Ireland, J.
The individual plaintiffs are members of two citizen groups formed to contest the grant of a groundwater discharge permit to the Edgartown Wastewater Commission (commission) in 1999, for the operation of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (plant or facility). A judge in the Superior Court affirmed the decision of the Commissioner (commissioner) of the Department of Environmental Protection (department) granting the groundwater discharge permit to the commission. We transferred this case from the Appeals Court on our own motion to determine whether the department erred in granting the permit. Because we have determined that the department’s interpretation of the applicable regulations to allow the use of the allocation method to set the discharge permit limits was reasonable, and that the department committed no error in refusing to hear cross-examination testimony regarding the contribution of nitrogen from other sources, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court judge.
We summarize the facts and procedural history.
Background. 1. Procedural history. In 1999, the department granted the commission a wastewater discharge permit to operate an upgraded wastewater treatment facility in the town of Edgartown (town) on Martha’s Vineyard. The plaintiffs appealed from the grant of the permit, and an administrative law judge issued a recommended final decision concluding that the permit complies with the Massachusetts Clean Water Act, G. L. c. 21, §§ 26-53; the groundwater discharge permit program, 314 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 5.00 (1997); the groundwater quality standards, 314 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 6.00 (1996); and the applicable portions of the surface water quality standards, 314 [832]*832Code Mass. Regs. §§ 4.00 (1997). The administrative law judge also recommended that the department uphold the discharge permit. The commissioner adopted this recommendation and added a brief statement of reasons in support of the decision. Pursuant to G. L. c. 30A, § 14, the plaintiffs appealed from the decision of the commissioner to the Superior Court. The plaintiffs also moved for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Mass. R. Civ. P. 12 (c), 365 Mass. 754 (1974). The department and the commission each filed an opposition and cross-moved for judgment on the pleadings. The judge denied the plaintiffs’ motion and entered judgment for the defendants, affirming the decision to grant the groundwater discharge permit. This appeal followed.
2. Edgartown Great Pond. Edgartown Great Pond (Pond) is an 890-acre brackish coastal pond that is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a barrier beach.3 The Pond is fed primarily by groundwater that emanates from a recharge area4 of approximately 5,000 acres. About one-half of this acreage is protected forest and other conservation land, which contributes fresh, clean groundwater to the Pond. The remainder of the recharge area includes 600 homes (many with septic systems, lawns, and gardens) and several farms. The effluent discharge location for the town’s wastewater treatment facility (discussed below) also is located in the recharge area.5
The department has classified the Pond as Class SA water. See 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 4.06(3) Table 32 (1995). Class SA waters are an “excellent habitat for fish, other aquatic life and wildlife and for primary and secondary contact recreation. In approved areas they shall be suitable for shellfish harvesting .. . . These waters shall have excellent aesthetic value.” 314 [833]*833Code Mass. Regs. § 4.05(4)(a). Historically, the Pond was ecologically healthy, but more recently, it has become vulnerable to nutrient pollution from excess nitrogen, or eutrophication,6 which promotes plant growth that periodically deprives the water of oxygen (anoxia). This anoxia kills fish, shellfish, and other organisms within the Pond.
3. The wastewater treatment facility. The current wastewater treatment facility is an upgrade of the town’s original wastewater treatment facility, built in 1973. The former plant was not designed to remove nitrogen from the wastewater it treated. It employed a conventional secondary method, whereby it received wastewater, treated it, and discharged the treated effluent into the ground. Nitrogen discharged from the original plant formed a plume, or cloud, of nitrogen in the ground that is currently moving toward the Pond and is most likely already contributing to the nitrogen in the Pond.7
- In 1996, the commission completed construction of the current plant to alleviate overloading of the original facility due to population growth. The upgraded facility was granted a permit and became operational in 1996.8 Unlike the original facility, which discharged effluent containing more than thirty milligrams of nitrogen per liter, the upgraded facility uses a state of the art tertiary treatment system that removes nitrogen from the wastewater it treats. Since the upgraded facility began operations in 1996, effluent discharged by the plant has consistently [834]*834tested at less than three milligrams of nitrogen per liter. The upgraded facility has the capacity to treat up to 750,000 gallons of wastewater per day; however, its maximum daily discharge has never reached 400,000 gallons per day.
4. The Wilcox Report. The total amount of nitrogen that the Pond can assimilate on an annual basis (loading limit) was the subject of a detailed scientific study (Wilcox Report or report) that was completed shortly before the 1999 discharge permit was issued to the plant.9 The administrative law judge’s decision, adopted by the commissioner, relied on the Wilcox Report.
