IVERS, Judge, filed the opinion of the Court, in which KRAMER, Judge, joined.
STEINBERG, Judge, filed a separate opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
IVERS, Judge:
The case is before the Court on the appellant’s application for an award of reasonable attorney fees and expenses under the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), 28 U.S.C. § 2412. For the reasons set forth below, we deny the appellant’s application under the EAJA for attorney fees and expenses.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In the underlying case, the appellant appealed from a June 7, 1990, Board of Veterans’ Appeals (BVA) decision denying the release of VA funds suspended pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2), because VA found him to be incompetent. The appellant served in the United States Army from March 12, 1943, to November 13, 1945, and then in the United States Air Force from October 13, 1954, to June 22, 1956. Record (R.) at 1-2. He was discharged from the Air Force for a 100% disability, dementia praecox, mixed type. R. at 2-3. He was hospitalized at Philadelphia General Hospital from July 11, 1957, to July 22,1957, and again from August 3, 1957, to September 10, 1957. R. at 145. He was transferred to the VA hospital in Coatesville, Pennsylvania, on September 10, 1957, where he was diagnosed as having schizophrenia, chronic, undifferentiated type “X & P.” R. at 4. On April 29,1958, he was rated incompetent. R. at 12. He remained continually hospitalized at the Coatesville VA facility until 1985. Id. In March 1985, he was transferred to the VA Medical Center at Chillicothe, Ohio, in order to be near his family. R. at 7. On June 7, 1985, he was discharged to the care of his son and daughter-in-law, although he was found at the time to be “not competent for VA purposes.” R. at 8. The appellant’s son was then serving as the appellant’s custodian. R. at 15.
On May 20, 1987, at VA’s request, David A. Belinky, Esq., filed an Application for Appointment of Guardian in the Franklin County, Ohio, Probate Court. See R. at 25. The Probate Court referee recommended that the appellant be found competent and recommended that the Probate Court dismiss Mr. Belinky’s application. R. at 28. On September 1, 1987, the Probate Court approved the referee’s recommendation and dismissed Mr. Belinky’s application. R. at 198.
In June 1987, the appellant petitioned the Cleveland, Ohio, VA Regional Office (RO) that VA rate him as competent. R. at 16. The RO rated the appellant as competent on September 8, 1987, with an effective date of May 5, 1987. R. at 42-43.
Pursuant to its own internal administrative procedures, VA conducted a followup field examination on December 7, 1987. R. at 47-49. As a consequence of that examination, the RO proposed, on February 24, 1988, to rate the appellant incompetent. R. at 58. The RO rated him incompetent for VA purposes on May 11, 1988 (R. at 83-84), more than one year after the effective date of the VA rating of competency (R. at 42413). On June 16, 1988, Mr. Belinky agreed to serve as the appellant’s VA-appointed custodian-in-fact. R. at 199; see R. at 152-53, 155. The RO issued another rating decision on October 31, 1988, finding the appellant incompetent. R. at 171-74.
In February 1989, on the appellant’s behalf, U.S. Senator Glenn wrote to BVA Chairman Eaton, expressing his opinion that the VA decision in this case was in error. R. at 191-92. On February 21, 1989, through his attorney, Mr. Belinky, acting on the appellant’s behalf, the appellant also filed an appeal, with attachments, to the BVA. R. at [278]*278193-99. In June 1989, to bolster his case to the BVA, the appellant, through Senator Glenn’s office, submitted a May 22, 1989, mental hygiene report, apparently from his own VA psychiatrist, wherein it was concluded that the appellant was competent for VA purposes. R. at 218-19.
The BVA issued its first decision on September 28,1989, remanding the decision with instructions that “the office of original jurisdiction should review the veteran’s claim with consideration to the provisions of 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2).” R. at 231. After that review and a continued rating of incompetency by the RO on November 9, 1989, R. at 237, the BVA, on June 7,1990, held that the appellant was incompetent to handle his own assets and that he was clearly incompetent for VA purposes. Samuel L. Felton, BVA 90-18233, at 4 (June 7, 1990). Consequently, a lump-sum payment of the funds withheld under 38 C.F.R. § 3.557 was denied. The BVA then determined that 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2) prohibited the release of lump-sum payments to a veteran who was re-rated incompetent after having been rated competent and who has no proper dependent. The BVA determined that the appellant had no proper dependent. Felton, BVA 90-18233, at 4-5. More important, the BVA determined that 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2) specifically empowered VA to withhold funds due veterans who are rated competent for at least six months if they are subsequently re-rated incompetent (and lack a proper dependent), if funds had not yet been disbursed. Id. The BVA found, as a matter of fact, that the appellant was re-rated incompetent, effective May 11, 1988, some 12 months after May 5, 1987, the effective date of his initial rating as competent by VA. Id. at 6.
