WOODS, Circuit Judge,
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
The authorities cited in support of the proposition that the power to establish municipal corporations, and to enlarge or contract their boundaries, is legislative, are numerous and conclusive: Dill. Mun. Corp. § 9; 1 Beach, Pub. Corp. § 80; Cooley, Const. Lim. (4th Ed.) 282; Stone v. Charlestown, 114 Mass. 220; People v. Bennett, 29 Mich. 451; Galesburg v. Hawkinson, 75 Ill. 152; People v. Town of Nevada, 6 Cal. 143; Stilz v. Indianapolis, 55 Ind. 515; Coffin v. State, 7 Ind. 157; Sloan v. State, 8 Blackf. 361; Laramie Co. v. Albany Co., 92 U. S. 310; Meriwether v. Garrett, 102 U. S. 472. And, being a legislative power, the rule in Indiana, as in other states, is that it cannot be conferred upon or exercised by a court whose functions are judicial. Wright v. Defrees, 8 Ind. 298; Shoultz v. McPheeters, 79 Ind. 373; State v. Noble, 118 Ind. 350, 21 N. E. 244; State v. Denny, 118 Ind. 382, 21 N. E. 252; Hovey v. State, 127 Ind. 588, 27 N. E. 175; State v. Kolsem, 130 Ind. 442, 29 N. E. 595; State v. Haworth, 122 Ind. 462, 23 N. E. 946; Hancock v. Yaden, 121 Ind. 366, 23 N. E. 253; Greenough v. Greenough, 11 Pa. St. 489; Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall. 457.
It is contended, nevertheless, that since the decision in Grusenmeyer v. City of Logansport, 76 Ind. 549, the right of appeal from the ' board of county' commissioners in such cases, under the Indiana statutes on the subject, has been regarded as established. That case, however, does not so decide, nor contain anything to justify an inference to that effect; and in only one of the many cases since decided in which reference was made to that decision has it been so interpreted. It has been cited frequently as authority for the proposition that, under the general statute which authorizes appeals from decisions of county boards, there is a right of appeal from any decision of a judicial character, made in any proceeding by a board of [447]*447commissioners. Bryan v. Moore, 81 Ind. 9; Board v. Pressley, Id. 361; La Plante v. Lee, 83 Ind. 155; City of Indianapolis v. McAvoy, 86 Ind. 587; Miller v. Embree, 88 Ind. 133; Board of Com’rs of Cass Co. v. Logansport, etc., Road Co., Id. 199; Board v. Karp, 90 Ind. 236; Padgett v. State, 93 Ind. 396; City of Terre Haute v. Beach, 96 Ind. 143; City of Logansport v. La Rose, 99 Ind. 117; Strosser v. Ft. Wayne, 100 Ind. 447; Waller v. Wood, 101 Ind. 138; Platter v. Board, 103 Ind. 360, 2 N. E. 544; Bunnell v. Board, 124 Ind. 1, 24 N. E. 370; Farley v. Board, 126 Ind. 469, 26 N. E. 174; Improvement Co. v. Wagner, 134 Ind. 698, 34 N. E. 535. In none of these cases was there an appeal, or any question touching the right of appeal, from an order extending or affecting the limits of a city. In the last case the appeal was from an order of a board of commissioners, made in a proceeding to incorporate a town, that an election be held by the inhabitants of the territory to determine whether (hey would incorporate. The order was held to be not final, and therefore not appealable, but in the course of the opinion it is said:
“There was formerly some conflict in our decisions as to whether an appeal would lie from an order of a board of county commissioners incorporating, or refusing to incorporate, a town. But in 1he case of Grusenmeycr v. City of Logansport, 70 Ind. 549, that question was sot at rest, and it is no longer a matter of doubt that such appeal does lie.”