The Wilcox Report examined the extent of contributions of nitrogen from various sources to the Pond and concluded that nitrogen loading within the watershed of the Pond is produced by many sources, including area septic systems, residential lawns and gardens, agricultural enterprises, the wastewater plant, and acid rain. It assessed the impact of growth within the Pond watershed by making projections of nutrient loading for different growth scenarios. It also estimated the critical loading limit that the Pond can tolerate without manifesting the undesirable side effects of eutrophication.10
As to future nitrogen loading of the Pond, the Wilcox Report estimated that the Pond could assimilate between 10,585 and 20,440 kilograms per year, and still meet the Class SA water [835]*835quality standards. The report recommended that the total nitrogen loading to the Pond not exceed the midpoint of this range, or 15,513 kilograms per year.
The Wilcox Report then estimated the future growth of land use within the watershed and projected the nitrogen contribution to the Pond’s recharge area in low, moderate, and high growth scenarios. To maintain a conservative estimate and to compensate for added uncertainties in the growth projections, the report included a somewhat higher projection of nitrogen within each of the scenarios. The Wilcox Report then determined that the moderate growth scenario was the most likely outcome within the Pond’s recharge area. In the moderate growth scenario, the projection of total nitrogen contribution to the recharge area from the identified sources is 15,451 kilograms per year.11 Of that total, the facility’s projected contribution of nitrogen is 2,218 kilograms per year.
Based on these projections, the Wilcox Report addressed recharge area management options and recommended various strategies to be undertaken to reduce the risks of eutrophication of the Pond. The report recommended that the plant be assigned an annual loading of 2,200 kilograms of nitrogen. In addition, the report recommended retaining the plant’s operational capacity to collect sewage from 300 houses in the Pond’s recharge area to reduce the amount of nitrogen flowing to the recharge area from septic systems.
5. The 1999 permit. In 1999, the department issvcd the five-year groundwater discharge permit for the plant that is the subject of this appeal.12 The permit contained terms and conditions that were based on the recommendations of the Wilcox [836]*836Report. During its effective term, the permit allowed the plant to discharge treated effluent into groundwater, up to the plant’s design capacity of 750,000 gallons per day. Pursuant to the groundwater quality standards set forth in 314 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 5.10(3)(c) and 6.06(l)(n), the permit established a daily total nitrogen limit of ten milligrams per liter (the standard for drinking water, see 310 Code Mass. Regs. § 22.06[2] [2001]). The permit set an additional limitation of seven milligrams per liter as the monthly average of total nitrogen in the plant’s effluent per day, and an annual operational goal of five milligrams per liter per day during the recharge area’s off-season. The record indicates that this is the lowest nitrogen limit ever established in a groundwater discharge permit within the region where the plant is located.
The permit also required that the commission “work to maintain a target goal of 2200 [kilograms per year] of total nitrogen discharged from the facility.” Under the permit, if the discharge reaches 80% of the 2,200 kilogram limit in any year, the town must notify the department in writing and must, within 150 days thereafter, “develop a plan on specific actions that will be taken to keep within the target goal, with estimated nitrogen loads for each proposed action to keep within the goal.” The permit further required the town to “prepare a nutrient management study to recommend a long-term strategy for the allocation of nitrogen from the various sources in the Edgar-town Great Pond watershed.”
Discussion. 1. Standard of review. Under G. L. c. 30A, § 14, we review the findings below only to determine whether the agency’s decision was unsupported by substantial evidence, arbitrary and capricious, or otherwise based on an error of law. Massachusetts Inst. of Tech. v. Department of Pub. Utils., 425 Mass. 856, 867-868 (1997). “It is a standard of review ‘highly deferential to the agency,’ which requires . . . according ‘due weight to the experience, technical competence, and specialized knowledge of the agency, as well as to the discretionary authority conferred upon it.’ ” Hotchkiss v. State Racing Comm’n, 45 [837]*837Mass. App. Ct. 684, 695-696 (1998), quoting Flint v. Commissioner of Pub. Welfare, 412 Mass. 416, 420 (1992). We give deference to the decision of an agency interpreting its own regulations. Hurst v. State Ballot Law Comm’n, 428 Mass. 116, 120 (1998). Boston Police Superior Officers Fed’n v. Boston, 414 Mass. 458, 462 (1993). Brookline v. Commissioner of the Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Eng’g, 398 Mass. 404, 411 (1986). We do “not intrude lightly within the agency’s area of expertise,” Brookline v. Commissioner of the Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Eng’g, supra at 410, as long as the regulations are interpreted with reference to their purpose and to the purpose and design of the controlling statute. See Maslab Liquidation Trust v. Commonwealth, 61 Mass. App. Ct. 1, 8 (2004). See also Brookline v. Commissioner of the Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Eng’g, 387 Mass. 372, 382 (1982), S.C., 398 Mass. 404, 411, 414 (1986).
