[Cite as Estate of DeChellis v. DeChellis, 2019-Ohio-3078.]
COURT OF APPEALS STARK COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ESTATE OF PHILIP JOHN : DECHELLIS BY ANN HEFFNER, : EXECUTRIX : JUDGES: : : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J. : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. -vs- : : Case No. 2018CA00153 : PATTY DECHELLIS, ET AL. : : : Defendants-Appellants : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, Case No. 228240
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: July 29, 2019
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee: For Defendants-Appellants:
MARIO GAITANOS CRAIG T. CONLEY 437 Market Ave. N. 604 Huntington Plaza Canton, OH 44702 220 Market Ave. S. Canton, OH 44702 Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 2
Delaney, J.
{¶1} Defendants-Appellants Patty DeChellis and Danny DeChellis appeal the
October 10, 2018 judgment entry of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Probate
Division.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The DeChellis Family
{¶2} Philip DeChellis was the patriarch of a large, blended family living in Canton,
Ohio. Philip had three children with his first wife: Ann Heffner, Marco DeChellis, and
Michael DeChellis. Philip began a 30-year romantic relationship with Defendant-Appellant
Patty DeChellis, resulting in the birth of Defendant-Appellant Daniel Patrick Skiba nka
Daniel Patrick DeChellis. Philip and Patty divorced their spouses and moved with the
children to Ohio in 1986. Philip and Patty never married but cohabited as domestic
partners until Philip’s death on July 21, 2016.
{¶3} Philip and Patty resided in a home on Lancaster Gate Street, Canton, Ohio.
Also residing in the home was Philip’s mother, Daniel, Daniel’s wife, and Daniel’s child.
Ann, Marco, and Michael did not have a key to the Lancaster Gate home. Ann and
Michael frequently visited their father at the Lancaster Gate home.
The DeChellis Family Business
{¶4} When Philip moved to Ohio in 1986, he took over a pizza shop. The
business was originally located on Cleveland Avenue in Canton, Ohio; later, the business
relocated to Market Avenue and was named “Napoli’s Italian Eatery.” Napoli’s Italian
Eatery is a well-known dining establishment in downtown Canton and is regularly
frequented by downtown employees. Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 3
{¶5} The DeChellis family have all worked at Napoli’s Italian Eatery at some
point. Philip managed the business and handled its finances. Patty and Michael
supervised the operations of the restaurant.
{¶6} It was well known in the DeChellis family and to Philip’s friends that Philip
preferred to handle his business and personal finances with cash, not credit. Philip had a
distrust of banks. Philip’s accountant, Stephen Miller, C.P.A., confirmed that Philip paid
his employees with cash and his personal and business expenses with cash whenever
possible. Family members observed Philip take cash home from the business in a
briefcase on a daily basis. Ann and Michael saw stacks of cash in the Lancaster Gate
home. Michael saw his father’s safe in his basement office at the Lancaster Gate home.
Peter Kazakis, Philip’s long-term friend, observed Philip retrieve at least $5,000 in cash
from Philip’s basement office and bedroom. Philip did not purchase birthday or Christmas
gifts for his family; instead, he would give them cash.
{¶7} Due to Philip’s exclusive use of cash, his net worth was somewhat of a
mystery, even to his accountant. For example, Philip purchased a $279,000 home with
$60,512.57 as a down payment. He reported to the bank that he had liquid assets of
$86,295.00 but paid off the $232,000 30-year mortgage in four years. Philip drove a
Cadillac and owned two vintage Corvettes. Philip paid Patty an allowance that amounted
to $26,000 per year. Daniel asked for $26,000 for day-trading and Philip gave him a
cashier’s check for the money. Philip did not have any business debt. His accountant
relied on the information provided from Philip to prepare his tax returns but did not verify
the financial integrity of Philip’s data. His accountant knew it was not uncommon for cash
businesses to under report income. Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 4
The Last Will and Testament
{¶8} In 2013, Philip suffered a serious heart attack. In 2015, Philip suffered a
stroke and heart attack, resulting in surgery. In 2016, Philip was diagnosed with lung
cancer.
{¶9} Philip worked with Attorney Stanley Rubin for business related legal issues.