Crusenmeyer and others, according to the report of the case, presented a petition for the incorporation of the town of Taberville; but, it being asserted that the territory had already been annexed to the cily of Logansport, the board of commissioners rejected the petition. The petitioners took an appeal to the circuit court, where a motion was made, and sustained, to dismiss the appeal; and from that order an appeal was prosecuted to the supreme court, where counsel for the appellee, the city, advanced the following propositions:
“(t) That the right of appeal is purely statutory; that the incorporation of towns is a special proceeding, under a statute which does not provide for an appeal; and that, under the doctrine of Allen v. Ilostetter, 16 Ind. 15, no appeal is permissible. (2) That by section 10, art. 6, of the constitution, ‘the general assembly may confer upon the boards doing county business in ¡lie several counties powers of a local administrative character’; and that the power to incorporate towns is such a power, to be exercised by the board in its legislative discretion; and that from the exercise of such a power there can be no appeal. (3) That there can be no appeal, because the circuit court cannot ‘make a final determination of the proceedings thus appealed, and cause the same to be executed’; that the circuit court eaunot give the notice, receive the returns, nor declare the result of the election; that it is not a. question before the court, or with which it has anything to do; it is a legislative act; and the court, having no power to move in the premises, cannot compel the board to do it.”
The authorities touching the first proposition are reviewed at length, but the others are disposed of briefly at the end of the opinion, where it is said:
"We therefore hold that, under section 31 of the general law, there is a right of appeal from any decision of a judicial character, made by a county board in any proceeding, unless the right is denied expressly or by necessary implication, and such implication docs not arise from the fact that the judgment is declared to be conclusive, it can hardly be necessary to add that nothing is herein said or decided which can be construed to imply a [448]*448right of appeal from the decisions of the boards upon matters of' discretion. The second proposition of the appellant is disposed of by Taylor v. City of Ft. Wayne, 47 Ind. 274. The board has no discretion to grant or refuse the application, if the proper preliminary steps have been taken by the petitioners. The decision of the board in such a case is judicial, and not merely administrative or legislative. In answer to the' third proposition, it is enough to say that the circuit court, under its general powers, and under the 37th section of the act of June 17, 1852, before referred to, has ample power to dispose of the case on appeal.”
In Taylor v. City of Ft. Wayne, as in the cases of Grusenmeyer v. Logansport and Improvement Co. v. Wagner, the proceeding was under the act of June 11, 1852 (sections 4314 [3293], 4322 [3301], Revisions of 1894 and 1881), to incorporate a town. By the provisions of that act, the board of commissioners are given no discretion, except such as any court has in respect to the weight and sufficiency of evidence adduced, but, upon, satisfactory proof of certain facts which must be set out in the petition, are required to order an election “to determine whether such territory shall be an incorporated town,” and upon the return of the vote, if -favorable to incorporation, to “make an order declaring that said town has been incorporated”; and, after setting out the provisions of the statute, the court said:
“The statute conferred power and authority upon the board of county commissioners to hear and determine the application of the appellants, and whether the requirements of the act under which the application was made had' been fully complied with. The board had - acquired jurisdiction. It was their duty to proceed with the consideration of the cause, and, if the evidence was sufficient to satisfy them that the requirements of the law had been complied with, to make the proper order, provided for in section ‘5. The aijpellants were entitled to the order that the meeting and vote provided for in the statute might be had; and, if in favor of the proposition, they were also entitled to the order provided for in section 9, after which the territory would be an incorporated town, by the name adopted.”