2. Statutory and regulatory background. The Massachusetts Clean Water Act (Act), G. L. c. 21, §§ 26-53, is a comprehensive program for protection of the surface and groundwaters of the Commonwealth. General Laws c. 21, § 27 (6), vests authority in the department to adopt water quality standards and to prescribe effluent limitation, permit programs, and procedures for management and disposal of pollutants. The department may grant a permit if it determines that the discharge will conform to effluent limitations specified in the permit and to receiving water quality standards. G. L. c. 21, § 43 (5). The water quality standards are grouped according to whether the discharge enters surface or groundwater.
The department promulgated the surface water discharge permit program, 314 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 3.00 (1996), to regulate the discharges of effluent to surface waters. The surface water classifications and water quality criteria are regulated by the surface water quality standards, 314 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 4.00 (1997). As noted supra, the Pond is classified SA.
As to groundwater quality, the groundwater discharge permit program, 314 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 5.00 (1997), regulates discharges of effluent to groundwaters. The permit program incorporates the groundwater quality standards, 314 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 6.00 (1996), which establish groundwater quality standards, and the surface water quality standards., Martha’s [838]*838Vineyard Island is designated a sole-source aquifer. The groundwater of the island and, thus, the recharge area of the Pond is classified Class I, which denotes “fresh ground waters . . . designated as a source of potable water supply.” 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 6.03(1).
Pursuant to the Act, discharge permits may be granted only if the discharge will not run afoul of the regulations. The Act suggests great discretion in determining whether a regulation has been violated. This statutory and regulatory program recognizes “the need of society to tolerate certain [levels of pollution],” Brookline v. Commissioner of the Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Eng’g, 398 Mass. 404, 413 (1986), and “has chosen to put into the hands of an expert administrative agency the decision making regarding complex issues of environmental . . . science.” Id. at 411. The statutory purpose of the Act, expressed through its text, makes it clear that the department has the discretion to create regulations that will best preserve and also restore the quality of our waters.
The plaintiffs argue that the commissioner did not apply the correct legal standards to issue the permit, and that the commissioner excluded relevant evidence relating to limiting additional sources’ contributions of nitrogen to the Pond.
3. Validity of permit under the groundwater discharge permit program. The question before the court is whether the commissioner applied the appropriate legal standards when she affirmed the issuance of the discharge permit. We conclude that the correct legal standards were applied, and that the discharge permit comports with the agency’s statutory mandate to protect the environment.
As discussed supra, a portion of the Pond’s nitrogen loading limit of 15,513 kilograms per year is allocated to the plant (allocation method). This limit is reflected in the plant’s discharge permit through the recommended target goal of a maximum 2,200 kilograms of nitrogen per year. The commissioner concluded that based on the current sources of nitrogen discharge in the recharge area (acid rain, septic systems, farms, the plant, and lawns and gardens), and the projected discharge of the plant under the moderate growth scenario, the 2,200 kilograms per year allocation is appropriate to achieve the Pond’s site-specific [839]*839nitrogen limitation of 15,513 kilograms per year. The plaintiffs’ main argument is that the commissioner’s reliance on the allocation method does not adequately apply the groundwater discharge permit regulations that prohibit the issuance of a permit where the discharge will “cause or contribute to a condition in contravention of standards for classified waters of the Commonwealth, pursuant to 314 [Code Mass. Regs. §§] 4.00 and 6.00.” 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 5.06(1). See 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 5.19(1). We disagree.
The permit fully meets the requirements of the groundwater discharge permit program, which incorporates the relevant ground and surface water quality standards. See 314 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 5.06(1), 5.19(1) (providing that groundwater discharge permit may not be issued in contravention of groundwater and surface water quality regulations).13 We individually address these standards below, and conclude that given that there is no violation of the relevant water quality standards, the commissioner’s decision to use the allocation method to comply with the “cause or contribute to a condition” language in 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 5.06(1) was reasonable, particularly in light of the statutory purpose of restoring the quality of waters. See Maslab Liquidation Trust v. Commonwealth, supra.
a. Groundwater quality standards. As to the groundwater quality regulations, the permit complies. Title 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 6.06(l)(n) provides, in pertinent part: “Class I and Class II Ground Waters. The following minimum criteria are applicable to all Class I and Class II ground waters . . . (n) pNitrate Nitrogen (as Nitrogen) [s]hall not exceed 10.0 [milligrams per liter].” The effluent from the plant is discharged into Class I groundwaters, and the permit contains a nitrogen limitation of ten milligrams per liter. Moreover, at the time of the Wilcox Report, the plant was discharging at a rate of three milligrams of nitrogen per liter, well below the limit set by the permit.