The appellant appealed the BVA decision to this Court. The appellant, the Secretary, and the Disabled American Veterans (DAV), as amicus curiae, presented argument on June 12, 1992. On January 14, 1993, the Court issued a decision, which was vacated by per curiam order of the Court on March 11, 1993, and replaced with another opinion. Except for certain clarifications regarding the scope of the opinion, our March 11,1993, decision was substantially the same as the earlier decision. Felton v. Brown, 4 Vet.App. 363, 365 (1993). In that decision, we invalidated 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2) (1991) as inconsistent with the Secretary’s statutory authority.
On August 16, 1993, and September 16, 1993, the appellant filed two separate applications for an award of reasonable attorney fees and expenses under the EAJA. In a November 4, 1993, order, the Court consolidated the two applications. On March 24, 1994, the Court entered judgment in the underlying decision on the merits. On March 25,1994, given the Court’s intervening decisions on EAJA-related matters, the Court ordered the appellant and the Secretary to file supplemental memoranda regarding the issues presented by the EAJA applications. The appellant filed a supplemental memorandum on April 18, 1994. The Secretary filed a supplemental memorandum on April 21, 1994.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Statutory Background
The EAJA was enacted to counter the monetary disincentive faced by many individuals when affected by governmental action. Justice O’Connor of the United States Supreme Court summarized the history and purpose of the EAJA in a 1989 case:
In 1980, Congress passed the EAJA in response to its concern that persons “may be deterred from seeking review of, or defending against, unreasonable governmental action because of the expense involved in securing the vindication of their rights.” As the Senate Report put it:
“For many citizens, the costs of securing vindication of their rights and the inability to recover attorney fees preclude resort to the adjudicatory process.... When the cost of contesting a Government order, for example, exceeds the amount at stake, a party has no realistic choice and no effective remedy. In these cases, it is more practical to endure an injustice than to contest it.”
The EAJA was designed to rectify this situation by providing for an award of a reasonable attorney’s fee.
[279]*279Sullivan v. Hudson, 490 U.S. 877, 883, 109 S.Ct. 2248, 2253, 104 L.Ed.2d 941 (1989) (citations omitted).
On October 29, 1992, Congress enacted section 506 of the Federal Courts Administration Act of 1992, Pub.L. No. 102-572, § 506, 106 Stat. 4506, 4513 (1992) (FCAA). Section 506(a) of the FCAA amended 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(F) to make subsection (d) of 28 U.S.C. § 2412 applicable to this Court. Section 506(b) of the FCAA limited such application “to any case pending before the United States Court of Veterans Appeals on the date of the enactment of this Act [October 29, 1992]” (found at 28 U.S.C. § 2412 note (Application of 1992 Amendment to Pending Cases)).
In relevant part, the EAJA provides in 28 U.S.C. § 2412:
(d)(1)(A) Except as otherwise specifically provided by statute, a court shall award to a prevailing party other than the United States fees and other expenses ... incurred by that party in any civil action ..., including proceedings for judicial review of agency action, brought by or against the United States in any court having jurisdiction of that action, unless the court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.
(B) A party seeking an award of fees and other expenses shall, within thirty days of final judgment in the action, submit to the court an application for fees and other expenses which shows that the party is a prevailing party and is eligible to receive an award ... and the amount sought, including an itemized statement. ... The party shall also allege that the position of the United States was not substantially justified. Whether or not the position of the United States was substantially justified shall be determined on the basis of the record (including the record with respect to the action or failure to act by the agency upon which the civil action is based) which is made in the civil action for which fees and other expenses are sought.
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(2) For the purposes of this subsection—
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(D) “position of the United States” means, in addition to the position taken by the United States in the civil action, the action or failure to act by the agency upon which the civil action is based....
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(l)(A)-(B), (2)(D).
B. Application of the EAJA
1. Uncontested Issues
This case was pending on or after October 29, 1992, and the EAJA is thus applicable. Jones v. Brown, 41 F.3d 634, 637-38 (Fed.Cir.1994), reversing 6 Vet.App. 101 (1993). The appellant filed two EAJA applications with this Court, on August 16, 1993, and September 16, 1993, prior to the Court’s March 24, 1994, entry of judgment. However, the Court treats such premature applications as if they were later filed. Stillwell v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 291, 300 (1994); see Brewer v. Am. Battle Monuments Comm’n, 814 F.2d 1564, 1569-70 (Fed.Cir.1987).
The Secretary does not argue that the appellant is not a prevailing party. In addition, the Secretary does not argue that there are special circumstances in this case that would make an award unjust.