It was in interpretation and reaffirmance of tbis construction of the statute that it was said in the Grusenmeyer Case that “the board has no discretion to grant or refuse the application, if the preliminary steps have been taken by the petitioners”; that “the decision of the board in such a case is judicial, and not merely administrative or legislative”; and hence that there was a right of appeal. “Such a case,” however, is not the one before us, which arose under a radically different statute, whereby it is left to the discretion of the board, according to its own opinion, to grant or refuse the proposed annexation. Such discretion is of the essence of a legislative power. . In the proceeding under the act of 1852, for the incorporation of towns, all discretion is left to the voters of the district which it is proposed to incorporate, while the powers given to'the boards of commissioners .are to hear proofs, determine facts, declare their conclusion, and make the proper order. ' Such powers are essentially judicial, and from decisions made in the exercise of them, though incidental to a legislative end or proceeding, it was competent for the legislature to allow an appeal. That much- the cases which we have been comparing mean, but they ,do not mean that appeals may be prosecuted from decisions upon [449]*449matters of discretion, whether legislative or judicial, unless, it may be, in cases of gross abuse of judicial discretion. On the contrary, by the Grusenmeyer Case, and by many other decisions in Indiana and elsewhere, the right of appeal from discretionary orders is denied. Hanna v. Board, 29 Ind. 170; Moffit v. State, 40 Ind. 220; City of Ft. Wayne v. Cody, 43 Ind. 200; Alexander v. Road Co., 44 Ind. 436; Catterlin v. City of Frankfort, 87 Ind. 45; Hunt v. State, 93 Ind. 311; Waller v. Wood, 101 Ind. 139; Platter v. Board, 103 Ind. 360, 374, 2 N. E. 544; Farley v. Board, 126 Ind. 468, 26 N. E. 174; Bunnell v. Board, 124 Ind. 1, 24 N. E. 370; State v. Board of Com’rs of Tippecanoe Co., 131 Ind. 90, 30 N. E. 892; Motz v. City of Detroit, 18 Mich. 495; Owners of Ground v. Mayor, etc., of Albany, 15 Wend. 374; Com. v. Woods, 44 Pa. St. 113; Foster v. Neilson, 2 Pet. 253; Jones v. U. S., 137 U. S. 202, 11 Sup. Ct. 80; In re Cooper, 143 U. S. 472, 12 Sup. Ct. 453.
By the act of May 31, 1879, a right of appeal to the circuit court "in proceedings before the boards of county commissioners for the annexation of territory to cities and towns against the will of the owner” was expressly given both to the petitioner and to the owner of any portion of the territory proposed to be annexed; but manifestly it was not intended thereby io take away or modify the discretion with which the act of 1867, § 3660, supra, clothes the board, nor to give an appeal from any decision of the board in so far as in the particular instance it was discretionary. But in so far as the board, in any such case, determines questions of fact which are essential either to the jurisdiction of the board in the proceeding or to the right of annexation, as, for instance, the fact, and sufficiency of notice, contiguity and ownership of lands, or whether the lands had been platted, its action is of a judicial character, and may properly be made subject to review on appeal; that is to say, if the board should order an annexation of territory which was not contiguous, or of contiguous territory without proper notice of the proceeding having been published, an aggrieved owner of land might appeal; or, on the other hand, if, upon proper petition and notice, the board should order the annexation of only a part of the laud sought to be annexed, or should deny the petition in toto, putting its decision expressly and solely upon the ground that the territory was not contiguous, or that the names of the true owners of the land were not given, or that the notice was insufficient, or that the lands had been platted by the owner before the proceedings were commenced, the appeal, doubtless, might be prosecuted by the petitioner. But in respect to the reasons for annexation, in so far, at least, as they should be designed, and he of a nature, only to affect the opinion of the hoard in respect to the propriety or policy of the proposed annexation, the-statute cannot reasonably he said to have been intended to give an appeal, and, if so intended, it was to that extent ineffectual, as an attempt to give the courts a legislative power. See Commissioners v. Griffin, 134 Ill. 330, 341, 25 N. E. 995. In disposing of any such appeal, the circuit court, it would seem clear, must confine itself to questions [450]*450of a judicial character, and, according to the circumstances, enter a final order, or send the case back to the board of commissioners, but in no case may order annexation unless the record shows that in the opinion of the board, if the proceedings were regular, the prayer of the petition ought to be granted.