[840]*840The permit also meets the requirements of 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 6.07(2), which provides, in relevant part:
“In regulating discharges of pollutants to ground waters of the Commonwealth, the Department shall limit or prohibit such discharges to insure that the quality standards of the receiving waters will be maintained or attained. . . . [T]he Department must consider natural background conditions, must protect existing adjacent and downgradient uses and must not interfere with the maintenance and attainment of beneficial uses in adjacent and downgradient waters. Toward this end, the Department may provide a reasonable margin of safety to account for any lack of knowledge concerning the relationship between the pollutants being discharged and their impact on the quality of the ground waters.”14 (Emphasis added.)
The plaintiffs argue that the department did not comply with the requirement that it “insure” that the Pond is protected because it did not adopt the most pessimistic scenario in the Wilcox Report. This argument fails.
The commissioner set the nitrogen limits of the plant based on the comprehensive and undisputed Wilcox Report, which found the moderate growth scenario most likely. The report recommended nitrogen discharge limits based on the moderate growth scenario. Substantial evidence in the record supports the department’s decision to adopt these limits.
Each of the scenarios discussed in the Wilcox Report contemplated various growth patterns that might affect the amount of nitrogen flowing to the Pond. The report was the result of a studied analysis of various sources’ contributions of [841]*841nitrogen to the recharge area and the watershed. It was reasonable for the department to rely on this study. Furthermore, although the recommended annual 2,200 kilograms per year nitrogen limit for the plant may not be the most conservative estimate in light of the various projected scenarios, the commissioner’s adoption of this limit was reasonable. See Seagram Distillers Co. v. Alcoholic Beverages Control Comm’n, 401 Mass. 713, 721 (1988) (even if court would justifiably have made different choice had matter come before it de nova, it may not dispute agency’s reasonable choice). Moreover, as the department concluded, and we agree, the Pond will ultimately benefit from the operation of the upgraded facility.15
Contrary to the plaintiffs’ assertion, there is an additional written safeguard in the permit to ensure the water quality standards are met. The permit requires the town to conduct a more comprehensive nutrient management study for the allocation of nitrogen from various sources in the watershed. Should the surface water quality be in jeopardy, the department may modify the Permit accordingly.
As the department found, and the foregoing discussion illustrates, the plant’s discharge does not have to be nitrogen free [842]*842to “insure” compliance with the applicable water ground quality standards. The allocation of a portion of the Pond’s site-specific nitrogen limitation to the plant and the measures included in the permit “insure” the Pond’s protection. It was reasonable for the department to interpret the regulation in this way, and therefore the permit complies with the law.
b. Surface water quality standards. Because the plaintiffs are concerned with 'the degradation of the Pond, they have made numerous arguments that merge the regulations relating to groundwater quality and surface water quality. Indeed, the surface water quality standards comprise a large portion of the plaintiffs’ brief. Although we understand the plaintiffs’ argument that the effluent currently discharged from the plant will eventually reach the Pond, contrary to their citations to numerous surface water quality regulations, the surface water quality regulations, 314 Code Mass. Regs. §§ 4.00, do not generally apply to this groundwater discharge permit. See Norfolk v. United States Army Corps of Eng’rs, 968 F.2d 1438, 1450-1451 (1st Cir. 1992) (affirming agency decision that groundwaters are not surface waters). As to the relevant surface water quality standards, we conclude that the standards are met.
As the commissioner determined and we agree, because the discharged effluent from the plant is not being discharged directly into the Pond (i.e., surface water point source discharge), the only relevant surface water quality standards are those dealing with the nitrogen loading and eutrophication of the Pond from nonpoint source discharges into groundwater, 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 4.05(5)(c), and, to some extent, the antidegradation provisions of the surface water quality standards, 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 4.04(5).
Unlike the groundwater quality standards, 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 6.06(l)(n), the applicable surface water quality provision, 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 4.05(5)(c), does not contain a general limit on the concentration of nitrogen, but instead requires the setting of a site-specific limit on nutrients. It provides that “[n]utrients [s]hall not exceed the site-specific limits necessary to control accelerated or cultural eutrophication.” The permit explicitly set the amount of nitrogen the plant may discharge based on the site-specific nitrogen [843]*843limits of the Pond, and therefore, as to the surface water quality regulations, the applicable standards are also met.