2. Contested Issues
a. Substantial Justification of VA’s Position
i. Caselaw
The Secretary argues that VA’s position during the administrative and judicial phases of this action was substantially justified. Since the appellant has alleged that VA’s position was not substantially justified, the burden to demonstrate substantial justification rests with the VA Secretary. Stillwell, 6 Vet.App. at 301; Cook v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 226, 236 (1994); see Community Heating & Plumbing v. Garrett, 2 F.3d 1143, 1145 (Fed.Cir.1993); Gavette v. OPM, 808 F.2d 1456, 1467 (Fed.Cir.1986) (en banc); see also Moseanko v. Yeutter, 944 F.2d 418, 427 (8th Cir.1991); Essex Electro Engineers, Inc. v. United States, 757 F.2d 247, 252 (Fed.Cir.1985) (citing, inter alia, Ellis v. United States, 711 F.2d 1571 (Fed.Cir.1983)); De-[280]*280vine v. Sutermeister, 733 F.2d 892 (Fed.Cir.1984).
In assessing whether VA’s position was substantially justified, we must analyze the entirety of VA’s conduct, both VA’s litigation position and its action or inaction prior to the litigation. 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(B), (D); see Stillwell, 6 Vet.App. at 301-02; see also Trahan v. Brady, 907 F.2d 1215, 1218 (D.C.Cir.1990). We look to not only the Government’s position in the litigation before this Court “but also the reasonableness of ‘the underlying government action at issue.’ ” Wilderness Society v. Babbitt, 5 F.3d 383, 388 (9th Cir.1993) (quoting Bay Area Peace Navy v. United States, 914 F.2d 1224, 1230 (9th Cir.1990)).
The Supreme Court addressed the meaning of “substantially justified” in Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565, 108 S.Ct. 2541, 2550, 101 L.Ed.2d 490 (1988):
We are of the view, therefore, that as between the two commonly used connotations of the word “substantially,” the one most naturally conveyed by the phrase before us here is not “justified to a high degree,” but rather “justified in substance or in the main” — that is, justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person.
See also Stillwell, 6 Vet.App. at 302. In Underwood, the Supreme Court also noted that “a position can be justified even though it is not correct, and we believe it can be substantially (i.e., for the most part) justified if a reasonable person could think it correct, that is, if it has a reasonable basis in law and fact.” Underwood, 487 U.S. at 566 n. 2, 108 S.Ct. at 2550 n. 2. The test is one of reasonableness, not the agency’s own beliefs regarding a particular policy. Andrew v. Bowen, 837 F.2d 875, 878-89 (9th Cir.1988).
In Stillwell, this Court announced a test for evaluating whether VA’s position was substantially justified in the administrative and judicial phases:
[T]he VA must demonstrate the reasonableness, in law and fact, of the position of the VA in a matter before the Court, and of the action or failure to act by the VA in a matter before the VA, based upon the totality of the circumstances, including merits, conduct, reasons given, and consistency with judicial precedent and VA policy with respect to such position, and action or failure to act, as reflected in the record on appeal and the filings of the parties before the Court. .
Id., 6 Vet.App. at 302 (citations omitted).
In his EAJA applications, the appellant argues that the Court’s decision in Felton on the merits, which invalidated VA’s regulation, necessarily leads to the conclusion that the Government’s position was not substantially justified. In Trahan, 907 F.2d at 1219-20, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit examined decisions from various courts of appeals and rejected the argument that violation of an agency’s regulations or statutory mandate necessarily meant that the Government’s position could not have been substantially justified. We agree with the reasoning that there is no per se rule; rather, our analysis, as outlined in the Supreme Court’s Underwood decision, requires us to determine whether thé Government’s position was “ ‘justified in substance or in the main’ — that is, justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person.” Id., 487 U.S. at 565, 108 S.Ct. at 2549; see Stillwell, 6 Vet.App. at 302. In addition, “[t]he government’s failure to prevail does not raise a presumption that its position was not substantially justified.” Kali v. Bowen, 854 F.2d 329, 332 (9th Cir.1988). As the United States District Court for the District of Columbia has said: “Whether agency action was contrary to law or not is no longer the main question. Whether the agency action was contrary to law may only help inform the court of the reasonableness of the action and the litigation position.” National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty v. U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs, 799 F.Supp. 148, 153 (D.D.C.1992).
