Mr. Justice GRIER
delivered the opinion of the court.
Peck the plaintiff below, declared against Pease in an action of debt on a judgment obtained in the circuit court of the territory (now State) of Michigan, at the term of January, 1836. The defendant pleaded the statute of limitations of eight years; to which the plaintiff replied that he did not at any time reside in the State of Michigan, but in parts “ beyond seas,” to wit, in the State of New York.
’ The defendant demurred to the replication.
The objection to this replication is not to the construction of the statute which is assumed by the plaintiff to govern the case, or an allegation that, according to the settled construction of the word “ beyond seas,” the replication is defective. But it is intended ' to deny that the statute of limitations pleaded has any such provision in it. The question is, therefore, not what is the construction of an admitted statute, but what is the statute. "For each party admits that if the statute be as claimed by his opponent, his construction of it is correct.
By the ordinance of 1787,- “ for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio,” it is provided “that the governor and judges, or a majority of them shall adopt and publish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal' and civil, as may be necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and report them -to congress from time to time, which laws shall be in force in the district until [596]*596the organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by congress; but afterwards the legislature shall have authority to alter them, as they shall see fit.”
By an act of congress of 24th April, 1820, 3 Stats, at Large, 565, the. laws of Michigan territory in force, were ordered to be printed under the direction of the secretary of state, and a competent number distributed to the people of said territory.
In the volume of the laws so published by authority in that year, is a statute of limitations, which the governor and judges certify to have been “ adopted from the laws of the State of' Vermont, as far as necessary and suitable to the circumstances of the territory of Michigan.”
The eighth section of this act provides that “ actions of debt or scire facias on judgment must be brought within eight years after the rendition of the judgment, &c.”
The 10th section enacts that “ this act shall not extend to bar any infant, feme covert, person imprisoned, or beyond seas, or without the United States, or non compos mentis, &c.”
On the 21st of April, 1825, the legislature of the territory, which had been now organized, appointed certain individuals to. revise the laws of the territory. They were required “ to examine all the laws then in ’ force, to revise, consolidate, and digest them, making such alterations or additions as they may deem expedient.”
On the 27th of December, 1826, the commissioners report to the legislature the statutes as revised by them, stating that considerable alterations and some additions had been made by them. These laws received the sanction of the legislature, and were published by authority, in 1827. By this it appears that'they adopted the statute of limitations, and the 10th section thereof, from the published acts of 1820, and as stated above. Again, in 1833, “ the laws of the territory of Michigan were condensed, arranged, and passed by the fifth legislative council,” and were again published under authority of the legislature. The 10th section is again stated in the same words.
The law, as thus published,"has been acknowledged by the people and the courts, and received a harmonious interpretation for thirty years. But it has lately been discovered that the text or original manuscript adopted by the governor and judges in 1820, differs from the printed statutes, as published by authority, • as to the words of this 10th section. It. reads as follows: “Persons imprisoned or without the United States,” — having the words “beyond seas” erased; wherteas the printed statutes, retain the words “beyond seas,” and add .or interpolate the word “ or.”
It is no doubt true, as a general rule, that the mistake of a-[597]*597transcriber or printer cannot change the law; and that when the statutés published by authority are found to differ from the original on file among the public archives, that the courts will receive the latter as containing the expressed will of the legislature in preference to the former. Yet, as the people who are governed by the laws, and the courts who administer them, practically know the law only from the authorized publication of them,' the propriety of recurring to ancient, altered, and erased manuscripts, for the purpose of changing their construction after a lapse of thirty years, and after their construction has been long settled by the-courts, and has entered as an element into the contracts and business of the citizens, may well be doubted. The reception and long acquiescence in them, as printed and distributed by authority, by those who had it always in their power to alter or annul them, and did not, may justly be treated as a ratification of them in that form by the sovereign people. .The maxim communis error facit jus, though said to be dangerous in its application, “ because it sets up a misconception of the law, for destruction of the law,” might here find a safe and proper application, and make it one of the “ some cases” in which it is said the law so favor's the public good, that it will permit a common error to pass for'right. Noy’s Maxims, 37, 4 Inst. 240.
But we need not have recourse to any doubtful speculations in order to arrive at a satisfactory solution of this question. The laws reported by the governor and judges were intended to be temporary, and to remain in force only till the territory should be fully organized, as provided by. the ordinance. After such organization, “the legislature is authorized to alter them as they see fit.” Accordingly, when the territory of Michigan was so organized, by the election of such council, legislature, or “ general assembly,” they proceeded at onee to have a code or digest of the laws reported for the future government of the territory, and they adopt, reject, alter, and. add to, the former laws “as they saw fit.” After the promulgation of their code, that of the governor and judges is entirely supplanted, and has no longer any force or effect whatever. Those who look for the rule of - action which is to govern them, seek it no longer in the code which has been ábrogated, and, having effected its temporary purpose, has become-obsolete and null, but in that which has the sanction of-their own legislature.- The declaration of the legislative will is to be -sought from documents originating with them, or published by their' sanction. The original documents reported by the judges may be the best evidence of what statutes they intended temporarily to adopt, and what was their will and intention, but cannot be received as any evidence of the will and intention of a legislature ordaining a néw and permanent [598]*598system of laws under powers delégated to them by congress and the people of the territory. It may well be. presumed, that the legislature had no -knowledge of this newly discovered erasure in the original, and supposed interpolation in the printed copy of the laws, reported by the judges in 1820 ; and that they .adopted the law as they found it in,the copy — printed by.