The plaintiffs additionally argue that the commissioner failed adequately to address the antidegradation provisions of the surface water quality provision, 314 Code Mass. Regs. § 4.04(5), which provides, in relevant part:
“There shall be no new or increased point source discharge to tributaries of lakes or ponds that would encourage cultural eutrophication or the growth of weeds or algae in these lakes or ponds. Any existing point source discharge containing nutrients in concentrations which encourage eutrophication or growth of weeds or algae shall be provided with the highest and best practical treatment to remove such nutrients. Activities which result in the nonpoint source discharge of nutrients to lakes and ponds shall be provided with all reasonable best management practices for nonpoint source control.”
The commissioner explicitly noted that the antidegradation provision additionally requires the protection of the existing uses of the Pond, protection of the existing level of water quality, and nonpoint source controls to address eutrophication. However, the commissioner further noted, additional permit conditions were unnecessary to meet these provisions, given that the permit limitations result in increased discharge volume, but no actual increase in the nitrogen loading to the Pond. The commissioner’s discussion of this provision was sufficient.16
There is no dispute that the waters of the Pond are already stressed. See Johnson v. Edgartown, 425 Mass. 117, 124 (1997) (“The pond is on the brink of, and sometimes crosses the line [844]*844of, becoming unhealthy”). However, it was reasonable for the department to conclude that the substantially upgraded plant itself will not contribute to a condition in violation of the groundwater or surface water quality regulations if it remains within its allocated nitrogen discharge limit. Moreover, the possibility that the condition of the recharge area might change in fifteen to twenty years did not foreclose the agency’s reasonable decision, based on scientific projections, to grant a discharge permit to the substantially upgraded facility, which contributes effluent that currently meets all of the applicable groundwater and surface water quality standards and will eventually enhance the over-all quality of the Pond.17
Given the unfortunate byproducts that often accompany our [845]*845modem way of life, this permit is reasonable and complies with the department’s statutory obligation under the Massachusetts Clean Water Act, G. L. c. 21, §§ 26-53, to protect fragile environmental resources. See Brookline v. Commissioner of the Dep’t of Envtl. Quality Eng’g, 387 Mass. 372, 379 (1982) (“What may be injurious to life or interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life is best left to the [department] to determine on a case-by-case basis in light of the most current scientific evidence”). We now address the plaintiffs’ evidentiary dispute.
4. Cross-examination testimony. The plaintiffs argue that the administrative law judge erroneously excluded material they attempted to introduce through cross-examination concerning whether sufficient limitations exist to cause nitrogen reductions from other sources, which was crucial to the allocation approach that the administrative law judge employed and the commissioner adopted. There was no error.
An administrative law judge “may exclude the testimony of any witness which would be duplicative, irrelevant, or otherwise unnecessary.” 310 Code Mass. Regs. § 1.01(13)(f)(l) (2004). We give deference to his determinations of evidentiary matters, as these matters are well within the his discretion. See Sudbury v. Department of Pub. Utils., 351 Mass. 214, 219 (1966). “ ‘[U]nless the admission [or exclusion] of the evidence resulted in a denial ... of substantial justice,’ the appellants have no valid complaint.” Id. at 220, quoting Mayor of Everett v. Superior Court, 324 Mass. 144, 148 (1949).
The record illustrates that over the course of the five-day hearing, the administrative law judge carefully considered all of the relevant evidence and then, on two separate occasions, rejected the proffering of cross-examination testimony from two of the department’s witnesses regarding controlling future nitrogen loading of the Pond from sources other than the facility. The administrative law judge carefully explained the reasons for doing so and ultimately concluded that the testimony was irrelevant. The adoption of the annual nitrogen target limit of 2,200 kilograms for the plant, as allocated and recommended by [846]*846the Wilcox Report, did not broaden the permit proceedings into an inquiry of what measures are necessary to limit nitrogen contribution from the other sources named in the report. This evidence was not material to the groundwater permit proceedings. Given that the Wilcox Report analyzed all of the data regarding all of the likely growth scenarios; that the plaintiffs do not dispute the factual conclusions reached in the report; and the requirement in the groundwater discharge permit that the town create a study to manage all nitrogen loading the Pond, the additional cross-examination testimony of the department witnesses was unnecessary. The administrative law judge concluded, and we agree, that the testimony would have added little to the administrative record. Because there was no denial of substantial justice, we will not disturb his evidentiary ruling.
Conclusion. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Superior Court judge is affirmed.
So ordered.