He also retained Attorney Rubin’s services for his estate planning. In 2015, Philip told
Attorney Rubin multiple times he had $750,000 in cash that upon his death, he wanted to
be divided equally between his four children. In April or May 2016, Attorney Rubin
attended a family meeting with Philip, Ann, Patty, and Daniel. At the meeting, Philip told
those present he had $750,000 in cash that he wanted to divide equally between the four
children. Philip did not say at the family meeting where the $750,000 in cash was located
or show anyone the $750,000 in cash. In accordance with Philip’s wishes, Attorney Rubin
prepared a Last Will and Testament with a residuary clause that provided for the equal
division of residuary assets among the four children. The Will was signed by Philip on
July 19, 2016 and admitted to Probate on August 1, 2016. Philip named Ann as the
Executrix.
{¶10} Philip passed away on July 21, 2016. After his death, Ann spoke with Patty
regarding the $750,000 in cash to be split among the children. Ann wanted to meet to
divide the cash, but Patty delayed the meeting. On September 2, 2016, Ann and her
fiancée came to Lancaster Gate home with an appraiser for purposes of executing the
Will. During the appraisal of the personal property in the home, Ann observed two of her
father’s briefcases in his bedroom that appeared to be broken into and empty. She also
observed a safe in the bedroom that appeared to be broken into and empty. Ann and the Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 5
appraiser were not permitted to enter Daniel’s room. In her father’s basement office, Ann
observed the room in disarray and the basement safe was missing. Ann called Attorney
Rubin after the September 2, 2016 appraisal because she was upset and felt that Patty
and Danny had taken the $750,000 in contravention of her father’s will.
The Lawsuits
{¶11} On April 25, 2017, Patty and Daniel filed a complaint in the Stark County
Court of Common Pleas, General Division, Case No. 2017CV00858, against Ann,
Michael, Marco, and the Estate of Philip J. DeChellis alleging intentional tortious
interference with inheritance, failure to pay bills, and intentional interference of emotional
distress. The defendants answered and filed a counterclaim against Patty and Daniel,
alleging concealment of assets, conversion, and intentional infliction of emotional distress
in regard to the $750,000 in cash. In their answer to the counterclaim, Patty and Daniel
stated, “Plaintiffs/Counterclaim Defendants invoke their Fifth Amendment right to remain
silent in response to allegations in paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11 of Defendants’
counterclaim for quasi-criminal claims for Concealment of Assets and Conversion.”
(Answer, July 19, 2017).
{¶12} Case No. 2017CV00858 was voluntarily dismissed by joint stipulation on
January 15, 2018.
{¶13} On February 28, 2017, Plaintiff-Appellee Ann Heffner, duly appointed
Executrix of Philip J. DeChellis, filed a R.C. 2109.50 concealment of assets action in the
Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division against Respondents-Appellants
Patty and Daniel. On April 26, 2017, Ann amended her complaint and requested recovery
of $750,000. Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 6
{¶14} The matter proceeded to a bench trial on August 29-30, 2018. Ann
presented seven witnesses on direct: Ann, Michael, Maria DeChellis, Peter Kazakis,
Rodney Dimmerling, Stephen Miller, and Ann’s fiancée. Ann presented the testimony of
Patty and Daniel on cross examination. During cross, counsel questioned Patty and
Daniel about the discovery depositions where they were asked about the location of the
cash in the Lancaster Gate home and whether they were in possession of the $750,000
in cash. Both Patty and Daniel invoked their Fifth Amendment rights against self-
incrimination. The videotaped depositions of Maria DeChellis, Stephen Miller, and
Rodney Dimmerling were viewed by the trial court and incorporated into the trial record.
At the conclusion of Ann’s case, Patty and Daniel rested without the presentation of
evidence.
{¶15} On September 25, 2018, the trial court reconvened the parties and
announced its decision on the record. The trial court found Patty and Daniel guilty of
having concealed, embezzled, conveyed away, or having been in possession of monies
owned by Philip and now belonging to his Estate.
{¶16} On October 10, 2018, the trial court journalized its verdict in its findings of
fact and conclusions of law. The trial court rendered judgment in favor of Ann as Executrix,
in the amount of $750,000 against Patty and Daniel jointly and severally, with a ten-
percent penalty from the date of Philip’s death.
{¶17} It is from this judgment Patty and Daniel now appeal. Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 7
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶18} DeChellis raises four Assignments of Error:
{¶19} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN CONSIDERING AND RELYING UPON
INDIRECT EVIDENCE.
{¶20} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ADMITTING, OVER OBJECTION,
HEARSAY TESTIMONY.
{¶21} “III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY INCORPORATING, OVER
OBJECTION, PLEADINGS AND PRETRIAL DISCOVERY MATERIALS INTO THE
TRIAL RECORD.
{¶22} “IV. THE TRIAL COURT’S GUILTY FINDING WAS AGAINST THE
MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED AT TRIAL.”