But at this point we are confronted with the decision of the supreme court of Indiana, affirming the judgment of the Porter circuit court, whereby the annexation was ordered, which we are asked to treat as null and void. In the original opinion, which was delivered prior to the hearing before us,” the question of the jurisdiction of the courts over the subject-matter was not mentioned (40 N. E. 267); but, in the opinion upon a petition for a rehearing (41 N. E. 950), the court says:
“One of the positions taken by counsel in support of their petition for a rehearing of this case is that the circuit court had no jurisdiction of the appeal from the board of county commissioners, for the reason that the annexation of territory to a city is a legislative, and not’a judicial, function;' and, as such, in ease of unplatted lands, the board of county commissioners is given sole and final jurisdiction in the premises. The proposition so advanced was not urged in the original argument, nor on the trial of the cause, and is now brought to our attention- for the first time; but as it is a question that affects the jurisdiction of the trial court, and also of this court, it is one that will be entertained at any time. It may be conceded that annexation of territory to a city is a legislative function. This function is exercised by the common council when it resolves to annex certain described lands to the city, and to present a petition therefor to the county board. It must be admitted, however, as we think, that the after proceedings had upon the petition are of a judicial nature. The petition must give the reasons why, in the opinion of the council, the annexation should take place. The sufficiency of such reasons, and whether they in fact exist, calls for the decision of the tribunal appointed to hear the petition. Notice of the presentation of the petition is also provided for, and adverse parties are thus brought in. Whether the proper preliminary steps have been taken, whether the reasons given in the petition are true and are sufficient, seem to be questions calling for a judicial examination and decision. In a similar ease (Grusenmeyer v. City of Logansport, 76 Ind. 549) it was said by Woods, J., speaking for this court, that ‘the decision of the board in such a case is judicial, and not merely administrative or legislative.’ But if the board, ih considering and deciding upon the petition, acts in a judicial capacity, certainly the legislature may, as it has done in this case, provide for an appeal to the courts, to determine whether the city council and the county board have complied with the statutory requirements in the action taken. It is the law itself, as has been said, that fixes the conditions of annexation; and the office of the board and of the court is to determine whether the conditions so prescribed by the law have been complied with. The legislature has expressly provided for such judicial determination by the board, and for an appeal therefrom to the courts, and this court has frequently recognized the right to such appeal. Rev. St. 1894, § 4224 (Rev. St. 1881, § 3243); Catterlin v. City of Frankfort, 87 Ind. 45; Chandler v. City of Kokomo, 137 Ind. 295, 36 N. E. 847; Wilcox v. City of Tipton (at this term) 42 N. E. 614. See, also, Manufacturing Co. v. Emery (at this term) 41 N. E. 814; City of Wahoo v. Dickinson, 23 Neb. 426, 36 N. W. 813.”
That the G-rusenmeyer Case is not similar, but radically different, has already been explained; and, while the other cases referred to recognize the right of appeal in proceedings for annexation, they do not countenance appeals in respect to matters of discretion. On the contrary, in Catterlin v. City of Frankfort the disputed [451]*451questions were of a judicial character, and, in the course of the opinion, it is said that, the stat ute not having prescribed what reasons for the proposed annexation shall be set forth in the petition, “their sufficiency is necessarily left to the sound discretion of the authority passing upon the petition”; that is to say, to the board of commissioners.
This expression of the Catterlin Case is quoted and reaffirmed in the later eases cited. In Chandler v. City of Kokomo, after quoting it. the court adds:
"If, as indicated, the sufficiency of the reasons is a question within the sound discretion of the authority to which they are addressed, we could not review the exercise of that discretion, unless, possibly, we should iind that It had been palpably abused.”
And, to the same point, in Manufacturing Co. v. Emery it is said:
“If we could review the exercise of discretion as to the sufficiency of the reasons stated for annexation when it had been palpably abused, — a question we do not decide, — we would he compelled to adjudge that there was no such abuse in this case.”
