Floyd v. Saber Fitness Hegenberger, LLC

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: June 11, 2024
• Docket: 3:24-cv-01278
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 MICHAEL DEVIN FLOYD, Case No. 24-cv-01278-TSH

8 Plaintiff, ORDER RE: MOTION TO DISMISS, 9 v. MOTION TO REMAND, AND IN FORMA PAUPERIS APPLICATION 10 SABER FITNESS HEGENBERGER, LLC, Re: Dkt. Nos. 13, 15, 19 11 Defendant.

12 13 I. INTRODUCTION 14 Pending before the Court are Defendant Saber Fitness Hegenberger, LLC’s Motion to 15 Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) (ECF No. 13), Plaintiff Micheal 16 Devin Floyd’s Motion to Remand (ECF No. 15), and Floyd’s Application to Proceed In Forma 17 Pauperis (ECF No. 19). The Court finds these matters suitable for disposition without oral 18 argument and VACATES the June 13, 2024 hearing. See Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). For the reasons stated 19 below, the Court DENIES Floyd’s in forma pauperis application, DENIES Floyd’s motion to 20 remand, and GRANTS Saber’s motion to dismiss.1 21 II. BACKGROUND 22 Floyd, who is African American, opened an all-access gym membership at Planet Fitness, 23 which is owned by Saber, in Jacksonville, Florida in 2019. First Am. Compl. at 3, 10 & Ex. B to 24 Notice of Removal at 3, ECF No. 1-2; Mot. to Dismiss at 1. While visiting family in San Jose in 25 July 2021, he went to a Planet Fitness location there and was subsequently told by his home gym 26 in Florida that there was a complaint about his “vulgarity and personality.” First Am. Compl. at 3- 27 1 4. Staff at the San Jose Planet Fitness said Floyd was no longer allowed there, but they did not 2 provide any further details. Id. at 4. Floyd began using other Planet Fitness gyms in the nearby 3 area, but “other incidents occurred” at these gyms, and his home gym in Florida subsequently 4 informed him that his membership was cancelled. Id. 5 On September 17, 2021, Floyd opened another Planet Fitness membership in Oakland, 6 California. Id. at 5 & Ex. 5 (Membership Agreement). Floyd alleges several incidents took place 7 at the Oakland Planet Fitness, including a report on October 3 that he was “slamming weights 8 down,” that on October 16 the Director of Operations asked gym staff to watch him carefully, that 9 on November 10 he heard a staff member say to him “Have a good day, bum,” although the staff 10 member denied calling him a bum, and that there were “multiple incidents” in December 2021 11 where other gym patrons and staff members felt uncomfortable. Id. at 7-9. Floyd was thereafter 12 banned from all Planet Fitness locations in the Bay Area. Id. at 9. 13 On July 3, 2023, Floyd filed his initial complaint in the Alameda Superior Court, Case No. 14 23CV037550, naming “Planet Fitness of Oakland, CA,” as the defendant. ECF No. 1-1; Ex. A. 15 On January 30, 2024, Floyd filed the First Amended Complaint naming Saber Fitness 16 Hegenberger, LLC. He asserts all relevant events took place between July 1 and December 30, 17 2021. First Am. Compl. at 2. He brings ten causes of action: (1) 42 U.S.C. § 1981; (2) 42 U.S.C. 18 § 2000a; (3) California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 51; (4) Cal. Civ. Code § 51.5; 19 (5) California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200; (6) 20 California’s Consumer Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”), Cal. Civ. Code § 1750; (7) Negligent 21 Training and Supervision; (8) “Restatement (Third) of Law, Agency Law, Agency § 7.04, § 7.06, 22 § 7.07, § 7.08 – Principal’s Liability to a Third Party”; (9) Negligent Infliction of Emotional 23 Distress; and (10) Cal. Civ. Code § 1714. 24 Saber removed the matter to this Court on March 1, 2024. 25 III. APPLICATION TO PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS 26 Floyd filed an in forma pauperis application on March 14, 2024. ECF No. 19. Under 28 27 U.S.C. § 1915, the Court may authorize the commencement of an action without the payment of 1 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1). 2 Floyd submitted the required documentation demonstrating an inability to pay the costs of 3 this action, and it is evident from the application that the listed assets and income are insufficient 4 to enable payment of the fees. However, although Floyd was the commencing party in state court, 5 Saber, as the removing party, is the commencing party here. See RM White LLC v. Ramirez, 2024 6 WL 1051000, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2024) (removing party is the commencing party). Saber 7 has paid the filing fee and already served Floyd. See ECF No. 1. Accordingly, the Court 8 DENIES Plaintiff’s application as moot. 9 IV. MOTION TO REMAND 10 Floyd has also filed a “Motion and Request for Remand to State Court, AND Plaintiff’s 11 Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss.” ECF No. 15. As a preliminary matter, Floyd 12 improperly combined his motion to remand and his opposition to Saber’s motion to dismiss in one 13 document. Civil Local Rule 7-1(a) provides that “[a]ny written request to the Court for an order 14 must be presented by [among other options] . . . A duly noticed motion pursuant to Civil L.R. 7- 15 2.” Local Rule 7-2(a) provides that “[a]ll motions must be filed, served and noticed in writing on 16 the motion calendar of the assigned Judge for hearing not less than 35 days after filing of the 17 motion.” As Floyd did not file a duly noticed motion, the Court has discretion to deny his motion 18 to remand. See Tri-Valley CAREs v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy, 671 F.3d 1113, 1131 (9th Cir. 2012) 19 (“Denial of a motion as the result of a failure to comply with local rules is well within a district 20 court’s discretion.”) (citation omitted). However, as Floyd is representing himself in this matter, 21 and both the motion to remand and motion to dismiss have been fully briefed, the Court shall 22 consider Floyd’s motion on the merits. Moving forward, Floyd is advised that he must comply 23 with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the Court’s Civil Local Rules. 24 Floyd “requests this Court to remand this case in its entirety back to the original state court 25 proceedings, before deciding on any motions. The Defendant’s removal was improper.” Mot. to 26 Remand at 1. Floyd does not argue that the Court lacks original jurisdiction. Instead, he argues 27 the statutory basis for removal should have been 28 U.S.C. § 1443, stating he “believe[s] the 1 Floyd Decl. at 2, ECF No. 15-1. As Floyd states removal should have been under § 1443, he 2 appears to concede that this Court has original jurisdiction. After Saber pointed this out (Opp’n at 3 2), Floyd responded: “As the Plaintiff is the master of his complaint, he may bring his complaint 4 within any court that has jurisdiction. The state court which the Plaintiff brought the action under 5 has original jurisdiction. The Plaintiff does not concede the removal to this Court was proper, nor 6 does he concede this Court has original jurisdiction.” Pl.’s Reply at 2, ECF No. 22. 7 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a), a defendant may remove to federal court any matter that 8 originally could have been filed in federal court. Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392 9 (1987). Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and possess subject matter jurisdiction in 10 civil cases based only on federal question or diversity jurisdiction. Id.; see 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 11 1332. “The[ ] statutory procedures for removal are to be strictly construed,” Syngenta Crop Prot., 12 Inc. v. Henson, 537 U.S. 28, 32 (2002), and there is a “strong presumption against removal 13 jurisdiction,” Abrego Abrego v. The Dow Chemical Co., 443 F.3d 676, 885 (9th Cir. 2006). The 14 removing defendant bears the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that 15 removal was proper. Geographic Expeditions, Inc. v. Estate of Lhotka ex rel. Lhotka, 599 F.3d 16 1102, 1106-07 (9th Cir. 2010). “If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district 17 court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). 18 “[W]hether remand is proper must be ascertained on the basis of the pleadings at the time of 19 removal.” Broadway Grill, Inc. v. Visa Inc., 856 F.3d 1274, 1277 (9th Cir. 2017). “Where doubt 20 regarding the right to removal exists, a case should be remanded to state court.” Matheson v. 21 Progressive Specialty Ins. Co., 319 F.3d 1089, 1090 (9th Cir. 2003). 22 The Court finds it has original jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, which provides that 23 “district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, 24 laws, or treaties of the United States.” Floyd’s First Amended Complaint asserts two federal 25 causes of action: (1) 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and (2) 42 U.S.C. § 2000a. First Am. Compl., Ex. B to 26 Notice of Removal at 16-18, ECF No. 1-2. Moreover, this Court has supplemental jurisdiction 27 over Floyd’s state-law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367, and such claims are removable under 1 controversy. The events giving rise to Floyd’s claims all “occurred at the Planet Fitness gyms 2 located in the Bay Area, CA” and concern his gym membership. First Am. Compl. at 9. 3 Accordingly, they all arise out of a common nucleus of operative fact. 4 Under § 1441, “any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the 5 United States have original jurisdiction” may be removed to federal court, “[e]xcept as otherwise 6 expressly provided by Act of Congress.” Floyd asserts 28 U.S.C. § 1443 is “one of the otherwise 7 expressed exceptions,” and that Saber must remove on that statutory basis. Mot. to Remand at 4. 8 However, § 1443 is not an antiremoval provision – it expressly allows for removal of certain civil 9 rights cases.2 Regardless, courts have interpreted this exception clause “as a reference to 10 antiremoval provisions in other federal statutes.” See Coffey v. Ripple Labs Inc., 333 F. Supp. 3d 11 952, 962 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (“[U]unless some other federal statute says otherwise, the action may 12 be removed under § 1441(a) if the district court would have had original jurisdiction.”). The 13 Court also notes it is not up to Floyd to determine which statutory basis Saber must assert as “a 14 defendant may successfully remove an action from state to federal court by pointing to and 15 complying with a statutory basis for removal, not every statutory basis for removal.” Id. at 960. 16 Floyd also appears to argue the case should be remanded based on preemption, asserting 17 that “Federal law does not predominate nor preempt state law in this case.” Mot. to Remand at 4. 18 To support his argument, Floyd cites Rains v. Criterion Sys., Inc., 80 F.3d 339 (9th Cir. 1996), a 19 case in which the plaintiff asserted all state-law claims. After the case was removed to federal 20 court, the court had to determine whether federal jurisdiction existed. Id. at 342. The portion of 21 the case that Floyd cites discusses the independent corollary to the well-pleaded complaint rule, 22 known as the complete preemption doctrine. This doctrine allows a court to “convert[] an 23