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Mr. Justice GRIER
delivered the opinion of the court.
Peck the plaintiff below, declared against Pease in an action of debt on a judgment obtained in the circuit court of the territory (now State) of Michigan, at the term of January, 1836. The defendant pleaded the statute of limitations of eight years; to which the plaintiff replied that he did not at any time reside in the State of Michigan, but in parts “ beyond seas,” to wit, in the State of New York.
’ The defendant demurred to the replication.
The objection to this replication is not to the construction of the statute which is assumed by the plaintiff to govern the case, or an allegation that, according to the settled construction of the word “ beyond seas,” the replication is defective. But it is intended ' to deny that the statute of limitations pleaded has any such provision in it. The question is, therefore, not what is the construction of an admitted statute, but what is the statute. "For each party admits that if the statute be as claimed by his opponent, his construction of it is correct.
By the ordinance of 1787,- “ for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio,” it is provided “that the governor and judges, or a majority of them shall adopt and publish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal' and civil, as may be necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and report them -to congress from time to time, which laws shall be in force in the district until [596]*596the organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by congress; but afterwards the legislature shall have authority to alter them, as they shall see fit.”
By an act of congress of 24th April, 1820, 3 Stats, at Large, 565, the. laws of Michigan territory in force, were ordered to be printed under the direction of the secretary of state, and a competent number distributed to the people of said territory.
In the volume of the laws so published by authority in that year, is a statute of limitations, which the governor and judges certify to have been “ adopted from the laws of the State of' Vermont, as far as necessary and suitable to the circumstances of the territory of Michigan.”
The eighth section of this act provides that “ actions of debt or scire facias on judgment must be brought within eight years after the rendition of the judgment, &c.”
The 10th section enacts that “ this act shall not extend to bar any infant, feme covert, person imprisoned, or beyond seas, or without the United States, or non compos mentis, &c.”
On the 21st of April, 1825, the legislature of the territory, which had been now organized, appointed certain individuals to. revise the laws of the territory. They were required “ to examine all the laws then in ’ force, to revise, consolidate, and digest them, making such alterations or additions as they may deem expedient.”
On the 27th of December, 1826, the commissioners report to the legislature the statutes as revised by them, stating that considerable alterations and some additions had been made by them. These laws received the sanction of the legislature, and were published by authority, in 1827. By this it appears that'they adopted the statute of limitations, and the 10th section thereof, from the published acts of 1820, and as stated above. Again, in 1833, “ the laws of the territory of Michigan were condensed, arranged, and passed by the fifth legislative council,” and were again published under authority of the legislature. The 10th section is again stated in the same words.
The law, as thus published,"has been acknowledged by the people and the courts, and received a harmonious interpretation for thirty years. But it has lately been discovered that the text or original manuscript adopted by the governor and judges in 1820, differs from the printed statutes, as published by authority, • as to the words of this 10th section. It. reads as follows: “Persons imprisoned or without the United States,” — having the words “beyond seas” erased; wherteas the printed statutes, retain the words “beyond seas,” and add .or interpolate the word “ or.”
It is no doubt true, as a general rule, that the mistake of a-[597]*597transcriber or printer cannot change the law; and that when the statutés published by authority are found to differ from the original on file among the public archives, that the courts will receive the latter as containing the expressed will of the legislature in preference to the former. Yet, as the people who are governed by the laws, and the courts who administer them, practically know the law only from the authorized publication of them,' the propriety of recurring to ancient, altered, and erased manuscripts, for the purpose of changing their construction after a lapse of thirty years, and after their construction has been long settled by the-courts, and has entered as an element into the contracts and business of the citizens, may well be doubted. The reception and long acquiescence in them, as printed and distributed by authority, by those who had it always in their power to alter or annul them, and did not, may justly be treated as a ratification of them in that form by the sovereign people. .The maxim communis error facit jus, though said to be dangerous in its application, “ because it sets up a misconception of the law, for destruction of the law,” might here find a safe and proper application, and make it one of the “ some cases” in which it is said the law so favor's the public good, that it will permit a common error to pass for'right. Noy’s Maxims, 37, 4 Inst. 240.