It is evident that in these utterances it was assumed that the discretion referred to was a judicial discretion, and, if that; were so, there might, doubtless, be a review in cases of palpable abuse; but, once it is conceded to be a legislative; discretion, its exercise by the power which possesses it can be reconsidered or revoked, as we suppose, only by the same or a higher legislative power. The cases cited, except, perhaps, that from Nebraska, decide nothing to the contrary.
It: being conceded that the annexation of territory to a city is a legislative function, the proposition that under the statute “this function is exercised by the common council, when it; resolves to annex certain described lands to the city, and to present a petition therefor to the county board,” is, we think, untenable. Legislative power over a subject, though delegated to a subordinate agency, must, in the nature of things, be dominating; and, if it be regularly exercised, the result must be as conclusive as if accomplished by direct legislative enactment. If it be subject to any other power, it is not legislative. in cases of the annexation of unplatted lands against the will of the owner, the common council does not “resolve to annex.” It has power, and can lawfully resolve, simply to petition for the annexation of territory of defined limits, and only in respect to the limits of the territory has it a discretion which is final or conclusive. A board of commissioners in Indiana cannot; order the annexation of less or more or different territory than that described in the petition (City of Peru v. Bearss, 55 Ind. 576); but the final power to determine whether the annexation asked shall be ordered is given to the county board, and is made wholly discretionary. The vital distinction seems to have been overlooked that this statute does not in all particulars “fix the conditions of annexation,” and it is not the office of the board simply to determine “whether the conditions so prescribed by the law have been complied with.” The proceedings may be in all respects regular, and the board may find that the reasons [452]*452for annexation set forth in the petition are true as stated, and yet may disregard them, and either refuse or grant annexation upon considerations not mentioned in the petition. Without a petition nothing can be done, but, once a petition has been presented, the board acquires control of the subject-matter, and, upon proper notice, may order the annexation, “if, after inspection of the map and of the proceedings had in the case', such board is of opinion that the prayer of the petition should be granted”; that is to say, the board is given unqualified discretion in respect,to final action upon a subject which is confessedly legislative. It is therefore necessarily a legislative discretion, over which, consistently with the constitutional distribution of powers, the courts could not be given and cannot assume control. Platted lands contiguous to a city may be annexed simply by resolution of the common council, and unplatted lands, with the consent of the owner, may be so annexed. For such cases it may be true, in a sense, that the legislative function and discretion are bestowed on the common council, or on the council and owner of the land together, though it may be more accurate to say, in respect to that class of cases, as the court below said more generally, that there ' is no delegation of legislative power; the platting of the land, or the i consent of the owner, and the annexing resolution of the common ' council being merely the antecedent facts upon which the statute ; ex proprio vigore effects the annexation. It is immaterial here, except for the purposes of comparison or contrast, which of these . views is the correct one. Let it be conceded that- in such a case the ¡legislative function is exercised by the common council when it re- ¡ solves to annex. Such an act bears a legislative aspect, because it is , discretionary and conclusive in respect to a legislative subject.
It was in accord with this view that the court in Chandler v. City ' of Kokomo, supra, declared that “the only feature in which the jurisdiction of the common council and that of the board of commissioners were distinguished was in the one fact as to whether the lands to be annexed were platted or not,” and then added: “This fact was clearly a jurisdictional fact, and it was, as such, not only necessary to be alleged, but also to be proven.” That is to say, if the jurisdiction of one is legislative, so is that of the other; the common council being empowered to annex platted lands, or unplatted lands with the owner’s consent, and the board being authorized to act only in respect to unplatted lands.
In the case of City of Delphi v. Startzman, 104 Ind. 343, 3 N. E. 937, the court says:
“Our decisions have uniformly declared that in such a case as this [that is, where the territory is not platted] the city must petition the board of county commissioners, and secure an order from that body. * * * This case does not belong to the class over which the common council has jurisdiction. On the cpntrary it belongs to a class over which the board of commissioners has exclusive, original jurisdiction.”