24 2 28 U.S.C. § 1443 provides as follows: “Any of the following civil actions or criminal prosecutions, commenced in a State court may be 25 removed by the defendant to the district court of the United States for the district and division embracing the place wherein it is pending: 26 (1) Against any person who is denied or cannot enforce in the courts of such State a right under any law providing for the equal civil rights of citizens of the United States, or of all persons within 27 the jurisdiction thereof; 1 ordinary state common-law complaint into one stating a federal claim for purposes of the well- 2 pleaded complaint rule” when “the pre-emptive force of a statute is so extraordinary.” Id. at 344 3 (internal quotations omitted). The court found the doctrine inapplicable because “Title VII does 4 not completely preempt state law.” Id. at 345. 5 In this case, there is no preemption issue related to a state-law claim, nor has any issue of 6 federal preemption been raised as a basis for jurisdiction. The Court has jurisdiction because 7 Floyd asserts federal claims under federal statutes. Unlike the plaintiff in Rains, Floyd does not 8 only assert state-law claims, and the complete preemption doctrine is inapplicable to his federal 9 claims. And, as to his state-law claims, the Court has supplemental jurisdiction. For these 10 reasons, the Court finds it has original jurisdiction over Floyd’s claims. Accordingly, the Court 11 DENIES Floyd’s motion to remand. 12 V. MOTION TO DISMISS 13 Saber moves to dismiss on several grounds:

14 1. Floyd fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

15 2. Counts 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, and 10 are time-barred by the applicable statutes of limitations; and 16 3. Floyd’s claim for punitive damages is improper 17 18 Mot. to Dismiss at 2. Saber also moves under Rule 12(e) for a more definite statement of the 19 claims that remain. 20 A. Legal Standard 21 A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) “tests the legal 22 sufficiency of a claim. A claim may be dismissed only if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff 23 can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Cook v. 24 Brewer, 637 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Rule 8 25 provides that a complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 26 pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Thus, a complaint must plead “enough facts 27 to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 1 that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 687 (2009). A complaint 2 must therefore provide a defendant with “fair notice” of the claims against it and the grounds for 3 relief. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quotations and citation omitted). 4 In considering a motion to dismiss, the court accepts factual allegations in the complaint as 5 true and construes the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Manzarek v. 6 St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008); Erickson v. Pardus, 551 7 U.S. 89, 93–94 (2007). However, “the tenet that a court must accept a complaint’s allegations as 8 true is inapplicable to threadbare recitals of a cause of action’s elements, supported by mere 9 conclusory statements.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 10 If a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is granted, the “court should grant leave to amend even if no 11 request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly 12 be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en 13 banc) (citations and quotations omitted). A court “may exercise its discretion to deny leave to 14 amend due to ‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on part of the movant, repeated failure to 15 cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party . . ., 16 [and] futility of amendment.’” Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 629 F.3d 876, 892–93 (9th 17 Cir. 2010) (alterations in original) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). 18 B. Statute of Limitations 19 Saber first argues Floyd’s claims 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, and 10 are barred by the applicable statute of 20 limitations. The statute of limitations for federal civil rights claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 21 1983 is “governed by the forum state’s statute of limitations for personal injury actions.” Bonelli 22 v. Grand Canyon Univ., 28 F.4th 948, 951 (9th Cir. 2022) (internal quotations and citations 23 omitted). Under California law, the limitations period for personal injury actions is two years. 24 Cal. Civ. Pro. Code § 335.1. “The general rule is that a civil rights claim accrues under federal 25 law ‘when the plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the injury which is the basis of the 26 action.’” Bonelli, 28 F.4th at 952 (quoting Lukovsky v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 535 F.3d 27 1044, 1048 (9th Cir. 2008)). The statute of limitations for a claim under the Unruh Act is two 1 (explaining that claims under the Unruh Civil Rights Act are subject to the statute of limitations 2 for personal injury actions). The statute of limitations for negligence claims is two years. Cal. 3 Civ. Proc. Code § 335.1. A negligence claim normally accrues upon occurrence of the last act 4 necessary to complete the cause of action. Id. § 312; see Fox v. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., 35 5 Cal. 4th 797, 806 (2005) (“[A] cause of action accrues at ‘the time when the cause of action is 6 complete with all of its elements.’”) (internal citation omitted). 7 As noted above, Floyd brought his initial complaint against “Planet Fitness of Oakland, 8 CA.” on July 3, 2023, and he filed the First Amended Complaint naming Saber Fitness 9 Hegenberger, LLC on January 30, 2024. As he asserts all relevant events took place between July 10 1 and December 30, 2021, the statute of limitations expired on December 30, 2023. Saber argues 11 Floyd “intentionally filed his lawsuit against . . . Planet Fitness . . . [d]espite knowing the name of 12 the proper entity (Saber Fitness Hegenberger, LLC), both because it is listed in his Membership 13 Agreement (signed in September 2021), and was disclosed to him by Saber’s counsel (September 14 2023).” Mot. to Dismiss at 6. It argues Floyd “refused for months to amend his pleadings to 15 name an actual company, or serve Saber. . . . Indeed, because Plaintiff continued delivering legal 16 documents to gym employees at a local Planet Fitness in Oakland, in September 2023, Saber’s 17 counsel contacted Plaintiff to seek clarity as to which entity he was trying to sue, and made Saber 18 available for service if Plaintiff was actually intending to sue Saber.” Id. Thus, the issue is 19 whether Floyd’s amended complaint relates back to his original. 20 If state law provides the applicable statute of limitations, which is the case here, the Court 21 must consider both state and federal relation back doctrines and “employ whichever affords the 22 ‘more permissive’ relation back standard.” Butler v. Nat’l Cmty. Renaissance of Cal., 766 F.3d 23 1191, 1201 (9th Cir. 2014). In California, “[a]s a general rule, ‘an amended complaint adding a 24 new defendant does not relate back to the filing of the original complaint and the statute of 25 limitations is applied as of the date the amended complaint is filed, not the date the original 26 complaint is filed.’” Hawkins v. Pac. Coast Bldg. Products, Inc., 124 Cal. App. 4th 1497, 1503 27 (2004) (emphasis in original) (quoting Woo v. Superior Ct., 75 Cal. App. 4th 169, 175 (1999)). 1 which an ‘old’ defendant was sued, case law recognizes an exception to the general rule of no 2 relation back.” Id. 3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c)(1)(C) dictates that “[a]n amendment to a pleading 4 relates back to the date of the original pleading when: . . . the amendment changes the party or the 5 naming of the party against whom a claim is asserted,” so long as “the party to be brought in by 6 amendment: (i) received such notice of the action that it will not be prejudiced in defending on the 7 merits; and (ii) knew or should have known that the action would have been brought against it, but 8 for a mistake concerning the proper party’s identity.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(C). The Ninth 9 Circuit has further clarified that under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c)(1)(C), an amended 10 complaint relates back to an original complaint only if the following conditions are met: “‘(1) the 11 basic claim must have arisen out of the conduct set forth in the original pleading; (2) the party to 12 be brought in must have received such notice that it will not be prejudiced in maintaining its 13 defense; (3) that party must or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning identity, the 14 action would have been brought against it.’ ” Butler, 766 F.3d at 1202 (quoting Schiavone v. 15 Fortune, 477 U.S. 21, 29 (1986)). 16 Under either standard, the Court finds Floyd should be permitted to relate the claims in his 17 amended complaint against Saber back to his original complaint. First, under Rule 15, there is no 18 dispute that Saber and Planet Fitness are related entities. See Mot. to Dismiss at 1 (“Plaintiff is a 19 former gym member of Defendant’s Planet Fitness gym.”). Second, Saber received such notice of 20 the action that it will not be prejudiced in defending on the merits. Saber admits that after Floyd 21 “continued delivering legal documents to gym employees at a local Planet Fitness in Oakland, in 22 September 2023, Saber’s counsel contacted Plaintiff to seek clarity as to which entity he was 23 trying to sue, and made Saber available for service if Plaintiff was actually intending to sue 24 Saber.” Id. at 6. Third, but for Floyd’s mistake concerning the identity of the entity he needed to 25 sue, the action would have been brought against Saber. 26 Further, since the expiry of the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, Saber bears 27 the burden of establishing that Floyd knew of its true identity at the time he filed his original 1 statutes of limitations are affirmative defenses, not pleading requirements.”), overruled on other 2 grounds by Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162 (9th Cir. 2014). It is not facially apparent that Floyd 3 knew Planet Fitness was not the proper entity, as that was the name of the gym to which he 4 belonged. While Saber argues Floyd should have been aware because the membership agreement 5 he received in 2021 listed Saber Fitness Hegenberger, LLC, it presents no authority establishing 6 that a pro se plaintiff should be expected to know the difference between the name a company uses 7 for its business and that company’s corporate name. See Hawkins, 124 Cal. App. 4th at 1504-05 8 (applying the relation-back doctrine where plaintiff sued the correct party, his employer, but 9 named it as Basalite Corporation in the complaint, a fictional name under which the defendant 10 conducted business, instead of the defendant’s proper corporate name, Pacific Coast Building 11 Products, Inc.); Colton PDRC, LP v. Fam. Dollar, Inc., 2017 WL 7101149, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 12 28, 2017) (“Here, it is plausible that upon filing its original complaint, . . . Plaintiff was not aware 13 of Dollar Tree’s alleged role in causing Family Dollar’s termination of the lease. Also, it is not 14 facially apparent from the FAC that Plaintiff knew that Dollar Tree Stores, Inc. was not the proper 15 entity as of November of 2016.”). As such, the Court finds California’s misnomer rule applies 16 because Floyd appears to believe he sued the proper entity, but he used the wrong name in 17 identifying that entity. See Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp., v. Superior Court, 160 Cal. App. 3d 18 594, 599 n. 4 (1984) (“[I]t is important to maintain the distinction between correcting an honest 19 error in the name of a correctly named party and joining a new party in the litigation for the first 20 time under the guise of a claim of misnomer.”). 21 Accordingly, because Floyd filed his amended complaint to name the correct defendant, 22 and Saber has failed to meet its burden to establish that Floyd knew its true identity at the time he 23 filed his original complaint, the Court finds his claims relate back to the original complaint. The 24 Court therefore DENIES Saber’s motion to dismiss on statute of limitations grounds. 25 C. Causes of Action 26 1. Count One: 42 U.S.C. § 1981 27 In his first cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, Floyd alleges he is a member of a 1 by under his contract with Saber, he was denied the services of the gym when he was “harassed 2 and forced to exit the gym on multiple occasions, after not having committed any serious 3 infractions,” his membership was subsequently canceled, and he “received services in a markedly 4 hostile manner that a reasonable person would find objectively discriminatory.” First Am. Compl. 5 at 9. Saber argues this claim must be dismissed because Floyd “fails to allege any facts to support 6 he was subject to discrimination, let alone intentional discrimination” and “fails to allege facts to 7 support that he was denied benefits under a contractual relationship, or any facts to support that he 8 was treated in a hostile manner.” Mot. to Dismiss at 8. 9 Section 1981 prohibits racial discrimination in contractual relationships. 42 U.S.C. § 10 1981(a); see also Bonelli, 28 F.4th at 952 (“§ 1981 . . . forbids racial discrimination in contractual 11 relationships”). Because claims brought under § 1981 are grounded in the Equal Protection 12 Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, an “essential element” of a valid § 1981 action is that the 13 defendant “acted with the intent to discriminate on the basis of race.” McKenzie v. City of 14 Milpitas, 738 F. Supp. 1293, 1301 (N.D. Cal. 1990), aff’d, 953 F.2d 1387 (9th Cir. 1992) 15 (emphasis in original); Gen. Bldg. Contractors Ass’n, Inc. v. Pennsylvania, 458 U.S. 375, 391 16 (1982) (“§ 1981, like the Equal Protection Clause, can be violated only by purposeful 17 discrimination.”). Thus, to establish a claim under § 1981, the plaintiff must show overt acts by 18 the defendant, “coupled with some direct evidence that the defendant’s conduct was motivated by 19 racial animus.” Evans v. McKay, 869 F.2d 1341, 1345 (9th Cir. 1989). 20 Other than stating that he is African American, Floyd does not identify any evidence that 21 the allegations in his complaint were motivated by his race, such as statements or conduct that 22 would give rise to an indication that race was a motivating factor. Floyd argues he “has shown 23 that a manager at the Defendant’s place of business informed his employees to closely watch the 24 Plaintiff.” Opp’n at 6. He then makes other allegations that he believes support racial 25 discrimination, including that he “was called a ‘bum’ by employees, not allowed to purchase a 26 lock, and flagged for other invidious measures such as denying a picture and greeting someone 27 with a touch on the arm.” Id. However, “[m]ere conclusory allegations of intentional 1 2017) (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). “Rather, Plaintiff must allege some facts that plausibly give 2 rise to an inference that race was the reason for Defendant’s actions.” Id. (dismissing § 1981 3 claim where plaintiff “generically conclude[d], without any factual support, that Defendant has 4 ‘corporate-wide policies and practices’ that ‘requir[e] security personnel [to] target people of color 5 for surveillance as soon as they enter Apple stores,’”) (citation omitted); see also Lee v. 6 Ehlenbach, 2018 WL 2010514, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 30, 2018) (dismissing § 1981 claim where 7 plaintiff asserted “that the defendants are ‘of the White race group’ while he is African– 8 American,” but otherwise did not identify any evidence that defendants’ actions were motivated 9 by his race and did not identify “any statements made by the defendants or any conduct that would 10 give rise to an indication that race was a motivating factor.”); Williams v. Tobener, 2016 WL 11 5235039, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 22, 2016) (“Plaintiff alleges that Defendants breached their 12 contingency fee agreement ‘because she is black.’ However, mere conclusory allegations of 13 intentional discrimination will not suffice.”); Mesumbe v. Howard Univ., 706 F. Supp. 2d 86, 92 14 (D.D.C. 2010) (“To plead intentional discrimination, ‘plaintiff cannot merely invoke his race in 15 the course of a claim’s narrative and automatically be entitled to pursue relief. Rather, plaintiff 16 must allege some facts that demonstrate that race was the reason for defendant’s actions.’”) 17 (quoting Bray v. RHT, Inc., 748 F. Supp. 3, 5 (D.D.C. 1990)). Floyd’s amended complaint is 18 devoid of any facts supporting the inference that race motivated Saber’s actions. 19 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Saber’s motion as to his § 1981 claim. Dismissal is 20 with leave to amend, but only if Floyd can allege overt acts by Saber, coupled with some direct 21 evidence that its conduct was motivated by racial animus. 22 2. Count Two: 42 U.S.C. § 2000a 23 Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides: “All persons shall be entitled to the full 24 and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations 25 of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or 26 segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000a(a). 27 “[T]he overriding purpose of Title II [was] to [re]move the daily affront and humiliation involved 1 Paul, 395 U.S. 298, 307-08 (1969) (quotation omitted). Floyd alleges he is a member of a 2 protected class, the gym is a place of public accommodation, “he was denied the services of the 3 gym, harassed on multiple occasions by gym members and staff, and forced to leave the gym on 4 multiple occasions,” and he “has not seen other gym members, who have a different ethnicity than 5 the Plaintiff, treated in a similar manner.” First Am. Compl. at 11. Saber argues this claim fails 6 because Floyd failed to exhaust his administrative remedies and he fails to state a claim. Mot. to 7 Dismiss at 9-11. 8 a. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies 9 Under 42 U.S.C. § 2000a-3(c), plaintiffs must give written notice of the alleged act of 10 discrimination to the appropriate state or local agency if the state has a law prohibiting the alleged 11 conduct. California has such a law. See Cal. Civ. Code §§ 51 (prohibiting discrimination in “all 12 business establishments of every kind whatsoever”), 52 (permitting California Attorney General to 13 enforce violations). Floyd does not allege he filed written notice of Saber’s allegedly 14 discriminatory actions with the appropriate state authority, and he has not attached any 15 documentation to his complaint showing that he did so. Under § 2000a-3(c), he may not file suit 16 under § 2000a until 30 days after he files written notice of the alleged discrimination. “This 17 requirement is jurisdictional.” Bunch v. Victor Valley Domestic Violence, Inc., 2019 WL 18 6728445, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2019) (citing Stearnes v. Baur’s Opera House, Inc., 3 F.3d 19 1142, 1144 (7th Cir. 1993)). As such, it appears that Floyd’s Title II claim may be defective. 20 b. Failure to State a Claim 21 Saber also argues Floyd’s Title II claim must fail because he seeks damages, he fails to 22 establish Planet Fitness is a place of public accommodation, and he has not plausibly alleged that 23 Saber discriminated against him based on his race. 24 A private individual may only obtain injunctive relief under Title II as it does not authorize 25 a claim for money damages. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000a–3; see also Wander v. Kaus, 304 F.3d 856, 26 858 (9th Cir. 2002). Thus, to the extent Floyd seeks damages under Title II, the claim is not 27 cognizable and must be dismissed. 1 support his allegation that Planet Fitness is a place of public accommodation. It is true Title II 2 only applies to a “place of public accommodation,” including (1) “any inn, hotel, motel, or other 3 establishment which provides lodging to transient guests”; (2) “any restaurant, cafeteria, 4 lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other facility principally engaged in selling food for 5 consumption on the premises”; (3) “any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, 6 stadium or other place of exhibition or entertainment”; and (4) “any establishment (A)(i) which is 7 physically located within the premises of any establishment otherwise covered by this subsection, 8 or (ii) within the premises of which is physically located any such covered establishment, and (B) 9 which holds itself out as serving patrons of such covered establishment.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000a(b). 10 Saber argues Title II “expressly excludes ‘private club[s] or other establishment[s] not in 11 fact open to the public,’” and that Planet Fitness qualifies as such because it “requires 12 membership, as even Floyd himself alleges.” Mot. to Dismiss at 10 (quoting Id. § 2000a(e) and 13 citing First Am. Compl. at 5). However, other courts have found that gyms qualify as places of 14 public accommodation under the statute. See Zinman v. L.A. Fitness Int’l LLC, 2021 WL 15 2530271, at *4 (S.D. Fla. June 21, 2021), aff’d in part, appeal dismissed in part, 2022 WL 16 8019384 (11th Cir. Oct. 14, 2022); Jalal v. Lucille Roberts Health Clubs Inc., 254 F. Supp. 3d 17 602, 606 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (“Defendant concedes that its gyms are places of public accommodation 18 within the meaning of the statute.”); Johnson v. Planet Fitness, 2023 WL 2814622, at *1 (D. Utah 19 Apr. 6, 2023) (finding plaintiff could state a claim under Title II where he alleged he was a “victim 20 of harassment, racial discrimination, and cruel and unusual punishment” at a Planet Fitness gym 21 where he held a membership). Thus, for the purpose of resolving this motion, the Court assumes 22 that Floyd sufficiently alleges that Saber’s facility is a place of public accommodation. 23 Saber also argues that “[a]side from his personal belief that other gym members of another 24 race were treated differently, he fails to plead facts to support his opinion that he was 25 discriminated against or harassed due to his race. Plaintiff does not point to any instances of 26 discriminatory conduct.” Mot. to Dismiss at 10-11. The Court agrees. As noted above, other than 27 stating that he is African American, Floyd has not adequately alleged that Saber’s actions were 1 “than a conclusory allegation that mirrors the language of § 2000a(a).” Ebeid v. Facebook, Inc., 2 2019 WL 2059662, at *5 (N.D. Cal. May 9, 2019); Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 3 c. Summary 4 The Court finds Floyd’s Title II claim is subject to dismissal and therefore GRANTS 5 Saber’s motion as to this claim. Dismissal is with leave to amend, but only Floyd can (1) show he 6 exhausted his administrative remedies and (2) allege more than conclusory allegations that Saber’s 7 conduct was motivated by racial animus. 8 3. Count Three: Cal. Civ. Code § 51 9 The Unruh Civil Rights Act provides: “All persons within the jurisdiction of this state are 10 free and equal, and no matter what their sex, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, 11 disability, medical condition, genetic information, marital status, or sexual orientation are entitled 12 to the full and equal accommodations, advantages, facilities, privileges, or services in all business 13 establishments of every kind whatsoever.” Cal. Civ. Code § 51(b). The Act prohibits 14 “unreasonable, arbitrary, or invidious discrimination.” Dallas and Lashmi, Inc. v. 7-Eleven, Inc., 15 112 F. Supp. 3d 1048, 1062 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (citing Sunrise Country Club Ass’n v. Proud, 190 16 Cal. App. 3d 377, 380 (1987)). “Unreasonable, arbitrary, or invidious discrimination is present 17 where the defendant’s policy or action ‘emphasizes irrelevant differences’ or ‘perpetuates 18 [irrational] stereotypes.’” Id. (citing Kiore v. Metro Car Wash, 40 Cal. 3d 24, 33 (1985)). Proof 19 of intentional discrimination is necessary to establish an Unruh Act violation. Munson v. Del 20 Taco, Inc., 46 Cal. 4th 661, 664 (2009). 21 Floyd alleges he was