But we need not have recourse to any doubtful speculations in order to arrive at a satisfactory solution of this question. The laws reported by the governor and judges were intended to be temporary, and to remain in force only till the territory should be fully organized, as provided by. the ordinance. After such organization, “the legislature is authorized to alter them as they see fit.” Accordingly, when the territory of Michigan was so organized, by the election of such council, legislature, or “ general assembly,” they proceeded at onee to have a code or digest of the laws reported for the future government of the territory, and they adopt, reject, alter, and. add to, the former laws “as they saw fit.” After the promulgation of their code, that of the governor and judges is entirely supplanted, and has no longer any force or effect whatever. Those who look for the rule of - action which is to govern them, seek it no longer in the code which has been ábrogated, and, having effected its temporary purpose, has become-obsolete and null, but in that which has the sanction of-their own legislature.- The declaration of the legislative will is to be -sought from documents originating with them, or published by their' sanction. The original documents reported by the judges may be the best evidence of what statutes they intended temporarily to adopt, and what was their will and intention, but cannot be received as any evidence of the will and intention of a legislature ordaining a néw and permanent [598]*598system of laws under powers delégated to them by congress and the people of the territory. It may well be. presumed, that the legislature had no -knowledge of this newly discovered erasure in the original, and supposed interpolation in the printed copy of the laws, reported by the judges in 1820 ; and that they .adopted the law as they found it in,the copy — printed by. .authority, and “ distributed to the people of the territory.” They certainly -had power to do so, and having done so, it Would be folly to say that they intended to adopt some other words as the' expression of their will, to be found only in a document reposing in'the crypts-of the’secretary’s office, and which they-had probably never seen. But if we assume that they hád; seen this, document, and were aware of its discrepancy from'the published law, then their adoption of the latter, would be conclusive. On either -hypothesis this original documehtpan furnish no evidence of the intention or will of the legislature. It must be remembered'that there, is no allegation or pretence, that the acts pub-' fished'by authority of the • legislature differ from tlíe 'original .reported to them and adopted by them. ■ .
; That is the Only original,-if there be any such in existence, by which the printed, copy could be corrected^ or amended. But to correct or amend the declared will of the legislature, as published under, their authority, by the • words of . a document which did not .emanate' from them, which" it is most probable they never saw, -or if seen, they did not see fit to adopt where it differed from the published'statutes, would be, in our opinión,-judicial. legislation, and arbitrary assumption. -
' The only argument which has been urged, which could lead •us to doub’t the justness of this conclusion, is,' that the supreme ■court, of. Michigan, have, it is said, come to a different-decision on this question. -We. entertain .the highest respect-.for that learned court,.and in any question affecting the construction of their own laws, where we entertained any doubt, would be glad to be relieved from doubt arid responsibility by reposing- on their decision.'' There are,- it is true, many, dicta to be found - in our decisions, averring, that -the courts of the United States • are-bound to follow' the decisions of the: state courts oh the construction- of their own laws: But although this may be a correct, yet a rather strong expression of a general rule, it. cannot be received as the enunciation of .a maxim of universal application. Accordingly, our reports furnish many cases of exceptions toit.- In all,cases where-there is a settled construction of'the laws of a State, by its highest judicature, established by .admitted precedent, it is the practice, of the courts of the United States to receive and adopt it without criticism or further inquiry. But when• this court have, first decided a.; question [599]*599arising under state laws, wa-do" not-feel bound to surrender out • convictions, on account of a contrary subsequent decision of ..a state court, as in the case of Rowan v. Runnels, 5 How. 139. When the decisions of the state court are not consistent, we do not. feel bound to follow the last, if it is contrary to our own convictions — and much more is this the case, where, after a long course of consistent decisions, some new light suddenly springs up, or an excited public opinion has elicited new doctrines, subversive of former safe precedent. -(Cases may exist also, when a. cause is got up in a state court for the very purpose of anticipating our- decision of a question known, to be pending in this court. Noi: do- we feel bound in any pase in which a point is first raised in the courts of the United States, and has' been decided in a circuit court, to reverse that decision contrary to our own convictions, in order to conform to a state decision made in the mean timfe. Such decisions have not the character of established precedent declarative of the settled law of a State.
Parties who, by the constitution and laws of the United States, have a right to have their controversies decided in their tribunals, have a right .to demand the unbiased judgment of the court. The theory upon which jurisdiction is conferred on the. courts of the United States, in controversies between citizens of different States, has its foundation in the supposition that, possibly, the state tribunal might not be impartial between their ówn citizens and foreigners. •
The question presented in the present case is one in which the interests of citizens of other States, come directly in conflict with those of the citizens of Michigan. The territorial law in question had been received and acted upon for thirty years, in the words of the published statute. It had received a settled construction by the courts of the United States as well as those of the State. It had entered as an element into the contracts and business of men. On a sudden, a manuscript statute differing* from the known public law, is disinterred/ from the lumber room of obsolete' documents; a new law is promulgated by judicial construction, which, by retroaction, ’destroys, vested rights of property of citizens of other States, while it protects the citizens of Michigan from the payment of admitted debts.
We think that such a case peculiarly calls upon us not to surrender .our clear convictions and unbiased judgment to the authority of the new state decision, and to render a judgment in favor of the plaintiff, which.we do by affirming the judgment of the circuit court.
Mr. Justice DANIEL and Mr. Justice'CAMPBELL dissented.