In the same opinion is found the following statement, which treats the subject as political or legislative:
“The question is not simply one of relief from taxation, but the question is as to the right to compulsorily change the property of the citizens from the [453]*453territorial limits of one political corporation into those of another and different corporation. It is, in fact, a question as to the right to supplant one local government by another.”
In Stilz r. Indianapolis, supra, it was explicitly held that the statute which we are considering “should be closely construed, because it is a delegation of legislative power.” But, if thereby the boards have legislative power, it must consist in the discretion given them to grant or refuse a petition for annexation. No other' power is given which can be called “legislative,” unless the dictionaries and adjudications alike are to be disregarded.
The hearing upon this appeal had been had before the decision upon the petition for a rehearing in the state court was rendered, and, before we bad knowledge of it, we had in consultation agreed upon the opposite view. That decision (in which, for the first time, the court has recognized the right of appeal to the circuit court from a decision of a county board refusing to order an annexation of territory to a city), it is clear, was the result largely of a misapprehension of the Grusemneyer Case, and in part of the decision below in this case, which itself is due partly to the same misapprehension, and partly to the supposed effect of the constitutional inhibition against special legislation, — a matter which we do not regard as of controlling significance. Under the circumstances, are we required to yield our judgment to the authority of that ruling? We think it indisputable that the creation of municipal corporations, including the changing of municipal boundaries, like the law of real estate, is a local subject, in respect to which the federal courts follow the established local rules. “The well-settled rule in this court,” said the supreme court in Luther v. Borden, 7 How. 40, “is that the courts of the United States adopt and follow the decisions of the state courts in questions which concern merely the constitution and laws of the state.” See, also, Bucher v. Railroad Co., 125 U. S. 582, 8 Sup. Ct. 974. The subject was more fully considered in Burgess v. Seligman, 107 U. S. 20, 2 Sup. Ct. 10, where, in respect to the liability of stockholders under a statute of Missouri, the supreme court of that state< had passed upon the questions involved in the case, “and [as here} on the very transaction” which the federal supreme court was considering, and the latter court, with an avowed purpose to obviate misapprehension of expressions used in earlier decisions, said:
‘Wo do not consider ourselves bound to follow the decision ot the state court in this case. When the transactions in controversy occurred, and when the case was under the consideration of the circuit court, no construction of the statute had been given by the state tribunals contrary to that given by the circuit court. The federal courts have an independent jurisdiction in the administration of state laws, co-ordinate with, and not subordinate to, that of the state courts, and are bound to exercise their own judgment as to the meaning and effect of those laws. The existence of two co-ordinate jurisdictions in the same territory is peculiar, and the results would be anomalous and inconvenient but for the exercise of mutual respect and deference. Since the ordinary administration of the law is carried on by the state courts, it necessarily happens that, by the course of their decisions, certain rules are established which become rules of property and action in the state, and have all the effect of law, and which it would be wrong to disturb. This is especially true with regard to the law [454]*454of real estate and the construction of state Constitutions and statutes'. Such established rules are always regarded by the federal courts, no less than by the state courts themselves, as authoritative decisions of what the law is. But where the law has not been thus settled, it is the right and duty of the federal courts to exercise their own judgment, as they also always do in reference to the doctrines of commercial law and general jurisprudence. So when contracts and transactions have been entered into, and rights have accrued thereon under a particular state of the decisions, or where there has been no decision, of the 'state tribunals, the federal courts properly ") claim the right to adopt their own interpretation of the law applicable to the case, although a different interpretation may be adopted by the state courts after such rights have accrued. But even in such cases, for the sake of harmony, and to avoid confusion, the federal courts will lean towards an agreement of views with the state courts if the question seemed to them balanced with doubt. Acting on these principles, founded, as they are, on comity and good sense, the Courts_pf the United States, without sacrificing their own dignity