22 not provided with the full and equal accommodations of Planet Fitness gyms in the Bay Area, despite paying for the gym’s services. 23 Before the Plaintiff’s Oakland membership, Bay Area PF gyms removed the Plaintiff from their gyms for invidious reasons. During 24 the Plaintiff’s Oakland membership, the Plaintiff could sense negativity from some staff members. The Plaintiff was finally 25 ordered to leave the gym after talking to a woman. In all occasions, the Plaintiff did nothing to warrant his removal from the gym. Indeed, 26 the Unruh Civil Rights Act will serve to 8 banish the arbitrary and invidious discrimination the Plaintiff has endured. 27 1 not support that the discrimination was unreasonable, arbitrary or invidious. Mot. to Dismiss at 2 12. It further argues that “the ‘mere possibility’ that Saber engaged in conduct to violate the 3 Unruh Act is insufficient to meet the pleading requirements.” Id. 4 Floyd’s allegations mirror those in claims one and two, which the Court has dismissed. As 5 with those claims, “[t]he bare possibility of discrimination premised on speculation, without any 6 underlying factual basis, is insufficient to state a claim under the Unruh Act.” Dallas and Lashmi, 7 112 F. Supp. 3d at 1063 (dismissing Unruh Act claim where plaintiffs’ racial discrimination claim 8 contained no allegations evidencing racial bias) (citing Harris v. Capital Growth Investors XIV, 52 9 Cal. 3d 1142, 1175 (1991)); James v. U.S. Bancorp, 2019 WL 3058971, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 11, 10 2019) (dismissing race discrimination claim under the Unruh Act where plaintiffs alleged bank 11 accounts were opened for people of other races, “[b]ut taking this fact as true, it still stops short of 12 the line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief” . . . [b]ecause simply allowing 13 customers of other races to open accounts, without more, does not plausibly suggest that the 14 employees discriminated against Plaintiffs) (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). Floyd supports his 15 claim by alleging that “Bay Area PF Gyms removed [him] from their gyms for invidious reasons,” 16 and that he endured “arbitrary and invidious discrimination.” First Am. Compl. at 1. But these 17 are no more than “bare assertions . . . amounting to nothing more than a ‘formulaic recitation of 18 the elements,’” which are not entitled to the assumption of truth at the motion to dismiss stage. 19 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 681. His allegations that he “could sense negativity from some staff members,” 20 and that he was “finally ordered to leave the gym after talking to a woman” do not support that the 21 discrimination was “unreasonable, arbitrary or invidious.” Sunrise Country Club Ass’n, 190 Cal. 22 App. 3d at 381 (“[T]he Unruh Civil Rights Act does not purport to prohibit all differences in 23 treatment or accommodations offered, only unreasonable, arbitrary or invidious discrimination.”). 24 The “mere possibility” that Saber engaged in conduct to violate the Unruh Act is insufficient to 25 meet the pleading requirements. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. 26 As Floyd has not alleged sufficient facts to plausibly suggest entitlement to relief under the 27 Unruh Act, the Court GRANTS Saber’s motion as to this claim. Because Floyd is pro se and it is 1 leave to amend as to this claim. 2 4. Count Four: Cal. Civ. Code § 51.5 3 Section 51.5 of the California Civil Code prohibits a “business establishment” from 4 discriminating against, boycotting or blacklisting, or refusing to contract with any person on 5 account of a protected characteristic. The Ninth Circuit considers it to be a “mere extension” of 6 the Unruh Act. Strother v. S. California Permanente Med. Grp., 79 F.3d 859, 875 (9th Cir. 1996), 7 as amended on denial of reh’g June 3, 1996) (citing Roth v. Rhodes, 25 Cal. App. 4th 530, 537 8 (1994) (“Section 51.5 expands on section 51 by, inter alia, specifying forms of discrimination, 9 including refusal to deal.”)). Thus, although section 51.5 is not technically part of the Unruh Act, 10 the analysis under the section is the same as the analysis for the purposes of the Act. Semler v. 11 Gen. Elec. Cap. Corp., 196 Cal. App. 4th 1380, 1404 (2011) (concluding that a complaint that 12 failed to allege a violation of the Unruh Act also failed to allege a violation of section 51.5). Thus, 13 Floyd’s claim under section 51.5 fails for the same reasons his claim under the Unruh Act fails. 14 The Court therefore GRANTS Saber’s motion as to this claim. Because Floyd is pro se and it is 15 not clear that the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment, the Court grants him 16 leave to amend as to this claim. 17 5. Count Five: Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 18 Under the UCL, any person or entity that has engaged, is engaging, or threatens to engage 19 “in unfair competition may be enjoined in any court of competent jurisdiction.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. 20 Code § 17203. The UCL’s “purpose is to protect both consumers and competitors by promoting 21 fair competition in commercial markets for goods and services.” Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Ct., 22 51 Cal. 4th 310, 320 (2011). “Unfair competition” includes “any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent 23 business act or practice and unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. 24 Code § 17200. Each prong of the UCL is a separate and distinct theory of liability. Kearns v. 25 Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1127 (9th Cir. 2009). The UCL’s coverage is “sweeping, 26 embracing anything that can properly be called a business practice and that at the same time is 27 forbidden by law.” Cel-Tech Commc’ns, Inc. v. L.A. Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal. 4th 163, 180 1 Floyd alleges he