ANALYSIS
I.
R.C. 2109.50
{¶23} A concealment action is brought under R.C. 2109.50 and permits a
complaint to be made to the probate court “against any person suspected of having
concealed, embezzled, or conveyed away or of being or having been in the possession
of any moneys * * * of the estate.” R.C. 2109.50. The purpose of R.C. 2109.50 is to provide
a speedy and effective method of discovering assets belonging to the estate and securing
their recovery. In re the Estate of Gordon, 5th Dist. Richland No. 13-CA-77, 2014-Ohio-
2087, ¶ 21 citing Wozniak v. Wozniak, 90 Ohio App.3d 400, 629 N.E.2d 500 (9th
Dist.1993). It is a quasi-criminal statute requiring a finding of guilty or not guilty. Id. citing
Ukrainiec v. Batz, 24 Ohio App.3d 200, 202, 493 N.E.2d 1368 (9th Dist.1982). Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 8
{¶24} While R.C. 2109.50 is a quasi-criminal special statutory proceeding, this
type of action is controlled by the laws governing civil proceedings in the probate court.
Lance v. Boldman, 2018-Ohio-44, 93 N.E.3d 1013 (9th Dist.), ¶ 33 citing Wozniak at 411,
629 N.E.2d 500. Thus, the complainant must prove the elements of a R.C. 2109.50 claim
by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at ¶ 33 citing Kasick v. Kobelak, 184 Ohio App.3d
433, 2009-Ohio-5239, 921 N.E.2d 297 (8th Dist.), ¶ 13.
{¶25} Because of the quasi-criminal nature, “[w]rongful or culpable conduct on the
part of the person accused is an element of the offense, which must be proven by a
preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at ¶ 34 citing Kaforey v. Burge, 9th Dist. Summit No.
17050, 1995 WL 283774, at *2 (May 10, 1995), citing Ukrainiec at 202, 493 N.E.2d 1368.
Thus, the complainant must prove more than “mere possession” of the estate assets. Id.
citing Longworth v. Childers, 180 Ohio App.3d 162, 2008-Ohio-4927, ¶ 21, 904 N.E.2d
904 (2nd Dist.); Ukrainiec, 24 Ohio App.3d at 202, 493 N.E.2d 1368. “[T]he inquiry under
R.C. 2109.50 focuses on the ownership of the asset and whether possession of the asset
is being impermissibly concealed or withheld from the estate.” Id. citing Wozniak at 407,
629 N.E.2d 500.
Burden of Proof
{¶26} In their first Assignment of Error, Patty and Daniel contend the trial court
used the incorrect evidentiary standard in the R.C. 2109.50 action. They contend the trial
court relied upon indirect evidence to reach its verdict, when the correct burden of proof
to establish a prima facie case of concealment of assets is by direct evidence as held in
Silcott v. Prebble, 12th Dist. No. CA2002-04-028, 2003-Ohio-508. Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 9
{¶27} In Silcott v. Prebble, 12th Dist. No. CA2002-04-028, 2003-Ohio-508, the
decedent’s daughter brought claims against her siblings, including two brothers who had
served as the decedent’s attorney-in-fact, seeking an accounting of probate assets and
alleging concealment of assets and intentional interference with expectancy interests.
The trial court entered judgment requiring the attorneys-in-fact to reimburse the estate.
The Twelfth District Court of Appeals affirmed. In its opinion, the court stated:
In her fifth assignment of error, Lana argues that the probate court erred by
awarding judgment only against Roger and Robert, the attorneys-in-fact.
Lana argues that judgment should also have been entered against the other
six appellees for receiving funds improperly from the attorneys-in-fact. We
disagree. Unlike Roger and Robert, the other six appellees were not
attorneys-in-fact in charge of Lowell's assets. In addition, although claiming
in her complaint that all of appellees had concealed, embezzled, or
conveyed away $126,800, Lana failed to produce any evidence to trace any
assets to those six appellees. It is well-established that in a proceeding for
concealment of assets, the burden of proof is upon the complainant to
establish a prima facie case by direct evidence. Maag, Troy, and Barlow,
2002 Ohio Probate Practice and Procedure, 144, Section 12.08; see, also,
In re Estate of Woods (1959), 110 Ohio App. 277, 167 N.E.2d 122. Lana
has failed to meet her burden. Lana's fifth assignment of error is accordingly
overruled.
Id. at ¶ 34. Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 10
{¶28} In support of their argument, Patty and Daniel refer this Court to Kogut v.