As the Stillwell Court reasoned, the reasonableness of VA’s conduct can be affected by the emerging state of veterans’ benefits law. Since the creation of this Court under the Veterans’ Judicial Review Act (VJRA), Pub.L. No. 100-687, Div. A, 102 Stat. 4105 (1988), judicial review in this Court “has often resulted in new, different, or more strin[281]*281gent requirements for adjudication.” Stillwell, 6 Vet.App. at 303. Consequently, “some cases before this Court are ones of first impression involving good faith arguments of the government that are eventually rejected by the Court.” Ibid.; see also De Allende v. Baker, 891 F.2d 7, 12-13 (1st Cir.1989) (where case was one of first impression, Government’s position was “never without substantial justification” given decisions in parallel cases); Martinez v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 815 F.2d 1381, 1383 (10th Cir.1987) (finding Government’s position to be substantially justified where applicable law was unclear or in flux; stating that “‘the more clearly established are the governing norms, and the more clearly they dictate a result in favor of the private litigant, the less “justified” it is for the government to pursue or persist in litigation.’”) (quoting Spencer v. NLRB, 712 F.2d 539, 559 (D.C.Cir.1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 936, 104 S.Ct. 1908, 80 L.Ed.2d 457 (1984)).
We emphasize, however, that we are not adopting a per se rule that a case of first impression will always render the Government’s position substantially justified. On the contrary, whether a case is one of first impression is only one factor for the Court to consider. In Edwards v. Griepentrog, 783 F.Supp. 522, 525 (D.Nev.1991), the United States District Court for the District of Nevada wrote: “[T]he EAJA does not suggest that an agency’s position is substantially justified because its policy goes years without challenge or change.” In a similar vein, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has said: “A lack of judicial precedent adverse to the government’s position does not preclude a fee award under the EAJA.” Ramon-Sepulveda v. INS, 863 F.2d 1458, 1459 (9th Cir.1988); see also Thompson v. Sullivan, 980 F.2d 280, 282-83 (4th Cir.1992) (Government’s position was not “substantially justified” where the Secretary argued contrary to, and the agency misapplied, “well-established law” of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit regarding the proper method to evaluate subjective complaints of pain); Bullfrog Films, Inc. v. Wick, 959 F.2d 782, 785 (9th Cir.1992) (appellate court did not give as much weight as district court gave to fact that regulation had been in effect for many years and had gone unchallenged); Perket v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 905 F.2d 129, 135 (6th Cir.1990) (quoting language from Spencer); Andrew, 837 F.2d at 879 (the EAJA does not suggest that agency’s position is substantially justified just because that position goes years without challenge); Oregon Environmental Council v. Kunzman, 817 F.2d 484, 498 (9th Cir.1987) (“Although the absence of adverse precedent on an issue is relevant to the determination of the ‘substantially justified’ question, it is not disposi-tive.”); Salmi v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 712 F.Supp. 566, 569-70 (W.D.Mich.1989) (“substantial justification” not found where “[n]o reasonable person could be satisfied that the Secretary was justified ... in failing to apply his own longstanding de minimis construction of the severity requirement”) (emphasis of “longstanding” added); Mager v. Heckler, 621 F.Supp. 1009, 1012 (D.Colo.1985) (same with respect to incorrectly applying the Secretary’s own regulations and ignoring “Tenth Circuit law with regard to consideration of pain”); McKenzie v. Heckler, 589 F.Supp. 1152, 1163 (N.D.Ill.1984) (same as Salmi with respect to disability severity regulation). In Curry v. Block, 608 F.Supp. 1407, 1415 (S.D.Ga.1985), the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia wrote in response to the Government’s argument that the case there was one of first impression:
The Government stresses that the nature of the Department’s responsibility was a question of first impression when this Court decided Curry v. Block. This is true. Without judicial interpretation of the statute, the legislative history and statutory language were the only law upon which the Government could draw in formulating its argument before this Court. [Citation omitted.] These sources, the statute’s language and history, pointed to only one reasonable statutory interpretation.... The novelty of the [statutory] issue did not entitle the Government to advocate an alternative, and unreasonable, interpretation of the statute.
[282]*282(Emphasis added.) Indeed, the Curry Court labelled the Government’s characterization of Congressional intent in enacting the statute at issue “perverse.” Ibid. As we discuss below, we do not have such conduct in the case at bar.