2 had a gym membership at Planet Fitness and expected the fair accommodations any patron would expect from a gym membership. 3 Unfortunately, the Plaintiff was harassed and forcibly removed from Planet Fitness on multiple occasions; the Plaintiff never committed a 4 serious infraction. The Plaintiff has lost money, time, and sanity as a result of the incidents with Planet Fitness. 5 6 First Am. Compl. at 12. He further alleges “Planet Fitness, through this unfair act and business 7 practice, has violated this law.” Id. Saber argues Floyd’s UCL claim is inadequately pled because 8 he does not address an unfair business practice it engaged in.3 Mot. to Dismiss at 13. It further 9 argues that, to the extent Floyd seeks damages, they are unavailable as a remedy under the UCL. 10 Id. at 14. 11 The Ninth Circuit has acknowledged the following tests to determine what an “unfair” 12 business practice is: (1) “whether the challenged conduct is tethered to any underlying 13 constitutional, statutory or regulatory provision, or that it threatens an incipient violation of an 14 antitrust law, or violates the policy or spirit of an antitrust law”; (2) “whether the practice is 15 immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous or substantially injurious to consumers”; or (3) 16 “whether the practice’s impact on the victim outweighs the reasons, justifications and motives of 17 the alleged wrongdoer.” Doe v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., 982 F.3d 1204, 1214–15 (9th Cir. 2020) 18 (internal quotations and citations omitted). 19 While Floyd alleges he “was harassed and forcibly removed from Planet Fitness on 20 multiple occasions” and that he “never committed a serious infraction,” he fails to address the 21 unfair business practice Saber engaged in, nor does he allege any facts to support that the practice 22 was “unfair” under any of the tests described above. Instead, he makes a singular, conclusory 23 allegation of law that “Planet Fitness, through this unfair act and business practice, has violated 24 this law.” First Am. Compl. at 12. This conclusion is not entitled to the assumption of truth at the 25 3 Saber also argues that, even if the Court were to find Floyd sufficiently alleged an unfair 26 business practice, his UCL claim still fails because he has not alleged that he lacks adequate legal remedies. Mot. to Dismiss at 14. However, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permit pleading 27 alternative remedies, see, e.g., Goldstein v. Gen. Motors LLC, 517 F. Supp. 3d 1076, 1087-88 1 motion to dismiss stage, as it is no more than a “bare assertion” that the business practice, 2 whatever it may be, is unfair. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 681. 3 Further, to the extent Floyd seeks damages under the UCL, they are unavailable as 4 recovery is limited to injunctive relief and restitution. See Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17203; Cel- 5 Tech Commc’ns, 20 Cal. 4th at 179 (explaining that “prevailing plaintiffs are generally limited to 6 injunctive relief and restitution . . . . Plaintiffs may not receive damages, much less treble 7 damages, or attorney fees.”). 8 Because Floyd has failed to allege an unfair business practice, the Court finds his UCL 9 claim is subject to dismissal and therefore GRANTS Saber’s motion as to this claim. Because 10 Floyd is pro se and it is not clear that the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by 11 amendment, the Court grants him leave to amend as to this claim. 12 6. Count Six: Cal. Civ. Code § 1750 13 California’s Consumers Legal Remedies Act provides protection for consumers against 14 unfair and deceptive business practices. See Bescos v. Bank of America, 105 Cal. App. 4th 378, 15 387 (2003). The CLRA makes it unlawful for any person in a transaction to engage in certain 16 practices, including: “(1) passing off goods or services as those of another; (2) misrepresenting the 17 source, sponsorship, approval, or certification of goods or services; (3) misrepresenting the 18 affiliation, connection, or association with, or certification by, another.” Cal. Civ. Code § 19 1770(a)(1)-(23). The statute defines “goods” as “tangible chattels” and “services” as “work, labor, 20 and services . . . including services furnished in connection with the sale or repair of goods.” Id. § 21 1761(a), (b). 22 Floyd alleges:

23 On multiple occasions, the Plaintiff has been forced to leave Planet Fitness gyms in the Bay Area. In none of these occasions did the 24 Plaintiff do anything to cause his unwanted removal from the gym. The Plaintiff has been forced to cut workouts short. The Plaintiff has 25 battled with post-traumatic stress since these incidents. He is seeking help from licensed professionals and attends support groups. The 26 Plaintiff has also purchased a gym membership from a different gym, inconveniencing him when he travels. 27 1 notify it of the claim and (2) Floyd fails to state a claim. Mot. to Dismiss at 14-16. The Court 2 finds Saber’s notice argument dispositive. 3 A requirement for filing a claim for damages under the CLRA is that the plaintiff meet 4 certain notice standards prescribed in section 1782. This section provides:

5 (a) Thirty days or more prior to the commencement of an action for damages pursuant to this title, the consumer shall do the following: 6 (1) Notify the person alleged to have employed or committed 7 methods, acts, or practices declared unlawful by Section 1770 of the particular alleged violations of Section 1770. 8 (2) Demand that the person correct, repair, replace, or otherwise 9 rectify the goods or services alleged to be in violation of Section 1770 . . . . The notice shall be in writing and shall be sent certified or 10 registered mail, return receipt requested, to the place where the transaction occurred or to the person's principal place of business 11 within California. 12 Cal. Civ. Code § 1782. 13 Saber argues Floyd’s CLRA claim should be dismissed because he has not alleged that he 14 provided notice as required under section 1782(a). Mot. to Dismiss at 15. In response, Floyd 15 argues that when his membership was canceled, he “emailed the Defendant about the problems 16 and issues with the Defendant’s place of business,” and he “believes he mailed the Defendant a 17 copy of the email, but the Plaintiff has no way to prove this.” Opp’n at 7. 18 Strict application of the notice procedure under section 1782 is required. See Von Grabe v. 19 Sprint PCS, 312 F. Supp. 2d 1285, 1304 (S.D. Cal. 2003) (citing Outboard Marine Corp. v. 20 Superior Court, 52 Cal. App.3d 30, 40–41 (1975)). As such, for any damages claim, Floyd must 21 show that, 30 days prior to commencing this action, he sent a notice and demand letter by certified 22 or registered mail. Cal. Civ. Code § 1782. The letter must have identified the particular violations 23 under section 1770 and demand that the defendant correct those violations. Id. Floyd has failed to 24 show he met this notice requirement, instead arguing he sent an email about “problems and issues” 25 and “believes” he also mailed it. This is not enough to satisfy the statutory requirements. See Von 26 Grabe, 312 F. Supp. 2d at 1304 (dismissing CLRA claims because the plaintiff sent a notice “that 27 was not timely, was not delivered in the proper fashion, and made no mention of § 1770 or any 1 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (explaining that “federal courts have required strict adherence to the statute’s 2 notice provision . . . to accomplish the CLRA’s goals of expeditious remediation before 3 litigation.”) (internal quotations and citations omitted); Laster v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 407 F. Supp. 4 2d 1181, 1196 (S.D. Cal. 2005), aff’d, 252 F. App’x 777 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Because Plaintiffs 5 failed to provide notice to Defendants pursuant to § 1782(a), their claim for damages under the 6 CLRA must be dismissed with prejudice.”). As such, dismissal as to Floyd’s claim for damages is 7 appropriate. 8 If Floyd is able to show he provided proper notice under § 1782, the Court also advises 9 him that his current allegations, including any claim for relief other than damages (for example, 10 injunctive relief) are inadequate. First, he does not identify what “services” he sought to acquire. 11 Second, he does not identify the prohibited practice Saber engaged in. Section 1770(a) lists 28 12 acts prohibited under the CLRA, and Floyd fails to allege that Saber has violated one of these 13 practices. Floyd must allege more than a conclusory allegation that Saber’s conduct violated the 14 CLRA, including the specific act he alleges Saber violated. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS 15 Saber’s motion to dismiss Floyd’s CLRA claim. Dismissal is with leave to amend, but only if 16 Floyd can: (1) for his damages claim, show he provided proper notice under Cal. Civ. Code 1782 17 by (a) sending a notice and demand letter by certified or registered mail 30 days prior to 18 commencing this CLRA action and (b) identifying in the letter the particular section 1770 19 violations he is alleging and demand that the defendant correct those violations; and (2) identify 20 what “services” he sought to acquire and identify the prohibited practice Saber engaged in under § 21 1770(a). 22 7. Count Seven: Negligent Training and Supervision 23 Floyd titled his seventh claim as “Restatement (Second) of Agency § 213 - Negligent 24 Training and Supervision; Restatement (Second) of Torts§ 317 - Negligent Supervision.” First 25 A.m. Compl. at 13. The Court construes this as a claim for negligent training and supervision. He 26 alleges Saber “employs the persons responsible for the incidents that created this lawsuit. Instead 27 of confronting the Plaintiff, the Director of Operations Brandon Romero ordered his staff to harass 1 Id. at 14. Saber argues this claim must be dismissed because Floyd does not allege it knew or 2 should have known that retaining the Director of Operations created a particular risk or hazard and 3 that that harm materialized. Mot. to Dismiss at 17-18. 4 Under California law, “an employer may be liable to a third person for the employer’s 5 negligence in hiring, supervising, or retaining an employee who is incompetent or unfit.” Diaz v. 6 Tesla, Inc., 598 F. Supp. 3d 809, 832 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (quoting Delfino v. Agilent Techs., Inc., 7 145 Cal. App. 4th 790, 815 (2006) (internal quotations and alterations omitted). For the employer 8 to be liable, “the employer must have known or should have known that retaining the employee 9 ‘created a particular risk or hazard and that particular harm materializes.’” Id. 10 As a preliminary matter, Floyd did not respond to Saber’s argument regarding this claim in 11 his opposition. To the extent he failed to address Saber’s arguments, the Court may consider the 12 claims abandoned. See Maldonado v. Morales, 556 F.3d 1037, 1048 n. 4 (9th Cir. 2009) 13 (“Arguments made in passing and inadequately briefed are waived.”); Zhang v. Twitter Inc., 2023 14 WL 5493823, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 23, 2023) (“Where a party fails to address arguments against 15 a claim raised in a motion to dismiss, the claims are abandoned and dismissal is appropriate.”) 16 (internal citation and quotations omitted); Henry v. Napa Valley Unified, 2016 WL 7157670, at *4 17 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 8, 2016) (“[F]ailure to address in an opposition arguments raised in an opening 18 motion . . . constitutes waiver or concession of the argument.”). However, even considering 19 Floyd’s allegations, the Court finds he has failed to allege a claim for negligent training and 20 supervision. While Floyd alleges Romero ordered his staff to harass him, and that Saber remained 21 Romero’s employer after the incidents occurred, he does not allege that Saber “kn[ew] or should 22 have known that retaining [Romero] created a particular risk or hazard and that particular harm 23 materialize[d].” Diaz, 598 F. Supp. 3d at 832. As such, dismissal is appropriate, and the Court 24 therefore GRANTS Saber’s motion as to this claim. Because Floyd is pro se and it is not clear 25 that the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment, the Court grants him leave to 26 amend as to this claim. 27 8. Count Eight: “Restatement (Third) of Law, Agency Law, Agency § 7.04, § 1 7.06, § 7.07, § 7.08 – Principal’s Liability to a Third Party” 2 Floyd titles his eights claim “Restatement (Third) of Law, Agency Law, Agency § 7.04, § 3 7.06, § 7.07, § 7.08 – Principal’s Liability to a Third Party” and alleges: “For the same reasons 4 listed in all previous sections, the Defendant has violated this California law.” First Am. Compl. 5 at 15. Saber argues it “is unclear what Plaintiff’s Eighth Cause of Action even is.” Mot. to 6 Dismiss at 18. The Court agrees. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires that a 7 complaint contain “‘a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to 8 relief,’ in order to ‘give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon 9 which it rests.’” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545. Floyd’s eighth claim fails on both grounds. Further, 10 dismissal is appropriate because Floyd did not respond to Saber’s argument about this claim in his 11 opposition. See Maldonado, 556 F.3d at 1048 n. 4; Zhang, 2023 WL 5493823, at *7; Henry, 2016 12 WL 7157670, at *4. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Saber’s motion as to Floyd’s eighth claim. 13 To the extent he is able to state a valid claim, dismissal is with leave to amend. 14 9. Count Nine: Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress 15 Floyd titled his ninth claim as “Restatement (Third) of Torts § 47 - Negligent Conduct 16 Directly Inflicting Emotional Harm on Another.” First Am. Compl. at 15. The Court construes 17 this as a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress. He alleges management and staff 18 members at Planet Fitness had a “special relationship” with him as “a contracted customer of 19 Planet Fitness,” he relied on Planet Fitness “to have fair policies in place when there’s a dispute 20 between two patrons, or between patrons and staff,” and “[d]etails of the events leading to this 21 complaint show the exact opposite.” First Am. Compl. at 16. Saber argues Floyd’s claim fails 22 because he fails to include facts that there was a special relationship that created a duty under the 23 circumstances, fails to allege any of the elements of the claim, and fails to allege facts to support 24 that he suffered severe emotional distress. Mot. to Dismiss at 19. In response, Floyd argues he 25 “was called a bum by employees, . . . was flagged by Defendant’s Director of Operations,” and 26 “was not allowed engage in meaningful conversations with other gym patrons. What tends to be 27 dismissed by most as non-distressful to an ‘average’ man poses significant repercussions over time 1 to a person’s behavior and character. The fact is, the Defendant is responsible for the Plaintiff’s 2 trauma.” Opp’n at 7 3 In California, negligent infliction of emotional distress is not an independent tort – “the tort 4 is negligence.” Potter v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 6 Cal. 4th 965, 984 (1993) (internal 5 citation omitted). To prevail on a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress, the plaintiff 6 must establish that: (1) the defendant was negligent; (2) the plaintiff suffered serious emotional 7 distress; and (3) the defendant’s negligence was a substantial factor in causing the plaintiff’s 8 serious emotional distress. Yau v. Santa Margarita Ford, Inc., 229 Cal. App. 4th 144, 160 (2014). 