Marcelli, 5th Dist. 2011CA00026, 2012-Ohio-183, where the appellant argued that in
contravention of Silcott, supra, the trial court failed to hold the appellee/complainant to his
burden of proof. Id. at ¶ 14. Patty and Daniel argue this Court’s reference to Silcott in
Kogut therefore establishes the required standard of proof in a concealment of assets
action is direct evidence. We find Appellants misinterpret our reliance on Silcott.
{¶29} In Kogut, the appellant’s complaint for concealment alleged, “Rose Kogut
has concealed or conveyed away monies and jewelry to the estate of the decedent in
fraud of its rights.” Id. at ¶ 30. At issue in the case were bank accounts that the appellant
alleged to be joint and survivor accounts with the decedent. The trial court found the
appellee established a prima facie case for the concealment of assets and appellant did
not meet her burden in establishing joint and survivorship accounts between her and the
decedent. Id. at ¶ 3. We affirmed. We cited to the above holding in Silcott and first found
the trial court properly acknowledged the appellee’s burden in the case, causing the
concealment matter to be put on first. Id. at ¶ 25, 30. The appellant argued that her
testimony alone was sufficient to establish joint and survivorship accounts, and no other
extrinsic evidence should have been permitted under Wright v. Bloom, 69 Ohio St.3d 596,
635 N.E.2d 31 (1994). Under Wright, the opening of an account in joint and survivorship
form shall, in the absence of fraud, duress, undue influence or lack of mental capacity on
the part of the depositor, be conclusive evidence of the depositor’s intention to transfer
the survivor the balance remaining in the account at the depositor’s death. We held
pursuant to Wright, extrinsic evidence was available as to whether there was fraud in the
opening of joint and survivorship accounts. Id. at ¶ 30. Based on the evidence presented Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 11
and our deference to the trial court as to matters of credibility and weight of the evidence,
we found the trial court correctly determined the accounts were not joint and survivorship
accounts. Id. at ¶ 38. In Kogut, our reliance upon Silcott was only to find the trial court
correctly determined the burden to establish a concealment action rested on the appellee.
Id at ¶ 30.
{¶30} Under R.C. 2109.50, it is well-established the wrongful conduct on the part
of the person accused must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence. In Silcott, the
court cites to In re Estate of Woods, 110 Ohio App. 277, 167 N.E.2d 122 (10th Dist.1959)
in support of its statement that the burden of proof is upon the complainant to establish a
prima facie case by direct evidence. In re Estate of Woods states as follows:
In a proceeding for concealment of assets, the burden is upon the
complainant to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the
respondent received the money or other thing of value claimed to have
come into his hands and that he concealed, empbezzled [sic] or conveyed
it away. Leonard v. State ex rel. Scott, 3 Ohio App. 313.
Since the proceeding requires a finding of guilty and is quasi criminal in
character, the burden must be imposed upon the complainant (or the court,
cf. In re Fife's Estate, 164 Ohio St. 449, 132 N.E.2d 185) to at least produce
evidence of such probative character that reasonable minds might reach
different conclusions upon the guilt or innocence of the respondent. * * *
In such special proceeding wherein the evidence discloses that the
respondent at some time prior to the death of the decedent had a transitory
possession of the proceeds of checks belonging to the decedent, the Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 12
burden is also upon the complainant to trace the funds into the estate of the
respondent and no burden is cast upon the respondent to trace the money
elsewhere between the time of its delivery to the decedent and her
subsequent death. Cf. In re Leiby's Estate, 157 Ohio St. 374, 105 N.E.2d
In re Woods' Estate, 110 Ohio App. 277, 282, 167 N.E.2d 122, 125-126 (10th Dist.1959).
The complainant must prove more than “mere possession” of the estate assets. Lance v.
Boldman, 9th Dist. No. 16AP0032, 2018-Ohio-44, 93 N.E.3d 1013, 2018 WL 327799, ¶
34. “ ‘[T]he inquiry under R.C. 2109.50 focuses on the ownership of the asset and whether
possession of the asset is being impermissibly concealed or withheld from the estate.’ ”
Gustafson v. Miller, 5th Dist. Perry No. 15–CA–00008, 2015–Ohio–5515, ¶ 23 quoting
Wozniak at 407, 629 N.E.2d 500.
