note 5; cf. Sherwood v. Titman, 1867, 55 Pa. 77 and Commonwealth v. Kauffman, 1944, 155 Pa.Super. 347, 38 A.2d 425.
In the instant case defendant did not limit himself to correcting errors in the admission of testimony on cross-examination. The manifest purpose of his redirect examination was not to discredit or explain the cross-examination that being on the whole very favorable to defendant, but to bring out new matter in the form of other opinions and conclusions of Signorino relating to the accident.
We do not see that the above substantial error can fairly be ignored on the ground that it was not called to the attention of the trial judge in accordance with Rule 46, F.R.C.P.4 While it is true that ordinarily errors in a jury trial which are not brought to the attention of the trial court will not be considered, on appeal, United States v. Atkinson, 297 U.S. 157, 56 S.Ct. 391, 80 L.Ed. 555, we do not agree that plaintiffs failed to apprise the court of their objections to the testimony. As has already been noted plaintiffs’ attorney had promptly objected when Signorino first started giving his conclusions as to how the accident happened and had been overruled. Later on redirect when the witness began to state his above mentioned conjectures the attention of the court was once more called to this and the following colloquy occurred :
“Mr. Wolford (Counsel for plaintiffs) : If it please the Court, we are again getting back to conclusions. If he is going to reach conclusions, I want the full explanation for it. Here is an officer that arrives at the scene of the accident forty-five minutes late, looks at the debris and testified in Court that what he found was the result of that observation.
“Mr. Illig (Counsel for defendant) : If the Court please, the officer has been attempting to testify to the best of his knowledge as to his investigation and Mr. Wolford has been given full latitude to cross examine with regard to this report, Your Honor permitted him full use of it, so that I think, in fairness, if there is anything else in the report of the officer, it being understood that it is his report, that we should have the right to bring it out.
“The Court: You do, I agree with you.”
It should not, in our opinion, be decisive that counsel failed to use the word “ob[196]*196jection” so long as he did not sit mute and invite or acquiesce in the error of which he now complains, nor that he failed to object to each and every question and answer relating to the report in view of the court’s indication that it would not sustain that type of objection even if made. It is interesting to note that the district judge who considered plaintiffs’ motion for a new trial did not, in the opinion denying the motion, comment on the failure- to enter formal objections to the line of testimony-the admission-of which was one of the grounds urged on the motion. 109 F.Supp. 106, 107, 108.
Due to the intervening death of the trial judge the motion for a new trial was passed upon1 by a' district judge strange to the case who was in the difficult situation -of making his decision from the bare record. He ruled that Signorino’s testimony had been rightfully admitted into evidence under the Federal Business Records Act, '28 U.S.C. § 1732. As wé see it that doctrine is not applicable here. The report itself was not in evidence and the disputed Sig-norino testimony was allowed for the expressed reason that the direct examination had opened the door for it. The i Federal Business Records Act was not invoked as a ground for the admission of the evidence and did not appear in .the case at all until the reference to it in the opinion disposing of the motion for -a new trial. However, because that opinion indicates that some confusion .may exist in this circuit as to what is admissible under the statute when properly invoked, we take the opportunity of stating our view of its purpose and function.
The legislative history of the'Business Records Act clearly shows that it was not the intent of the draftsmen to make admissible all ■ evidence, no matter how incompetent or irrelevant, merely by virtue of the fact that it appeared in a record made in the regular course of business. Rather it was Congress’ purpose to admit into evidence entries of a purely clerical or routine nature not dependent upon speculation, conjecture or opinion, where “accuracy is substantially guaranteed by the fact that the record is an automatic reflection of observa-, tions” 5 without the necessity of calling the various entrants to identify the entries as their own, as was required under the common law shop book rule.6
[197]*197The leading, Supreme Court ease is to the same effect. In Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109, 63 S.Ct. 477, 87 L.Ed. 645, Mr. Justice Douglas, speaking for a unanimous court, held that an accident report prepared by a railroad was not admissible as a business record within the statute, then 28 U.S.C. § 695, because not made in the regular course of business, the railroad’s business being railroading, not litigating.7 Notwithstanding the narrow holding that the report was not made in the regular course of business, the court assuming for the purposes of the case that it would otherwise qualify for admission under the Act, Mr. Justice Douglas discussed the history of the legislation, quoting with approval the excerpt from the report of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, supra Note 5, as well as certain enlightening language of Judge Learned Hand in Massachusetts Bonding & Ins. Co. v. Norwich Pharmacal Co., 2 Cir., 1927, 18 F.2d 934, 937.8
' While the decisions interpreting the Act, including our own, are somewhat at variance with each other 9 we do think [198]*198that there is no real conflict over its avowed purpose and that a record, to be ■admissible, should derive from an efficient clerical system- and should be of such a nature that it would be competent evidence if testified to by its maker.
Plaintiffs also assign as error the admission of Homer T. Eaton’s testimony. The undisputed evidence shows that at the scene of the accident the highway, when viewed from the direction from which plaintiffs’ vehicle was approaching, curves to the right. On cross-examination Gordon stated that he did not sign a statement to the effect that the highway curved to his left at that point, denied having signed any statement and further denied having called Eaton to the hospital where he, Gordon, was taken after the accident..
The defense called Eaton who, it developed, was attorney for Gordon’s liability insurance carrier. Over plaintiffs’ objection Eaton was permitted to testify that he took a signed statement from Gordon at the hospital, in the presence of Eaton’s stenographer and Gordon’s stepson, in which Gordon said the highway curved to his left. The basis of the objection was the claimed attorney-client relationship between Eaton and Gordon which, it is asserted, made the testimony privileged.10
Defendant argues that no error was committed in permitting Eaton’s testimony to go in because there was no offer of proof that Eaton was Gordon’s attorney. We agree that the attorney-client privilege may not here be invoked in favor of Gordon merely because Eaton represented Gordon’s insurance carrier absent a showing that he also represented Gordon. There is no testimony that Eaton did any more in connection with the accident than procure the statement adverted to for the insurance carrier. It is significant in this connection that Gordon denied knowing Eaton. The Pennsylvania Act of 1887, P.L. 158, Section 5, cl. (d), 28 P.S.Pa. § 321, made applicable to this case by Rule 43(a), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, supra, reads in part as follows:
“Nor shall counsel be competent or ' permitted to testify to confidential communications made to him by his client * * *(Emphasis supplied.)
Manifestly there has been no showing, that Gordon was Eaton’s client in any sense of the term. Concluding as we do that there was no proof of the existence [199]*199of an attorney-client relationship between Eaton and Gordon it becomes unnecessary to decide whether the presence of Gordon’s stepson at the time Gordon’s statement was taken served to destroy the privilege.11
There is, moreover, another factor which minimizes the effect of Eaton’s testimony. Eight days after Gordon’s statement to Eaton he made a similar statement to one D. B. Connell, an adjuster for the same insurance carrier, in which he also located the curve on his left. The statement was produced on cross-examination of Gordon and the latter identified the signature on it as his own. Assuming, therefore, that there was harm to plaintiffs, as is urged by them, in permitting the jury to hear Eaton’s testimony, it would appear that the harm is insubstantial, Eaton’s testimony being merely cumulative of other evidence properly in the record.
The judgment will be reversed and the cause will be remanded for a new trial.
GOODRICH, Circuit Judge, concurs in the result but joins Judge HASTIE in reserving opinion on the evidence point concerning reports.