9 However, “unless the defendant has assumed a duty to plaintiff in which the emotional condition 10 of the plaintiff is an object, recovery is available only if the emotional distress arises out of the 11 defendant’s breach of some other legal duty and the emotional distress is proximately caused by 12 that breach of duty.” Doe v. Gangland Prods., Inc., 730 F.3d 946, 961 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting 13 Potter, 6 Cal. 4th at 985)); Ciria v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 2024 WL 735128, at *7 (N.D. 14 Cal. Feb. 22, 2024) (noting that claims for negligent infliction of emotional distress require a 15 plaintiff to prove a special relationship exists). 16 Floyd alleges “management and staff members at Planet Fitness had a ‘special 17 relationship’” with him, but he fails to include facts to support that Saber assumed a duty to him. 18 Under California law, there is ordinarily no duty to avoid negligently causing emotional distress to 19 another. Potter, 6 Cal. 4th at 984. “A plaintiff must allege a duty owed her regarding her 20 emotional condition or allege that her emotional distress arises out of the defendant’s breach of 21 some other legal duty.” Majo v. Sony Interactive Ent. LLC, 2022 WL 1188871, at *9 (N.D. Cal. 22 Apr. 21, 2022) (citing Potter, 6 Cal. 4th at 984–85); Brahmana v. Lembo, 2010 WL 290490, at *2 23 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 15, 2010)). “And in a case like this, which involves ‘direct victim’ liability, there 24 must be a duty ‘that is assumed by the defendant or imposed on the defendant as a matter of law, 25 or that arises out of a relationship between’ the parties. Id. (quoting Marlene F. v. Affiliated 26 Psychiatric Med. Clinic, Inc., 48 Cal. 3d 583, 590 (1989)). While Floyd alleges a “special 27 relationship” exists, he alleges no facts to support this general allegation. Compare Lawson v. 1 special relationship between jailer and prisoner, imposing on the former a duty of care to the 2 latter’”) (quoting Giraldo v. Dep’t of Corrections & Rehabilitation, 168 Cal. App. 4th 231, 250 3 (2008)). Floyd also fails to allege the other elements of negligence. Besides citing to a case that 4 states, “[a] plaintiff in any negligence suit must demonstrate a legal duty to use due care, a breach 5 of such legal duty, and that the breach is the proximate or legal cause of the resulting injury,” First 6 Am. Compl. at 15-16 (quoting Kesner v. Superior Court, 1 Cal. 5th 1132, 1142 (2016)), he makes 7 no mention of these elements, nor facts to support them. 8 The Court also finds Floyd fails to allege facts to support that he suffered severe emotional 9 distress. “[T]o recover damages for emotional distress on a claim of negligence where there is no 10 accompanying personal, physical injury, the plaintiff must show that the emotional distress was 11 serious.’” Wong v. Jing, 189 Cal. App. 4th 1354, 1377 (2010) (quoting Molien v. Kaiser Found. 12 Hospitals, 27 Cal. 3d 916, 927-30 (Cal. 1980)). “Serious emotional distress” is “functionally the 13 same as the articulation of ‘severe emotional distress,’” which means “emotional distress of such 14 substantial quality or enduring quality that no reasonable person in civilized society should be 15 expected to endure it.” Id. at 1376, 1378; see also Boessenecker v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, 2014 16 WL 107063, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 10, 2014) (granting defendant’s motion to dismiss negligent 17 infliction of emotional distress claim because plaintiff failed to allege factual allegations to 18 support that “‘a reasonable man, normally constituted, would be unable to adequately cope with 19 the mental stress engendered by the circumstances of the case’”) (quoting Wong, 189 Cal. App. 20 4th at 1377–78). 21 Here, Floyd alleges in conclusory fashion that “he was traumatized by these incidents.” 22 First Am. Compl. at 17: He further alleges he “suffers from the trauma and embarrassment of 23 having been signaled out, harassed, and removed from the gym on multiple occasions,” and 24 “attends support groups every week and is seeking professional counseling through a psychiatrist 25 or therapist.” Id. at 18. These allegations do not evidence emotional distress rising to a level that 26 “a reasonable man, normally constituted, would be unable to adequately cope with the mental 27 stress engendered by the circumstances of the case.” Wong, 189 Cal. App. 4th at 1377–78 1 plaintiffs failed to adequately allege serious emotional distress where they alleged the husband 2 “has seen his doctor several times complaining of stress,” they “were not taking vacations since 3 they were waiting to hear from Chase,” and they were “not spending any money”)). 4 In sum, the Court finds Floyd’s negligent infliction of emotional distress claim is subject to 5 dismissal and therefore GRANTS Saber’s motion as to this claim. Because Floyd is pro se and it 6 is not clear that the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment, the Court grants 7 him leave to amend as to this claim. 8 10. Count Ten: Cal. Civ. Code § 1714. 9 In his tenth claim, Floyd alleges: “For the same reasons listed in all previous sections, the 10 Defendant has violated this California law.” First Am. Compl. at 16. Section 1714(a) states 11 “Everyone is responsible, not only for the result of his or her willful acts, but also for an injury 12 occasioned to another by his or her want of ordinary care or skill in the management of his or her 13 property or person, except so far as the latter has, willfully or by want of ordinary care, brought 14 the injury upon himself or herself.” “Section 1714(a) establishes a general duty of each person to 15 exercise, in his or her activities, reasonable care for the safety of others.” Mayall on Behalf of 16 H.C. v. USA Water Polo, Inc., 909 F.3d 1055, 1060 (9th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks and 17 citation omitted). 18 Saber argues this claim should be dismissed for failure to state a claim because it is based 19 on the other theories of negligence alleged – negligent training and supervision and negligent 20 infliction of emotional distress. The Court agrees. Section 1714 is a statute that establishes the 21 general principle of negligence in California. See, e.g., Suarez v. Bank of Am. Corp., 2018 WL 22 2431473, at *29 (N.D. Cal. May 30, 2018) (analyzing negligence, negligent infliction of emotional 23 distress, and section 1714 claims as negligence claims). Floyd brings no allegations specific to 24 this claim, stating only: “For the same reasons listed in all previous sections, the Defendant has 25 violated this California law.” First Am. Compl. at 16. Further, he does not address Saber’s 26 arguments regarding this claim in his opposition. As such, dismissal is appropriate both because 27 the Court has already dismissed his negligence claims and because Floyd did not respond to 1 Henry, 2016 WL 7157670, at *4. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Saber’s motion as to Floyd’s 2 tenth claim under section 1714. To the extent he is able to state a valid claim, dismissal is with 3 leave to amend. 4 11. Punitive Damages 5 Floyd seeks $2 million in punitive damages. First Am. Compl. at 18. Saber argues his 6 claim should be dismissed because he fails to allege it acted with malice and because, under 7 California law, punitive damages are only allowed where there is an adequate showing that an 8 officer, director, or managing agent of Saber committed an act of oppression, fraud, or malice. 9 Mot. to Dismiss at 21-22. 10 Floyd does not state under which of his claims he seeks punitive damages. As noted 11 above, under Title II of the Civil Rights Act, a plaintiff cannot recover damages and may only 12 seek injunctive relief. See Jefferson v. City of Fremont, 73 F. Supp. 3d 1133, 1144 (N.D. Cal. 13 2014) (citing Newman v. Piggie Park Enters., Inc., 390 U.S. 400, 401 (1968)). However, punitive 14 damages are available under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. See Stallworth v. Nike Retail Servs., Inc., 2021 15 WL 5989962, at *16 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 12, 2021) (citing Johnson v. Ry. Express Agency, Inc., 421 16 U.S. 454, 460 (1975) (“An individual who establishes a cause of action under [§] 1981 is entitled 17 to both equitable and legal relief, including compensatory and, under certain circumstances, 18 punitive damages.”). Punitive damages are also available under California law if a plaintiff proves 19 “by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or 20 malice.” Cal. Civ. Code § 3294(a). 21 For punitive damages under both Floyd’s federal and state claims, the Federal Rules of 22 Civil Procedure set the pleading standards that must be met in federal court. Alacraz v. Marten 23 Transp. Ltd., 2023 WL 4493725, at *3 (E.D. Cal. July 12, 2023) (citing Neveu v. City of Fresno, 24 392 F. Supp. 2d 1159, 1183-84 (E.D. Cal. 2005); Clark v. Allstate Ins. Co., 106 F. Supp. 2d 1016, 25 1018 (S.D. Cal. 2000) (“Although Section 3294 provides the governing substantive law for 26 punitive damages, California’s heightened pleading standard irreconcilably conflicts with Rules 8 27 and 9 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure—the provisions governing the adequacy of 1 intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” Fed. R. 2 Civ. P. 9(b); Neveu, 392 F. Supp. 2d at 1184. “However, although malice, intent, and knowledge 3 may be alleged generally, the allegations that request punitive damages must still meet the 4 standards under [Twombly and Iqbal].” Alacraz, 2023 WL 4493725, at *3 (citations omitted). 5 Here, Floyd fails to plead any allegations in support of his claim for punitive damages, 6 stating only that he “seeks an award of 2 million dollars in punitive damages.” First Am. Compl. 7 at 18. In order for Plaintiffs' punitive damages claim to survive a motion to dismiss, Floyd “must 8 allege sufficient facts to state a plausible claim that [Defendant] engaged in vile, base, and 9 contemptible conduct.” See Rhynes v. Stryker Corp., 2011 WL 2149095, at *5 (N.D. Cal. May 31, 10 2011) (dismissing plaintiff’s punitive damages claim because the pled allegations were “merely 11 conclusory statements not entitled to the presumption of truth under Iqbal and Twombly”). 12 Further, he does not address Saber’s argument in his opposition, stating only that his “claims for 13 punitive damages should not be dismissed.” Opp’n at 8. Therefore, the Court finds he has waived 14 any such argument and dismissal is appropriate. See Maldonado, 556 F.3d at 1048 n. 4; Zhang, 15 2023 WL 5493823, at *7; Henry, 2016 WL 7157670, at *4. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS 16 Saber’s motion as to his claim for punitive damages. Because Floyd is pro se and it is not clear 17 that the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment, the Court grants him leave to 18 amend. 19 VI. CONCLUSION 20 For the reasons stated above, the Court DENIES Floyd’s in forma pauperis application, 21 DENIES Floyd’s motion to remand, and GRANTS Saber’s motion to dismiss. The Court 22 GRANTS Floyd leave to file a second amended complaint, consistent with the instructions above, 23 by July 11, 2024. 24 A. Requirements for Amended Complaint 25 Because an amended complaint replaces the previous complaint, it may not incorporate 26 claims or allegations in the original complaint by reference. See Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 27 1258, 1262 (9th Cir. 1992). Instead, any amendment must include all of the facts and claims to be 1 include the following sections:

2 Caption Page On the first page, list the names of the defendant(s), the case number 3 used in this order (24-cv-01278-TSH), the title (“SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT”), and write “Demand for Jury Trial” if 4 you want your case to be heard by a jury.

5 Form of Pleadings The factual allegations and claims must be written in numbered 6 paragraphs, each limited as far as practicable to a single set of circumstances. 7 Subject Matter Jurisdiction 8 The first numbered paragraph in your complaint (labeled “Jurisdiction”) should explain why this Court has the power to decide 9 this kind of case. A federal court can hear a case based on a federal question jurisdiction (a violation of federal law under 28 U.S.C. § 10 1331) or diversity jurisdiction (when all plaintiffs and all defendants are citizens of different states disputing more than $75,000) under 28 11 U.S.C. § 1332.

12 Parties In separate paragraphs for each party, identify the plaintiff(s) and 13 defendant(s) in the case.

14 Statement of Facts Explain the important facts in your case in numbered paragraphs, 15 describing how the defendant(s) violated the law and how you have been injured. 16 Claims 17 Include a separate heading for each legal claim (Claim 1, Claim 2, etc.), identifying the specific law that you think the defendant(s) 18 violated and explaining in numbered paragraphs what each defendant did to violate each law. 19 B. Resources 20 Floyd may wish to seek assistance from the Legal Help Center, a free service offered by 21 the Justice & Diversity Center of the Bar Association of San Francisco. You may request an 22 appointment by emailing fedpro@sfbar.org or calling 415-782-8982. At the Legal Help Center, 23 you will be able to speak with an attorney who may be able to provide basic legal help but not 24 representation. More information is available at https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/pro-se-litigants/. 25 Floyd may also wish to obtain a copy of this District’s Handbook for Litigants Without a 26 Lawyer, which provides instructions on how to proceed at every stage of your case. The 27 handbook is available in person at the Clerk’s Office and online at: 1 https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/pro-se-litigants/. 2 IT IS SO ORDERED. 3 4 Dated: June 11, 2024 5 TAA. | — THOMAS S. HIXSON 6 United States Magistrate Judge 7 8 9 10 11 a 12

13 14

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