We also note a recent case that awarded attorney fees. In that case, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit referred to a Supreme Court decision stating that certain Government policies were “ ‘manifestly contrary to the statute’ ” and that the Secretary’s position was “ ‘unconvincing’” and “‘[made] little sense’” as well as to various circuit courts’ “strong disapproval” of certain regulations. Marcus v. Shalala, 17 F.3d 1033, 1038 (7th Cir.1994) (quoting Sullivan v. Zebley, 493 U.S. 521, 539, 541, 110 S.Ct. 885, 896, 897, 107 L.Ed.2d 967 (1990)). The Seventh Circuit concluded that the language in those cases “refute[d] the Secretary’s contention that the questions involved were close ones.” Marcus, 17 F.3d at 1038. In the ease at bar, however, there is no spoken basis in the underlying decision on the merits or in our jurisprudence in general to refute the reasonableness of the Secretary’s position in this case. The Felton decision was the first decision to rule on the merits on the validity of the regulations; in Marcus, the unreasonableness of the agency’s prelitigation adoption of the regulations at issue was bolstered by decisions of various circuit courts of appeals. Ibid. Admittedly, this Court is a new court and its decisions are reviewable only by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Nevertheless, unlike Marcus, where numerous circuit courts of appeals had refuted the Government’s argument that the questions involved were even close ones, id., 17 F.3d at 1038, here there was no chorus of circuit courts of appeals expressing “strong disapproval” of the regulation adopted by VA pri- or to the litigation.
We note, however, that a regulation may not amend a statute. See Iglesias v. United States, 848 F.2d 362, 366-67 (2d Cir.1988) (quoting United States v. Calamaro, 354 U.S. 351, 359, 77 S.Ct. 1138, 1143-44, 1 L.Ed.2d 1394 (1957), and Manhattan General Equipment Co. v. Commissioner, 297 U.S. 129, 134, 56 S.Ct. 397, 399-400, 80 L.Ed. 528 (1936), and citing Koshland v. Helvering, 298 U.S. 441, 447, 56 S.Ct. 767, 770, 80 L.Ed. 1268 (1936)). The mere existence of a duly promulgated regulation does not render an agency’s position substantially justified. There may be instances where the agency’s action on the merits was unreasonable, i.e., not “justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person.” Underwood, 487 U.S. at 565, 108 S.Ct. at 2550; see also Federal Election Comm’n v. Political Contributions Data, Inc., 995 F.2d 383, 386-87 (2d Cir.1993) (where prior panel had held agency action to be “unreasonable” in light of plain meaning of statute, legislative history, and evidence, lack of substantial justification for agency’s position was conclusively established). But see id., 995 F.2d at 387 (Jacobs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (stating that “in the EAJA stage, the question is whether it was unreasonable for the [agency] to litigate the reasonableness of its statutory interpretation.”) (emphasis added).
ii. Application of the Caselaw to the EAJA Applications
Turning to the EAJA applications in the instant case, we examine the Government’s position during the administrative and litigation phases. In the underlying case, the appellant had argued that VA did not correctly apply a VA regulation, 38 C.F.R. § 3.557 (1991). In his brief, the Secretary had argued that the proper inquiry involved the application of a different regulation, 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2) (1991). However, the validity of 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(e)(2) was not questioned until the DAV filed its amicus curiae brief on April 22, 1992.
In our decision on the merits, we noted that an agency’s interpretation of a statute “will generally be sustained as long as it reflects a permissible construction of the statute.” Felton, 4 Vet.App. at 370 (citing NLRB v. United Food & Commercial Workers Union, 484 U.S. 112, 123, 108 S.Ct. 413, 420-21, 98 L.Ed.2d 429 (1987), and Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 2781-82, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)). We held that the regulation in question was not [283]*283authorized by the statute. We did not consider, however, whether VA was substantially justified in litigating the issue. Although we held in our decision on the merits that the statutory mandate of 38 U.S.C. § 5503 was clear, Felton, 4 Vet.App. at 368-69, as we discuss below, the Secretary’s arguments were reasonable.
In arriving at the conclusion that the Government’s position was substantially justified, we first examine the relevant statutory and regulatory provisions. Section 5503(b)(1)(A),(B) of title 38 of the United States Code reads as follows:
(A) In any case in which a veteran having neither spouse nor child is being furnished hospital treatment or institutional or domiciliary care without charge or otherwise by the United States, or any political division thereof, is rated by the Secretary in accordance with regulations as being incompetent, and the veteran’s estate (excluding the value of the veteran’s home unless there is no reasonable likelihood that the veteran will again reside in such home), from any source equals or exceeds $1,500, further payments of pension, compensation, or emergency officers’ retirement pay shall not be made until the estate is reduced to $500.
(B) The amount which would be payable but for this paragraph shall be paid to the veteran in a lump sum; however, no payment of a lump sum herein authorized shall be made to the veteran until after the expiration of six months following a finding of competency and in the event of the veteran’s death before payment of such lump sum no part thereof shall be payable.
At the time of the Court’s decision on the merits, section 3.558(c) of title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations read:
Any amount not paid because of the provisions of § 3.557 will be awarded:
(1) To a veteran who is currently rated competent by VA after the expiration of 6 months following the effective date of the rating of competency....