{¶31} Upon review of the trial court’s verdict and October 10, 2018 judgment entry,
we find the trial court utilized the correct burden of proof in determining whether Ann
established that Patty and Daniel concealed, embezzled, or conveyed away or was in
possession of $750,000 belonging to the Estate of Philip J. DeChellis. As will be
discussed further in our analysis of the fourth Assignment of Error, the trial court found
Ann demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence that Patty and Daniel
impermissibly concealed or withheld the $750,000 from the Estate. (October 10, 2018
Judgment Entry).
{¶32} The first Assignment of Error is overruled. Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 13
II.
{¶33} In its second Assignment of Error, Patty and Daniel argue the trial court
erred in admitting, over objection, hearsay testimony.
{¶34} “[A] trial court is vested with broad discretion in determining the admissibility
of evidence in any particular case, so long as such discretion is exercised in line with the
rules of procedure and evidence.” Huth v. Kus, 5th Dist. No. 2017 AP 06 0015, 2018-
Ohio-1931, 113 N.E.3d 140, 2018 WL 2230727, ¶ 30 quoting Rigby v. Lake Cty., 58 Ohio
St.3d 269, 271, 569 N.E.2d 1056 (1991). “Ordinarily, we review a trial court's hearsay
rulings for an abuse of discretion.” State v. Hymore, 9 Ohio St.2d 122, 128, 224 N.E.2d
126 (1967). However, “[w]hether evidence is admissible because it falls within an
exception to the hearsay rule is a question of law, thus, our review is de novo.” State v.
Truitt, 9th Dist. No. 25527, 2011-Ohio-6599, 2011 WL 6749811, ¶ 24 (quoting Monroe v.
Steen, 9th Dist. No. 24342, 2009-Ohio-5163, 2009 WL 3119693, ¶ 11.
{¶35} “Hearsay” is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter
asserted. Evid.R. 801(C). Hearsay is generally not admissible unless it falls within one of
the recognized exceptions. Evid.R. 802; State v. Steffen, 31 Ohio St.3d 111, 119, 509
N.E.2d 383 (1987).
{¶36} Appellants’ argument on their second Assignment of Error states in total:
All of the aforesaid hearsay testimony elicited at trial by Appellee over
Appellants’ repeated objections was clearly inadmissible under Evid R 802;
and, that hearsay testimony (deemed as dispositive by the Trial Court
below) was not otherwise admissible under Evid R 805 (B) (5) as an Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 14
exception to the hearsay rule, noting that Appellants’ testimony at trial (as
well as before trial) did not “open the door” to that hearsay exception. (See,
e.g., Mancz v. McHenry (2nd Dist.), 2012-Ohio-3285, at ¶ 27 and 28.)
Accordingly, this Assignment of Error should be sustained and this
Appeal should be granted.
{¶37} Appellants do not cite to the record to show where the trial court’s alleged
evidentiary errors may be located. We reviewed the direct examination of Ann Heffner
and find that counsel objected at least 15 times to her testimony on the basis of hearsay.
Ann presented eight other witnesses in her case in chief and Appellants’ counsel objected
during their testimony on the basis of hearsay. App.R. 16(A)(7) requires an appellant's
brief to contain “the contentions of the appellant with respect to each assignment of error
* * * and the reasons in support of the contentions, with citations to * * * parts of the record
on which appellant relies.” Thus, an appellant must indicate to the appellate court
specifically where the trial court's alleged errors may be located. “It is not the duty of an
appellate court to search the record for evidence to support an appellant's argument as
to any alleged error.” Silcott v. Prebble, supra, ¶ 19 citing State v. Watson, 126 Ohio
App.3d 316, 321, 710 N.E.2d 340 (12th Dist.1998).
{¶38} We assume because Patty and Daniel reference Evid.R. 804(B)(5) in their
appellate argument, they contend the trial court impermissibly allowed statements made
by Philip, the decedent. Evid.R. 804(B) provides in relevant part:
(B) Hearsay Exceptions. The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule
if the declarant is unavailable as a witness:
*** Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 15
(5) Statement by a Deceased or Incompetent Person. The statement was
made by a decedent or a mentally incompetent person, where all of the
following apply:
(a) the estate or personal representative of the decedent's estate or the
guardian or trustee of the incompetent person is a party;
(b) the statement was made before the death or the development of the
incompetency;
(c) the statement is offered to rebut testimony by an adverse party on a
matter within the knowledge of the decedent or incompetent person.