as independent tribunals, endeavor to avoid, and in most cases do avoid, any unseemly conflict with the well-considered decisions of t'he state courts- As, however, the Very object of giving to the national courts jurisdiction to administer the laws of the states in controversies between citizens of different states was to institute independent tribunals Which it might be supposed would be unaffected by local prejudices and sectional views, it would be a dereliction of their duty not to exercise an independent judgment in cases not foreclosed by previous adjudication. As ■ this matter has received our special consideration, we have endeavored thus briefly to state our views with distinctness, in order to obviate any misapprehensions that may arise from language and expressions used in previous decisions. The principal cases bearing upon the subject are referred to in the -note, but it is not deemed necessary to discuss them in detail. In the ■present ease, as already observed, when the transactions in question took place, and when the decision of the circuit court was rendered, not only wa.s there no settled construction of the statute on the point under consideration, but the Missouri cases referred to arose upon the identical transactions which the circuit court was called upon, and which we are now called upon, to consider. It can hardly be contended that the federal court •was to wait for the state courts to decide the merits of the controversy, and then simply register their decision, or that the judgment of the circuit court should be reversed merely because the state court has since adopted a different view. If we could see fair and reasonable ground to acquiesce in that view, we should gladly do so; but, in the exercise of that independent judgment which it is our duty to apply to the ease, we are forced to a different conclusion. Pease v. Peck, 18 How. 595, and Morgan v. Curtenius, 20 How. 1, in which the opinions of the court were delivered by Mr. Justice Grier, are precisely in point.”
In Pease v. Peck the court said:
“There are, it is true, many dicta to be found in our decisions averring that the courts of the United States are bound to follow the decisions of the state courts on the construction of' their own laws. But although this may be • a correct, yet a rather strong, expression of a general rule, it, cannot be received as the enunciation of a maxim of universal application. Accordingly, our reports furnish many cases of exceptions to it. In all eases where there is a settled construction of the laws of a state, by its highest judicature, established by admitted precedent, it is the practice of the 'courts of the United States to receive.and adopt it without criticism or. further inquiry. But, when this court have first decided a question arising under state laws, we do not feel bound to surrender our convictions on account of a contrary subsequent decision of a state court, as in- the case of Rowan v. Runnels, 5 How. 139. When the decisions of a state court are not consistent, we do not feel bound to follow the last, if it is contrary to our own convictions; and much more is this the case where, after a long course of consistent decisions, sorbe new light suddenly springs up, or an excited public opinion has elicited new doctrines, subversive of a former [455]*455safe precedent. Oases may exist, also, when a cause is got up in a state court for the very purpose of anticipating our decision of a question known to he pending in this court. Nor do we feel bound in any case in which a point is first raised in the courts of the United States, and has been decided in a circuit court, to reverse that decision conti ary to our own convictions, in order to conform to a state decision made in the meantime. Such decisions have not the character of established precedent declarative of the settled law of a state. Parties who, by the constitution and laws of the United States, have a right to have their controversies decided in their tribunals, have a right to demand the unbiased judgment of the court.”
The decision of the state court which we are asked to follow seems to us to he in plain conflict with the weight and general current of authority on the subject. It is, too, not only not the logical result of the previous decisions of that court, which may be deemed relevant to the question, but, as we think, distinctly inconsistent with them, and therefore ought not to he accepted as a declaration of the settled law of the state. Nor can we yield to the view so enunciated on the ground that the question is “balanced with doubt.” “If we could see fair and reasonable ground to acquiesce in that view, we would gladly do so; but, in the exercise of that independent judgment which it is our duty to apply to the case, we are forced to a different conclusion.”
We think that, upon the facts alleged, the circuit court erred in refusing a temporary restraining order and in dismissing the bill. The order of dismissal is therefore reversed, and the cause remanded, with instruction fox* further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.