(2) For a veteran rated incompetent by VA who had met the provisions of subpara-graph (1) of this paragraph and who was again rated incompetent by VA before award action could be taken thereunder, if he or she has a proper dependent, and if there was no proper error in the intervening rating of competency. For the purpose of amounts not paid because of the provisions of § 3.557(a), a proper dependent is a spouse, child, or dependent parent. For the purpose of amounts not paid because of the provisions of § 3.557(b), proper dependent is a spouse or child.
(Emphasis added.) This version of 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c) had been in effect since December 1971.
Although we held in the underlying case on the merits that the Secretary’s interpretation of the statute, as set forth in 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2), was in excess of statutory authority, we cannot say that the Secretary’s position had no reasonable basis in law or in fact. The specific situation envisioned by the Secretary in promulgating the ultimately invalidated regulation had not been expressly referred to in the relevant statute or its legislative history. The underlying case on the merits clearly did not involve agency action in complete disregard of an authorizing statute. See Wilderness Society, 5 F.3d at 388-89. Rather, the agency action — specifically, 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(e)(2), the regulation applied by VA to the appellant’s case— involved the application of a statute to an issue which was not expressly referred to in the statute.
The history of the regulation is helpful in our assessment of the Government’s position both prior to litigation, i.e., in promulgating the regulation at issue and in applying the regulation to the appellant’s case, and during litigation, i.e., in arguing for its position before this Court. The history of 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2) dates back to a 1954 prece-dential opinion of the General Counsel of VA. That opinion, O.G.C. 84-54 (May 10, 1954), attempted to address the situation where a VA-hospitalized veteran who had been rated incompetent, then rated competent, and finally rerated incompetent over eight months after the initial rating of competency. Quoting with approval the opinion of the chief attorney of the Fargo, North Dakota, RO, the precedential opinion interpreted the stat[284]*284utes and regulations existing at that time, noting that
[i]n the light of the legislative history mentioned above a question occurs as to whether it might not also have been within the intention of Congress that such payment would not be made if it should also appear that at the time an award was being processed the veteran’s competency was in doubt, even though 6 months had expired following the initial finding of competency.
O.G.C. 84-54 at 2. The precedential opinion concluded:
Although the veteran technically met the requirements of [the VA regulation] for payment of the lump sum, i.e. a rating of competency for six months, it seems apparent from the facts stated above that the veteran had not regained his competency. Further, since the veteran has again been rated as incompetent, (such rating being now in effect) it would be contrary to the spirit and intent of Public Law 662, 79th Congress, as amended by Public Law 194, 81st Congress, to increase his estate by the payment of the witheld [sic] compensation.
O.G.C. 84.-54 at 3-4.
In January 1971, the VA General Counsel discussed a case involving a veteran who was rated incompetent by VA and hospitalized and who was married during a trial release from hospitalization. The veteran was rated competent for a period of more than six months but was then rerated incompetent. Distinguishing that situation from the factual situation presented in O.G.C. 84-54, the 1971 precedential opinion said that the veteran was entitled to payment of withheld benefits because he had a wife and there was no likelihood of passing a sizable estate to distant relatives. O.G.C. 4-71 at 2-3 (Jan. 8, 1971). Thus, under the reasoning of the 1971 precedential opinion, a veteran who was rated competent for more than six months but who was rerated incompetent before action could be taken to pay the withheld benefits was entitled to payment following the incompetency rerating if he had a proper dependent such as a wife. This reasoning was adopted when VA amended 38 C.F.R. § 3.558 in 1971. See 36 Fed.Reg. 25,225 (1971).
From this brief reading of the history of the regulation that we invalidated in the underlying decision, it appears that the regulation was premised on a precedential opinion that attempted to distinguish a prior prece-dential opinion that, in turn, had tried to interpret a gap in a statute and a VA regulation. In O.G.C. 84-54, the VA General Counsel posed a reasonable question and examined the then-extant statutes, regulations, and legislative history to arrive at its conclusion. The issuance of O.G.C. 4-71 and the promulgation of 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2) in 1971 attempted to grapple once again with the ramifications of the 1954 precedential opinion. Indeed, whereas the 1954 prece-dential opinion had imposed a requirement that VA not disburse previously withheld benefits until after the expiration of a period of six months plus the time necessary to disburse payment, the 1971 precedential opinion and the regulation retreated from that requirement somewhat, mandating such payment once a competency rating had been in effect for six months where a veteran had a proper dependent. Given the statutory silence on the particular matter and the lack of a conflict with adverse precedent, the Secretary’s position during this part of the administrative phase, i.e., in promulgating the regulation at issue, was substantially justified.