{¶39} The purpose of Evid.R. 804(B)(5) is to benefit a decedent's representative
by allowing the decedent to “ ‘speak from the grave’ ” and rebut testimony by an adverse
party. Murray v. Carano, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 17-COA-005, 2017-Ohio-8235, 2017 WL
4711862, ¶ 23, quoting Bobko v. Sagen, 61 Ohio App.3d 397, 409, 572 N.E.2d 823 (8th
Dist.1989), quoting Bilikam v. Bilikam, 2 Ohio App.3d 300, 305, 441 N.E.2d 845 (10th
Dist.1982). This hearsay exception, however, “is not intended to apply to the party
opposing the decedent[, but] [r]ather, it applies to the party substituted for the decedent.”
Bilikam at 305, 441 N.E.2d 845.
{¶40} Patty and Daniel were before the probate court pursuant to a R.C. 2109.50
proceeding as respondents who were accused of concealing the Estate’s assets. Thus,
Patty and Daniel were adverse parties opposing the Estate and not parties representing
the Estate. Ann, as Executrix, was the Estate representative.1 We therefore find no error
1On March 13, 2019, the probate court issued a judgment entry removing Ann Heffner as fiduciary and appointed Attorney David Dingwell as Administrator W.W.A. for the purpose of completing the administration of the estate. Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 16
for the trial court to overrule Appellants’ objections to the decedent’s statements under
Evid.R. 804(B)(5). In contravention of App.R. 16(A)(7), Appellants have not provided this
Court with references to the record to support a reversal of the trial court.
{¶41} Appellants’ second Assignment of Error is overruled.
III.
{¶42} Patty and Daniel argue in their third Assignment of Error that the trial court
erred in allowing pleadings and pretrial discovery materials to be part of the trial record.
The parties took discovery depositions of Ann, Michael, Patty, and Daniel, which were
filed with the trial court prior to the trial. At trial, during Ann’s case in chief, counsel cross-
examined Patty and Daniel utilizing their discovery depositions. (Vol. I, 180-183; 194-
196). Patty and Daniel did not object at trial to the use of the discovery depositions. During
cross-examination of Ann and Michael, counsel for Patty and Daniel utilized Ann and
Michael’s respective discovery depositions. (Vol. I, 98; 225-229).
{¶43} A party waives and may not raise on appeal any error which arises during
the trial court proceedings if that party fails to bring the error to the court's attention, by
objection or otherwise, at a time when the trial court could avoid or correct the error.
Lowder v. Domingo, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2016CA00043, 2017-Ohio-1241, 2017 WL
1231724, ¶ 21 citing Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116, 121–123, 679 N.E.2d 1099
(1997). A failure to object at trial waives all but plain error. Id. The plain error doctrine is
applicable in civil cases only where the error “seriously affects the basic fairness, integrity,
or public reputation of the judicial process.” Id. at syllabus.
{¶44} A proceeding for the discovery of concealed or embezzled assets of an
estate is a special proceeding of a summary, inquisitorial character whose purpose is to
facilitate the administration of estates by summarily retrieving assets that rightfully belong Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 17
there. State v. Harmon, 5th Dist. No. 2016AP080042, 2017-Ohio-320, 72 N.E.3d 704,
2017 WL 390204, ¶ 14, citing In re Estate of Fife, 164 Ohio St. 449, 132 N.E.2d 185
(1956), paragraphs one and two of the syllabus; Accord, Goldberg v. Maloney, 111 Ohio
St.3d 211, 2006-Ohio-5485, 855 N.E.2d 856, ¶ 23. Because it is a discovery proceeding,
the action does not proceed in the same fashion as an ordinary civil action between two
or more parties where there is a complaint and an answer. Lance v. Boldman, 2018-Ohio-
44, 93 N.E.3d 1013 (9th Dist.2018), ¶ 24 citing In re Estate of Fife, 164 Ohio St. 449, 454.
However, the Rules of Civil Procedure are applicable to a proceeding under R.C. 2109.50.
In re Estate of Popp, 94 Ohio App.3d 640, 649, 641 N.E.2d 739, 744, (8th Dist.1994),
dismissed, 70 Ohio St.3d 1446, 639 N.E.2d 114 (1994); State v. Harmon, 2017-Ohio-320,
72 N.E.3d 704 (5th Dist.).
{¶45} A concealment action notifies the probate court of alleged misconduct, upon
which the court must investigate the charge and make a finding of guilt or innocence
based on the evidence presented. Lance v. Boldman, 2018-Ohio-44, 93 N.E.3d 1013 (9th
Dist.2018), ¶ 24 citing In re Estate of Fife, 164 Ohio St. 449, 454. The court conducts the
required investigation by examining, under oath, the respondent and any witnesses. Id.
at ¶ 25; R.C. 2109.50. Because it is the court that calls the respondent to appear before
it, it is the court that controls the examination of the respondent. Id. However, the court
may delegate the examination of the respondent to the attorneys. Id. The respondent “is
therefore in reality the witness of the court, and the character and extent of [the
respondent’s] examination rest largely in the court’s discretion.” Id.