When VA applied 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2) to the appellant’s case, the regulation was not questioned until the DAV filed an amicus curiae brief in this Court. Given the existence of the regulation, whose validity had not yet been questioned in this ease, the Secretary’s position during this part of the administrative phase was also substantially justified.
We further hold that the Secretary’s position during the judicial phase of this proceeding was “reasonable in law and fact based upon the totality of the circumstances as reflected in the record on appeal and the filings of the parties before the Court.” Stillwell, 6 Vet.App. at 304. Before this Court, the Secretary argued that the statutory language could be interpreted as a “floor” [285]*285prohibiting lump-sum payments before the specified six-month waiting period had expired but never as a “ceiling” mandating payment after the expiration of the six-month waiting period. In essence, the Secretary argued that the statute did not address the specific situation envisioned by the regulation, i.e., the situation where a veteran was rerated incompetent after the six-month waiting period described in the statute but before any VA action on an award was taken. In light of the regulation’s history, the Secretary’s position in the underlying case on the merits was substantially justified. See Abel Converting, Inc. v. United States, 695 F.Supp. 574, 577 (D.D.C.1988) (when a court invalidates an agency’s interpretation of its regulation, “the court is in effect finding that the interpretation is, at best, unreasonable”; however, a “rare circumstance” in support of a finding of substantial justification “is when the agency relies upon its prior interpretation of the regulation or judicial precedent.”). The Secretary’s position “was a good faith effort to interpret an evolving area of’ the law, and he “did not take a position which was unreasonable or in direct conflict with established precedent.” Citizens for Environmental Quality v. United States, 731 F.Supp. 970, 997 (D.Colo.1989) (emphasis added). In Johnson v. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 939 F.2d 586, 590 (8th Cir.1991), the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit held that the Government’s position was substantially justified. The Eighth Circuit stated:
[The Government’s position] was not unreasonable. The issue was a close one. Neither the statutory language nor the legislative history of the [act in question] expressly referred to voluntary mortgage insurance termination, although, as noted in our prior opinion, a literal application of the statutory term “change in status” and the relevant legislative history supported a broader interpretation.
(Emphasis added.) Consequently, the Secretary’s position before this Court during the judicial phase also had a reasonable basis in law and in fact and was, therefore, substantially justified.
The Court’s analysis in Stillwell is also very helpful in this case. In Stillwell, the Secretary moved to remand the BVA decision because of an intervening decision by this Court in Gregory v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 108 (1993). In Gregory, the Court had held that the first sentence of a duly promulgated regulation, 38 C.F.R. § 3.53(a) (1992), was inconsistent with the plain meaning of the authorizing statute, 38 U.S.C.A. § 101(3), and was therefore “unlawful, as exceeding the authority of the Secretary.” Gregory, 5 Vet.App. at 112 (citing 38 U.S.C.A. § 7261(a)(3)(C) (West 1991); Gardner v. Der-winsky 1 Vet.App. 584, 588 (1991)). On the appellant’s application for attorney’s fees and expenses under the EAJA, the Court held that VA’s actions prior to the issuance of Gregory were “reasonable in law and fact based upon the totality of circumstances” and denied the appellant’s EAJA application. Id., 6 Vet.App. at 304.
In the instant case, the Court held that the statute involved, 38 U.S.C. § 5503(b)(1)(A)-(B), was clear in that it mandated a lump-sum payment to a veteran who had been previously rated incompetent but had since been rated competent for a period of six months. The Court then held that a portion of the relevant regulation, 38 C.F.R. § 3.558(c)(2) (1991), added an additional requirement (over and above the six-month competency) that a veteran also have a proper dependent before a lump sum could be disbursed to the veteran. The regulation was held to be inconsistent with the authorizing statute and, as such, in excess of the Secretary’s authority. Felton, 4 Vet.App. at 370. In Felton, as in Stillwell, there was no precedent that a duly promulgated regulation was inconsistent with the authorizing statute.
In arriving at our conclusion through this analysis, we have not carried the argument for the Secretary. Unlike this Court’s opinion in Cook, 6 Vet.App. at 237, which involved an express concession by the Secretary on the issue of substantial justification in general, here, the Secretary argued that VA’s position has always been substantially justified, and the Court has merely put that argument to the test in the above analysis. Admittedly, the focus of the Secretary’s response to [286]*286the EAJA application could have been different, and the Secretary could have presented a more thorough argument for his position. Nevertheless, we do not limit our examination of the matter to a vacuum surrounded by only the four corners of the pleadings and the underlying opinion by the Court.
Indeed, our underlying decision on the merits addressed an altogether different question: whether the regulation at issue was valid rather than whether the steps that led to VA’s promulgation of the regulation (i.e., the prelitigation conduct) was substantially justified. Although our decision on the merits discussed the legislative history of the pertinent statute, at no time did we examine the history of the regulation. Only now, in the context of whether VA’s position was substantially justified, has the issue been squarely presented for consideration.
Finally, we note that the instant case is distinguishable from cases that would seem to be to the contrary, such as Oregon Natural Resources Council v. Madigan, 980 F.2d 1330 (9th Cir.1992). In Oregon Natural Resources Council, the agency had failed to promulgate regulations which it had been required to issue. Id., 980 F.2d at 1332. In the instant matter, VA did not fail to promulgate mandatory regulations. On the contrary, as discussed above, VA attempted to fill in the blanks a statute left open on the specific issue. Moreover, while other cases may serve as guiding lights, ultimately, each case must find its own path upon the stormy EAJA seas.
What we have done is carefully craft an approach that avoids per se rules at either extreme while ensuring that we evaluate the matter to determine, as the Supreme Court stated in Underwood, 487 U.S. at 565, 108 S.Ct. at 2550, whether the Government’s position is “justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person.” As this Court stated in Stillwell, 6 Vet.App. at 302, we must evaluate the Government’s position “based upon the totality of the circumstances.” Our dissenting colleague clearly does not agree with our position and his dissenting opinion speaks for itself. We have not constructed an almost insurmountable barrier in the way of awarding attorney fees under the EAJA. Nor have we swung the pendulum in the opposite direction by holding that the Government’s position can never be substantially justified where a regulation is contrary to statute. As discussed above, the regulation that we invalidated in the underlying decision on the merits was the product of a long and, ultimately, misguided effort to address questions that were left unanswered by the underlying statute. We have attempted to avoid deciding the case in a vacuum that would preclude us from making a meaningful evaluation of the totality of the circumstances regarding this particular case. Finally, we have gone to great lengths to make clear that the resolution of EAJA issues depends on many factors.
In this case, the totality of the circumstances, as described above, supports the conclusion that the Secretary’s position during the administrative and judicial phases of this case was substantially justified. Thus, we hold that the Secretary’s position was substantially justified, and we deny the appellant’s application under the EAJA for attorney fees and expenses.
b. “Common Benefít” Theory of Recovery
The appellant also argues that the litigation on the merits created a common benefit in which a class of persons will share. The appellant’s theory of recovery is, however, inapplicable to this Court.
The “common” (or “substantial”) benefit theory is an exception to the American Rule that each party pays its own attorney fees. See generally Johnson, 939 F.2d 586. However, the common or substantial benefit doctrine is available under the EAJA only under 28 U.S.C. § 2412(b). See Linquist v. Bowen, 839 F.2d 1321, 1323 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 908, 109 S.Ct. 259, 102 L.Ed.2d 247 (1988); Baker v. Bowen, 839 F.2d 1075, 1080 (5th Cir.1988); Petition of Hill, 775 F.2d 1037, 1041 (9th Cir.1985); Grace v. Burger, 763 F.2d 457, 459 (D.C.Cir.1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1026, 106 S.Ct. 583, 88 L.Ed.2d 565 (1985); McQuiston v. Marsh, 707 F.2d 1082, 1085 (Fed.Cir.1983); see also Hyatt v. Shalala, 6 F.3d 250, 253-54 (4th Cir.1993).
[287]*287In Cook, 6 Vet.App. at 236-35, the Court held that the FCAA made only subsection (d) of 28 U.S.C. § 2412 applicable to this Court. As the Supreme Court stated in Ardestani v. INS, 502 U.S. 129, 137-39, 112 S.Ct. 515, 521, 116 L.Ed.2d 496 (1991), the EAJA is a “partial waiver of sovereign immunity. Any such waiver must be strictly construed in favor of the United States.” As the Federal Circuit stated in a recent decision, “Once Congress has waived sovereign immunity over certain subject matter, we cannot ‘assume the authority to narrow the waiver that Congress intended.’ ” Jones, 41 F.3d at 636 (quoting United States v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 117-18, 100 S.Ct. 352, 356-57, 62 L.Ed.2d 259 (1979)). However, whereas section 506 of the FCAA is an unequivocal waiver of sovereign immunity with respect to subsection (d) of the EAJA, it does not constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity with respect to subsection (b) of the EAJA. Therefore, subsection (b) — and the common benefit theory — do not apply to this Court.
III. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, the Court denies the appellant’s application under the EAJA for attorney fees and expenses. Since we deny the applications under the EAJA, we do not address the other issues raised by the parties in their pleadings.