{¶46} In this concealment action, we find no plain error for the trial court to permit
the use of the parties’ discovery depositions during cross-examination. We note counsel Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 18
for Patty and Daniel also used discovery depositions during his cross-examination of Ann
and Michael, the same act they are now alleging was error. Under the doctrine of “invited
error,” it is well settled that “a party will not be permitted to take advantage of an error
which he himself invited or induced the trial court to make.” State v. Helfrich, 5th Dist.
Licking No. 18-CA-45, 2019-Ohio-1785, 2019 WL 2051027, ¶ 86 State ex rel. Smith v.
O'Connor, 71 Ohio St.3d 660, 663, 646 N.E.2d 1115(1995), citing State ex rel. Fowler v.
Smith, 68 Ohio St.3d 357, 359, 626 N.E.2d 950(1994).
{¶47} Appellants’ third Assignment of Error is overruled.
IV.
{¶48} Appellants contend in their fourth Assignment of Error that the trial court's
judgment was against the manifest weight and sufficiency of the evidence. We disagree.
{¶49} In Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012–Ohio–2179, 972 N.E.2d
517, the Ohio Supreme Court clarified the standard of review appellate courts should
apply when assessing the manifest weight of the evidence in a civil case. The Ohio
Supreme Court held the standard of review for manifest weight of the evidence for criminal
cases stated in State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997) is also
applicable in civil cases. Eastley, 132 Ohio St.3d. A reviewing court is to examine the
entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility
of the witnesses and determine “whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the finder
of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the
judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Id; see also Sheet Metal Workers
Local Union No. 33 v. Sutton, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2011 CA 00262, 2012–Ohio–3549. “In
a civil case, in which the burden of persuasion is only by a preponderance of the evidence, Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 19
rather than beyond a reasonable doubt, evidence must still exist on each element
(sufficiency) and the evidence on each element must satisfy the burden of persuasion
(weight).” Eastley, supra, 2012–Ohio–2179, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 972 N.E.2d 517.
{¶50} As an appellate court, we are not fact finders; we neither weigh the evidence
nor judge the credibility of witnesses. Markel v. Wright, 5th Dist. Coshocton No.
2013CA0004, 2013–Ohio–5274. Further, “an appellate court should not substitute its
judgment for that of the trial court when there exists * * * competent and credible evidence
supporting the findings of fact and conclusion of law.” Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10
Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). The underlying rationale for giving deference
to the findings of the trial court rests with the knowledge that the trial judge is best able to
view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections, and use
these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony. Id. Accordingly,
a trial court may believe all, part, or none of the testimony of any witness who appears
before it. Rogers v. Hill, 124 Ohio App.3d 468, 706 N.E.2d 438 (4th Dist.1998).
{¶51} Patty and Daniel argue Ann proffered no direct evidence that the $750,000
actually existed. In the alternative, if the $750,000 did exist, there is no direct evidence
that Patty or Daniel received the money and concealed, embezzled, or conveyed away
money that belonged to the Estate.
{¶52} In its judgment entry, the trial court summarized its findings of fact:
1. Phil was a successful businessman who accumulated large sums of cash
which he kept at his home.
2. Witnesses saw large sums of cash in Phil’s home which he used for
business and personal purposes. Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 20
3. Phil’s expenditures for his lifestyle far exceeded his reported income.
4. [Patty and Daniel] resided in Phil’s home prior to his death and are now
the sole occupants of his house.
***
6. Phil’s declining health prompted him to consult with his attorney, Stanley
Rubin, Esq., regarding his financial affairs and a new Will.
7. Phil told Attorney Rubin many times, including shortly before his death,
that he had $750,000 cash in his home.
8. Defendants exercised their Fifth Amendment right regarding finding
money in Phil’s home after his death, but later stated that any cash in the
home belonged to them.
(October 10, 2018 Judgment Entry).
{¶53} This case turned on the credibility of the witnesses. The trial court had the
opportunity to view and listen to Ann, Daniel, Michael, Patty, and Attorney Rubin. He
observed their demeanors, gestures, and voice inflections while they were testifying and
thus the trial court “may believe all, part or none of the testimony of any witness.” In re
Estate of Gordon, 5th Dist. Richland No. 13-CA-77, 2014-Ohio-2087, ¶ 23 citing Lee v.
Lee, 5th Dist. Licking No. 2008 CA 112, 2009-Ohio-5250. The trial court stated in its
judgment entry that it found the testimony of Attorney Rubin to be the most credible and
reliable. Attorney Rubin testified that in 2015, Philip told him multiple times he wanted to
split $750,000 in cash between his four children. In 2016, Attorney Rubin attended a
family meeting where Philip told the family he had $750,000 and wanted to split it between
the four children. Attorney Rubin then drafted a Will containing a residuary clause for the Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 21
division of the $750,000 in cash. Attorney Rubin had no interest in the cash or motivation
to misstate the wishes of his client.
{¶54} The trial court did not find the testimony and actions of Patty and Daniel
were believable. One of issues the trial court had with their credibility was their invocation
of their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination when asked, “Isn’t it true that you
and Danny are in possession of the cash in an amount of $750,000 that belonged to Phil
DeChellis and now should be part of the Estate of Philip DeChellis that’s filed with Probate
Court in Stark County?” (Vol. I, 182, 195). The Fifth Amendment to the United States
Constitution provides that “no person * * * shall be compelled in any criminal case to be
a witness against himself.” Courts have applied the privilege against self-incrimination to
civil proceedings. Cuyahoga Hts. Local School Dist. v. Palazzo, 8th Dist. No. 103592,
2016-Ohio-5137, 69 N.E.3d 162, 2016 WL 4037309, ¶ 22 citing McCarthy v. Arndstein,
266 U.S. 34, 40, 45 S.Ct. 16, 69 L.Ed. 158 (1924) (upholding the use of the privilege in a
bankruptcy proceeding).
{¶55} Courts have not applied the Fifth Amendment as rigidly in civil cases as
they do in criminal cases. Id. at ¶ 23. Comments regarding a criminal defendant's
invocation of the right against self-incrimination are prohibited [Griffin v. California, 380
U.S. 609, 614, 85 S.Ct. 1229, 14 L.Ed.2d 106 (1965)], but there is no constitutional
impediment to drawing an inference against a party invoking the Fifth Amendment
privilege in a civil case. Id. citing Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318, 96 S.Ct. 1551,
47 L.Ed.2d 810 (1976) (“The Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against
parties to civil actions when they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence
offered against them * * *.”) “ ‘While the umbrella of Fifth Amendment guarantees is broad, Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 22
the prohibition against compulsory testimony does not relieve a party from appearing or
answering questions in a civil action.’ ” Id. citing State ex rel. Verhovec v. Mascio, 81 Ohio
St.3d 334, 337, 691 N.E.2d 282 (1998), quoting Tedeschi v. Grover, 39 Ohio App.3d 109,
111, 529 N.E.2d 480 (10th Dist.1988).
{¶56} The Eighth District Court of Appeals observed:
The Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination might be a shield in
criminal cases, but in civil cases it can be a sword turned against the person
claiming the privilege. This is because the rule in civil cases is that an
adverse inference may be drawn against a party who invokes the Fifth
Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. Verhovec; Tedeschi,
supra. The inference exists because a witness's assertion that the answer
to a question might be self-incriminating proves that the witness engaged
in some incriminating activity relative to the question.
Cuyahoga Hts. Local School Dist. v. Palazzo, 8th Dist. No. 103592, 2016-Ohio-5137, 69
N.E.3d 162, 2016 WL 4037309, ¶ 24.
{¶57} In this case, Patty and Daniel’s use of their privilege against self-
incrimination acted as a sword, not a shield, in determining whether they were in
possession of and concealed, embezzled, or conveyed away the $750,000 from the
Estate. This inference, in conjunction with the undisputed evidence that Philip exclusively
used cash in his personal and business dealings, Philip had large amounts of cash at
home, Philip kept cash in his bedroom and basement office, Patty and Daniel had access
to the Lancaster Gate home after Philip’s death, and Patty and Daniel never met with Ann
to distribute the cash, supports the trial court’s conclusion that Patty and Daniel Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00153 23
possessed the $750,000 and they concealed, embezzled, or conveyed away the funds
from the Estate.
{¶58} We find the trial court’s finding of guilt is supported by the weight and
sufficiency of the evidence.
{¶59} Appellant’s fourth Assignment of Error is overruled.
CONCLUSION
{¶60} The judgment of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Probate
Division, is affirmed.
{¶61}
By: Delaney, J.,
Gwin, P.J. and
Baldwin, J., concur.